MATHEMATICS

MATERIAL FOR GRADE 12

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

MEMORANDA
QUESTION 1

1.1 3
𝑓(𝑥) = −
𝑥
3
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = − (𝑥+ℎ) 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)
3 3
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = − +
(𝑥 + ℎ) 𝑥
−3𝑥 + 3(𝑥 + ℎ)
=
𝑥(𝑥 + ℎ)
3ℎ
= 𝑥(𝑥+ℎ)
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
Simplification
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim 
ℎ→0 ℎ
3ℎ
Formula
=lim 𝑥(𝑥+ℎ)ℎ
ℎ→0
Substitution
3
= lim
ℎ→0 𝑥(𝑥 + ℎ) Answer (5)
3
= 
𝑥2
1.2.1 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1
𝑦=
𝑥3
Simplification
= 𝑥 −1 − 3𝑥 −2 +𝑥 −3 
1
𝑦 ′ = − 𝑥2  + 𝑥3  − 𝑥3
6 1 Each answer (4)

1.2.2 √𝑡 4
𝑦= − 5
2 7𝑡
1 1 4
1 1 4 −5 2 𝑡 2 − 7 𝑡 −5
𝑡2 − 𝑡 
2 7
𝑑𝑦 1 20
= +  1 20
𝑑𝑥 4√𝑡 7𝑡 6 4 + 7𝑡 6 (3)
√𝑡
[13]
QUESTION 2

2.1.1 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 2

𝑥 −Intercepts of 𝑓
𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟/𝑜𝑓𝑥 =2
𝑥 −intercepts 0;1 & 0;2 , Factors for 𝑔

𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
 𝑥 −Intercepts of 𝑔 (3)
0 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 = 0, x  1
2.1.2 f ' ( x)  0

3x 2  3  0  3x 2  3  0
3( x  1)( x  1)  0
𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =1
𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −4
TP  1;0 1;4  1;4

𝑔′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 3 = 0 x  
1
1 2
x 
2 3
y (4)
4
TP:   ;  
1 3
 2 4
2.1.3 𝑓:
Shape
Intercepts &
Both turning points 𝑔 (3)
Shape
Intercepts &

TP   ; 
1 3
(3)
 2 4
2.2 2  4 x  3x 2  x 3

 3x 2  3x  x 3  x  2   Finding the difference
 g ( x)  f ( x)  0  (2)  2 
Answer (2)
2.3 0 < 𝑥 < 𝟐 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < −1 0 < 𝑥 < 𝟐
 𝑥 < −1 (2)
[17]

QUESTION 3

3.1 𝑡2 𝑡3
𝐷(𝑡) = 6 + −
4 8
𝑡 𝑡2
𝐷′ (𝑡) = 2 − 3 8  Derivative
3 3(3)2 15
𝐷′ (3) = 2 − =− 𝑚. ℎ−1 Substitution
8 8

= −1,875 decreasing in depth Answer (3)

3.2 𝐷′ (𝑡) = 0
𝑡 𝑡2
−3 = 0 Derivative
2 8
1 𝑡 factors
𝑡( −3 ) = 0
2 8
4 answers
𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 3
4 Answer (4)
At 9h00 and at 3 × 60 = 80 minutes later. i.e. at
10h20
[7]
QUESTION 4

𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ℎ→0
4.1 ℎ ✓
2 2
lim 2(𝑥+ℎ) −(𝑥+ℎ) −(2𝑥 −𝑥 )
= ℎ →0 substitution
ℎ

✓
2 2) 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚
2(𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ − 𝑥 − ℎ − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 )
= ℎ→0
ℎ simplification brackets
✓

𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑥 2 +4𝑥ℎ+2ℎ2 −𝑥−ℎ−2𝑥 2 +𝑥

= ℎ→0 ℎ ✓
4𝑥ℎ + 2ℎ − ℎ 2 simplification up to
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
✓
ℎ →0
ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑚
4𝑥ℎ + 2ℎ2 − ℎ
ℎ →0
ℎ( 4𝑥 + 2ℎ − 1) ℎ (5)
= ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑚
→0
ℎ factorization
𝑙𝑖𝑚
= ℎ→0 (4𝑥 + 2ℎ − 1 )
= 4𝑥 − 1 answer
4.2 4.2.1
𝑑𝑦 ✓✓ use of formula
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑥 −2 )(1 − 2𝑥 −3 )
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 4 𝑥 −2 − 2 𝑥 −2 − 4𝑥 −5
✓ multiplication
= 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 −2 − 4𝑥 −5 answer
✓
OR
𝑦 = ( 𝑥 + 𝑥 −2 )2 OR
OR
2 1
= 𝑥2 + + 4 multiplication
𝑥 𝑥 ✓

2𝑥
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 −1 + 𝑥 −4 ✓ (4)
✓ 2
dy 2 4 − or − 2𝑥 −2
𝑥2
= 2𝑥 − 2 − 5 ✓
dx 𝑥 𝑥 −4𝑥 −5 or −
4
𝑥5
= 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 −2 − 4𝑥 −5
 4.2.2 𝑥𝑦 2 = 4 ✓ making 𝑦 subject of
4 formula (3)
𝑦2 =
𝑥 2 1
✓ ± or 2𝑥 − 2
4 2 1 √ 𝑥
𝑦 = ± √𝑥 = ± = ±2𝑥 − 2
√ 𝑥

dy 3
= ∓ 𝑥 −2 ✓ answer
dx

4.3 4.3.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 −2

8 ✓ 8
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 +
𝑥3 𝑥3
✓
′ (2)
8 subst. 𝑥 = 2
𝑚=𝑓 = 2(2) +
(2)3 ✓ 𝑚=5
𝑚=5
(3)

4.3.2 4 ✓ 𝑦 = 3
𝑦 = 𝑓(2) = (2)2 − =3
(2)2
✓
∴ point (2; 3): 𝑦 − 3 = 5(𝑥 − 2) subst. into str. Line
✓
𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 7 formula (3)
answer
[18]

QUESTION 5

5.1 B( 0; 12) ✓ (0; 12) (1)

5.2 𝑦=0 ✓ 𝑦=0

(𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 − 𝑎) = 0 ✓ 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑎
✓
but value of 𝑎
12 = (0 − 2)2 (0 − 𝑎)
12
𝑎 = −4 = −3 𝐴(−3; 0); 𝐷( 2; 0)
(3)
5.3 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 + 3) ✓ multiplying
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 12
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12 ✓ derivative
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
✓
′ (𝑥) derivative = 0
𝑓 = 0 at C
✓
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0
✓ factorization
(3𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2 )= 0
−4
𝑥= or 𝑥 = 2
3
−4
values of 𝑥 (6)
at C; 𝑥 = 3

−4 2 −4
𝑦 =( − 2) ( + 3)
3 3
500
= or 18, 52
27
−4 500
C( ; ) 𝑥 𝑎nd 𝑦 at C
3 27
✓

5.4 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 2
point of inflation
6𝑥 − 2 = 0
1
𝑥=3
1
𝑓 is concave down when 𝑥 < 3

(3)
[13]
QUESTION 6

6.1 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 340 𝑐𝑚3 ✓ 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ (3)

✓
𝑉 = 340𝑐𝑚3
✓
340 answer
ℎ=
𝜋𝑟 2
6.2 total surface area = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ ✓ 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
340 (2)
= 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 ( 𝜋𝑟 2
) ✓
680 subst. of h in the
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝑟
total SA formula

6.3 680
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 +
𝑟
✓
𝑑𝑆𝐴 680
= 4𝜋𝑟 − 2 derivative.
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝑑𝑆𝐴 (4)
For the surface area to be as small as possible ✓ =0
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑆𝐴
=0
𝑑𝑟
✓ 170
680 𝑟3 =
4𝜋𝑟 − 2 = 0 4𝜋
𝑟
✓ = 13, 52817 …
4𝜋𝑟 3 − 680 = 0
170 𝑟 = 2, 38𝑐𝑚
𝑟3 = = 13, 52817 …
4𝜋
𝑟 = 2, 38𝑐𝑚
[9]
QUESTION 7

7.1 f ( x)  3x  x 2
 subst (x + h) into f(x)
f ( x  h)  3( x  h)  ( x  h) 2
 3x  3h  ( x 2  2 xh  h 2 )
 3x  3h  x 2  2 xh  h 2  expansion
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
(3x  3h  x 2  2 xh  h 2 )  (3 x  x 2 )
 lim
h0 h
3x  3h  x  2 xh  h 2  3x  x 2
2
 lim
h0 h
3h  2 xh  h 2
 lim
h0 h  simplification
h(3  2 x  h)
 lim  common factor
h0 h
 lim  3  2 x  h 
h0

 3  2x  answer
(5)
7.2 3x 1 
1
y  3x  1 x 2
5x 2
2 x  y  
1
5 2

3x  1 x 2
  3x  2
5 2 

3  5
dy 3x  2 x 2
 
dx 5 4 
3
2
x
 4 (4)

[9]
QUESTION 8

8.1.1 f ( x)  x 3  4 x 2  11x  30
f '( x)  3 x 2  8 x  11  f '( x)  3x2  8x  11
 f '( x)  0
0  3 x 2  8 x  11
0  (3 x  11)( x  1)  factors
3 x  11 or x  1
11
x  both x-values
3
400
y
27
  14,81 y  36  y-values
 11 
B  ;  14,81 A( 1; 36) (6)
3 

OR
f ( x)  x 3  4 x 2  11x  30
f '( x)  3 x 2  8 x  11  f '( x)  3x2  8x  11
0  3 x 2  8 x  11  f '( x)  0

8  82  4(3)(11)  subst into formula

x
2(3)
11
x or x  1  both x-values
3
400
y
27
  14,81 y  36  y-values
 11 
B  ;  14,81 A(1; 36) (6)
3 
8.1.2 f ''( x)  6 x  8
0  6x  8  0 = 6x − 8
6x  8
8 4  answer
x  
6 3 (2)
8.1.3 f (2)  (2)3  4(2) 2  11(2)  30
 f (2) = 0
0
f '(2)  3(2) 2  8(2)  11  f ' (2) = − 15
  15
y  y1  m( x  x1 )
y  0  15( x  2)  substitution
y  15 x  30  answer
OR (4)
f (2)  (2)3  4(2) 2  11(2)  30
0  f (2) = 0
f '(2)  3(2)  8(2)  11
2

 f ' (2) = − 15
  15
y  mx  c
0  15(2)  c  substitution
c  30
 answer
 y  15 x  30 (4)
8.1.4 f ( x)  k  k  36
k  36 or k   14,81  k   14,81
OR (2)
400  k  36
k  36 or k  
27 400
 k
27
(2)
8.2.1 g '(0)  12  answer (1)
8.2.2 1
symmetry at x 
2
x=1
x 1
(1)
8.2.3
y
g
 turning point at x = − 2
and at x = 3
x  point of inflection at
-2 ½ 3 x=½
 shape

(3)
QUESTION 9

9.1 h(t )   2t 2  12t  32

h(0)   2(0)  12(0)  32
 answer
 32 m (1)
9.2 h '(t )   4t  12  h '(t )   4t  12
0   4t  12  h '(t )  0
4t  12
t  3 sec  answer
(3)
OR
b  correct formula
t
2a
 12  substitution into the

4 correct formula
 answer
 3 sec
(3)
9.3 h(t )   2t  12t  32
2

 h(t) = 0
0   2t 2  12t  32
0  t 2  6t  16
0  (t  8)(t  2)  factors
t  8 or t   2 n.a. t=8
t  8
h '(8)   4(8)  12  h '(8)   4(8)  12
  32  12
  20 m / s –20m/s or
 20 m / s downwards 20 m/s downwards
(5)
9.4 h ''(t)   4 m / s 2  answer (1)
OR
 answer (1)
h ''(t )  4 m / s 2 downwards [10]
QUESTION 10

10.1 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2

 substitution (𝑥 + ℎ)
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = −2(𝑥 + ℎ)2
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = −2(𝑥 + ℎ)2 − (−2𝑥 2 )  simplification
2
= −4𝑥ℎ − 2ℎ
subst into formula
−4𝑥ℎ − 2ℎ2
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
−2ℎ(2𝑥 − ℎ)  simplification
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
 answer
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim −4𝑥 + 2ℎ
ℎ→0

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −4𝑥
OR
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim  substitution (𝑥 + ℎ)
ℎ→0 ℎ
−2(𝑥 + ℎ)2 − (−2𝑥 2 ) subst into formula
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
−4𝑥ℎ−2ℎ2  simplification
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ note:
notation error penalise 1  simplification
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim −4𝑥 + 2ℎ
ℎ→0 mark
𝑓′(𝑥) = −4𝑥  answer
candidates do NOT have to (5)
10.2.1 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 1 give their answers with
1 - 1 3 −1
positive exponents
𝑥2
3
𝑥2
−1  𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 2
1

𝑑𝑦 1
1 3 3𝑥 2
= 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2 1 3
𝑑𝑥 2  + 2 𝑥 −2
(3)
10.2.2 𝐷𝑥 [(3𝑥 − 2)2 ] OR chain rule: Dx = 2(3𝑥 − 2). 3  simplify
2 18𝑥
= 𝐷𝑥 [9𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 4] = 18𝑥 − 12
= 18𝑥 − 12 −1 2
(3)
10.3 𝑦 = 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑥 −3 −2𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0  𝑥3 > 0
∴ 𝑥3 > 0 −2
−2 ∴ 3 <0
<0 𝑥
𝑥3
∴ gradient of tangent is < 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0 (3)
[14]
QUESTION 11

11.1 (5)
 (−1; 0)
 (2; 0)
 (0;-2)
 (1; -4)
 shape

11.2 −1 < 𝑥 < 1 endpoints

 notation (2)
11.3 Pt. of inflection: “halfway” between turning points(x-
values)
−1 + 1 −1+1
∴𝑥 = 𝑥 = 2
2 𝑥 = 0
∴𝑥 = 0 (2)
11.4 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0
∴𝑥 > 0 𝑥>0 (2)
[11]

QUESTION 12

k
Q
A B
√2𝑘 k
R
√2(20 − 𝑘)
20 − 𝑘

D C
S 20 − 𝑘

12.1 𝑄𝑅 = √2𝑘 𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠  𝑄𝑅 = √2𝑘

𝑆𝑅 = √2(20 − 𝑘) 𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠  𝑆𝑅 = √2(20 − 𝑘)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 = √2𝑘[√2(20 − 𝑘)]  𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 =
(4)
= 2𝑘(20 − 𝑘) = 40𝑘 − 2𝑘 2 √2𝑘[√2(20 − 𝑘)]
2
12.2 𝐴 = −2𝑘 + 40𝑘
𝑑𝐴 −4𝑘 + 40
= −4𝑘 + 40 = 0
𝑑𝑘 =0
𝑘 = 10  10 (4)
QUESTION 13 (Subtract once in question 8 for notation)

13.1 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) formula

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
correct substitution
( x  h )3  x 3
 lim
h 0 h
x  h x 2  2 xh  h 2   x 3

 lim
 x 3  3x 2h  3xh2  h 3  x 3
h 0 h lim
h 0 h
x 3  3x 2 h  3xh 2  h 3  x 3
 lim factors
h 0 h
h 3x 2  3xh  h 2 
 lim
h 0 h
 lim 3x 2  3xh  h 2 
h 0
 3x 2
 3x 2
(5)
OR
f ( x  h )  x  h 
3

 x  h x 2  2 xh  h 2 
 x 3  3x 2 h  3xh2  h 3
 x 3  3x 2 h  3xh 2  h 3
f ( x  h)  f ( x)  h(3x 2  3xh  h 2 )
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ formula
h(3x  3xh  h )
2 2 substitution into formula
 lim
h 0 h
factors
 lim 3x 2  3xh  h 2 
h 0

 3x 2  3x 2
(5)
8.2.1 2
 1
f x    x  
 x
2
 x 2 x
2
 x 2  2  x 2
 2x
f ' x   2 x  2 x 3 OR
  2 x 3
Using chain rule (not in the syllabus)
2
 1
f x    x  
 x

 2 1 x
2
 x  1x 
f ' x   21  x 2  x  
 1  
 x
 2 x  2 x 1  2 x 1  2 x 3  2x
 2 x  2 x 3   2 x 3
(3)
8.2.2 3
y 2
 x
3
x
2
2 
  3x 3
 3x 3
 x
5

dy 
5
  2x 3
 2x 3
  (3)
dx

[11]
QUESTION 14

14.1 R 0;1 x 0
y =  1 (2)
14.2 g x   x  6 x  1
3

g ' ( x )  3x 2  6  3x  6
2

3x 2  6  0  3x  6  0
2

x   2  1,41
 x  1,41
g ( 2 ) 

   3
y =  2  6  2 1  or y= substitution
 2  6 2 1
3

 P  1,41; 4,66
=  2 2  6 2 1 or =  1 4 2
 Q 1,41;  6,66 (6)
 4,66 = –6,66
P  1,41; 4,66 Q 1,41;  6,66
14.3 x 2 or x 2 x 2
OR x 2 (2)
x   ;1,41 or x  1,41; 
14.4  2x 2 critical values
notation (2)
14.5 g ' ( x)  3x  6 and x  0 at R
2  g ' ( x)
mt  g ' (0)  3(0) 2  6 =  6
 m t  6
y  y1  6x  x1 
subst. (0;1)
y  1  6x  0  y  6 x  1 (4)
y  6 x  1
14.6 x 2  x   2 (2)
[18]
QUESTION 15

15.1
 
x2  r2  2 3
2
Pyth x r  2 3
2 2
  2

r 2  12  x 2
r  12  x 2
 r  12  x 2 (2)
15.2 V  r 2 h volume formula
 h  2x
 2x12  x 2  , h  2 x
substitution in V
 24x  2x 3 formula

dV d 24x  2x 3 
  0 
dV
0
dx dx dx
6x 2  24

x 2  4, x  2
x  2 answer (5)
15.3 Vmax  24 x  2 x 3 substitution of x into
 48  2.8 V

 48  16
 32 32π (2)
[9]
QUESTION 16 [Penalise once for notational error in questions 9, 10 and 11]

16.1 f ( x)  x 3

f x  h   f x  A formula
f ( x)  lim
h 0 h A substitution into correct
 lim
x  h  3
x 3
formula
h 0 h
CA simplifying
x 3  3x 2 h  3xh2  h3  x 3
 lim
h 0 h CAfactors

 lim

h 3x 2  3xh  h 2 
h 0 h (5)

 lim 3x  3xh  h 2 2
 CA answer
h 0

 3x 2

16.2.1 1 AA exponential form

f ( x)  x  4 x  2
2

1 
1 (4)
f ( x)  x 2  8 x  3
2 CACA answer

16.2.2 1 2 
2

 x  3  y
2  Asquaring both sides
1
y  x 4  3x 2  9 (4)
4
dy
 x3  6x Asimplifying
dx
CACAanswers

OR
OR

dy 1 
 2 x 2  3  . x
dx 2  AAderivative using chain
 x  6x
3 rule
(4)

CACAanswers

[13]
QUESTION 17

17.1.1 f (3)  (3) 2  8  1 A y = 1 ( y – value) (1)

17.1.2 f ( x)  2 x A value of gradient of (1)

m  f (3)  2(3)  6 tangent

17.1.3 Equation of tangent : - CA substitution

y  mx  c
1  6(3)  c
c  17
y  6 x  17 CAanswer (2)

OR

CA substitution (2)

y  1  6( x  3)
y  6 x  18  1
y  6 x  17
CAanswer

17.2.1 f ( x)  x 3  3 x  2
f ( x)  3 x 2  3  0
3( x  1)( x  1)  0
x  1 or x  1 Aderivative and equating to
y0 or y  4
0
A(1 ; 0) B (1 ;  4)

CAfactors

CAx - values
(4)
CA y - values
17.2.2 PQ  g ( x)  f ( x)
 (2 x  2)  ( x3  3x  2)
Aexpression for PQ
  x3  5 x
A PQ = 0
PQ   3 x  5  0
2

5
x2 
3
5
x  1,29 CA x – values
3
For x  1,29
y  1,29  5(1,29)  4,3
3

CAy value for x = 1,29 (4)

Maximum Length of PQ  4,3units

17.2.3 k  4 or k 0 k = 0 A k = -4 (2)
CAanswers

17.2.4 f ( x)  6 x  0 A 6x
x0
A 6 x  0
OR
Aanswer (3)
x1  x2 (1)  (1)
x  0 Amidpoint formula
2 2
x0 CA x  0

CAanswer
OR (3)

b 0 Aformula
x  0
3a 3(1)
A x  0
x0
Aanswer (3)

[17]
QUESTION 18 (Ignore units in the question)

18.1 V  s(t )  2t  15 m / s Aanswer (1)

18.2 V  s(25)  2(25)  15  65 m / s CAanswer (1)

18.3 V  s(t )  2t  15 m / s CACA 2

A  s(t )  2 m / s 2
(2)

18.4 A  s / (5)  2 m / s 2
/
CAanswer (answer only 1 (1)
mark)

18.5 s (t )  t 2  15t  250 Aequating s to 250

t 2  15t  250  0 CAfactors
t  25t  10  0
t  10 s CAt = 10

CAanswer
V  s(10)  2(10)  15  35 m / s

(4)

[9]
 QUESTION 19

19.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ✓ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) =

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2(𝑥 + ℎ) − (𝑥 + ℎ)2 2𝑥 + 2ℎ − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ
= 2𝑥 + 2ℎ − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥ℎ − ℎ2 − ℎ2
f(x  h)  f(x) ✓ formula substitution
f ( x)  lim
h 0 h
2( x  h)  ( x  h) 2  (2 x  x 2 )
 lim
h 0 h
2 x  2h  ( x  2 xh  h 2  2 x  x 2
2
✓ 2ℎ − 2𝑥ℎ − ℎ2
 lim
h 0 h
factorization
2 x  2h  x  2 xh  h 2  2 x  x 2
2
✓
 lim (5)
h 0 h
2h  2 xh  h 2
 lim
h 0 h
h( 2  2 x  h)
 lim
h 0 h
 lim (2  2 x  h)
h 0 ✓ answer
 2  2x
19.2 19.2.1
𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 4 − 𝑥 −3
2
✓ 𝑥 −3
2

2 5 ✓✓ 2 5
𝑓Ꞌ (𝑥) = 24𝑥 3 + 𝑥 −3 24𝑥 3 + 𝑥 −3
3 3
(3)
19.2.2 𝑦 = (4𝑥 2 )3+ 2𝑥 ✓ 4 .𝑥3 2×3

𝑑𝑦
= 43 . 𝑥 2×3 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ✓ 6 × 64𝑥 5 𝑜𝑟 384𝑥 5
= 6 × 64𝑥 5 + 2 (3)
= 384𝑥 5 + 2 ✓
2
[11]
QUESTION 20

20.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 3 𝑓Ꞌ (𝑥)

𝑓Ꞌ (𝑥) = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 3 ✓
𝑓Ꞌ Ꞌ (𝑥) = 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏 𝑓Ꞌ Ꞌ (𝑥) = 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏
✓
but
𝑓Ꞌ Ꞌ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 + 4. (4)
so
✓ 6𝑎 = 12
6𝑎 = 12 ⟹ 𝑎 = 12
2𝑏 = 4 ⟹ 𝑏 = 2 ✓
2𝑏 = 4
20.2 3 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3 ✓ 𝑓 Ꞌ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
𝑓 Ꞌ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 ✓ 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
now
𝑓 Ꞌ (𝑥) = 0 𝑖𝑓 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 ✓
−4 ± √(4)2 − 4(6)(3) subst. into formula (5)
𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =
2(6)
4 ± √− 56 ✓
𝑥= − graph has no turning
12
𝑥 is imaginary/non- real points.
graph has no turning points.
✓ 𝑎 > 0, graph starts by
increasing
but 𝑎 > 0, graph starts by increasing
𝑎 > 0,

OR
OR OR
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 3
✓ 𝑓 Ꞌ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
𝑓 Ꞌ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
now
✓ 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑓 Ꞌ (𝑥) = 0 𝑖𝑓 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥+= 0
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
✓ ∆= (4)2 − 4(6)(3)
= (4)2 − 4(6)(3)
= − 56
= − 56
and graph has no turning
roots are imaginary - ✓
points.
graph has no turning points.
𝑎 > 0 graph starts by increasing ✓ 𝑎 > 0, graph starts by
increasing
 OR OR OR
f ( x)  6 x 2  4 x  3 ✓ 𝑓 Ꞌ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
2
 1 7
 6 x    completing the square
 3 3 ✓
2
 1
 1
2
but x   0 ✓ reasoning  x    0
 3
 3
2
 1
so 6 x    0
 3 reasoning
2
✓ 2
 1 7  1 7
and 6 x     0 6 x     0
 3 3  3 3
f ( x)  0 for all x  
✓ conclusion

20.3 the gradient

𝑓 Ꞌ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 ✓
is minimum when 𝑓Ꞌ Ꞌ (𝑥) = 0/ (4)
minimum as 𝑓Ꞌ Ꞌ (𝑥) = 0 ✓
12𝑥 + 4 = 0 12𝑥 + 4 = 0
1
𝑥=− 1
3 ✓ 𝑥=−
then/dan 3
1 1 1
𝑓 Ꞌ (− 3)= 6 (− 3 ) 2 + 4 (− 3) + 3

7
= 7
3 substitution= 3
✓
20.4 𝑔(𝑥) < 0 ⟹ 𝑓ꞋꞋ(𝑥) < 0
1
𝑥<−
3 ✓ concave down (1)
graph is concave down
[14]
QUESTION 21

21.1 𝐻(5) = −2(5)2 + 70(5) ✓ Substitution (2)

= 300𝑚 ✓ Answer

21.2 𝐻(𝑡) = 0 𝑖𝑓 − 2𝑡 2 + 70𝑡 = 0 ✓ 𝐻(𝑡) = 0

−2𝑡(𝑡 − 35) = 0 ✓ Factors
𝑡 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 35𝑠 𝑡 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 35𝑠
✓
𝑡 = 35𝑠 accepting 𝑡 = 35𝑠 (4)
✓
21.3 𝐻Ꞌ(𝑡) = −4𝑡 + 70 = 0 ✓ 𝐻Ꞌ(𝑡) = −4𝑡 + 70
70
𝑡 = = 17, 5
4 𝐻Ꞌ(𝑡) = 0 (4)
✓
𝑠𝑜 𝐻(𝑡) = 2( 17,5)2 − 70 (17, 5) 70
612, 5𝑚 ✓ 𝑡 = = 17, 5
4
✓ 612, 5𝑚

21.4 At the blast t = 0 ✓ subst of

𝐻Ꞌ(𝑡) = −4𝑡 + 70 t = 0 in 𝐻Ꞌ(𝑡)
𝐻Ꞌ(0) = −4(0) + 70 = 70𝑚/𝑠. answer (2)
✓

[12]
QUESTION 22

22.1 3
f ( x) 
x
3
f ( x  h)   subst (x + h) in f (x)
xh
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
3 3

xh x  substitution into
 lim formula
h0 h
3 x  3( x  h) 1
 lim  3x  3x  3h
h0 x ( x  h) h 
x ( x  h)
3 x  3 x  3h 1
 lim 
h0 x ( x  h) h  simplification
 3h 1
 lim 
h  0 x ( x  h) h
3
 lim
h  0 x ( x  h)

3  answer
 2 (5)
x

OR

3
f ( x) 
x
3
f ( x  h) 
xh
3 3  subst (x + h) in f (x)
f ( x  h)  f ( x )  
xh x
3x  3x  3h
 3x  3x  3h
x ( x  h) 
x ( x  h)
 3h

x ( x  h)
f ( x  h)  f ( x )  substitution into
f '( x)  lim
h0 h formula
 3h 1
 lim 
h  0 x ( x  h) h
3  simplification
 lim
h  0 x ( x  h)

3
 2  answer (5)
x
22.2.1
1 1
y  x x
3 3
  x3
dy 1 2
 3  x 3
dx 3  3
1  23
  x (3)
3
22.2.2 7 4 3  y  7 x4  3
y x  4 4
4 4
dy
dy   7 x3
 7 x3 dx
dx (2)

OR

x(7 x 4  3)
y
4x
1  y  1  7 x 4  3
 (7 x 4  3) 4
4

dy 1  dy  7 x3
 (7(4) x 3  0) (2)
dx 4 dx
 7 x3 [10]
QUESTION 23

23.1.1 f ( x)  x3  px 2  qx  12
 substitution of
36  ( 4)3  p( 4) 2  q( 4)  12 ( 4; 36) in f(x)
36   64  16 p  4q  12
112  16 p  4q
 28  4 p  q
28  4 p  q ........(1)
f / ( x)  3x 2  2 px  q
 f ( x)  3x  2 px  q
/ 2
f ( 4)  3( 4)  2 p( 4)  q
/ 2

0  48  8 p  q /
 f (  4)  0
 48   8 p  q .......(2)
28  4 p  q ...........(1)  48  8 p  q
(1)  (2) :
 20   4 p
5p  simplification
(1) : 28  4(5)  q (6)
q  8

23.2 f ( x)  x3  5 x 2  8 x  12
f ( x)  ( x  1)( x 2  4 x  12) (long division method )
2
0  ( x  1)( x  4 x  12)
2  ( x  1)( x  4 x  12)
0  ( x  1)( x  6)( x  2)
 factors
x  1 or x   6 or x  2
Coordinates of other x-intercepts are:  (  6; 0)
(  6; 0) or (2;0)  (2;0)
(4)
OR

( x  1)( x 2  bx  12)  x3  5 x 2  8 x  12
bx  12 x   8 x
b  12   8
b  4 b=4
x 2  4 x  12  0 2
( x  1)( x  4 x  12)
( x  6)( x  2)  0  factors
x   6 or x  2
Coordinates of other x-intercepts are:
 (  6; 0)
(  6; 0) or (2;0)
 (2;0)
(4)
23.3 f / ( x)  3x 2  10 x  8 / 2
 f ( x)  3x  10 x  8
f / (1)  3(1) 2  10(1)  8
5  f / (1)  5
y  y1  m( x  x1 )
y  14  5( x  1)
 substitution
y  5 x  19  answer
(4)
OR
f / ( x)  3x 2  10 x  8  f / ( x)  3x2  10x  8
f / (1)  3(1) 2  10(1)  8
5  f / (1)  5
y  mx  c
 14  5(1)  c  substitution
19  c
 y  5 x  19  answer
(4)
23.4 0 k  7  0 k
k 7 (2)
[16]
QUESTION 24

24.1 S (t )   t 3  12t 2  32t

0   t 3  12t 2  32t
0  t 3  12t 2  32t
2
0  t ( t 2  12t  32)  0  t (t  12t  32)
0  t ( t  4)(t  8)  factors
t  0 or t  4 or t  8 t=4
 After 4 hours

4 8 t
(3)

24.2 S / (t )   3t 2  24t  32 / 2
 S (t )   3t  24t  32
0   3t 2  24t  32 /
 S (t )  0
0  3t 2  24t  32
24  ( 24) 2  4(3)(32)
t  substitution into the
2(3) formula
 24  (24) 2  4( 3)( 32)
or t 
2( 3)
 t = 1,69 or t = 6,31
t  1, 69 hours or t  6,31 hours
S(1, 69)   (1, 69)3  12(1, 69) 2  32(1, 69)
  24, 63 km
S(6,31)   (6,31)3  12(6,31) 2  32(6,31)
 24, 63 km  24,63 km
(5)
 Distance is 24, 63 km

24.3 S / / (t )   6t  24 //
 S (t )   6t  24
0   6t  24 //
 S (t )  0
6t  24
t  4 t=4
S (4)   3(4)  24(4)  32
/ 2

 16 km / h
 16 km/h
(4)
[12]
QUESTION 25

# SUGGESTED ANSWER DESCRIPTORS Ma

k
25.1 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
2 2
−𝑥 Subst 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) and −𝑓(𝑥)
= lim 𝑥 + ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ

2𝑥 − 2(𝑥 + ℎ) Common denominator

𝑥(𝑥 + ℎ)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
2𝑥−2𝑥−2ℎ
𝑥2 +𝑥ℎ
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
−2ℎ 1
= lim 𝑥(𝑥+ℎ) × ℎ
ℎ→0
Simplify
−2
= lim 𝑥 2 +𝑥ℎ
ℎ→0 Subst. h = 0
−2
= lim 𝑥 2 +𝑥(0) (5)
ℎ→0
−2  Answer
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝑥2
25.2.1 4
ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 3√𝑥  Exponential form
1  Answer
∴ ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 −1 + 3𝑥 2
3 −1 (-1 for notation in question)
∴ ℎ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 2 (4)
2
3
25.2.2 8𝑥 − 27
𝐷𝑥 ( )
2𝑥 − 3
(2𝑥 − 3)(4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9)
= 𝐷𝑥 ( )
2𝑥 − 3 Simplify fraction
= 𝐷𝑥 (4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9)
(3)
= 8𝑥 + 6  Ans.
25.3 mtan = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 − 2  mtan = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 − 2
= −(3𝑥 2 + 2)  −(3𝑥 2 + 2)
Which is always < 0  Explain (3)
[15
QUESTION 26

𝑩 𝑨 𝒙

𝑪
𝑫
# SUGGESTED ANSWER DESCRIPTORS Ma
k
26.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)
∴ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) = 0 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)
∴ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 Factors = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −1 Both roots (5)
∴ AB = 2 units 𝐴𝐵 = 2
26.2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 Derivative = 0
2
∴ 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
∴ (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

∴𝑥=3
1
or / of 𝑥 = −1  Values of 𝑥

32
∴𝑦=−
27 (3)
1 32
∴ 𝐷( ; − ) Coordinates of D
3 27
26.3 𝑓"(𝑥) = 0  Linking second derivative with
∴ 6𝑥 + 2 = 0 concavity
1
∴ 𝑥 = −3
ℎ"(𝑥) < 0 ℎ"(𝑥) > 0  6𝑥 + 2 = 0
1
−
3  explanation
1
The concavity changes at 𝑥 = − 3
(3)

26.4.1 𝑥>1  Answer (1)

1
26.4.2 𝑥 < −1 or − 3 < 𝑥 < 1  𝑥 < −1
1
 − 3 < 𝑥 < 1
 Notation (-1) (3)
[15
QUESTION 27

# SUGGESTED ANSWER DESCRIPTORS Ma

k
27.1 𝑡=2
1 1
𝐷(2) = 3 + (2)2 − (2)3
2 4
=3+2−2
(1)
=3𝑚  Answer
27.2 3
𝐷′ (𝑡) = 𝑡 − 𝑡 2  derivative
4
3
𝐷′ (3) = 3 − (3)2
4 (2)
= −3,75 𝑚/ℎ  Answer
27.3 𝐷′ (𝑡) = 0  𝐷′ (𝑡) = 0
3
𝑡 − 𝑡2 = 0
4
× −4: 3𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 = 0
𝑡(3𝑡 − 4) = 0  factors
1
𝑡 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 1 = 1h 20 m
3
 both answers (4)
∴ 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒: 10: 20
 Final answer
[7]