Integral calculus – Worksheet A

Section 8 – Integral calculus OLVER EDUCATION

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4

8 W ORKSHEET A SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 1 [TAS, 2012] .TF.

2 1
Determine the indefinite integral of − with respect to 𝑥.
7 √𝑥
1
2 −1 2 𝑥2
∴ ∫ − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 −
7 7 1
2
2𝑥
= − 2√𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ
7

2 marks

QUESTION 2 [TAS, 2013] .TF.

If ℎ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 and ℎ(−2) = 1, then determine ℎ(𝑥).
32
ℎ(𝑥) = ∫ 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 ∴− −6+4+𝑐 =1
3
4𝑥 3 3𝑥 2 32 6 3
∴ ℎ(𝑥) = − − 2𝑥 + 𝑐 , 𝑐 ∈ ℝ ∴− − +𝑐 =
3 2 3 3 3
To find the unique rule, use ℎ(−2) = 1 41
∴𝑐=
3
4(−2)3 3(−2)2
∴ − − 2(−2) + 𝑐 = 1 4𝑥 3 3𝑥 2 41
3 2 ∴ ℎ(𝑥) = − − 2𝑥 +
3 2 3 2 marks

QUESTION 3 [TAS, 2013] .TF.

Evaluate the following definite integral. State your answer in simplest form.
4
7
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
4
7
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [7 log 𝑒 (𝑥)]14 = 𝐹(4) − 𝐹(1)
1 𝑥
= 7 log 𝑒 (4) − 7 log 𝑒 (1)
= 7 log 𝑒 (4)
= 14 log 𝑒 (2)

2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 1 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

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QUESTION 4 [SA, 2016] .TA.

(a) Find ∫ 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 24 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑘 is a real constant.

∫ 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 24 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 3 𝑘𝑥 2
= + − 24𝑥 + 𝑐 , 𝑐 ∈ ℝ
3 2

2 marks

(b) Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 24. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is shown below:

The shaded region bounded by the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis, the 𝑦-axis, and the line 𝑥 = 3 has an area
of 72 square units. Using your answer to part (a), find the value of 𝑘.

The area of the shaded region is below the 𝑥-axis; therefore, a negative sign is introduced:
𝑏
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
3 3
𝑥 3 𝑘𝑥 2
− ∫ 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 24 𝑑𝑥 = − [ + − 24𝑥] = −(𝐹(3) − 𝐹(0))
0 3 2 0

(3)3 𝑘(3)2 (0)3 𝑘(0)2

∴( + − 24(3)) − ( + − 24(0)) = −72
3 2 3 2
9𝑘
∴ (9 + − 72) − (0) = −72
2
9𝑘
∴9+ =0
2
∴ 𝑘 = −2
3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 2 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

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QUESTION 5 [TAS, 2012] .TF.

The shape below results from a series of reflections across the axes of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 over the domain [0, 1].

(a) State the co-ordinates of the point 𝐴 and hence give a definite integral that represents the area of the
shaded section.

𝐴(1, 𝑒)
1
Area = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

Note: This question only asks for the definite integral that represents the area.
2 marks

(b) Determine an exact value for the shaded area above.

1
Area = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]10 = 𝐹(1) − 𝐹(0)
0

∴ Area = 𝑒 1 − 𝑒 0
∴ Area = 𝑒 − 1
2 marks

(c) Hence, determine the exact value of the area highlighted below.

Area = 𝐴rectangle − 𝐴unshaded

∴ Area = (2)(𝑒) − 2(𝑒 − 1)
∴ Area = 2

1 mark

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 3 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

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QUESTION 6 [TAS, 2012] .TA.

3 3
Given that ∫1 (𝐹(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 4, what is the exact vale of ∫1 (𝐹(𝑥) + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥?
3 3 3
∫ (𝐹(𝑥) + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1

=4+ [𝑥 2 ]13
= 4 + ((3)2 − (1)2 ) = 4 + (9 − 1)
3
∴ ∫ (𝐹(𝑥) + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 12
1
2 marks

QUESTION 7 [TAS, 2017] .TA.

𝑑𝑦
The graph of a function has a gradient given by = (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) and has a minimum at a point with 𝑦 = 2.
𝑑𝑥
Find the equation of the function.
𝑑𝑦 1
Stationary points occur when = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = − ,𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 3

𝑥 −1 1 0 1 2
−
3
𝑑𝑦 4 0 −1 0 7
𝑑𝑥
Slope / − \ − /

Therefore, local minimum occurs at 𝑥 = 1; hence, the point (1, 2) exists on the graph.
Substitute (1, 2) into the rule
∫(3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
∴ 2 = (1)3 − (1)2 − (1) + 𝑐
3 2
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 ,𝑐 ∈ ℝ
∴𝑐=3
3 2
Giving 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3
4 marks

QUESTION 8 [TAS, 2015] .TF.

If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)5 and 𝑓(0) = 1, then determine 𝑓(𝑥).
1 Use the information 𝑓(0) = 1 to find the
∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛+1 + 𝑐
𝑎(𝑛 + 1)
unique rule
5
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 (2(0) − 1)6
+𝑐 =1
12
1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)6 + 𝑐 1
2(5 + 1) ∴ +𝑐 = 1
12
(2𝑥 − 1)6 11
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = +𝑐 ∴𝑐=
12 12
(2𝑥 − 1)6 11
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = +
12 12 2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 4 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

Integral calculus – Worksheet B
Section 8 – Integral calculus OLVER EDUCATION

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4

8 W ORKSHEET B SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 1 [TAS, 2012] .TF.

Solve for 𝑘
𝑘
∫ 2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 2
0

[𝑥 2 + 𝑥]𝑘0 = 2
∴ (𝑘 2 + 𝑘) − ((0)2 + (0)) = 2
∴ 𝑘2 + 𝑘 = 0
∴ 𝑘2 + 𝑘 − 2 = 0
(𝑘 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
∴ 𝑘 = −2, 𝑘 = 1

3 marks

QUESTION 2 [TAS, 2017] .TF.

𝑒 3𝑥+2
(a) Find ∫ 4
𝑑𝑥.

1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 = × 𝑒 3𝑥+2
4 3 4
𝑒 3𝑥+2
=
12

1 mark
5 1 3
(b) Evaluate ∫3 (𝑥 + 𝑥−2) 𝑑𝑥.

[log 𝑒 (𝑥) + 3 log 𝑒 (𝑥 − 2)]53 = 𝐹(5) − 𝐹(3)

= (log 𝑒 (5) + 3 log 𝑒 (5 − 2)) − (log 𝑒 (3) + 3 log 𝑒 (3 − 2))
= (log 𝑒 (5) + log 𝑒 (27)) − (log 𝑒 (3) + log 𝑒 (1))
= log 𝑒 (135) − log 𝑒 (3)
135
= log 𝑒 ( )
3
= log 𝑒 (45)

3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 1 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

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QUESTION 3 [WA, 2016S] .TA.

The diagram below shows the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥) + 1 and a linear function 𝑔(𝑥), which is a
tangent to 𝑓(𝑥). When 𝑥 = 𝑒, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).

(a) Determine 𝑔(𝑥), the equation of the tangent.

Find the gradient of the tangent line 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑦 − 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑒)
𝑥 𝑒
1 𝑥
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑒) = ∴𝑦−2= −1
𝑒 𝑒
𝑥
Find the coordinate of the point of ∴ 𝑔(𝑥) = + 1
𝑒
intersection
CAS Hint: Use Calculation → Line →
𝑓(𝑒) = ln(𝑒) + 1 = 2 ∴ (𝑒, 2)
tanLine
3 marks

(b) Determine the exact coordinates of 𝐴, the point where 𝑔(𝑥) intersects the 𝑥-axis.
𝑥
+ 1 = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = −𝑒 ⇒ (−𝑒, 0)
𝑒 1 mark
1
(c) Verify that 𝑓(𝑥) cuts the 𝑥-axis at the point ( , 0).
𝑒

1 1 = − ln(𝑒) + 1
𝑓 ( ) = ln ( ) + 1
𝑒 𝑒 = −1 + 1
= ln(𝑒)−1 + 1
=0
1 mark

(d) Determine the area of the shaded region enclosed by 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥) and the 𝑥-axis.
𝑒 𝑒
Area = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
−𝑒
𝑒

∴ Area = 𝑒 − 𝑒 −1
1
Area = 𝑒 −
𝑒 2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 2 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

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QUESTION 4 [SA, 2014] .TA.

7
Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = − , where 𝑥 > 0. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is shown below. The region between this
√𝑥
graph and the 𝑥-axis from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 4 has been shaded.

(a)
i. Write down an expression for the area of the shaded region shown on the graph above.

As the area is below the 𝑥-axis, terminals have been swapped to make the value positive.
1
7
Area = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
4 √𝑥
1 mark

ii. Evaluate the expression you wrote down in part (a)i.

1
Area = [−14√𝑥]4 = 𝐹(1) − 𝐹(4)

∴ Area = (−14√1) − (−14√4)

∴ Area = 14
1 mark
𝑎 7
(b) Consider ∫1 − 𝑑𝑥 = −30, where 𝑎 > 1. Find the exact value of 𝑎.
√𝑥

𝑎
[−14√𝑥]1 = −30 ABC

∴ (−14√𝑎) − (−14√1) = −30

∴ −14√𝑎 + 14 = −30
∴ −14√𝑎 = −44
22
∴ √𝑎 =
7
484
∴𝑎=
49 3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 3 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

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QUESTION 5 [WA, 2012] .TF.

1
Evaluate ∫0 8𝑥(2𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
∫ 8𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 8𝑥(4𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 32𝑥 5 − 32𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 4 2
0 0 0
2 1 1
32𝑥 6 32𝑥 4 8𝑥 16𝑥 6
=[ − + ] =[ − 8𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 ] = 𝐹(1) − 𝐹(0)
6 4 2 0 3 0

16(1)6 16(0)6
=( − 8(1)4 + 4(1)2 ) − ( − 8(0)4 + 4(0)2 )
3 6
16
= −8+4
3
16 12
= −
3 3
4
=
3 3 marks

QUESTION 6 [TAS, 2013] .TA.

3 3
Given that ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 7, determine the exact value of ∫−2(3𝑓(𝑥) − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

Using the properties of definite integrals the expression can be split up as follows:
3 3 3
∫ (3𝑓(𝑥) − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2 −2 −2

= 3(7) + [−2𝑥 2 ]3−2

= 21 + ((−2(3)2 ) − (−2(−2)2 ))
= 21 + (−18 + 8)
= 11
2 marks

QUESTION 7 [TAS, 2014] .TF.

Determine ∫(𝑒 2𝑥 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥.

∫(𝑒 2𝑥 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 + 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

1 1
= 𝑒 4𝑥 + × 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐 , 𝑐 ∈ ℝ
4 2
𝑒 4𝑥
= + 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐
4

3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 4 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

Integral calculus – Worksheet C
Section 8 – Integral calculus OLVER EDUCATION

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4

8 W ORKSHEET C SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 1 [SA, 2015] .TA.

𝑑𝑦
(a) Find for each of the following function.
𝑑𝑥

i. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (1 − 2𝑥)5 .

Recognise two function multiplied together; therefore, use the product rule:
𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑣 = (1 − 2𝑥)5
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 2𝑥 = −2 × 5(1 − 2𝑥)4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑥 2 )(−10(1 − 2𝑥)4 ) + (1 − 2𝑥)5 (2𝑥) = −10𝑥 2 (1 − 2𝑥)4 + 2𝑥(1 − 2𝑥)5
𝑑𝑥 2 marks

ii. 𝑦 = 100 + 𝑥√𝑥.

3
𝑦 = 100 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 3 1 3√𝑥
∴ = 𝑥2 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2 1 mark
10𝑥
(b) Find ∫ 1−5𝑥2 𝑑𝑥.

Recognise the derivative of the bottom on the top… derivative is a logarithm:

10𝑥 10𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
1 − 5𝑥 5𝑥 − 1
= − log 𝑒 (5𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝑐 , 𝑐 ∈ ℝ

2 marks

QUESTION 2 [TAS, 2016] .TF.

(3−𝑥)2
Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
5

(3 − 𝑥)2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 9 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
5 5
1 6𝑥 2 𝑥 3
= (9𝑥 − + )+ 𝑐 ,𝑐 ∈ ℝ
5 2 3
𝑥 3 3𝑥 2 9𝑥
= − + +𝑐
15 5 5 2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 1 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

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QUESTION 3 [SA, 2015] .TA.

Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 20𝑒 −𝑥 . A graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is shown below.

(a) Omitted
(b) Omitted
(c)
i. Show that 𝑥 = ln(10) is a solution to 8 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 20𝑒 −𝑥 = 0.

Let 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝑥 ∴ (𝐴 − 10)(𝐴 + 2) = 0
20 ∴ 𝐴 = 10, 𝐴 = −2
∴8−𝐴+ =0
𝐴 𝑥
∴ 𝑒 = 10 𝑒 𝑥 = −2
∴ 8𝐴 − 𝐴2 + 20 = 0
⇔ No solution
2
∴ 𝐴 − 8𝐴 − 20 = 0
𝑥 = log 𝑒 (10)
2 marks

ii. Hence, determine the exact area bounded by the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis, and the 𝑦-axis.
Give your answer in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏 ln(𝑐).

ln(10)
Area = ∫ 8 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 20𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

∴ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = [8𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 20𝑒 −𝑥 ]ln(10)

0 = 𝐹(ln(10)) − 𝐹(0)
∴ Area = (8 ln(10) − 𝑒 ln(10) − 20𝑒 − ln(10) ) − (8(0) − 𝑒 0 − 20𝑒 −0 )
∴ Area = (8 ln(10) − 10 − 2) − (−1 − 20)
∴ Area = 8 ln(10) − 12 + 21
∴ Area = 8 ln(10) + 9

3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 2 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

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QUESTION 4 [TAS, 2012] .TA.

The rate of population growth of a particular country is modelled by
𝑑𝑃
= 0.72𝑒 0.03𝑡
𝑑𝑡
where 𝑡 is the time in years since 1 January 1970 and P is the population in millions.

(a) If the population on 1 January 1970 was estimated to be 27 million, determine an expression, 𝑃(𝑡), that
models the population of this country.

Note: The variable in the question is 𝑡; therefore, 𝑑𝑡 is required in the integral expression.

𝑃(𝑡) = ∫ 0.72𝑒 0.03𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 24𝑒 0.03𝑡 + 𝑐, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ

𝑃(0) = 24𝑒 0.03(0) + 𝑐 = 27

∴ 24 + 𝑐 = 27
∴𝑐=3
∴ 𝑃(𝑡) = 24𝑒 0.03𝑡 + 3
2 marks

(b) Hence, determine the predicted population of the country on 1 January 2012. Express your answer correct
to the nearest million.

𝑃(42) = 87.61
Therefore, the population is predicted to be 88 million in 2012.
1 mark

QUESTION 5 [WA, 2016S] .TF.

𝑑𝐴
A curve has a gradient function 𝑑𝑡
= 60 − 3𝑎𝑡 2 , where 𝑎 is a real constant. Given that the curve has a maximum
turning point when 𝑡 = 2 and passes through the point (1,62), determine the equation of the curve.

If a maximum turning point occur at 𝑡 = 2 then

60 − 3𝑎(2)2 = 0
∴ 12𝑎 = 60
∴𝑎=5
Note: The variable in the question is 𝑡; therefore, 𝑑𝑡 is required in the integral expression.

𝐴(𝑡) = ∫ 60 − 3(5)𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 60𝑡 − 5𝑡 3 + 𝑐 , 𝑐 ∈ ℝ

𝐴(1) = 60(1) − 5(1)3 + 𝑐 = 62

∴ 60 − 5 + 𝑐 = 62
∴𝑐=7
∴ 𝐴(𝑡) = 60𝑡 − 5𝑡 3 + 7
4 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 3 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

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QUESTION 6 [TAS, 2017] .TF.

𝑎
Solve ∫−𝑎(𝑎4 − 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 160 000 for 𝑎 ∈ ℝ.
𝑎
𝑎
𝑥5 8𝑎5
∫ (𝑎4 −𝑥 4) 4
𝑑𝑥 = [𝑎 𝑥 − ] = 160 000 ∴ = 160 000
−𝑎 5 −𝑎 5
∴ 8𝑎5 = 800 000
4 (𝑎)
(𝑎)5 (−𝑎)5
∴ (𝑎 − ) − (𝑎4 (−𝑎) − ) ∴ 𝑎5 = 100 000
5 5
= 160 000 ∴ 𝑎 = 10

𝑎5 𝑎5
∴ (𝑎5 − ) − (−𝑎5 + ) = 160 000
5 5
𝑎5 𝑎5
∴ 𝑎5 − + 𝑎5 − = 160 000
5 5
10𝑎5 2𝑎5
∴ − = 160 000
5 5
3 marks

QUESTION 7 [TAS, 2017] .TA.

The function, 𝑓(𝑥), has derivative given by 𝑓′(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 for 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ.

The function has tangent equations 𝑦 = 39𝑥 − 42 at 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 6 at 𝑥 = −1.

By finding the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏, determine the rule of the function 𝑓(𝑥).

When 𝑥 = 2 the derivative is 39 If 𝑎 = 8 and 𝑏 = −1, then

𝑓 ′ (2) = 39 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 1
∴ 6(2)2 + 𝑎(2) + 𝑏 = 39 When 𝑥 = −1, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) passes
∴ 24 + 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 39 through
① 𝑏 = −2𝑎 + 15 𝑦 = −3(−1) + 6
When 𝑥 = −1 the derivative is −3 ∴𝑦=9
′ (−1)
∴𝑓 = −3 ∴ (−1,9)
∴ 6(−1)2 + 𝑎(−1) + 𝑏 = −3 Finally, to find 𝑓(𝑥) integration is required
∴ 6 − 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −3
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
② − 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −9
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 , 𝑐 ∈ ℝ
Substitute ① into ②
However, 𝑓(𝑥) passes through the point
∴ −𝑎 + (−2𝑎 + 15) = −9
(−1, 9)
∴ −3𝑎 + 15 = −9
∴ 𝑓(−1) = 2(−1)3 + 4(−1)2 − (−1) + 𝑐 = 9
∴ −3𝑎 = −24
∴ −2 + 4 + 1 + 𝑐 = 9
∴𝑎=8
∴ 𝑐=6
Substitute 𝑎 = 8 into ①
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6
𝑏 = −2(8) + 15
∴ 𝑏 = −1
4 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 4 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

Integral calculus – Worksheet D
Section 8 – Integral calculus OLVER EDUCATION

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4

8 W ORKSHEET D SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 1 [WA, 2012] .TF.

(a) Omitted.
𝑑𝑦 2
(b) If 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥, and 𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥 = 2, determine the value of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 5.

Therefore, when 𝑥 = 5
𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 (5)2
𝑥 2 𝑦=− + +2
∴ 𝑦 = −2𝑥 −1 + + 𝑐 ,𝑐 ∈ ℝ (5) 2
2
2 25
2 𝑥2 ∴𝑦=− + +2
∴𝑦 =− + +𝑐 5 2
𝑥 2 4 125 20
𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥 = 2 ∴𝑦=− + +
10 10 10
2 (2)2 141
∴3=− + +𝑐 ∴𝑐 =2 ∴𝑦=
(2) 2 10
2 𝑥2
∴ 𝑦 =− + +2
𝑥 2 3 marks
2 𝑑 𝑥3
(c) Evaluate ∫1 (
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
) 𝑑𝑥

Remember that integration and differentiation are inverse processes.

2 2
𝑑 𝑥3 𝑥3
∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 2 ] = 𝐹(2) = 𝐹(1)
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 +1 1
(2)3 (1)3
=( ) − ( )
(2)2 + 1 (1)2 + 1
8 1
= −
5 2
16 5
= −
10 10
11
=
10 3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 1 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

 O L V E R E D U CA T I O N

QUESTION 2 [WA, 2013] .TF.

The graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is shown below for −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3. The areas enclosed between the graph, the 𝑥-axis
and the lines 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 3 are marked in the appropriate regions.

Determine
3
(a) The value of ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

3
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −4 + 4 − 2
−2
3
∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −2
−2

2 marks

(b) The area enclosed between the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) and the 𝑥-axis, from 𝑥 = −2 to 𝑥 = 3.

Area = 4 + 4 + 2
∴ Area = 10

2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 2 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

 O L V E R E D U CA T I O N

3
(c) The value of ∫0 𝑓(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

Recall that 𝑓(−𝑥) is equivalent to a reflection over the 𝑦-axis.

3 0
∴ ∫ 𝑓(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 −3
3
∴ ∫ 𝑓(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 3 − 4 = −1
0 2 marks
2
(d) The value of ∫0 (𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥.

Using the properties of definite integrals the expression can be split up as follows:
2 2 2
∫ (𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
2 2
𝑥
=[ ] −4
2 0

(2)2 (0)2
= (( )−( )) − 4
2 2

=2−4
= −2
3 marks
1
(e) The value of ∫−1 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

This question requires the use of the coordinates (−1, −3) and (1, 3) on the graph above.
1
∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(1) − 𝑓(−1)
−1

= 3 − −3
=6
2 marks

QUESTION 3 [TAS, 2015] .TF.

4 4
Given that ∫1 (3𝑓(𝑥) + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 7, then determine ∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

Using the properties of definite integrals the expression can be split up as follows:
4 4 4
3 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 7 ∴ 3 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 15 = 7
1 1 1
4 4
∴ 3 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + [𝑥 2 ]14 = 7 ∴ 3 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −8
1 1
4 4
8
∴ 3 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ((4)2 − (1)2 ) = 7 ∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −
1 1 3

3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 3 of 4 Section 8 – Integral calculus

Applications of integration – Worksheet A
Section 9 – Applications of integration OLVER EDUCATION

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4

9 W ORKSHEET A SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 1 [TAS, 2013] .TF.

Determine the indefinite integral of sin(4𝑥 + 1) + 7𝑥 with respect to 𝑥.

1 7𝑥 2
∫ sin(4𝑥 + 1) + 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(4𝑥 + 1) + +𝑐
4 2
where 𝑐 ∈ ℝ

2 marks

QUESTION 2 [TAS, 2014] .TF.

𝜋𝑥
Determine ∫ sin ( 3 ) 𝑑𝑥.

1
∫ sin⁡(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑎𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑎
𝜋𝑥 3 𝜋𝑥
∫ sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos ( ) + 𝑐
3 𝜋 3
where 𝑐 ∈ ℝ
2 marks

QUESTION 3 [TAS, 2012] .TF.

Find the exact value of the definite integral
𝜋
4
∫ 4 cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
12
𝜋
𝜋
4 𝜋 𝜋
∫ 4 cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [2 sin(2𝑥)] 4𝜋 = 𝐹 ( ) − 𝐹 ( )
𝜋
12 4 12
12
𝜋 𝜋
= (2 sin ( )) − (2 sin ( ))
2 6
1
= 2×1−2×
2
=1

2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 1 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

 O L V E R E D U CA T I O N

QUESTION 4 [SA, 2014] .TF.

Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 ln(𝑥), where 𝑥 > 0. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is shown below:

An overestimate for the area of the region between the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and the 𝑥-axis from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 5 is
to be calculated using two rectangles of equal width.

(a) On the graph above, draw the rectangles used to obtain this overestimate.

1 mark

(b) Calculate this overestimate, giving your answer in exact form.

Area = 2 × 𝑓(3) + 2 × 𝑓(5)

∴ Area = 2 × 6 ln(3) + 2 × 10 ln(5)
∴ Area = 12 ln(3) + 20 ln(5)

2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 2 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

 O L V E R E D U CA T I O N

(c)
𝑑𝑦
i. Find if 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥

Recognise two functions multiplied together; therefore use the product rule:
𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑣 = ln(𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
= 2𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 ln(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 marks

1
ii. Hence, show that ∫ 2𝑥 ln(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ln(𝑥) − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐, where 𝑐 is a real constant.
2

𝑑 2
Statement:⁡⁡ (𝑥 ln(𝑥)) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 ln(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
∴∫ (𝑥 ln(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 + 2𝑥 ln(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
∴ 𝑥 2 ln(𝑥) = + ∫ 2𝑥 ln(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥2
∴ ∫ 2𝑥 ln(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ln(𝑥) − +𝑐
2
where 𝑐 ∈ ℝ
2 marks

(d) Using the result given in part (c)ii., find the exact value of the area of the region between the graph of 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥) and the 𝑥-axis from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 5. Give your answer in the form 𝑎 ln(𝑏) + 𝑑.
5
Area = ∫ 2𝑥 ln(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
5
𝑥2
∴ Area = [𝑥 2 ln(𝑥) − ] = 𝐹(5) − 𝐹(1)
2 1
(5)2 (1)2
∴ Area = ((5)2 ln(5) − ) − ((1)2 ln(1) − )
2 2
25 1
∴ Area = (25 ln(5) − ) − (ln(1) − )
2 2
25 1
∴ Area = 25 ln(5) − − ln(1) +
2 2
∴ Area = 25 ln(5) − 12
Note: ln(1) = 0
3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 3 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

 O L V E R E D U CA T I O N

QUESTION 5 [WA, 2014] .TA.

Consider the curve defined by the rule 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 15 shown below.

(a) Show that the equation of the tangent at 𝑥 = −2 is 𝑦 = −9𝑥 + 27.

𝑑𝑦 Line through (−2, 45) with 𝑚 = −9

= 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 17
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Therefore, the gradient at 𝑥 = −2 is
∴ 𝑦 − 45 = −9(𝑥 − −2)
𝑑𝑦
𝑚= | = 3(−2)2 + 2(−2) − 17 ∴ 𝑦 − 45 = −9𝑥 − 18
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=−2
∴ 𝑦 = −9𝑥 + 27
∴ 𝑚 = 12 − 4 − 17 = −9
When 𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = (−2)3 + (−2)2 − 17(−2) + 15 = 45
2 marks

(b) Determine the area enclosed by between the curve and the tangent at 𝑥 = −2.

The tangent line intersects the curve when

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 15 = −9𝑥 + 27
∴ 𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = 3
𝑏
Area = ∫ upper − lower 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
3
∴ Area = ∫ (−9𝑥 + 27)
−2

− (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 17𝑥
+ 15) 𝑑𝑥
625
∴ Area =
12 3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 4 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

Applications of integration – Worksheet B
Section 9 – Applications of integration OLVER EDUCATION

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4

9 W ORKSHEET B SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 1 [TAS, 2016] .TA.

(a) Sketch the graph of the two equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 9 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 on the set of axes
provided below. Clearly label the points of intersection between the graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥). There is no
need to label axial intercepts for the graphs.

2 marks

(b) Find the area enclosed between the two curves 𝑓 (𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) .

Points of intersection occur when 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)

∴ 𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 4
𝑏
Area = ∫ upper − lower 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
1
∴ Area = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−2
4
+ ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
81
∴ Area =
2

3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 1 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

 O LV E R E D UC ATION

QUESTION 2 [WA 2015] .TA.

The area bound by the parabola 𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥, the 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 𝑐, (𝑐 > 1), is equal to 1 unit2.
Find the value of the real constant, 𝑐.
𝑐
The graph below visually represents the result:
∫ 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1

∴ [2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 ]1𝑐 = 1
∴ (2𝑐 3 − 3𝑐 2 ) − (2 − 3) = 1
∴ 2𝑐 3 − 3𝑐 2 + 1 = 1
∴ 2𝑐 3 − 3𝑐 2 = 0
∴ 𝑐 2 (2𝑐 − 3) = 0
3
∴ 𝑐 = 0, 𝑥 =
2
However, 𝑐 > 1
3
∴𝑐=
2 4 marks

QUESTION 3 [TAS, 2016] .TF.

The two function 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 are drawn below for 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 3].

Find the area between the two curves between 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 3.

3 3
∫ (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4) − (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1
3
∴ ∫ 6 𝑑𝑥 = [6𝑥]3−1
−1

∴ (6 × 3) − (6 × −1) = 24 units 2

2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 2 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

 O LV E R E D UC ATION

QUESTION 4 [TAS, 2013] .TA.

𝜋𝑥
Curves 𝑝(𝑥) = −12 cos ( 3 ) and 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 12 intersect at three points on the domain 𝑥 ∈ [0, 4].

(a) Determine the value of the 𝑥-coordinates of the points of intersection.

(0, −12), (1, −6) and (3, 12)

1 mark

(b) Hence find the exact value of the area enclosed between the two curves.
𝑏
Area = ∫ upper − lower 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
1
∴ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑞(𝑥) − 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
3
+ ∫ 𝑝(𝑥) − 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1

36√3 83
∴ Area = −
𝜋 6

3 marks

QUESTION 5 [TAS, 2013] .TF.

Write down an expression involving integrals for the area
shaded below.

𝑏 𝑐 𝑒
Area = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑏

More correct options will exist.

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 3 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

 O LV E R E D UC ATION

QUESTION 6 [TAS, 2016] .TF.

𝜋
4 sin(3𝑥 )
Determine the value of ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2
6
𝜋 𝜋
4 sin(3𝑥) − cos(3𝑥) 4 𝜋 𝜋
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = 𝐹( )−𝐹( )
𝜋 2 6 𝜋 4 6
6 6
𝜋 𝜋
− cos (3 × 4 ) − cos (3 × 6 )
=( )−( )
6 6

1 3𝜋 1 𝜋
= (− × cos ( )) − (− × cos ( ))
6 4 6 2
1 −√2 1
= (− × ) − (− × 0)
6 2 6

√2
=
12 2 marks

QUESTION 7 [TAS, 2014] .TA.

(a) Determine the derivative of 𝑥 log 𝑒 (𝑥).

Recognise two functions multiplied together; therefore, use the product rule for
differentiation:
𝑢=𝑥 𝑣 = log 𝑒 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
=1 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
∴ (𝑥 log 𝑒 (𝑥)) = (𝑥) ( ) + (1)(log 𝑒 (𝑥)) = 1 + log 𝑒 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 marks
(b) Hence, determine ∫ log 𝑒 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

This questions can be completed using integration by recognition:

𝑑
Statement: (𝑥 log 𝑒 (𝑥)) = 1 + log 𝑒 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
∴∫ (𝑥 log 𝑒 (𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 + log 𝑒 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝑥 log 𝑒 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + ∫ log 𝑒 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

∴ ∫ log 𝑒 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 (𝑥) − 𝑥 + 𝑐

Where 𝑐 ∈ ℝ
3 marks
(c)

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 4 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

Applications of integration – Worksheet C
Section 9 – Applications of integration OLVER EDUCATION

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4

9 W ORKSHEET C SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 1 [TAS, 2015] .TA.

Consider the graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2.

(a) Determine the 𝑥-values of the points of intersection between the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥).

𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2
∴ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 4

2 marks

(b) Sketch the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) on the set of axes provided below. Do not label the axial
intercepts.

2 marks

(c) Hence, find the area enclosed between the curves of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥).
𝑏
Area = ∫ upper − lower 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2
∴ Area = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
4
+ ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2

∴ Area = 8 units 2

2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 1 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

 O L V E R E D U CA T I O N

QUESTION 2 [TAS, 2016] .TA.

A shaded region is constructed from the three parabolas as shown below.

1
𝑓(𝑥) = − (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
3

1
𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 8)
10

ℎ(𝑥) = −(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 9)

Find the area enclosed between the three parabolas and the 𝑥-axis.

The area bounded by each parabola and the 𝑥-

axis is
1
1 32
Area = ∫ − (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 =
−3 3 9
Note: negative sign below as area below 𝑥-axis
8
1 243
Area = − ∫ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 8) 𝑑𝑥 =
−1 10 20
9
4
Area = ∫ −(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 9) 𝑑𝑥 =
7 3
Therefore, the total area is given by:
32 243 4 3067
Area = + + =
9 20 3 180
3 marks

QUESTION 3 [TAS, 2017] .TF.

Differentiate 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 and use this result to find ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Use product rule for differentiation: Find antiderivative by recognition:

𝑢=𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑑
statement: ∫ (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
=1 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∴ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∴ ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑
∴ (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) = (𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 ) + (1)(𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 Where 𝑐 ∈ ℝ
𝑑
∴ (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 2 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

 O L V E R E D U CA T I O N

QUESTION 4 [WA, 2016] .TA.

𝑑
(a) Determine (𝑥 2 ln(𝑥)).
𝑑𝑥

Use the product rule for differentiation:

𝑑 2 1
(𝑥 ln(𝑥)) = (𝑥 2 ) ( ) + (ln(𝑥))(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 2
∴ (𝑥 ln(𝑥)) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 ln(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
2 marks

(b) Using your answer from part (a), show that the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln(𝑥) has only one stationary point.
𝑑
Stationary points occur when (𝑥 2 ln(𝑥)) = 0
𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝑥 + 2𝑥 ln(𝑥) = 0
∴ 𝑥(1 + 2 ln(𝑥)) = 0
1
∴ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
However, the domain is 𝑥 > 0
1
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
3 marks

(c) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln(𝑥), showing all features.

2 marks

(d) Calculate the area bounded by the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 𝑒.
𝑒
Area = ∫ 𝑥 2 ln(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1

2𝑒 3 + 1
∴ Area =
9

2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 3 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

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QUESTION 5 [TAS, 2016] .TF.

Find the value of 𝑘, where 𝑘 > 1, such that
𝑘
3 3 ln(5)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
1 2𝑥 − 1 2

3 𝑘 1 3 1 𝑘 3 ln(5)
∫ = [ln (𝑥 − )] =
2 1 𝑥 − 0.5 2 2 1 2
1 𝑘
∴ [ln (𝑥 − )] = ln(5)
2 1
1 1
∴ (ln (𝑘 − )) − (ln (1 − )) = ln(5)
2 2
1 1
∴ ln (𝑘 − ) − ln ( ) = ln(5)
2 2
1
∴ ln (𝑘 − ) + ln(2) = ln(5)
2
∴ ln(2𝑘 − 1) = ln(5)
∴ 2𝑘 − 1 = 5
∴𝑘=3
3 marks

QUESTION 6 [TAS, 2017] .TF.

A new company logo is to be made using the two function 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝜋)(𝑥 + 𝜋) and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin(𝑥). Determine
the exact area between the curves of 𝑓 and 𝑔 between 𝑥 = −𝜋 and 𝑥 = 𝜋.

Notice the area included and excluded by 𝑔(𝑥) is equal

Note: terminals have been swapped as the area is below
𝑥-axis
−𝜋
∴ Area = ∫ (𝑥 − 𝜋)(𝑥 + 𝜋) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
∴ Area = ∫ 𝑥 2 − 𝜋 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
𝑥3
∴ Area = [ − 𝜋 2 𝑥] = 𝐹(−𝜋) − 𝐹(𝜋)
3 𝜋

(−𝜋)3 (𝜋)3
∴ Area = ( − 𝜋 2 (−𝜋)) − ( − 𝜋 2 (𝜋))
3 3

𝜋3 𝜋3
∴ Area = (− + 𝜋 3) − ( − 𝜋 3 )
3 3
𝜋 3 3𝜋 3 𝜋 3 3𝜋 3
∴ Area = − + − +
3 3 3 3
4𝜋 3
∴ Area = units 2
3 4 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 4 of 4 Section 9 – Applications of integration

Applications of integration – Worksheet D
Section 9 – Applications of integration OLVER EDUCATION

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4

9 W ORKSHEET D SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 1 [WA, 2016] .TF.

1
The graphs of 𝑦 = 6 − 2𝑒 𝑥−4 and 𝑦 = − 4 𝑥 + 5 intersect at 𝑥 = 4, for 𝑥 ≥ 0.

1
Determine the exact area between 𝑦 = 6 − 2𝑒 𝑥−4 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 5 and the 𝑦-axis for 𝑥 ≥ 0.
4
𝑏
Area = ∫ upper − lower 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
4 4
1 1
∴ Area = ∫ (6 − 2𝑒 𝑥−4 ) − (− 𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −2𝑒 𝑥−4 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
0 4 0 4
4
𝑥−4
𝑥2
∴ Area = [−2𝑒 + + 𝑥 ] = 𝐹(4) − 𝐹(0)
8 0

(4)2 (0)2
∴ Area = (−2𝑒 4−4 + + (4)) − (−2𝑒 0−4 + + (0))
8 8

∴ Area = (−2 + 2 + 4) − (−2𝑒 −4 + 0 + 0)

∴ Area = 4 + 2e−4
4 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 1 of 5 Section 9 – Applications of integration

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QUESTION 2 [TAS, 2014] .TA.

𝑒 𝑥 −1
The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 +1 is shown opposite.

𝑎
(a) Use the graph above to suggest why ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 for any value of 𝑎.

The graph is an odd function. By inspecting the graph is it possible to identify that for equal
sized regions extending either side of 𝑥 = 0, the “signed area” will cancel out.
𝑎
∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
−𝑎 1 mark

(b) Show that

1 + 𝑓(𝑥) 1
=
2 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
1 + 𝑓(𝑥) 1 1
= + × 𝑓(𝑥)
2 2 2
1 + 𝑓(𝑥) 1 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
∴ = + 𝑥
2 2 2𝑒 + 2
𝑥
1 + 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 +1 𝑒𝑥 − 1
∴ = 𝑥 + 𝑥
2 2𝑒 + 2 2𝑒 + 2
1 + 𝑓(𝑥) 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
∴ = 𝑥 = 𝑥
2 2𝑒 + 2 𝑒 + 1
1 + 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 1
∴ = 𝑥 × −𝑥 =
2 𝑒 +1 𝑒 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2 marks
𝑎 1
(c) Use the result from part (b) and then from part (a) to determine ∫−𝑎 𝑑𝑥 in term of 𝑎.
1+𝑒 −𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
1 1 + 𝑓(𝑥)
∫ −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 1 + 𝑒 −𝑎 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1 1 𝑓(𝑥)
∴∫ −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 1 + 𝑒 −𝑎 2 −𝑎 2
𝑎 𝑎
1 1
∴∫ −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 0
−𝑎 1 + 𝑒 −𝑎 2
𝑎
1 𝑥𝑎 𝑎 −𝑎
∴∫ −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = [ ] =( )−( )
−𝑎 1 + 𝑒 2 −𝑎 2 2
𝑎
1
∴∫ −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
−𝑎 1 + 𝑒 2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 2 of 5 Section 9 – Applications of integration

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QUESTION 3 [TAS, 2012] .TF.

If ℎ(𝑥) = 2 log 𝑒 (cos(𝑥)).

(a) Find an expression for ℎ′ (𝑥) in terms of tan(𝑥).

Recognise a function inside a function; therefore, use the chain rule for differentiation:
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 (𝑢) 𝑢 = cos(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑢
∴ = = − sin(𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
2
∴ ℎ′ (𝑥) = ( ) (− sin(𝑥))
cos(𝑥)
∴ ℎ′ (𝑥) = −2 tan(𝑥)
2 marks

(b) Use your results from part (a) to show that

𝜋
3
∫ tan(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 (2)
0

Firstly, use integration by recognition to find the necessary antiderivative:

𝑑
statement: ∫ (2 log 𝑒 (cos(𝑥))) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −2 tan(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

∴ 2 log 𝑒 (cos(𝑥)) = −2 ∫ tan(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

∴ ∫ tan(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − log 𝑒 (cos(𝑥))

Next, use this result to evaluate the definite integral:

𝜋
𝜋
3 𝜋
∫ tan(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [− log 𝑒 (cos(𝑥))]03 = 𝐹 ( ) − 𝐹(0)
0 3
𝜋
3 𝜋
∴ ∫ tan(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (− log 𝑒 (cos ( ))) − (− log 𝑒 (cos(0)))
0 3
𝜋
3 1
∴ ∫ tan(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − log 𝑒 ( ) + log 𝑒 (1)
0 2
Recall that log 𝑒 (1) = 0
𝜋
3 1 −1
∴ ∫ tan(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 ( ) = log 𝑒 (2)
0 2
3 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 3 of 5 Section 9 – Applications of integration

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QUESTION 4 [TAS, 2015] .TA.

(a) Find the derivative of (log 𝑒 (𝑥))2 .

Recognise a function inside a function; therefore, use the chain rule for differentiation:
𝑦 = 𝑢2 𝑢 = log 𝑒 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 1
∴ = 2𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 2 log 𝑒 (𝑥)
∴ (log 𝑥 (𝑥))2 = (2 log 𝑒 (𝑥)) ( ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 marks

(b) Hence, determine the value of the following definite integral

𝑒6
log 𝑒 (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥

Firstly, use integration by recognition to find the necessary antiderivative:

𝑑 2 log 𝑒 (𝑥)
statement: ∫ (log 𝑒 (𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
log 𝑒 (𝑥) 1
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (log 𝑒 (𝑥))2
𝑥 2
Next, use this result to evaluate the definite integral:
6
𝑒6 𝑒
log 𝑒 (𝑥) 1
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ (log 𝑒 (𝑥))2 ] = 𝐹(𝑒 6 ) − 𝐹(1)
1 𝑥 2 1
𝑒6
log 𝑒 (𝑥) 1 1
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ( (log 𝑒 (𝑒 6 ))2 ) − ( (log 𝑒 (1))2 )
1 𝑥 2 2
𝑒6
log 𝑒 (𝑥) 1 1
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ( (6)2 ) − ( (0)2 ) = 18
1 𝑥 2 2
3 marks

QUESTION 5 [TAS, 2015] .TA.

The length, 𝐿, of a curve 𝑓(𝑥) between the points 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by:
𝑏
2
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + (𝑓 ′ (𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
3
Determine the length of the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 13.
2

3 1 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 = √𝑥
2 2
13 2
3
∴𝐿=∫ √1 + ( √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2
∴ 𝐿 = 49 units
2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 4 of 5 Section 9 – Applications of integration

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QUESTION 6 [TAS, 2014] .TA.

In tilt-slab construction, a concrete wall (with doors and windows cut out) needs to be raised into position. To
prevent it cracking as it is raised, engineers need to know the centre of mass of the wall. For a shape bound by the
curves 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 , which intersect at 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏, the coordinates of the centre of mass (𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅) are given by:
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑥(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 (𝑦22 − 𝑦12 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥̅ = 𝑏
and 𝑦̅ = 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑑𝑥 2 ∫𝑎 (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑑𝑥

A corporate logo, to be formed from concrete, has been defined as the area bound by 𝑦1 = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑦2 = 𝑥 3 + 4
on the domain 𝑥 ∈ [−1,2]. The curves 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 intersect at 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2.

(a) Determine

2
i. ∫−1 𝑥 3 + 4 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

2
27
∫ 𝑥 3 + 4 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
−1 4
1 mark
2
ii. ∫−1 𝑥(𝑥 3 + 4 − 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

2
27
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 3 + 4 − 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 =
−1 20
1 mark
2
iii. ∫−1(𝑥 3 + 4)2 − (3𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥

2
1296
∫ (𝑥 3 + 4)2 − (3𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 =
−1 35
1 mark

(b) Hence, determine the coordinates of the centre of mass of the corporate logo.

𝑏 27 𝑏 1296
∫𝑎 𝑥(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑑𝑥 1 ∫𝑎 (𝑦22 − 𝑦12 ) 𝑑𝑥 35 = 96
𝑥̅ = = 20 = 𝑦̅ = =
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑑𝑥 27 5 2 ∫𝑎 (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 × 27 35
𝑏
4 4
Therefore, the centre of mass has coordinates
1 96
(𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅ ) = ( , )
5 35 2 marks

VCE Mathematical Methods – Units 3 and 4 Page 5 of 5 Section 9 – Applications of integration