Arihant Seqquadr

CHAPTER
02
Theory of Equations
Learning Part
Session 1
● Polynomial in One Variable ● Identity
● Linear Equation ● Quadratic Equations
● Standard Quadratic Equation
Session 2
● Transformation of Quadratic Equations ● Condition for Common Roots
Session 3
● Quadratic Expression
● Wavy Curve Method
● Condition for Resolution into Linear Factors
● Location of Roots (Interval in which Roots Lie)
Session 4
● Equations of Higher Degree
● Rational Algebraic Inequalities
● Roots of Equation with the Help of Graphs
Session 5
● Irrational Equations
● Irrational Inequations
● Exponential Equations
● Exponential Inequations
● Logarithmic Equations
● Logarithmic Inequations
Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercises
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Session 1
Polynomial in One Variable, Identity, Linear Equation,
Quadratic Equations, Standard Quadratic Equation
Polynomial in One Variable Thus, every polynomial is a rational expression but a
rational expression may or may not be a polynomial.
An algebraic expression containing many terms of the
For example,
form cx n , n being a non-negative integer is called a
2
polynomial, (i) x 2 - 7 x + 8 (ii)
x -3
i.e., f (x ) = a 0 × x n + a1 × x n - 1 + a2 × x n - 2 3 2
x - 6 x + 11x - 6 3 x2 +3
+ ... + a n - 1 × x + a n , (iii) (iv) x + or
( x - 4) x x
where x is a variable, a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n are constants and
a 0 ¹ 0.
4. Degree of Polynomial
1. Real Polynomial The highest power of variable (x ) present in the
polynomial is called the degree of the polynomial.
Let a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n be real numbers and x is a real variable.
For example, f ( x ) = a 0 × x n + a 1 × x n - 1 + a 2 × x n - 2
Then,
+ ... + a n - 1 × x + a n is a polynomial in x of degree n.
f ( x ) = a 0 × x n + a 1 × x n - 1 + a 2 × x n - 2 + ... + a n - 1 × x + a n
Remark
is called a real polynomial of real variable (x) with real A polynomial of degree one is generally called a linear
coefficients. polynomial. Polynomials of degree 2, 3, 4 and 5 are known as
quadratic, cubic, biquadratic and pentic polynomials,
For example, 5 x 3 - 3 x 2 + 7 x - 4, x 2 - 3 x + 1, etc., are real
respectively.
polynomials.
5. Polynomial Equation
2. Complex Polynomial If f (x ) is a polynomial, real or complex, then f (x ) = 0 is
Let a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , ..., a n are complex numbers and x is a called a polynomial equation.
varying complex number.
(i) A polynomial equation has atleast one root.
Then f ( x ) = a 0 × x n + a 1 × x n - 1 + a 2 × x n - 2 +... + a n - 1 × x + a n (ii) A polynomial equation of degree n has n roots.
is called a complex polynomial or a polynomial of complex
variable with complex coefficients. Remarks
For example, x 3 - 7ix 2 + (3 - 2i ) x + 13, 3 x 2 - (2 + 3i ) x + 5i, 1. A polynomial equation of degree one is called a linear
equation i.e. ax + b = 0, where a, b Î C, set of all complex
etc. (where i = -1) are complex polynomials. numbers and a ¹ 0.
2. A polynomial equation of degree two is called a quadratic
equation i.e., ax 2 + bx + c, where a, b, c Î C and a ¹ 0.
3. Rational Expression 3. A polynomial equation of degree three is called a cubic
or Rational Function equation i.e., ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0, where a, b, c, d Î C and
P(x ) a ¹ 0.
An expression of the form , where P ( x ) and Q ( x ) 4. A polynomial equation of degree four is called a biquadratic
Q(x ) equation i.e., ax4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e = 0, where
are polynomials in x, is called a rational expression. As a a, b, c, d, e Î C and a ¹ 0.
particular case when Q ( x ) is a non-zero constant, P ( x ) 5. A polynomial equation of degree five is called a pentic
Q(x ) equation i.e., ax5 + bx4 + cx 3 + dx 2 + ex + f = 0, where
reduces to a polynomial. a, b, c, d, e, f Î C and a ¹ 0.
Chap 02 Theory of Equations 105
6. Roots of an Equation y Example 1. If equation

The values of the variable for which an equation is ( l2 - 5l + 6 ) x 2 + ( l2 - 3l + 2)x + ( l2 - 4 ) = 0 is
satisfied are called the roots of the equation. satisfied by more than two values of x , find the
If x = a is a root of the equation f ( x ) = 0, then f (a ) = 0. parameter l.
Sol. If an equation of degree two is satisfied by more than two
Remark values of unknown, then it must be an identity. Then, we
The real roots of an equation f ( x ) = 0 are the values of x, where must have
the curve y = f ( x ) crosses X-axis. l2 - 5l + 6 = 0, l2 - 3l + 2 = 0, l2 - 4 = 0
Þ l = 2 , 3 and l = 2 , 1 and l = 2 , - 2
7. Solution Set Common value of l which satisfies each condition is l = 2.
The set of all roots of an equation in a given domain is
called the solution set of the equation. y Example 2. Show that
For example, The roots of the equation (x + b ) (x + c ) (x + c ) (x + a) (x + a) (x + b )
+ + =1
x 3 - 2 x 2 - 5 x + 6 = 0 are 1, - 2, 3, the solution set is (b - a ) (c - a ) (c - b ) (a - b ) (a - c ) (b - c )
{1, - 2, 3 }. is an identity.
Remark Sol. Given relation is
Solve or solving an equation means finding its solution set or ( x + b) ( x + c ) ( x + c ) ( x + a) ( x + a) ( x + b)
+ + =1 …(i)
obtaining all its roots. (b - a ) (c - a ) (c - b ) (a - b ) (a - c ) (b - c )
(b - a ) (c - a )
When x = - a, then LHS of Eq. (i) = =1
(b - a ) (c - a )
Identity = RHS of Eq. (i)
If two expressions are equal for all values of x, then the When x = - b, then LHS of Eq. (i)
statement of equality between the two expressions is (c - b ) (a - b )
called an identity. = = 1 = RHS of Eq. (i)
(c - b ) (a - b )
For example, ( x + 1) 2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 is an identity in x. (a - c ) (b - c )
and when x = - c , then LHS of Eq. (i) = =1
or (a - c ) (b - c )
If f ( x ) = 0 is satisfied by every value of x in the domain of = RHS of Eq. (i).
f ( x ), then it is called an identity. Thus, highest power of x occurring in relation of Eq. (i) is 2
For example, f ( x ) = ( x + 1) 2 - ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) = 0 is an and this relation is satisfied by three distinct values of
x ( = - a, - b, - c ). Therefore, it cannot be an equation and
identity in the domain C, as it is satisfied by every hence it is an identity.
complex number.
or y Example 3. Show that x 2 - 3| x | + 2 = 0 is an
n -1
n
If f ( x ) = a 0 × x + a 1 × x + a2 × x n - 2 equation.
+ ... + a n - 1 × x + a n = 0 have more than n distinct roots, it Sol. Put x = 0 in x 2 - 3 | x | + 2 = 0
is an identity, then Þ 02 - 3 | 0| + 2 = 2 ¹ 0
a 0 = a 1 = a 2 = ... = a n - 1 = a n = 0
Since, the relation x 2 - 3 | x | + 2 = 0 is not satisfied by x = 0.
For example, If ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is satisfied by more than Hence, it is an equation.
two values of x, then a = b = c = 0.
or
In an identity in x coefficients of similar powers of x on Linear Equation
the two sides are equal.
An equation of the form
For example, If ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e
ax + b = 0 …(i)
= 5 x 4 - 3 x 3 + 4 x 2 - 7 x - 9 be an identity in x, then where a, b Î R and a ¹ 0, is a linear equation.
a = 5, b = - 3, c = 4, d = - 7, e = - 9. Eq. (i) has an unique root equal to - .
b
Thus, an identity in x satisfied by all values of x, where as a
an equation in x is satisfied by some particular values of x .
106 Textbook of Algebra
x ( 3x - 1) x A root of the quadratic Eq. (i) is a complex number a, such

y Example 4. Solve the equation + =1-
2 6 2 that aa 2 + ba + c = 0. Recall that D = b 2 - 4ac is the
x ( 3x - 1) x discriminant of the Eq. (i) and its roots are given by the
Sol. We have, + =1-
2 6 2 following formula.
x x x 1
or + + =1+ -b ± D
2 2 2 6 x= [Shridharacharya method]
3x 7 2a
or =
2 6
or x=
7
9
Nature of Roots
1. If a, b, c Î R and a ¹ 0, then
y Example 5. Solve the equation (a - 3)x + 5 = a + 2 .
(i) If D < 0, then Eq. (i) has non-real complex roots.
Sol. Case I For a ¹ 3 , this equation is linear, then (ii) If D > 0, then Eq. (i) has real and distinct roots,
( a - 3) x = ( a - 3) namely
( a - 3)
\ x= =1 -b + D -b - D
( a - 3) x1 = , x2 = and then
Case II For a = 3, 2a 2a
0× x + 5 = 3 + 2 ax 2 + bx + c = a( x - x 1 ) ( x - x 2 ). …(ii)
Þ 5=5
(iii) If D = 0, then Eq. (i) has real and equal roots, then
Therefore, any real number is its solution.
b
x1 = x2 = - and then
2a
Quadratic Equations ax 2 + bx + c = a( x - x 1 ) 2 .
An equation in which the highest power of the unknown …(iii)
quantity is 2, is called a quadratic equation. To represent the quadratic ax 2 + bx + c in form
Quadratic equations are of two types :
Eqs. (ii) or (iii), is to expand it into linear factors.
1. Purely Quadratic Equation (iv) If D ³ 0, then Eq. (i) has real roots.
A quadratic equation in which the term containing the (v) If D 1 and D 2 be the discriminants of two
first degree of the unknown quantity is absent, is called a quadratic equations, then
purely quadratic equation. (a) If D 1 + D 2 ³ 0, then
i.e., ax 2 + c = 0, l atleast one of D 1 and D 2 ³ 0.
where a, c Î C and a ¹ 0. l if D 1 < 0, then D 2 > 0 and if D 1 > 0, then
D 2 < 0.
2. Adfected Quadratic Equation (b) If D 1 + D 2 < 0, then
A quadratic equation in which it contains the terms of l atleast one of D 1 and D 2 < 0.
first as well as second degrees of the unknown quantity, is l If D 1 < 0, then D 2 > 0 and if D 1 > 0, then
called an adfected (or complete) quadratic equation. D 2 < 0.
i.e., ax 2 + bx + c = 0, 2. If a, b, c Î Q and D is a perfect square of a rational
where a, b, c Î C and a ¹ 0, b ¹ 0. number, the roots are rational and in case it is not a
perfect square, the roots are irrational.
3. If a, b, c Î R and p + iq is one root of Eq. (i) (q ¹ 0 ),
Standard Quadratic Equation then the other must be the conjugate ( p - iq ) and
An equation of the form vice-versa (where, p, q Î R and i = -1).
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 …(i) 4. If a, b, c Î Q and p + q is one root of Eq. (i), then the
where a, b, c Î C and a ¹ 0, is called a standard quadratic other must be the conjugate p - q and vice-versa
equation. (where, p is a rational and q is a surd).
The numbers a, b, c are called the coefficients of this
5. If a = 1 and b, c Î I and the roots of Eq. (i) are rational
equation.
numbers, these roots must be integers.
6. If a + b + c = 0 and a, b, c are rational, 1 is a root of the y Example 8. Show that if p , q, r and s are real numbers
Eq. (i) and roots of the Eq. (i) are rational. and pr = 2(q + s ), then atleast one of the equations
1 x 2 + px + q = 0 and x 2 + rx + s = 0 has real roots.
7. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ca =
2 Sol. Let D1 and D 2 be the discriminants of the given equations
2 2 2
{(a - b ) + (b - c ) + (c - a ) } x 2 + px + q = 0 and x 2 + rx + s = 0, respectively.
= - {(a - b ) (b - c ) + (b - c ) (c - a ) + (c - a ) (a - b )} Now, D1 + D 2 = p 2 - 4q + r 2 - 4s = p 2 + r 2 - 4(q + s )
= p 2 + r 2 - 2pr [given, pr = 2(q + s )]
y Example 6. Find all values of the parameter a for 2
= (p - r ) ³ 0 [Q p and q are real]
which the quadratic equation
or D1 + D 2 ³ 0
(a + 1) x 2 + 2 (a + 1) x + a - 2 = 0 Hence, atleast one of the equations x 2 + px + q = 0 and
(i) has two distinct roots. x 2 + rx + s = 0 has real roots.
(ii) has no roots. y Example 9. If a , b are the roots of the equation
(iii) has two equal roots.
( x - a ) ( x - b ) = c , c ¹ 0. Find the roots of the
Sol. By the hypothesis, this equation is quadratic and therefore
a ¹ - 1 and the discriminant of this equation, equation ( x - a ) ( x - b ) + c = 0.
D = 4 ( a + 1) 2 - 4 ( a + 1) ( a - 2) Sol. Since, a , b are the roots of
= 4 ( a + 1) ( a + 1 - a + 2) ( x - a) ( x - b) = c
or ( x - a ) ( x - b ) - c = 0,
= 12(a + 1)
Then ( x - a) ( x - b) - c = ( x - a ) ( x - b)
(i) For a > ( -1), then D > 0, this equation has two distinct
roots. Þ ( x - a ) ( x - b) + c = ( x - a) ( x - b)
Hence, roots of ( x - a ) ( x - b ) + c = 0 are a, b.
(ii) For a < ( - 1), then D < 0, this equation has no roots.
(iii) This equation cannot have two equal roots. Since, y Example 10. Find all roots of the equation
D = 0 only for a = - 1 and this contradicts the
hypothesis. x 4 + 2x 3 - 16 x 2 - 22x + 7 = 0, if one root is 2 + 3.
Sol. All coefficients are real, irrational roots will occur in
y Example 7. Solve for x, conjugate pairs.
2 2
( 5 + 2 6 ) x - 3 + ( 5 - 2 6 ) x - 3 = 10. Hence, another root is 2 - 3.
Sol. Q (5 + 2 6 ) (5 - 2 6 ) = 1 \ Product of these roots = ( x - 2 - 3 ) ( x - 2 + 3 )
\ (5 - 2 6 ) =
1 = ( x - 2)2 - 3 = x 2 - 4 x + 1.
(5 + 2 6 ) On dividing x 4 + 2x 3 - 16x 2 - 22x + 7 by x 2 - 4 x + 1, then
2 2
-3 -3
\ (5 + 2 6 )x + (5 - 2 6 )x = 10 the other quadratic factor is x 2 + 6x + 7.
2
x -3 Then, the given equation reduce in the form
x2 - 3 æ 1 ö
reduces to (5 + 2 6 ) +ç ÷ = 10 ( x 2 - 4 x + 1) ( x 2 + 6x + 7 ) = 0
è5 + 2 6 ø
\ x 2 + 6x + 7 = 0
x2 -3 1
Put (5 + 2 6 ) = t , then t + = 10 - 6 ± 36 - 28
t Then, x= = -3 ± 2
2
Þ t 2 - 10t + 1 = 0
Hence, the other roots are 2 - 3, - 3 ± 2.
10 ± (100 - 4 )
or t = = (5 ± 2 6 )
2
Þ (5 + 2 6 )x
2
-3
= (5 ± 2 6 ) = (5 + 2 6 )± 1
Relation between Roots
\ x 2
-3= ±1
and Coefficients
2
1. Relation between roots and coefficients of
Þ x - 3 = 1 or x 2 - 3 = - 1 quadratic equation If roots of the equation
Þ x 2 = 4 or x 2 = 2 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a ¹ 0 ) be real and distinct and a < b,
Hence, x = ± 2, ± 2 -b + D -b - D
then a = ,b = .
2a 2a
(i) Sum of roots (vii) a 5 + b5 = (a 2 + b2 ) (a 3 + b 3 ) - a 2 b2 (a + b)

b Coefficient of x
=S =a +b = - =- . æ b 2 - 2ac ö æ (b 3 - 3abc ) ö c 2 æ b ö
a Coefficient of x 2 =ç ÷ ç- ÷ - 2 ç- ÷
è a2 ø è a3 ø a è aø
(ii) Product of roots
c Constant term - (b 5 - 5ab 3 c + 5a 2 bc 2 )
= P = ab = = . = .
a Coefficient of x 2 a5
(iii) Difference of roots (viii) a 5 - b5 = (a 2 + b2 ) (a 3 - b 3 ) + a 2 b2 (a - b)
D Discriminant
= D ¢ =a -b = = .
a Coefficient of x 2 æ b 2 - 2ac ö æ D ( D + 3ac ) ö æ c ö 2 æ D ö
=ç ÷ç ÷ +ç ÷ ç ÷
2. Formation of an equation with given roots è a2 ø è a3 ø èa ø è a ø
A quadratic equation whose roots are a and b, is
D (b 4 - 3acb 2 + 3a 2 c 2 )
given by ( x - a ) ( x - b) = 0 or x 2 - (a + b) x + ab = 0 = .
a5
i.e. x 2 - (Sum of roots) x + Product of roots = 0
\ x 2 - Sx + P = 0. y Example 11. If one root of the equation
x 2 - ix - (1 + i ) = 0, (i = -1 ) is 1 + i, find the other root.
3. Symmetric function of roots A function of a and
b is said to be symmetric function, if it remains Sol. All coefficients of the given equation are not real, then
other root ¹ 1 - i.
unchanged, when a and b are interchanged.
Let other root be a, then sum of roots = i
For example, a 3 + 3 a 2 b + 3 ab2 + b 3 is a symmetric i.e. 1 + i + a = i Þ a = ( - 1)
function of a and b, whereas a 3 - b 3 + 5 ab is not a Hence, the other root is ( -1).
symmetric function of a and b. In order to find the
y Example 12. If one root of the equation
value of a symmetric function in terms of a + b, ab
9+ 5
and a - b and also in terms of a, b and c. x 2 - 5 x - 19 = 0 is , then find the other root.
2
(i) a 2 + b2 = (a + b) 2 - 2 ab
2
Sol. All coefficients of the given equation are not rational,
2
æ bö æ c ö b - 2ac 9- 5
= ç- ÷ - 2 ç ÷ = . then other root ¹ .
è aø èa ø a2 2
Let other root be a, sum of roots = 5
(ii) a 2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
9+ 5 -9 + 5
æ bö æ D ö b D Þ +a = 5 Þ a =
= ç- ÷ ç ÷ =- 2 . 2 2
è aø è a ø a -9 + 5
Hence, other root is .
(iii) a 3 + b 3 = (a + b) 3 - 3 ab (a + b) 2
3
æ bö æc ö æ bö æ b 3 - 3abc ö y Example 13. If the difference between the
= ç- ÷ - 3 ç ÷ ç- ÷ = - ç ÷.
è aø èa ø è a ø è a3 ø corresponding roots of the equations x 2 + ax + b = 0
and x 2 + bx + a = 0 (a ¹ b ) is the same, find the value
(iv) a 3 - b 3 = (a - b) 3 + 3 ab (a - b)
3 of a + b .
æ Dö æc ö æ D ö D ( D + 3ac ) Sol. Let a , b be the roots of x 2 + ax + b = 0 and g , d be the
=ç ÷ +3ç ÷ ç ÷= .
è a ø èa ø è a ø a3 roots of x 2 + bx + a = 0, then given
(v) a 4 + b 4 = (a 2 + b2 ) 2 - 2 a 2 b2 a -b = g - d
2 é
æ b 2 - 2ac ö 2
b 4 + 2a 2 c 2 - 4acb 2 a 2 - 4b b 2 - 4a Dù
æc ö Þ = êQa - b = a ú
=ç ÷ - 2 ç ÷ = . 1 1
è a2 ø èa ø a4 ë û
Þ a 2 - 4b = b 2 - 4a
(vi) a 4 - b 4 = (a 2 + b2 ) (a 2 - b2 )
Þ (a 2 - b 2 ) + 4 (a - b ) = 0 Þ (a - b ) (a + b + 4 ) = 0
2
b D (b - 2ac ) a-b¹0
=- . Q
4
a \ a + b + 4 = 0 or a + b = - 4.
y Example 14. If a + b + c = 0 and a, b , c are rational. y Example 16. If a is a root of 4 x 2 + 2x - 1 = 0.

Prove that the roots of the equation Prove that 4 a 3 - 3 a is the other root.
(b + c - a ) x 2 + (c + a - b ) x + (a + b - c ) = 0 Sol. Let other root is b,
2 1 1
are rational. then a + b = - = - or b = - - a …(i)
4 2 2
Sol. Given equation is 2
and so 4 a + 2a - 1 = 0, because a is a root of
(b + c - a ) x 2 + (c + a - b ) x + (a + b - c ) = 0 …(i) 4 x 2 + 2x - 1 = 0.
Q (b + c - a ) + (c + a - b ) + (a + b - c ) = a + b + c = 0
Now, b = 4 a 3 - 3 a = a ( 4 a 2 - 3)
\ x = 1 is a root of Eq. (i), let other root of Eq. (i) is a, then
= a ( 1 - 2 a - 3) [Q 4 a 2 + 2 a - 1 = 0]
a+b-c
Product of roots = = -2 a 2 - 2 a
b+c -a
1
-c - c = - (4 a 2 ) - 2 a
Þ 1´a = [Qa + b + c = 0] 2
-a - a 1
= - (1 - 2 a ) - 2 a [Q 4 a 2 + 2 a - 1 = 0]
c 2
\ a= [rational]
a 1
= - -a =b [from Eq. (i)]
Hence, both roots of Eq. (i) are rational. 2
Aliter Hence, 4 a 3 - 3 a is the other root.
Let b + c - a = A , c + a - b = B, a + b - c = C
Then, A + B+C =0 [Qa + b + c = 0] …(ii) y Example 17. If a , b are the roots of the equation
Now, Eq. (i) becomes l ( x 2 - x ) + x + 5 = 0. If l 1 and l 2 are two values of l
Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0 …(iii) a b 4
for which the roots a , b are related by + = , find
Discriminant of Eq. (iii), b a 5
D = B 2 - 4 AC l1 l 2
the value of + .
= ( - C - A )2 - 4 AC [Q A + B + C = 0] l 2 l1
Sol. The given equation can be written as
= (C + A )2 - 4 AC
l x 2 - ( l - 1) x + 5 = 0
= (C - A )2 = (2a - 2c )2
Qa , b are the roots of this equation.
= 4 (a - c )2 = A perfect square l -1 5
\ a +b = and ab =
Hence, roots of Eq. (i) are rational. l l
a b 4
y Example 15. If the roots of equation But, given + =
b a 5
a (b - c ) x 2 + b (c - a ) x + c (a - b ) = 0
a 2 + b2 4
be equal, prove that a, b , c are in HP. Þ =
ab 5
Sol. Given equation is ( l - 1) 2 10
2 -
a (b - c ) x + b (c - a ) x + c (a - b ) = 0 …(i) 2
(a + b ) - 2ab 4 l2
l =4
Þ = Þ
Here, coefficient of x 2 + coefficient of x + constant term = 0 ab 5 5 5
l
i.e., a (b - c ) + b (c - a ) + c (a - b ) = 0
( l - 1)2 - 10l 4
Then, 1 is a root of Eq. (i). Þ = Þ l2 - 12l + 1 = 4 l
Since, its roots are equal. 5l 5
Therefore, its other root will be also equal to 1. Þ l2 - 16l + 1 = 0
c (a - b ) It is a quadratic in l, let roots be l1 and l 2 , then
Then, product of roots = 1 ´ 1 =
a (b - c ) l1 + l 2 = 16 and l1l 2 = 1
Þ ab - ac = ca - bc l1 l 2 l21 + l22 ( l1 + l 2 )2 - 2l1l 2
\ + = =
2ac l 2 l1 l1l 2 l1l 2
\ b=
a+c (16)2 - 2(1)
= = 254
Hence, a, b and c are in HP. 1
y Example 18. If a , b are the roots of the equation = ( a + b ) (a - b )2 {(a + b )2 - ab }

x 2 - px + q = 0, find the quadratic equation the roots = p ( p 2 - 4q ) ( p 2 - q )
of which are (a 2 - b 2 ) (a 3 - b 3 ) and a 3b 2 + a 2 b 3 . and a 3b 2 + a 2 b 3 = a 2 b 2 (a + b )= pq 2
Sol. Since, a , b are the roots of x 2 - px + q = 0. S = Sum of roots = p ( p 2 - 4q ) ( p 2 - q ) + pq 2
\ a + b = p , ab = q = p ( p 4 - 5p 2q + 5q 2 )
Þ a - b = ( p 2 - 4q ) P = Product of roots = p 2q 2 ( p 2 - 4q ) ( p 2 - q )
Now, (a 2 - b 2 ) (a 3 - b 3 ) \ Required equation is x 2 - Sx + P = 0

i.e. x 2 - p ( p 4 - 5p 2q + 5q 2 ) x + p 2q 2 ( p 2 - 4q ) ( p 2 - q ) = 0
= (a + b ) (a - b ) (a - b ) (a 2 + ab + b 2 )
#L Exercise for Session 1

1. If (a 2 - 1)x 2 + (a - 1) x + a 2 - 4a + 3 = 0 be an identity in x , then the value of a is/are
(a) -1 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) -1, 1, 3
2. The roots of the equation x 2 + 2 3x + 3 = 0 are

(a) real and unequal (b) rational and equal
(c) irrational and equal (d) irrational and unequal
3. Ifa, b , c Î Q, then roots of the equation (b + c - 2a ) x 2 + (c + a - 2b ) x + (a + b - 2c ) = 0 are

(a) rational (b) non-real (c) irrational (d) equal
4. If P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c and Q( x ) = - ax 2 + dx + c, where ac ¹ 0, then P ( x ) Q ( x ) = 0 has atleast

(a) four real roots (b) two real roots
(c) four imaginary roots (d) None of these
5. If roots of the equation (q - r ) x 2 + (r - p ) x + ( p - q ) = 0 are equal, then p, q , r are in

(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) AGP
6. 2
If one root of the quadratic equation ix - 2 (i + 1) x + (2 - i ) = 0,i = -1 is 2 - i , the other root is
(a) - i (b) i (c) 2 + i (d 2 - i
7. 2
If the difference of the roots of x - lx + 8 = 0 be 2, the value of l is
(a) ± 2 (b) ± 4 (c) ± 6 (d) ± 8
8. 2 2
If 3p = 5p + 2 and 3q = 5q + 2 where p ¹ q , pq is equal to
2 2 3 3
(a) (b) - (c) (d) -
3 3 2 2
9. If a, b are the roots of the quadratic equation x 2 + bx - c = 0, the equation whose roots are b and c, is
(a) x 2 + ax - b = 0 (b) x 2 - [(a + b ) + ab ] x - ab (a + b ) = 0
(c) x 2 + [(a + b ) + ab ] x + ab (a + b ) = 0 (d) x 2 + [(a + b ) + ab ] x - ab (a + b ) = 0
10. Let p, q Î {1, 2, 3, 4}. The number of equations of the form px 2 + qx + 1 = 0 having real roots, is
(a) 15 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 7
11. If a and b are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a ¹ 0, a, b , c being different), then
(1 + a + a 2 ) (1 + b + b 2 ) is equal to
(a) zero (b) positive (c) negative (d) None of these
Session 2
Transformation of Quadratic Equations, Condition
for Common Roots
Transformation of y Example 19. If a , b be the roots of the equation
Quadratic Equations x 2 - px + q = 0, then find the equation whose roots are
q q
Let a, b be the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then and ×
p -a p -b
the equation
q q
(i) whose roots are a + k, b + k, is Sol. Let =x Þ a=p-
p -a x
a (x - k )2 + b (x - k ) + c = 0 [replace x by ( x - k )] q
So, we replacing x by p - in the given equation, we get
(ii) whose roots are a - k, b - k, is x
2
a ( x + k ) 2 + b ( x + k ) + c = 0 [replace x by ( x + k )] æ qö æ qö
çp - ÷ - p çp - ÷ + q = 0
è x ø è xø
(iii) whose roots are ak, bk, is 2
q 2pq pq
é æ x öù Þ p2 + 2 - - p2 + +q =0
ax 2 + kbx + k 2 c = 0 ê replace x by çè k ÷ø ú x x x
a b ë û pq q 2
(iv) whose roots are , , is Þ q- + 2 =0
k k x x
ak 2 x 2 + bkx + c = 0 [replace x by xk] or qx 2 - pqx + q 2 = 0 or x 2 - px + q = 0
q q
(v) whose roots are - a, - b , is is the required equation whose roots are and ×
p -a p -b
ax 2 - bx + c = 0 [replace x by (- x )]
1 1 y Example 20. If a and b are the roots of
(vi) whose roots are , , is
a b ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then find the roots of the equation
é æ 1 öù
cx 2 + bx + a = 0 ê replace x by çè x ÷ø ú ax 2 - bx ( x - 1) + c ( x - 1) 2 = 0.
ë û
1 1 Sol. Q ax 2 - bx ( x - 1) + c ( x - 1)2 = 0 …(i)
(vii) whose roots are - , - , is 2
a b æ x ö æ x ö
Þ aç ÷ - bç ÷ +c =0
é æ 1 öù è x - 1ø è x - 1ø
cx 2 - bx + a = 0 ê replace x by çè - x ÷ø ú 2
ë û æ x ö æ x ö
k k or aç ÷ + bç ÷ +c =0
(viii) whose roots are , , is è1 - x ø è1 - x ø
a b
Now, a , b are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
é æ k öù
cx 2 + kbx + k 2 a = 0 ê replace x by çè x ÷ø ú Then, a=
x
and b =
x
ë û 1- x 1- x
(ix) whose roots are pa + q, pb + q, is a b
2 Þ x= and x =
æ x -q ö æx -qö é æ x - q öù a +1 b +1
aç ÷ +b ç ÷ + c = 0 ê replace x by ç ÷ú a b
è p ø è p ø ë è p øû Hence, , are the roots of the Eq. (i).
a +1 b +1
(x) whose roots are a n , bn , n Î N , is
a ( x 1 /n ) 2 + b ( x 1 /n ) + c = 0 [ replace x by ( x 1 /n )] y Example 21. If a , b be the roots of the equation
3 3
(xi) whose roots are a 1 /n , b1 /n , n Î N is 2 æ1 - a ö æ1 - b ö
3x + 2x + 1 = 0, then find value of ç ÷ +ç ÷ .
è 1+ a ø è 1+ b ø
a (x n )2 + b (x n ) + c = 0 [ replace x by ( x n )] 1-a 1- x
Sol. Let =x Þ a=
1+a 1+ x
1- x y Example 22. For what values of m, the

So, replacing x by in the given equation, we get
1+ x
2 equation x 2 + 2 (m - 1) x + m + 5 = 0 has (m ÎR )
æ1 - x ö æ1 - x ö 2
3 ç ÷ + 2ç ÷ + 1 = 0 Þ x - 2x + 3 = 0 …(i) (i) roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in
è1 + x ø è1 + x ø sign?
1-a 1-b
It is clear that and are the roots of Eq. (i). (ii) roots are reciprocals to each other?
1+a 1+b
(iii) roots are opposite in sign?
æ1 - a ö æ1 - b ö (iv) both roots are positive?
\ ç ÷+ç ÷ =2 …(ii)
è1 + a ø è1 + b ø (v) both roots are negative?
æ1 - a ö æ1 - b ö (vi) atleast one root is positive?
and ç ÷ç ÷ =3 …(iii)
(vii) atleast one root is negative?
è1 + a ø è1 + b ø
æ1 - a ö
3 3
æ1 - b ö æ1 - a 1 - bö
3 Sol. Here, a = 1, b = 2(m - 1) and c = m + 5
\ ç ÷ +ç ÷ =ç + ÷ -3
è1 + a ø è1 + b ø è 1 + a 1 + b ø \ D = b 2 - 4ac = 4 (m - 1)2 - 4 (m + 5)
= 4 (m 2 - 3m - 4 )
æ1 - a ö æ1 - b ö æ1 - a 1 - b ö 3
ç ÷ç ÷ç + ÷ = 2 - 3 × 3 × 2 = 8 - 18 = - 10
è1 + a ø è1 + b ø è1 + a 1 + b ø \ D = 4 (m - 4 ) (m + 1) and here a = 1 > 0
(i) b = 0 and D > 0
Þ 2(m - 1) = 0 and 4 (m - 4 ) (m + 1) > 0
Roots Under Special Cases Þ m = 1 and m Î( - ¥, - 1) È ( 4, ¥ )
Consider the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 …(i) \ m Îf [null set]
where a, b, c Î R and a ¹ 0. Then, the following hold good : (ii) a = c and D ³ 0
(i) If roots of Eq. (i) are equal in magnitude but opposite in Þ 1 = m + 5 and 4 (m - 4 ) (m + 1) ³ 0
sign, then sum of roots is zero as well as D > 0, i.e. b = 0 Þ m = - 4 and m Î (-¥, - 1] È [ 4, ¥ )
and D > 0.
\ m = -4
(ii) If roots of Eq. (i) are reciprocal to each other, then product (iii) a > 0, c < 0 and D > 0
of roots is 1 as well as D ³ 0 i.e., a = c and D ³ 0.
Þ 1 > 0, m + 5 < 0 and 4 (m - 4 ) (m + 1) > 0
(iii) If roots of Eq. (i) are of opposite signs, then product of
Þ m < - 5 and m Î( -¥, - 1) È ( 4, ¥ )
roots < 0 as well as D > 0 i.e., a > 0, c < 0 and D > 0 or
a < 0, c > 0 and D > 0. \ m Î (- ¥, - 5)
(iv) If both roots of Eq. (i) are positive, then sum and product of (iv) a > 0, b < 0, c > 0 and D ³ 0
roots > 0 as well as D ³ 0 i.e., a > 0, b < 0, c > 0 and D ³ 0 or Þ 1 > 0, 2(m - 1) < 0, m + 5 > 0
a < 0, b > 0, c < 0 and D ³ 0. and 4 ( m - 4 ) ( m + 1) ³ 0
(v) If both roots of Eq. (i) are negative, then sum of roots < 0, Þ m < 1, m > - 5 and m Î (- ¥, - 1] È [ 4, ¥ )
product of roots > 0 as well as D ³ 0 i.e., a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 Þ m Î (- 5, - 1]
and D ³ 0 or a < 0, b < 0, c < 0 and D ³ 0.
(v) a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 and D ³ 0
(vi) If atleast one root of Eq. (i) is positive, then either one root
Þ 1 > 0, 2(m - 1) > 0, m + 5 > 0
is positive or both roots are positive i.e., point (iii) È (iv).
and 4 (m - 4 ) (m + 1) ³ 0
(vii) If atleast one root of Eq. (i) is negative, then either one root
is negative or both roots are negative i.e., point (iii) È (v). Þ m > 1, m > - 5 and m Î (-¥, - 1] È [ 4, ¥ )
(viii) If greater root in magnitude of Eq. (i) is positive, then \ m Î[ 4, ¥ )
sign of b = sign of c ¹ sign of a. (vi) Either one root is positive or both roots are
(ix) If greater root in magnitude of Eq. (i) is negative, then positive
sign of a = sign of b ¹ sign of c. i.e., (c) È (d)
(x) If both roots of Eq. (i) are zero, then b = c = 0. Þ m Î (-¥, - 5) È ( - 5, - 1]
æ bö (vii) Either one root is negative or both roots are
(xi) If roots of Eq. (i) are 0 and ç - ÷ , then c = 0.
è aø negative
c i.e., (c) È (e)
(xii) If roots of Eq. (i) are 1 and , then a + b + c = 0.
a Þ m Î (-¥, - 5) È [ 4, ¥ )
Condition for Common Roots y Example 23. Find the value of l, so that the
equations x 2 - x - 12 = 0 and lx 2 + 10x + 3 = 0 may
1. Only One Root is Common have one root in common. Also, find the common root.
Sol. Q x 2 - x - 12 = 0
Consider two quadratic equations
Þ ( x - 4 ) ( x + 3) = 0
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and a ¢ x 2 + b ¢ x + c ¢ = 0
\ x = 4, - 3
[where a, a ¢ ¹ 0 and ab ¢ - a ¢ b ¹ 0] If x = 4 is a common root, then
Let a be a common root, then l( 4 )2 + 10( 4 ) + 3 = 0
a a 2 + ba + c = 0 and a ¢ a 2 + b ¢ a + c ¢ = 0. 43
\ l=-
On solving these two equations by cross-multiplication, 16
we have and if x = - 3 is a common root, then
a2 a 1 l( -3)2 + 10( -3) + 3 = 0
= =
bc ¢ - b ¢ c ca ¢ - c ¢ a ab ¢ - a ¢ b \ l =3
43
From first two relations, we get Hence, for l = - , common root is x = 4
16
bc ¢ - b ¢ c
a= …(i) and for l = 3, common root is x = - 3.
ca ¢ - c ¢ a
and from last two relations, we get y Example 24. If equations ax 2 + bx + c = 0, (where
ca ¢ - c ¢ a a, b , c ÎR and a ¹ 0) and x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0 have a
a= …(ii)
ab ¢ - a ¢ b common root, then show that a :b : c = 1 : 2 : 3.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Sol. Given equations are
bc ¢ - b ¢ c ca ¢ - c ¢ a
= ax 2 + bx + c = 0 …(i)
ca ¢ - c ¢ a ab ¢ - a ¢ b 2
and x + 2x + 3 = 0 …(ii)
Þ (ab ¢ - a ¢ b ) (bc ¢ - b ¢ c ) = (ca ¢ - c ¢ a ) 2
Clearly, roots of Eq. (ii) are imaginary, since Eqs. (i) and (ii)
2
a b b c c a have a common root. Therefore, common root must be
or ´ = [remember] imaginary and hence both roots will be common.
a¢ b¢ b¢ c¢ c¢ a¢
Therefore, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are identical.
This is the required condition for one root of two
a b c
quadratic equations to be common. \ = = or a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 3
1 2 3
2. Both Roots are Common y Example 25. If a, b , c are in GP, show that the
Let a, b be the common roots of the equations equations ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 and dx 2 + 2ex + f = 0
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and a ¢ x 2 + b ¢ x + c ¢ = 0, then a b c
have a common root, if , , are in HP.
b b¢ a b d e f
a +b = - = - Þ = …(iii) Sol. Given equations are
a a¢ a¢ b¢
ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 …(i)
c c¢ a c
and ab = = Þ = …(iv) and 2
dx + 2ex + f = 0 …(ii)
a a¢ a¢ c¢
a b c Since, a, b, c are in GP.
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get = =
a¢ b¢ c¢ \ b 2 = ac or b = ac
This is the required condition for both roots of two
From Eq. (i), ax 2 + 2 ac x + c = 0
quadratic equations to be identical.
c
or ( a x + c )2 = 0 or x = -
Remark a
To find the common root between the two equations, make the Q Given Eqs. (i) and (ii) have a common root.
same coefficient of x 2 in both equations and then subtract of the
two equations. c
Hence, x = - also satisfied Eq. (ii), then
a
æc ö c d f 2e
d ç ÷ - 2e + f =0 or + =
èa ø a a c b
d 2e f d e f
Þ - + =0 \ , , are in AP.
a ac c a b c
d 2e f a b c
or - + =0 [Qb = ac ] Hence, , , are in HP.
a b c d e f

1. If a and b are the roots of the equation 2x 2 - 3x + 4 = 0, then the equation whose roots are a 2 and b 2, is
(a) 4x 2 + 7x + 16 = 0 (b) 4x 2 + 7x + 6 = 0 (c) 4x 2 + 7x + 1 = 0 (d) 4x 2 - 7x + 16 = 0
æ 1 1 ö
2. If a, b are the roots of x 2 - 3x + 1 = 0, then the equation whose roots are ç , ÷ , is
è a - 2 b - 2ø
(a) x 2 + x - 1 = 0 (b) x 2 + x + 1 = 0 (c) x 2 - x - 1 = 0 (d) None of these
3. The equation formed by decreasing each root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 by 1 is 2x 2 + 8x + 2 = 0, then

(a) a = - b (b) b = - c (c) c = - a (d) b = a + c
2
x - bx m - 1
4. If the roots of equation = are equal but opposite in sign, then the value of m will be
ax - c m +1
a -b b -a a+b b +a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a+b a+b a -b b -a
5. If x 2 + px + q = 0 is the quadratic equation whose roots are a - 2 and b - 2, where a and b are the roots of
x 2 - 3x + 1 = 0, then
(a) p = 1, q = 5 (b) p = 1, q = - 5 (c) p = - 1, q = 1 (d) None of these
6. If both roots of the equation x 2 - (m - 3) x + m = 0 (m Î R ) are positive, then

(a) m Î (3, ¥) (b) m Î(- ¥, 1] (c) m Î [9, ¥) (d) m Î(1, 3)
7. If the equation (1 + m ) x 2 - 2 (1 + 3m ) x + (1 + 8m ) = 0, where m Î R ~ {-1}, has atleast one root is negative, then
(b) m Îæç - , ¥ö÷ (c) m Î æç -1, - ö÷

1 1
(a) m Î (- ¥, - 1) (d) m ÎR
è 8 ø è 8ø
8. If both the roots of l (6x 2 + 3) + rx + 2x 2 - 1 = 0 and 6l (2x 2 + 1) + px + 4x 2 - 2 = 0 are common, then 2r - p is

equal to
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
a3 + b 3 + c 3
9. If ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and bx 2 + cx + a = 0 have a common root a ¹ 0, then is equal to
abc
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these
10. 2 2
If a ( p + q ) + 2bpq + c = 0 and a ( p + r ) + 2bpr + c = 0, then qr is equal to
c a a b
(a) p 2 + (b) p 2 + (c) p 2 + (d) p 2 +
a c b a
Session 3
Quadratic Expression, Wavy Curve Method, Condition
for Resolution into Linear Factors, Location of Roots
Quadratic Expression 4. Intersection with axes

An expression of the form ax 2 + bx + c , where a, b, c Î R (i) Intersection with X-axis
and a ¹ 0 is called a quadratic expression in x. So, in For X-axis, y = 0.
general quadratic expression is represented by -b ± D
2 2
\ ax 2 + bx + c = 0 Þ x =
f ( x ) = ax + bx + c or y = ax + bx + c . 2a
For D > 0, parabola cuts X-axis in two real and
Graph of a Quadratic Expression distinct points
a < 0, D > 0
We have, y = ax 2 + bx + c = f ( x ), [a ¹ 0 ]
éæ bö
2
D ù X-axis
Þ y = a êç x + ÷ - ú
êë è 2a ø 4a 2 úû X-axis
a > 0, D > 0
2
æ Dö æ bö
or çy + ÷ = a ç x + ÷ For D = 0, parabola touches X-axis in one point
è 4a ø è 2a ø
b
D b i.e., x = - .
Now, let y + = Y and x + =X 2a
4a 2a a<0 , D = 0
\ Y = aX 2 X-axis
Y
Þ X2 =
a X-axis
1. The shape of the curve y = f (x ) is parabolic. a >0 , D =0
b
2. The axis of parabola is X = 0 or x + =0 For D < 0, parabola does not cut X-axis i.e.,
2a
imaginary values of x.
b
or x = - i.e. parallel to Y-axis. a < 0, D < 0
2a X-axis
1
3. (i) If > 0 Þ a > 0, the parabola open upwards.
a
X-axis
a > 0, D < 0
(ii) Intersection with Y-axis

1 For Y-axis, x = 0.
(ii) If < 0 Þ a < 0, the parabola open downwards.
a \ y =c
5. Greatest and least values of f(x)
1
Vertex of the parabola X 2 = Y is
a
X = 0, Y = 0
b D 3. a > 0 and D = 0. So, f ( x ) ³ 0 for all x Î R,

Þ x+ = 0, y + =0
2a 4a i.e. f ( x ) is positive for all real values of x except at
b D vertex, where f ( x ) = 0.
or x = - ,y = -
2a 4a
æ b Dö
Hence, vertex of y = ax 2 + bx + c is ç - , - ÷ .
è 2a 4a ø a>0
Vertex X-axis
a>0 4. a < 0 and D = 0. So, f ( x ) £ 0 for all x Î R,

a<0
i.e. f ( x ) is negative for all real values of x except at
Vertex vertex, where f ( x ) = 0.
b X-axis
For a > 0, f ( x ) has least value at x = -.
2a a<0
æ bö D
This least value is given by f ç - ÷ = -
è 2a ø 4a
D
or y least = - .
4a 5. a > 0 and D > 0.
æ D ö Let f ( x ) = 0 have two real roots a and b (a < b), then
\ Range of y = ax 2 + bx + c is ç - , ¥÷ .
è 4a ø f ( x ) > 0 for all x Î( - ¥, a ) È (b, ¥) and f ( x ) < 0 for
b
For a < 0, f ( x ) has greatest value at x = - . all x Î(a, b).
2a
æ bö D
This greatest value is given by f ç - ÷ =-
è 2a ø 4a
D
or y greatest = - a>0
4a
æ Dö a b
X-axis
\ Range of y = ax 2 + bx + c is ç - ¥, - ÷ .
è 4a ø
6. a < 0 and D > 0
Sign of Quadratic Expression Let f ( x ) = 0 have two real roots a and b (a < b),
then f ( x ) < 0 for all x Î ( - ¥, a ) È (b, ¥)
Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c or y = ax 2 + bx + c ,
and f ( x ) > 0 for all x Î(a, b).
where a, b, c Î R and a ¹ 0, for some values of x , f ( x ) may
a b
be positive, negative or zero. This gives the following X-axis
cases : a<0
1. a > 0 and D < 0.
So, f ( x ) > 0 for all x Î R,
i.e. f ( x ) is positive for all real values of x.
Wavy Curve Method
a>0
(Generalised Method of Intervals)
Wave Curve Method is used for solving inequalities of the
X-axis form
2. a < 0 and D < 0. So, f ( x ) < 0 for all x Î R, ( x - a 1 ) k 1 ( x - a 2 ) k 2 K( x - a m ) k m
f (x ) = >0
i.e. f ( x ) is negative for all real values of x. ( x - b 1 ) p 1 ( x - b 2 ) p 2 K( x - b n ) p n
X-axis
( < 0, ³ 0 or £ 0),
a<0 where, k 1 , k 2 , K, k m , p 1, p 2 , ..., p n are natural numbers and
such that a i ¹ b j , where i = 1, 2, K , m and j = 1, 2, K, n.
We use the following methods: Important Results

k1 k2 km
1. Solve ( x - a 1 ) ( x - a 2 ) K(x - am ) = 0 and 1. The point where denominator is zero or function approaches
infinity, will never be included in the answer.
p1 p2 pn
( x - b1 ) ( x - a 2 ) K ( x - bn ) = 0, then we get 2. For x 2 < a2 or|x| < a Û - a < x < a
x = a1, a 2 , K , am , b1, b 2 , K , bn [critical points] i.e., x Î( - a, a)
2. Assume a 1 < a 2 < K < a m < b 1 < b 2 < K < b n 3. For 0 < x 2 < a2 or 0 < |x| < a
Plot them on the real line. Arrange inked (black) Û - a < x < a ~ {0}
circles (·) and un-inked (white) circles ( ), such o i.e., x Î( - a, a) ~{0}
that 4. For x 2 ³ a2 or|x| ³ a Û x £ - a or x ³ a
a1 a2 K am b1 b2 K bn i.e., x Î( - ¥, - a] È [ a, ¥)
2 2
5. For x > a or|x| > a Û x < - a or x > a
If f ( x ) > 0 oo o oo o
... ...
i.e., x Î( - ¥, - a) È ( a, ¥)
f (x ) < 0 oo o oo o
... ...
6. For a £ x £ b2 or a £ |x| £ b
2 2
f ( x ) ³ 0 · · ... · oo o ...
Û a £ x £ b or - b £ x £ - a
f ( x ) £ 0 · · ... · oo o ... i.e., x Î[ - b, - a] È [ a, b]
3. Obviously, b n is the greatest root. If in all brackets 7. For a2 < x 2 £ b2 or a < |x| £ b
before x positive sign and expression has also Û a < x £ b or - b £ x < - a
positive sign, then wave start from right to left, i.e., x Î[ - b, - a) È ( a, b]
beginning above the number line, i.e.
8. For a2 £ x 2 < b2 or a £ |x| < b
( x - a 1 ) k 1 ( x - a 2 ) k 2 K( x - a m ) k m Û a £ x < b or - b < x £ - a
+ , then
( x - b 1 ) p 1 ( x - b 2 ) p 2 K( x - b n ) p n i.e., x Î( - b, - a] È [ a, b)
9. For a2 < x 2 < b2 or a < |x| < b
+
Û a < x < b or - b < x < - a
i.e., x Î( - b, - a) È ( a, b)
bn 10. For ( x - a)( x - b) < 0 and a < b, then a < x < b
i.e., x Î( a, b)
and if in all brackets before x positive sign and 11. If ( x - a) ( x - b) £ 0 and a < b,
expression has negative sign, then wave start from then a £ x £ b, x Î[ a, b]
right to left, beginning below the number line, i.e. 12. If ( x - a)( x - b) > 0 and a < b, then x < a or x > b
( x - a1 )k 1( x - a 2 )k 2 K( x - am )k m i.e., x Î( - ¥, a) È ( b, ¥)
- , then
p1 p2
( x - b1 ) ( x - b 2 ) K( x - bn ) pn 13. If ( x - a) ( x - b) ³ 0 and a < b,
then x £ a or x ³ b
bn
i.e., x Î( - ¥, a] È [ b, ¥)
–
y Example 26. Solve the inequality
( x + 3)( 3x - 2) 5 (7 - x ) 3 ( 5x + 8 ) 2 ³ 0.
4. If roots occur even times, then sign remain same Sol. We have, ( x + 3)(3x - 2)5 (7 - x )3 (5x + 8)2 ³ 0
from right to left side of the roots and if roots Þ - ( x + 3)(3x - 2)5 ( x - 7 )3 (5x + 8)2 ³ 0
occur odd times, then sign will change from right to Þ ( x + 3) ( 3x - 2) 5 ( x - 7 ) 3 ( 5x + 8) 2 £ 0
left through the roots of
[take before x , + ve sign in all brackets]
x = a 1 , a 2 , K, a m , b 1 , b 2 , K, b n .
+ +
5. The solution of f ( x ) > 0 or f ( x ) ³ 0 is the union –3 +
7
of all intervals in which we have put the plus sign – –8 2 –
5 3
and the solution of f ( x ) < 0 or f ( x ) £ 0 is the
union of all intervals in which we have put the æ 8ö 2
The critical points are ( - 3), ç - ÷, , 7.
minus sign. è 5ø 3
é2 ù ì 8ü
Hence, x Î ( - ¥, - 3] È ê , 7 ú È í - ý.
ë3 û î 5þ
+ + +
y Example 27. Solve the inequality – –1
971
–2 –2 – –1
æ 1ö 3 2
( x - 2)10000 ( x + 1) 253 ç x - ÷ ( x + 8 ) 4 æ 2 1ö
è 2ø Hence, x Î ( - 2, - 1) È ç - , - ÷.
500
³0 è 3 2ø
x 75
( x - 3) ( x + 2) 93
æ 1ö
971 y Example 30. For x ÎR, prove that the given
( x - 2)10000 ( x + 1)253 ç x - ÷ ( x + 8)4
è 2ø x 2 + 34 x - 71
Sol. We have, ³0 expression 2 cannot lie between 5 and 9.
500 75
x ( x - 3) ( x + 2)93 x + 2x - 7
1 x 2 + 34 x - 71
The critical points are ( - 8), ( - 2), ( - 1), 0, , 2, 3. Sol. Let =y
2 x 2 + 2x - 7
[Q x ¹ - 2, 0, 3 ] +
+
+ + + + 5 – 9
2 +
1 3
–8 –2 – –1 0 – – Þ x 2 (y - 1) + (2y - 34 )x + 71 - 7y = 0
2
æ 1ù For real values of x , discriminant ³ 0

Hence, x Î ( - ¥, - 8] È [ - 8, - 2) È [ - 1, 0) È ç0, ú È (3, ¥ )
è 2û \ (2y - 34 )2 - 4(y - 1)(71 - 7y ) ³ 0
æ 1ù Þ 8y 2 - 112y + 360 ³ 0
or x Î ( - ¥, - 2) È [ - 1, 0) È ç0, ú È ( 3, ¥ )
è 2û
Þ y 2 - 14y + 45 ³ 0
( x - 3)( x + 2)( x + 6 ) Þ (y - 9 )(y - 5) ³ 0
y Example 28. Let f ( x ) = .
( x + 1)( x - 5) Þ y Î ( - ¥, 5] È [9, ¥ )
Find intervals, where f ( x ) is positive or negative. Hence, y can never lie between 5 and 9.
( x - 3)( x + 2)( x + 6) y Example 31. For what values of the parameter k in
Sol. We have, f (x ) =
( x + 1)( x - 5) ½ x 2 + kx + 1 ½
The critical points are ( - 6), ( - 2), ( - 1), 3, 5 the inequality ½ 2 ½< 3, satisfied for all real
½ x + x + 1 ½
+ + + values of x ?
– –6 –2 – –1 3 – 5 ½ x 2 + kx + 1 ½
Sol. We have, ½ ½< 3
2
½ x + x +1½
For f ( x ) > 0, " x Î ( - 6, - 2) È ( - 1, 3) È (5, ¥ )
x 2 + kx + 1
For f ( x ) < 0, " x Î ( - ¥, - 6) È ( - 2, - 1) È (3, 5) Þ -3< <3
x2 + x + 1
2
y Example 29. Find the set of all x for which æ 1ö 3
Since, x 2 + x + 1 = çx + ÷ + > 0
2x
>
1
. è 2 ø 4
2
( 2x + 5x + 2) ( x + 1) \ - 3( x 2 + x + 1) < x 2 + kx + 1 < 3( x 2 + x + 1)
2x 1 \ 4 x 2 + ( k + 3) x + 4 > 0
Sol. We have, > …(i)
( 2x 2 + 5x + 2) ( x + 1) 2
and 2x - ( k - 3) x + 2 > 0 …(ii)
2x 1 4 > 0 and 2 > 0
Þ - >0 Q
( x + 2)(2x + 1) ( x + 1) The inequality (i) will be valid, if
( 2x 2 + 2x ) - ( 2x 2 + 5x + 2) (k + 3)2 - 4 × 4 × 4 < 0 Þ (k + 3)2 < 64
Þ >0
( x + 2)( x + 1)(2x + 1) or -8<k +3<8
( 3x + 2) or - 11 < k < 5 …(iii)
Þ - >0 and the inequality (ii) will be valid, if
( x + 2)( x + 1)(2x + 1)
(k - 3)2 - 4 × 2 × 2 < 0 or (k - 3)2 < 16
( 3x + 2)
or <0 or - 4 <k -3< 4
( x + 2)( x + 1)(2x + 1) or -1<k <7 ...(iv)
æ 2ö æ 1ö The conditions (iii) and (iv) will hold simultaneously, if
The critical points are ( - 2), ( -1), ç - ÷, ç - ÷.
è 3ø è 2ø -1<k <5
Condition for Resolution y Example 34. Find the linear factors of

x 2 - 5xy + 4 y 2 + x + 2y - 2.
into Linear Factors Sol. Given expression is
The quadratic function x 2 - 5xy + 4y 2 + x + 2y - 2 …(i)
f ( x , y ) = ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c Its corresponding equation is
may be resolved into two linear factors, iff x 2 - 5xy + 4y 2 + x + 2y - 2 = 0
D = abc + 2 fgh - af 2 - bg 2 - ch 2 = 0 or x 2 - x (5y - 1) + 4y 2 + 2y - 2 = 0
(5y - 1) ± (5y - 1)2 - 4 × 1 × ( 4y 2 + 2y - 2)
½a h g½ \ x=
2
i.e., ½h b f ½= 0 2
½ ½ (5y - 1) ± (9y - 18y + 9 )
=
½g f c½ 2
(5y - 1) ± (3y - 3)2
y Example 32. Find the value of m for which the =
2
expression 12x 2 - 10xy + 2y 2 + 11x - 5y + m can be (5y - 1) ± (3y - 3)
= = 4y - 2, y + 1
resolved into two rational linear factors. 2
Sol. Comparing the given expression with \ The required linear factors are ( x - 4y + 2) and ( x - y - 1).
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c , we have
a = 12, h = - 5, b = 2, g =
11
2
æ 5ö
, f = ç - ÷, c = m
è 2ø
Location of Roots
The given expression will have two linear factors, if and (Interval in which Roots Lie)
only if
Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , a, b, c Î R, a ¹ 0 and a, b be the
abc + 2 fgh - af 2 - bg 2 - ch 2 = 0
2
roots of f ( x ) = 0. Suppose k, k 1 , k 2 Î R and k 1 < k 2 . Then,
æ 5 ö æ 11 ö æ 5ö the following hold good :
or (12)(2)(m ) + 2 ç - ÷ ç ÷ ( - 5) - (12) ç - ÷
è 2ø è 2 ø è 2ø
1. Conditions for Number k
2
æ 11 ö
- (2) ç ÷ - (m )( - 5)2 = 0
è2ø
275 121
(If both the roots of f ( x ) = 0 are less than k)
Þ 24 m + - 75 - - 25 m = 0 or m = 2
2 2 – b ,– D
a>0 2 a 4a
y Example 33. If the expression f (k) β k
– b α
ax 2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2ayz + 2bzx + 2cxy can be resolved 2a
X-axis
X-axis – b
into two rational factors, prove that α β k 2a f (k )
a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc .
– b ,– D a<0
Sol. Given expression is 2a 4a
ax 2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2ayz + 2bzx + 2cxy …(i)

(i) D ³ 0 (roots may be equal)
é æx ö 2
æy ö
2
æy ö æx ö æ x ö æy öù
2
= z êa ç ÷ + b ç ÷ + c + 2a ç ÷ + 2b ç ÷ + 2c ç ÷ ç ÷ ú (ii) af (k ) > 0
êë è z ø èz ø èz ø èz ø è z ø è z øú
û b
2 2 2
= z [aX + bY + c + 2aY + 2bX + 2cXY ] (iii) k > - , where a £ b.
2a
x y
where, = X and =Y
z z y Example 35. Find the values of m, for which both
Expression (i) will have two rational linear factors in x , y roots of equation x 2 - mx + 1 = 0 are less than unity.
and z, if expression
Sol. Let f ( x ) = x 2 - mx + 1, as both roots of f ( x ) = 0 are less
aX 2 + bY 2 + 2cXY + 2bX + 2aY + c will have two linear b
than 1, we can take D ³ 0, af (1) > 0 and - < 1.
factors, if 2a
+
abc + 2abc - aa 2 - bb 2 - cc 2 = 0 +
–2 – 2
or a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc
(i) Consider D ³ 0 ( - m )2 - 4 × 1 × 1 ³ 0 æ 11 ö
Þ çm - ÷ ( m - 1) > 0
è 9ø
Þ (m + 2)(m - 2) ³ 0
Þ m Î ( - ¥, - 2] È [2, ¥ ) …(i) æ 11 ö
Þ m Î ( - ¥, 1) È ç , ¥ ÷ …(ii)
(ii) Consider af (1) > 0 1(1 - m + 1) > 0 è9 ø
Þ m -2<0 Þ m <2 æ b ö
(iii) Consider ç - > 3÷
è 2a ø
Þ m Î ( - ¥, 2) …(ii)
æ b ö 6m
(iii) Consider ç - < 1÷ >3
è 2a ø 2
Þ m >1
m
< 1 Þm < 2 Þ m Î (1, ¥ ) …(iii)
2
Hence, the values of m satisfying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)
Þ m Î ( - ¥, 2) …(iii)
æ 11 ö
Hence, the values of m satisfying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) at the same time are m Î ç , ¥ ÷.
è9 ø
at the same time are m Î ( - ¥, - 2].
2. Conditions for a Number k 3. Conditions for a Number k

If both the roots of f ( x ) = 0 are greater than k If k lies between the roots of f ( x ) = 0
– b ,– D
– b ,– D 2a 4a
a>0 2a 4 a a>0
f(k) β
α
f (k ) k α β
– b X-axis X-axis
2a X-axis α
X-axis – b f (k ) β
k α β
f (k) 2a a<0
– b ,– D
– b ,– D a<0 2a 4a
2a 4 a
(i) D ³ 0 (roots may be equal) (i) D > 0 (ii) af (k ) < 0, where a 0 y Example 37. Find all values of p, so that 6 lies
b between roots of the equation x 2 + 2(p - 3)x + 9 = 0.
(iii) k < - , where a £ b.
2a
Sol. Let f ( x ) = x 2 + 2( p - 3)x + 9, as 6 lies between the roots
y Example 36. For what values of m ÎR , both roots of of f ( x ) = 0, we can take D > 0 and af (6) < 0
the equation x 2 - 6mx + 9m 2 - 2m - 2 = 0 exceed 3? (i) Consider D > 0
+ +
Sol. Let f ( x ) = x 2 - 6mx + 9m 2 - 2 m + 2 –
0 6
As both roots of f ( x ) = 0 are greater than 3, we can take
b {2 ( p - 3)} 2 - 4 × 1 × 9 > 0
D ³ 0, af (3) > 0 and- > 3.
2a
Þ ( p - 3) 2 - 9 > 0
(i) Consider D ³ 0
Þ p ( p - 6) > 0
( - 6m )2 - 4 × 1(9m 2 - 2m + 2) ³ 0 Þ 8m - 8 ³ 0 Þ p Î ( - ¥, 0) È (6, ¥ ) …(i)
\ m ³ 1 or m Î [1, ¥ ) …(i) (ii) Consider a f (6 ) < 0
1 × {36 + 12( p - 3) + 9 } < 0
(ii) Consider a f (3 ) ³ 0 3
Þ 12p + 9 < 0 Þ p + < 0
1 × (9 - 18m + 9m 2 - 2m + 2) > 0 4
æ 3 ö
+ + Þ p Î ç - ¥, - ÷ …(ii)
1 – 11/9 è 4ø
Hence, the values of p satisfying Eqs. (i) and (ii) at the
Þ 9m 2 - 20m + 11 > 0
æ 3ö
same time are p Î ç - ¥, - ÷.
Þ (9m - 11)(m - 1) > 0 è 4ø
4. Conditions for Numbers k1 and k2 y Example 39. Find all values of a for which the
equation 4 x 2 - 2x + a = 0 has two roots lie in the
If exactly one root of f ( x ) = 0 lies in the interval (k 1 , k 2 )
interval ( - 1, 1).
k1 α f(k2) β Sol. Let f ( x ) = 4 x 2 - 2x + a as both roots of the equation,
a>0 k2 X-axis f ( x ) = 0 are lie between ( - 1, 1), we can take D ³ 0,
f(k1) 1
f (k 2 ) f(k1) af ( - 1) > 0, af (1) > 0 and - 1 < < 1.
a<0 4
k1 α k2 β X-axis
(i) Consider D ³ 0
1
(i) D > 0 ( - 2) 2 - 4 × 4 × a ³ 0 Þ a £ …(i)
4
(ii) f (k 1 ) f (k 2 ) < 0, where a < b.
(ii) Consider a f ( - 1 ) > 0
y Example 38. Find the values of m, for which exactly 4( 4 + 2 + a ) > 0
one root of the equation x 2 - 2mx + m 2 - 1 = 0 lies in Þ a > - 6 Þ a Î ( - 6, ¥ ) …(ii)
the interval ( - 2, 4 ). (iii) Consider a f (1 ) > 0
Sol. Let f ( x ) = x 2 - 2mx + m 2 - 1, as exactly one root of 4 ( 4 - 2 + a) > 0 Þ a > - 2
f ( x ) = 0 lies in the interval ( -2, 4 ), we can take D > 0 and Þ a Î ( - 2, ¥ ) …(iii)
f ( - 2) f ( 4 ) < 0.
Hence, the values of a satisfying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) at
(i) Consider D > 0 æ 1ù
( - 2 m )2 - 4 × 1(m 2 - 1) > 0 Þ 4 > 0 the same time are a Î ç - 2, ú.
è 4û
\ m ÎR …(i)
(ii) Consider f ( - 2 ) f ( 4 ) < 0
6. Conditions for Numbers k1 and k2
( 4 + 4m + m 2 - 1) (16 - 8m + m 2 - 1) < 0
(If k 1 and k 2 lie between the roots of f ( x ) = 0)
Þ (m 2 + 4m + 3) (m 2 - 8m + 15) < 0
Þ (m + 1)(m + 3)(m - 3)(m - 5) < 0
Þ (m + 3)(m + 1)(m - 3)(m - 5) < 0 a>0 f(k2)
f(k1 )
+ + + k1 k2 α β
α X-axis X-axis
–3 – –1 3 – 5 β k1 k2
f(k1) f (k2)
\ m Î ( - 3 , - 1) È (3, 5) …(ii) a<0
Hence, the values of m satisfying Eqs. (i) and (ii) at the

same time are m Î ( - 3, - 1) È (3, 5).
(i) D > 0
5. Conditions for Numbers k1 and k2 (ii) af (k 1 ) < 0
(If both roots f ( x ) = 0 are confined between k 1 and k 2 ) (iii) af (k 2 ) < 0, where a < b.
–
b ,– D y Example 40. Find the values of a for which one
a>0 2a 4a
root of equation (a - 5)x 2 - 2ax + a - 4 = 0 is smaller
f (k1) f (k2) k1 a b k2
X-axis than 1 and the other greater than 2.
X-axis
k1 a b k2
f (k1) f(k2 ) Sol. The given equation can be written as
– b ,– D a<0 æ 2a ö æa - 4 ö
2 a 4a x2 - ç ÷x + ç ÷ = 0, a ¹ 5.
èa - 5ø èa - 5ø
(i) D ³ 0 (roots may be equal) æ 2a ö æa - 4 ö
Now, let f ( x ) = x 2 - ç ÷x + ç ÷
(ii) af (k 1 ) > 0 èa - 5ø èa - 5ø
(iii) af (k 2 ) > 0 As 1 and 2 lie between the roots of f ( x ) = 0, we can take
b D > 0, 1 × f (1) < 0 and 1 × f (2) < 0.
(iv) k 1 < - < k 2 , where a £ b and k 1 < k 2 .
2a
(i) Consider D > 0 i.e., (m - 1) (m - 9 ) ³ 0

æ æ 2a ö ö
2 \ m Î ( - ¥, 1] È [9, ¥ ) …(i)
æa - 4 ö
ç- ç ÷ ÷ - 4 ×1 × ç ÷ >0 f (2 ) > 0
è èa - 5øø èa - 5ø
æ 20 ö i.e., 4 - 2( m - 3) + m > 0
36 ça - ÷
è 9ø Þ m < 10
Þ >0 [Qa ¹ 5]
( a - 5) 2 \ m Î ( - ¥, 10) …(ii)
20 and x-coordinate of vertex < 2
or a> …(i)
9 ( m - 3)
i.e., <2 Þ m <7
(ii) Consider 1 × f (1 ) < 0 2
æ 2a ö æ a - 4 ö 9 \ m Î ( - ¥, 7 ) …(iii)
12 - ç ÷+ç ÷ <0Þ > 0 or a > 5 …(ii) On combining Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
èa - 5ø è a - 5 ø ( a - 5)
m Î ( - ¥, 1]
(iii) Consider 1 × f (2 ) < 0
(ii) Both the roots are greater than 2
4a æa - 4ö
4- +ç ÷ <0 D³0
(a - 5 ) è a - 5 ø
( 4a - 20 - 4a + a - 4 ) (a - 24 )
Þ <0 Þ <0
(a - 5 ) (a - 5 ) f(2)
or 5 < a < 24 …(iii)
X-axis
Hence, the values of a satisfying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) at the 2 α β
same time are a Î(5, 24 ).
y Example 41. Let x 2 - (m - 3)x + m = 0 (m ÎR ) be a i.e. (m - 1)(m - 9 ) ³ 0

quadratic equation. Find the value of m for which \ m Î ( - ¥, 1] Î [9, ¥ ) …(i)
(i) both the roots are smaller than 2. f (2 ) > 0
(ii) both the roots are greater than 2. i.e. 4 - 2( m - 3) + m > 0
Þ m < 10
(iii) one root is smaller than 2 and the other root is
greater than 2. \ m Î ( - ¥, 10) …(ii)
and x-coordinate of vertex > 2
(iv) exactly one root lies in the interval (1, 2).
( m - 3)
(v) both the roots lie in the interval (1, 2). i.e., >2 Þ m >7
2
(vi) one root is greater than 2 and the other root is \ m Î ( 7, ¥ ) …(iii)
smaller than 1.
On combining Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
(vii) atleast one root lie in the interval (1, 2).
m Î[9, 10)
(viii) atleast one root is greater than 2.
(iii) One root is smaller than 2 and the other root is
Sol. Let f ( x ) = x 2 - ( m - 3) x + m greater than 2
Here, a = 1, b = - (m - 3), c = m D > 0
and D = b 2 - 4ac = (m - 3)2 - 4 m
= m 2 - 10m + 9 = (m - 1)(m - 9 )
b ( m - 3) 2
and x-coordinate of vertex = - = a X-axis
2a 2 f(2) b
(i) Both the roots are smaller than 2
D³0
i.e., (m - 1)(m - 9 ) > 0
\ m Î ( - ¥, 1) È (9, ¥ ) …(i)
f(2) f (2 ) < 0
X-axis i.e. 4 - 2(m - 3) + m < 0

a b 2
\ m > 10
\ m Î (10, ¥ ) …(ii) 1 < x -coordinate of vertex < 2

On combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ( m - 3)
i.e., 1< <2
m Î (10, ¥ ). 2
Þ 2 < m - 3 < 4 or 5 < m < 7
(iv) Exactly one root lies in the interval (1, 2)
\ m Î(5, 7 ) …(iv)
D > 0
On combining Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
m Îf
f (1)
(vi) One root is greater than 2 and the other root is
2
X-axis smaller than 1 D > 0
1a f (2) b
i.e., (m - 1)(m - 9 ) > 0

\ m Î ( - ¥, 1) È (9, ¥ ) …(i) 1 2
X-axis
f (1 ) f (2 ) < 0 α f(2) β
f(1)
( 1 - ( m - 3) + m ) ( 4 - 2( m - 3) + m ) < 0
Þ 4 ( - m + 10) < 0 i.e., (m - 1)(m - 9 ) > 0
Þ m - 10 > 0 Þ m > 10 \ m Î ( - ¥, 1) È (9, ¥ ) …(i)
\ m Î (10, ¥ ) …(ii) f (1 ) < 0
On combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get i.e., 4 < 0, which is not possible.
m Î (10, ¥ ) Thus, no such ‘m’ exists.
(v) Both the roots lie in the interval (1, 2) (vii) At least one root lie in the interval (1, 2)
D³ 0 Case I Exactly one root lies in (1, 2)
m Î (10, ¥ ) [from (iv) part]
Case II Both roots lie in the interval (1, 2).
f (1) f (2)
m Îf [from (v) part]
X-axis Hence, at least one root lie in the interval (1, 2)
1 α β2
m Î (10, ¥ ) È f or m Î (10, ¥ )
(viii) Atleast one root is greater than 2
i.e., (m - 1)(m - 9 ) ³ 0
\ m Î ( - ¥, 1] È [9, ¥ ) …(i)
Case I One root is smaller than 2 and the other root
is greater than 2.
f (1 ) > 0
i.e., (1 - (m - 3) + m ) > 0 Þ 4 > 0 Then, m Î (10, ¥ ) [from (iii) part]
\ m ÎR …(ii) Case II Both the roots are greater than 2, then
m Î[9, 10).
f (2 ) > 0
Hence, atleast one root is greater than 2.
i.e., 4 - 2(m - 3) + m > 0 Þ m < 10
\ m Î (10, ¥ ) È [9, 10) or m Î [9, 10) È (10, ¥ )
\ m Î ( - ¥, 10) …(iii)

x 2 + 14x + 9
1. If x is real, the maximum and minimum values of expression will be
x 2 + 2x + 3
(a) 4, - 5 (b) 5, - 4 (c) - 4, 5 (d) - 4, - 5
x +2
2. If x is real, the expression 2
takes all values in the interval
(2x + 3x + 6)
(a) æç , ö÷ (b) é -
1 1ù
(c) æç - , ö÷
1 1 1 1
(d) None of these
è 13 3 ø êë 13 , 3 úû è 3 13 ø
3. If x be real, then the minimum value of x 2 - 8x + 17, is

(a) - 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
æ 1ö
4. If the expression çmx - 1 + ÷ is non-negative for all positive real x , the minimum value of m must be
è xø
1
(a) - (b) 0
2
1 1
(c) (d)
4 2
mx 2 + 3x + 4
5. If the inequality < 5 is satisfied for all x Î R then
x 2 + 2x + 2
(a) 1 < m < 5 (b) - 1 < m < 5
71
(c) 1 < m < 6 (d) m <
24
( x 2 - 1)
6. The largest negative integer which satisfies > 0, is
( x - 2)( x - 3)
(a) - 4 (b) - 3
(c) - 2 (d) - 1
7. If the expression 2x 2 + mxy + 3y 2 - 5y - 2 can be resolved into two rational factors, the value of | m | is
(a) 3 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 9
8. If c > 0 and 4a + c < 2b , then ax 2 - bx + c = 0 has a root in the interval

(a) (0, 2) (b) (2, 4)
(c) (0, 1) (d) (- 2, 0)
9. If the roots of the equation x 2 - 2ax + a 2 + a - 3 = 0 are less than 3 then

(a) a < 2 (b) 2 £ a £ 3
(c) 3 < a £ 4 (d) a > 4
10. The set of values of a for which the inequation x 2 + ax + a 2 + 6a < 0 is satisfied for all x Î(1, 2) lies in the
interval
(a) (1, 2) (b) [1, 2]
(c) [- 7, 4] (d) None of these
Session 4
Equations of Higher Degree, Rational Algebraic
Inequalities, Roots of Equation with the Help of Graphs,
Equations of Higher Degree and abg = ( - 1) 3

d
=-
d
a a
The equation a 0 x n + a 1 x n - 1 + a 2 x n - 2
or ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = a( x - a )( x - b)( x - g )
+ K+ a n - 1 x + a n = 0,
where a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , ... , a n - 1 , a n are constants but a 0 ¹ 0, is a = a( x 3 - S a × x 2 + S ab × x - abg )]
polynomial equation of degree n. It has n and only n roots.
(ii) For n = 4, if a, b, g, d are the roots of the equation
Let a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , K, a n - 1 , a n be n roots, then
ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e = 0, where a, b, c , d , e are
a
l S a 1 = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + K + a n - 1 + a n = (- 1 )1 1 constants and a ¹ 0, then
a0
b b
[sum of all roots] S a = a + b + g + d = ( - 1) 1 = - ,
l S a1 a 2 = a1a 2 + a1a 3 + K + a1an + a 2 a 3 + a a
K + a 2 an +K + an - 1 an c c
S ab = (a + b)( g + d) + ab + gd = ( - 1) 2 = ,
a a a
= ( - 1) 2 2 [sum of products taken two at a time] 3 d d
a0 S abg = ab( g + d) + g d (a + b) = ( - 1) = -
a a
a
l S a 1 a 2 a 3 = (- 1 ) 3 3 4 e e
a0 and abgd = ( - 1) =
a a
[sum of products taken three at a time]
or ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e = a( x - a )
a
l a 1 a 2 a 3 K a n = (- 1 )n n [ product of all roots] ( x - b)( x - g )( x - d)
a0
ap = a( x 4 - S a × x 3 + S ab × x 2 - S abg × x + abgd)
In general, Sa 1 a 2 a 3 K a p = ( - 1) p
a0 y Example 42. Find the conditions, if roots of the
Remark equation x 3 - px 2 + qx - r = 0 are in
1. A polynomial equation of degree n has n roots (real or
imaginary). (i) AP (ii) GP
2. If all the coefficients, i.e., a0, a1, a2, K, an are real, then the
imaginary roots occur in pairs, i.e. number of imaginary roots (iii) HP
is always even. Sol. (i) Let roots of the given equation are
3. If the degree of a polynomial equation is odd, then atleast one A - D , A , A + D , then
of the roots will be real.
p
4. ( x - a1 )( x - a2 )( x - a3 ) K ( x - an ) A-D+A+A+D=p Þ A=
3
= x n + ( - 1)1 S a1 × x n - 1 + ( - 1) 2 S a1 a2 × x n - 2
Now, A is the roots of the given equation, then it must
+ K + ( - 1) n a1 a2 a3 K an
be satisfy
In Particular A 3 - pA 2 + qA - r = 0
(i) For n = 3, if a, b, g are the roots of the equation æp ö
3
æp ö
2
æp ö
Þ ç ÷ - pç ÷ + qç ÷ - r = 0
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0, where a, b, c , d are constants è3ø è3ø è3ø
b b
and a ¹ 0, then Sa = a + b + g = ( - 1) 1 = - , Þ p 3 - 3p 3 + 9qp - 27r = 0
a a
or 2p 3 - 9 pq + 27r = 0,
c c
Sab = ab + bg + g a = ( - 1) 2 = which is the required condition.
a a
A Product of roots = (a - b ) ×a × (a + b ) = 6
(ii) Let roots of the given equation are , A , AR , then
R Þ ( 2 - b ) 2( 2 + b ) = 6 Þ 4 - b 2 = 3
A æ rö \ b = ±1
× A × AR = ( - 1)3 × ç - ÷ = r
R è 1ø \ Roots of Eqs. (i) are 1, 2, 3 or 3, 2, 1.
1 1 1 1
Þ A3 = r Hence, roots of the given equation are 1, , or , , 1.
2 3 3 2
1
Þ A =r3 y Example 44. If a , b, g are the roots of the equation
Now, A is the roots of the given equation, then x 3 - px 2 + qx - r = 0, find
A 3 - pA 2 + qA - r = 0
2 /3 1/ 3
(i) åa 2 . (ii) åa 2 b. (iii) åa 3 .
Þ r - p (r ) = q (r ) -r=0
Sol. Since, a , b, g are the roots of x 3 - px 2 + qx - r = 0.
or p (r )2 / 3 = q (r )1/ 3
\ å a = p , å a b = q and abg = r
or p 3r 2 = q 3r
(i) Q å a × å a = p × p
or p 3r = q 3
Þ (a + b + g )(a + b + g ) = p 2
which is the required condition.
Þ a 2 + b 2 + g 2 + 2 (ab + bg + ga ) = p 2
(iii) Given equation is
or å a 2 + 2 å ab = p 2
x 3 - px 2 + qx - r = 0 …(i)
1 or å a 2 = p 2 - 2q
On replacing x by in Eq. (i), then
x (ii) Q å a × å ab = p × q
æ1ö
3
æ1ö æ1ö
2 Þ (a + b + g ) × (ab + bg + ga ) = pq
ç ÷ - pç ÷ + qç ÷ - r = 0
èx ø èx ø èx ø Þ a 2 b + abg + a 2 g + b 2 a + b 2 g + abg
Þ rx 3 - qx 2 + px - 1 = 0 …(ii) + g 2 b + g 2 a = pq
Now, roots of Eq. (ii) are in AP. Þ (a 2 b + a 2 a + b 2 g + b 2 g + g 2 a + g 2 b )
Let roots of Eq. (ii) are A - P , A , A + P , then + 3abg = pq
q q or å a 2 b + 3r = pq
A-P+A+A+P= or A =
r 3r or å a 2 b = pq - 3r
Q A is a root of Eq. (ii), then (iii) Q å a 2 × å a = ( p 2 - 2q ) × p [from result (i)]
rA 3 - qA 2 + pA - 1 = 0
3 2 Þ (a 2 + b 2 + g 2 )(a + b + g ) = p 3 - 2pq
æq ö æq ö æq ö
Þ r ç ÷ - qç ÷ + pç ÷ - 1 = 0 Þ a 3 + b 3 + g 3 + (a 2 b + a 2 g + b 2 a + b 2 g
è 3r ø è 3r ø è 3r ø
Þ q 3 - 3q 3 + 9 pqr - 27r 2 = 0 + g 2 a + g 2 b ) = p 3 - 2pq
Þ 2q 3 - 9 pqr + 27r 2 = 0, Þ å a 3 + å a 2 b = p 3 - 2pq
which is the required condition. Þ å a 3 + pq - 3r = p 3 - 2pq [from result (ii)]
3 3
or å a = p - 3pq + 3r
y Example 43. Solve 6 x 3 - 11x 2 + 6 x - 1 = 0, if roots of
the equation are in HP. y Example 45. If a , b, g are the roots of the cubic
1 equation x 3 + qx + r = 0 , then find the equation whose
Sol. Put x = in the given equation, then
y
roots are (a - b ) 2 , (b - g ) 2 , ( g - a ) 2 .
6 11 6
- + -1=0 Sol. Qa , b, g are the roots of the cubic equation
y3 y2 y
x 3 + qx + r = 0 …(i)
Þ y 3 - 6y 2 + 11y - 6 = 0 …(i)
Then, å a = 0, å ab = q, abg = - r …(ii)
Now, roots of Eq. (i) are in AP.
If y is a root of the required equation, then
Let the roots be a - b, a , a + b.
Then, sum of roots = a - b + a + a + b = 6 y = (a - b )2 = (a + b )2 - 4 ab
Þ 3a = 6 4 abg
= (a + b + g - g )2 -
\ a =2 g
4r
= (0 - g )2 + [from Eq. (ii)] or
g
4r
If l is a root of the equation f ( x ) = 0, then f ( x ) is
Þ y = g2 + exactly divisible by ( x - l) and conversely, if f ( x ) is
g
exactly divisible by ( x - l), then l is a root of the
[replacing g by x which is a root of Eq. (i)]
equation f (x ) = 0 and the remainder obtained is f ( l).
4r
\ y = x2 +
x y Example 47. If x 2 + ax + 1 is a factor of
or x 3 - yx + 4r = 0 …(iii) ax 3 + bx + c , find the conditions.
The required equation is obtained by eliminating x between Sol. Qax 3 + bx + c = ( x 2 + ax + 1)Q (x )
Eqs. (i) and (iii).
Let Q ( x ) = Ax + B,
Now, subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (i), we get
(q + y ) x - 3r = 0 then ax + bx + c = ( x 2 + ax + 1)( Ax + B )
3
3r On comparing coefficients of x 3 , x 2 , x and constant on

or x=
q +y both sides, we get
On substituting the value of x in Eq. (i), we get a = A, …(i)
3 0 = B + aA, …(ii)
æ 3r ö æ 3r ö
ç ÷ + qç ÷ +r =0 b = aB + A , …(iii)
èq + y ø èq + y ø
and c =B …(iv)
Thus, y 3 + 6qy 2 + 9q 2y + ( 4q 3 + 27r 2 ) = 0 From Eqs. (i) and (iv), we get
which is the required equation. A = a and B = c
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), a 2 + c = 0 and b = ac + a are the
Remark required conditions.
å( a - b ) 2 = - 6q, Õ( a - b ) 2 = - ( 4 q3 + 27r 2 )
y Example 48. A certain polynomial f ( x ), x ÎR, when
Some Results on Roots of a divided by x - a, x - b and x - c leaves remainders a, b
and c, respectively. Then, find the remainder when f ( x )
Polynomial Equation is divided by ( x - a )( x - b )( x - c ), where a, b , c are
1. Remainder Theorem If a polynomial f ( x ) is distinct.
divided by a linear function x - l, then the remainder Sol. By Remainder theorem f (a ) = a, f (b ) = b and f (c ) = c
is f ( l), Let the quotient be Q ( x ) and remainder is R( x ).
i.e. Dividend = Divisor ´ Quotient + Remainder \ f ( x ) = ( x - a )( x - b )( x - c )Q ( x ) + R( x )
Let Q ( x ) be the quotient and R be the remainder, thus \ f (a ) = 0 + R(a ) Þ R(a ) = a
f ( x ) = ( x - l) Q ( x ) + R f (b ) = 0 + R(b ) Þ R(b ) = b and f (c ) = 0 + R(c )
Þ R(c ) = c
Þ f ( l) = ( l - l) Q ( l) + R = 0 + R = R
So, the equation R( x ) - x = 0 has three roots a, b andc . But
y Example 46. If the expression 2x 3 + 3px 2 - 4 x + p its degree is atmost two. So, R( x ) - x must be zero
polynomial (or identity).
has a remainder of 5 when divided by x + 2, find the Hence, R( x ) = x .
value of p.
3. Every equation of an odd degree has atleast one real
Sol. Let f ( x ) = 2x 3 + 3px 2 - 4 x + p
root, whose sign is opposite to that of its last term,
Q f ( x ) = ( x + 2) Q ( x ) + 5 provided that the coefficient of the first term is
Þ f ( - 2) = 5 positive.
Þ 2( - 2)3 + 3p ( - 2)2 - 4( - 2) + p = 5 or 13p = 13 4. Every equation of an even degree has atleast two real
\ p =1 roots, one positive and one negative, whose last term
2. Factor Theorem Factor theorem is a special case of is negative, provided that the coefficient of the first
Remainder theorem. term is positive.
Let f (x ) = ( x - l) Q ( x ) + R = ( x - l) Q (x ) + f ( l) 5. If an equation has no odd powers of x, then all roots
If f ( l) = 0, f (x ) = ( x - l) Q (x ), therefore f (x ) is of the equation are complex provided all the
exactly divisible by x - l. coefficients of the equation have positive sign.
A (λ , f (λ))
6. If x = a is root repeated m times in f ( x ) = 0
( f ( x ) = 0 is an nth degree equation in x), then + B (µ , f (µ))
f ( x ) = ( x - a ) m g(x )
f (λ) +
where,g( x )isa polynomialofdegree(n - m ) and theroot + f (µ)
P (α, 0) (,β, 0) (γ, 0) (δ,0)
x = a isrepeated(m - 1) timein f ¢ ( x ) = 0,(m - 2 ) times – Q R – S (µ ,0)
X-axis
(λ, 0)
in f ¢¢( x ) = 0,…,(m - (m - 1)) timesin f m - 1 (x ) = 0.
7. Let f (x ) = 0 be a polynomial equation and l, m are (v)
two real numbers. +
+
Then, f (x ) = 0 will have atleast one real root or an (,λ0) (β, 0) (δ, 0) (µ, 0)
– (α, 0) – X-axis
odd number of roots between l and m, if f ( l) and (γ ,0)
–
f(λ) f(µ)
f (m ) are of opposite signs.
But if f ( l) and f (m ) are of same signs, then either A (λ , f (λ)) B ( µ , f ( µ))
(vi)
f ( x ) = 0 has no real roots or an even number of roots
between l and m. (a) In figure (i), (ii) and (iii), f ( l) and f (m ) have
opposite signs and equationf ( x ) = 0, has one,
three, five roots between l and m, respectively.
Illustration by Graphs (b) In figure (iv), (v) and (vi), f ( l) and f (m ) have
Since, f (x ) be a polynomial in x, then graph of y = f (x ) same signs and equation f ( x ) = 0, has no, four
will be continuous in every interval. and four roots between l and m, respectively.
A (λ ,f ( λ))
y Example 49. If a, b , c are real numbers, a ¹ 0. If a is
root of a 2 x 2 + bx + c = 0 , b is a root of
f (λ)
+ a 2 x 2 - bx - c = 0 and 0 < a < b, show that the
(µ,0)
equation a 2 x 2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 has a root g that always
(λ, 0) P (α, 0)
X-axis
satisfies a < g < b.
Sol. Since, a is a root of a 2 x 2 + bx + c = 0.
– f (µ)
Then, a 2 a 2 + ba + c = 0 …(i)
2 2
and b is a root of a x - bx - c = 0,
B (µ , f ( µ))
2 2
(i) then a b - bb - c = 0 …(ii)
A (λ ,f ( λ))
2 2
Let f ( x ) = a x + 2bx + 2c
\ f (a ) = a 2 a 2 + 2ba + 2c = a 2 a 2 - 2a 2 a 2
f (λ) +
[from Eq. (i)]
+ (µ, 0) = -a a 2 2
X-axis
(λ, 0) P (α, 0) Q R (γ, 0)
– (β,0) Þ f (a ) < 0 and f ( b ) = a 2 b 2 + 2b b + 2c
f ( µ)
– = a 2 b 2 + 2a 2 b 2 [from Eq. (ii)]
B [µ, f (µ)] = 3a 2 b 2
(ii)
B (µ, f (µ)) Þ f (b) > 0

+
+
( λ ,0) Q R S + f(µ) Since, f (a ) and f ( b ) are of opposite signs, then it is clear
X-axis
–
f (λ) (α,0) (β, 0) – (γ, 0) (δ,0) – T (µ, 0) that a root g of the equation f ( x ) = 0 lies between a and b.
(ν, 0)
A (λ , f (λ)) (iii)
Hence, a < g <b [Qa < b]
B( µ , f (µ))
y Example 50. If a < b < c < d , then show that
f (λ) A [λ , f (λ)] +
f (µ) ( x - a )( x - c ) + 3 ( x - b )( x - d ) = 0 has real and distinct
X-axis roots.
(λ, 0) ( µ, 0)
(iv) Sol. Let f ( x ) = ( x - a )( x - c ) + 3( x - b )( x - d )
Then, f (a ) = 0 + 3(a - b )(a - d ) > 0 [Qa - b < 0, a - d < 0] 9. Rolle’s Theorem If f ( x ) is continuous function in
and f (b ) = (b - a )(b - c ) + 0 < 0 [Qb - a > 0, b - c < 0] the interval [a, b ] and differentiable in interval (a, b )
Thus, one root will lie between a and b. and f (a ) = f (b ), then equation f ¢ ( x ) = 0 will have
and f (c ) = 0 + 3(c - b )(c - d ) < 0 [Qc - b > 0, c - d < 0] atleast one root between a and b. Since, every
and f (d ) = (d - a )(d - c ) + 0 > 0 [Qd - a >0, d - c >0] polynomial f ( x ) is always continuous and
Thus, one root will lie between c and d. Hence, roots of differentiable in every interval. Therefore, Rolle’s
equation are real and distinct. theorem is always applicable to polynomial function
8. Let f ( x ) = 0 be a polynomial equation then in every interval [a, b ] if f (a ) = f (b ).
(a) the number of positive roots of a polynomial y Example 51. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 ; a, b , c ÎR, then show
equation f (x ) = 0 (arranged in decreasing order
of the degree) cannot exceed the number of that the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has atleast one root
changes of signs in f ( x ) = 0 as we move from left between 0 and 1.
to right. Sol. Given, 2a + 3b + 6c = 0
For example, Consider the equation a b
2 x 3 - x 2 - x + 1 = 0. Þ + +c =0 …(i)
3 2
The number of changes of signs from left to right Let f ¢ ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c ,
is 2 (+ to -, then - to +). Then, number of positive ax 3 bx 2
roots cannot exceed 2. Then, f (x) = + + cx + d
3 2
(b) The number of negative roots of a polynomial a b
equation f ( x ) = 0 cannot exceed the number of Now, f (0) = d and f (1) = + + c + d
3 2
changes of signs in f (-x ). =0+d [from Eq. (i)]
For example, Consider the equation Since, f ( x ) is a polynomial of three degree, then f ( x ) is
5x 4 + 3x 3 - 2x 2 + 5x - 8 = 0 continuous and differentiable everywhere and f (0) = f (1),
Let f ( x ) = 4 x 4 + 3 x 3 - 2 x 2 + 5 x - 8 then by Rolle’s theorem f ¢ ( x ) = 0 i.e., ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has
\ f ( - x ) = 5x 4 - 3x 3 - 2x 2 - 5x - 8 atleast one real root between 0 and 1.
The number of changes of signs from left to right
is (+ to -). Then number of negative roots cannot Reciprocal Equation of the Standard
exceed 1.
Form can be Reduced to an Equation
(c) If equation f ( x ) = 0 have atmost r positive roots
and atmost t negative roots, then equation of Half Its Dimensions
f ( x ) = 0 will have atmost (r + t ) real roots, i.e. it Let the equation be
will have atleast n - (r + t ) imaginary roots, ax 2m + bx 2m - 1 + cx 2m - 2 + K + kx m + K + cx 2 + bx + a = 0
where n is the degree of polynomial.
For example, Consider the equation On dividing by x m , then
c
5x 6 - 8x 3 + 3x 5 + 5x 2 + 8 = 0 ax m + bx m - 1 + cx m - 2 + K + k + K +
m -2
x
The given equation can be written as b a
5x 6 + 3x 5 - 8x 3 + 5x 2 + 8 = 0 + + =0
m -1
x xm
On rearranging the terms, we have
Let f ( x ) = 5 x 6 + 3 x 5 - 8 x 3 + 5 x 2 + 8
æ 1 ö æ m -1 1 ö
Here, f ( x ) has two changes in signs. a çx m + ÷ + bçx + ÷ +c
So, f ( x ) has atmost two positive real roots è x ø
m è x -1 ø
m
and f ( - x ) = 5 x 6 - 3 x 5 + 8 x 3 + 5 x 2 + 8 æ m -2 1 ö
çx + +K + k = 0
è m -2 ÷
ø
Here, f ( - x ) has two changes in signs. x
So, f ( x ) has atmost two negative real roots. 1 æ 1 öæ 1ö
Now, x p + 1 + = çx p + çx + ÷
and x = 0 cannot be root of f ( x ) = 0. p +1 è p ÷
ø è x ø
x x
Hence, f ( x ) = 0 has atmost four real roots, æ 1 ö
- çx p -1 +
therefore atleast two imaginary roots. è p -1 ÷
ø
x
1 y Example 53. Solve the equation

Hence, writing z for x + and given to p succession the
x (12x - 1)(6 x - 1)(4 x - 1)( 3x - 1) = 5.
values 1, 2, 3,K, we obtain Sol. The given equation can be written as
1 æ 1 öæ 1öæ 1 öæ 1ö 5
x2 + =z2 -2 çx - ÷çx - ÷çx - ÷çx - ÷ = ...(i)
x2 è 12 ø è 6øè 4 øè 3 ø 12 × 6 × 4 × 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x3 + = z (z 2 - 2 ) - z = z 3 - 3z Since, < < < and - = -
x3 12 6 4 3 6 12 3 4
1 We can introduced a new variable,
x4 + = z (z 3 - 3z ) - (z 2 - 2 ) = z 4 - 4z 2 + 2
x4 1 éæ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1öù
y = êçx - ÷ + çx - ÷ + çx - ÷ + çx - ÷ú
1 4 ëè 12 ø è 6ø è 4ø è 3øû
and so on and generally x m + is of m dimensions in 5
xm y=x-
z and therefore the equation in z is of m dimensions. 24
5
On substituting x = y + in Eq. (i), we get
y Example 52. Solve the equation 24
2x 4 + x 3 - 11x 2 + x + 2 = 0. æ 3 öæ 1 öæ
çy + ÷ çy + ÷ çy - ÷ çy - ÷ =
1 öæ 3ö 5
è 24 ø è 24 ø è 24 ø è 24 ø 12 × 6× 4 × 3
Sol. Since, x = 0 is not a solution of the given equation.
é 2 æ 1 ö2 ù é 2 æ 3 ö2 ù 5
On dividing by x 2 in both sides of the given equation, we Þ êy - ç ÷ ú êy - ç ÷ ú =
get êë è 24 ø ú êë è ø
24 ú 12 × 6 × 4 ×3
û û
æ 1 ö æ 1ö
2 ç x 2 + 2 ÷ + ç x + ÷ - 11 = 0 …(i) Hence, we find that
è x ø è xø 49
1 y2 =
Put x + = y in Eq. (i), then Eq. (i) reduce in the form 24 2
x 7 7
2(y 2 - 2) + y - 11 = 0 i.e. y1 = and y 2 = -
24 24
Þ 2y 2 + y - 15 = 0
Hence, the corresponding roots of the original equation are
5 1 1
\ y1 = - 3 and y 2 = - and .
2 12 2
Consequently, the original equation is equivalent to the
collection of equations Type II An equation of the form
ì 1 ( x - a )( x - b )( x - c )( x - d ) = Ax 2
ïx + x = - 3
í , where, ab = cd can be reduced to a collection of two
ïx + 1 = 5 ab
î x 2 quadratic equations by a change of variable y = x + .
x
-3- 5 -3+ 5 1
we find that, x 1 = , x2 = , x3 = , x4 = 2
2 2 2 y Example 54. Solve the equation
( x + 2)( x + 3)( x + 8 )( x + 12) = 4 x 2 .
Equations which can be Reduced Sol. Since, ( - 2)( - 12) = ( - 3)( - 8), so we can write given equa-
to Linear, Quadratic and Biquadratic tion as
( x + 2)( x + 12)( x + 3)( x + 8) = 4 x 2
Equations
Þ ( x 2 + 14 x + 24 )( x 2 + 11x + 24 ) = 4 x 2 …(i)
Type I An equation of the form
Now, x = 0 is not a root of given equation.
( x - a )( x - b )( x - c )( x - d ) = A
On dividing by x 2 in both sides of Eq. (i), we get
where, a < b < c < d , b - a = d - c , can be solved by a
æ 24 öæ 24 ö
change of variable. çx + + 14 ÷ ç x + + 11÷ = 4 …(ii)
è x øè x ø
(x - a ) + (x - b ) + (x - c ) + (x - d )
i.e. y= Put x +
24
= y , then Eq. (ii) can be reduced in the form
4 x
(a + b + c + d ) (y + 14 )(y + 11) = 4 or y 2 + 25y + 150 = 0
y =x -
4 \ y1 = - 15 and y 2 = - 10
Thus, the original equation is equivalent to the collection of ìP ( x ) > 0, Q ( x ) > 0

P(x ) ï
> 0 Þ {P ( x ) Q ( x ) > 0 Þ í
equations
(1) or
é 24 Q(x )
ê x + x = - 15, ïP ( x ) < 0, Q ( x ) < 0
î
ê
ê x + 24 = - 10, ìP ( x ) > 0, Q ( x ) < 0
ë P(x ) ï
< 0 Þ {P ( x ) Q ( x ) < 0 Þ í
x
(2) or
é x + 15x + 24 = 0
2
Q(x )
i.e. ê 2 ïP ( x ) < 0, Q ( x ) > 0
î
êë x + 10x + 24 = 0
On solving these collection, we get ìP ( x ) ³ 0, Q ( x ) > 0
P(x ) ìP ( x ) Q ( x ) ³ 0 ï
- 15 - 129 - 15 + 129 (3) ³ 0 Þí Þí or
x1 = , x2 = , x 3 = - 6, x 4 = - 4 Q(x ) î Q(x ) ¹ 0 ïP ( x ) £ 0, Q ( x ) < 0
2 2 î
Type III An equation of the form ( x - a ) 4 + ( x - b ) 4 = A ìP ( x ) ³ 0, Q ( x ) < 0
P(x ) ìP ( x ) Q ( x ) £ 0 ï
can also be solved by a change of variable, i.e. making a (4) £ 0 Þí Þí or
(x - a ) + (x - b ) Q(x ) î Q(x ) ¹ 0 ïP ( x ) £ 0, Q ( x ) > 0
substitution y = . î
2
y Example 55. Solve the equation y Example 56. Find all values of a for which the set
(6 - x ) 4 + (8 - x ) 4 = 16. of all solutions of the system
ì x 2 + ax - 2
Sol. After a change of variable, ï <2
(6 - x ) + (8 - x ) ï x2 - x +1
y= í 2
ï x + ax - 2 > - 3
2
\ y = 7 - x or x = 7 - y
ïî x 2 - x + 1
Now, put x = 7 - y in given equation, we get
(y - 1)4 + (y + 1)4 = 16 is the entire number line.
Sol. The system is equivalent to
Þ y 4 + 6y 2 - 7 = 0
ì x 2 - ( a + 2) x + 4
Þ (y 2 + 7 )(y 2 - 1) = 0 ï >0
ï x2 - x + 1
í 2
y2 + 7 ¹ 0 ï 4 x + ( a - 3) x + 1 > 0
[y gives imaginary values] ïî x2 - x + 1
2
\ y -1=0 æ 1ö
2
3
Since, x 2 - x + 1 = ç x - ÷ + > 0, this system is
Then, y1 = - 1 and y 2 = 1 è 2ø 4
Thus, x 1 = 8 and x 2 = 6 are the roots of the given equation. ì x 2 - ( a + 2) x + 4 > 0
equivalent to í 2
î 4 x + ( a - 3) x + 1 > 0
Rational Algebraic Inequalities Hence, the discriminants of the both equations of this
system are negative.
Consider the following types of rational algebraic ì(a + 2)2 - 16 < 0
i.e., í Þ (a + 6)(a - 2) < 0
inequalities 2
î(a - 3) - 16 < 0
P(x ) P(x )
> 0, < 0, +
–
+
Q(x ) Q(x ) –6 2
P(x ) P(x ) i.e., x Î( - 6, 2) …(i)

³ 0, £0
Q(x ) Q(x ) Þ (a + 1)(a - 7 ) < 0
+ +
If P ( x ) and Q ( x ) can be resolved in linear factors, then use –1 – 7
Wavy curve method, otherwise we use the following
statements for solving inequalities of this kind. i.e. x Î ( -1, 7 ) …(ii)
Hence, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x Î ( -1, 2)
Equations Containing The first system of collection Eq. (i) is equivalent to the
system of collection
Absolute Values ì 2x - 4 - 2x = 4, if 2x ³ 4
í
By definition, | x | = x , if x ³ 0 | x | = - x , if x < 0 î - 2x + 4 - 2x = 4, if 2x < 4
ì - 4 = 4, if x ³ 2
y Example 57. Solve the equation x 2 - 5| x | + 6 = 0. Þ í
î - 4 x = 0, if x < 2
Sol. The given equation is equivalent to the collection of
systems The first system is failed and second system gives x = 0.
ì x 2 - 5x + 6 = 0, if x ³ 0 ì( x - 2)( x - 3) = 0, if x ³ 0 Hence, x = 0 is unique solution of the given equation.
í 2 Þ í
î x + 5x + 6 = 0, if x < 0 î( x + 2)( x + 3) = 0, if x < 0
Hence, the solutions of the given equation are Important Forms Containing
x 1 = 2, x 2 = 3, x 3 = - 2, x 4 = - 3 Absolute Values
y Example 58. Solve the equation Form 1 The equation of the form
| f ( x ) + g ( x )| = | f ( x )| + | g ( x )|
½ x 2 - 8 x + 12 ½ x 2 - 8 x + 12
½ 2 ½= - 2 . is equivalent of the system
½ x - 10x + 21½ x - 10x + 21
f ( x ) g ( x ) ³ 0.
Sol. This equation has the form | f ( x )| = - f ( x )
x 2 - 8x + 12
y Example 60. Solve the equation
when, f ( x ) = ½ 2
x 2 - 10x + 21 ½ x ½ ½+ | x | = x .
such an equation is equivalent to the collection of systems ½ x - 1½ | x - 1|
ì f ( x ) = - f ( x ), if f ( x ) ³ 0 Sol. Let f ( x ) =
x
and g ( x ) = x ,
í x -1
î f ( x ) = f ( x ), if f ( x ) < 0
The first system is equivalent to f ( x ) = 0 and the second x x2
Then, f (x ) + g(x ) = +x=
system is equivalent to f ( x ) < 0 the combining both x -1 x -1
systems, we get
\ The given equation can be reduced in the form
f (x ) £ 0
2
x - 8x + 12 | f ( x )| + | g ( x )| = | f ( x ) + g ( x )|
\ £0
x 2 - 10x + 21 Hence, f (x )× g(x ) ³ 0
( x - 2)( x - 6) x2
Þ £0 Þ ³0
( x - 3)( x - 7 ) x -1
+
+ + +
– – – 0 – 1
2 3 6 7
From Wavy curve method, x Î (1, ¥ ) È {0}.

Hence, by Wavy curve method,
x Î [2, 3) È [6, 7 )
Form 2 The equation of the form
y Example 59. Solve the equation | f 1 ( x )| + | f 2 ( x )| + K + | f n ( x )| = g ( x ) …(i)
| x - | 4 - x || - 2x = 4.
where, f 1 ( x ), f 2 ( x ), K, f n ( x ), g( x ) are functions of x and
Sol. This equation is equivalent to the collection of systems
g( x ) may be constant.
ì| x - ( 4 - x )| - 2x = 4, if 4 - x ³ 0
í Equations of this form solved by the method of
î| x + ( 4 - x )| - 2x = 4, if 4 - x < 0 intervals. We first find all critical points of
ì| 2x - 4 | - 2x = 4, if x £ 4 f 1 ( x ), f 2 ( x ), ..., f n ( x ), if coefficient of x is positive, then
Þ í …(i)
î 4 - 2x = 4, if x > 4 graph start with positive sign (+) and if coefficient of x is
The second system of this collection negative, then graph start with negative sign (-). Then,
gives x =0 using the definition of the absolute value, we pass from
but x>4 Eq. (i) to a collection of systems which do not contain the
Hence, second system has no solution. absolute value symbols.
x -1
y Example 61. Solve the equation For £ 0, if x ³ 0
x +1
| x - 1| + | 7 - x | + 2| x - 2| = 4.
+ +
Sol. Here, critical points are 1, 2, 7 using the method of inter- 1
–1 –
vals, we find intervals when the expressions x - 1, 7 - x
and x - 2 are of constant signs. \ 0£ x £1 …(i)
i.e. x < 1, 1 < x < 2, 2 < x < 7, x > 7 x +1
For £ 0, if x < 0
+
x -1
+ +
(x – 1)
– 1 + +
(7 – x) + + + –1 – 1
7 –
\ -1£ x <0 …(ii)
( x – 2) + + Hence, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), the solution of the given
– – 2 equation is x Î [ - 1, 1].
Thus, the given equation is equivalent to the collection of Aliter
four systems, ½
½ |x | ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ 1
1- ³ Þ½ ³
é ìx < 1 é ìx < 1 ½ 1 + | x |½ 2 ½1 + | x |½ 2
ê í - ( x - 1) + (7 - x ) - 2( x - 2) = 4 ê íx = 2 1 1
ê î êî Þ ³ Þ 1 + | x | £ 2 or | x | £ 1
ê ì1 £ x < 2 ê ì1 £ x < 2 1 + |x | 2
ê íî( x - 1) + (7 - x ) - 2( x - 2) = 4 êíx = 3 \ - 1 £ x £ 1 or x Þ [ -1, 1]
ê Þ êî
ê ìí2 £ x < 7 êìí2 £ x < 7
ê î( x - 1) + (7 - x ) + 2( x - 2) = 4
ê ìx ³ 7
êî x = 1
êì x ³ 7
Equations Involving Greatest Integer,
ê í êí Least Integer and Fractional Part
êë î( x - 1) - (7 - x ) + 2(x - 2) = 4 êëî x = 4
From the collection of four systems, the given equation has 1. Greatest Integer
no solution. [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x i.e.,
[ x ] £ x . It is also known as floor of x.
Inequations Containing Thus, [3.5779] = 3, [0.89] = 0, [3 ] = 3
Absolute Values [ - 8.7285] = - 9
| x | < a Þ - a < x < a (a > 0 )
By definition, [ - 0.6] = - 1
|x | £a Þ-a £ x £a [ - 7] = - 7
| x | > a Þ x < - a and x > a
In general, if n is an integer and x is any real number
and | x | ³ a Þ x £ - a and x ³ a. between n and n + 1.
½ |x| ½ 1 n £ x < n + 1, then [ x ] = n
y Example 62. Solve the inequation ½1 - ½³ . i.e.
½ 1 + | x |½ 2
Sol. The given inequation is equivalent to the collection of Properties of Greatest Integer
systems (i) [ x ± n ] = [ x ] ± n, n Î I
ì½ x ½ ì 1 (ii) [ - x ] = - [ x ], x Î I
½ ½ ³ 1 , if x ³ 0 1
ï 1- ï ³ , if x ³ 0
ï½ 1 + x½ 2 ï |1 + x | 2 (iii) [ - x ] = - 1 - [ x ], x Ï I
í Þ í
½ x ½ 1 1 1
ï½1 + ½ ³ , if x < 0 ï ³ , if x < 0 (iv) [ x ] - [ - x ] = 2n, if x = n, n Î I
- ï -
îï½ 1 x ½ 2 î | 1 x | 2
(v) [ x ] - [ - x ] = 2n + 1, if x = n + { x }, n Î I and 0 < { x } < 1
ì 1 1 ì1- x
ïï 1 + x ³ 2 , if x ³0 ïï 1 + x
³ 0, if x ³ 0 (vi) [ x ] ³ n Þ x ³ n, n Î I
Þ í Þ í (vii) [ x ] > n Þ x ³ n + 1, n Î I
1 1 1+ x
ï ³ , if x <0 ï ³ 0, if x < 0
îï 1 - x 2 îï 1 - x (viii)[ x ] £ n Þ x < n + 1, n Î I
ìx -1 (ix) [ x ] < n Þ x < n, n Î I
ïï x + 1 £ 0, if x ³0
Þ íx +1 (x) n2 £ [ x ] £ n1 Þ n2 £ x < n1 + 1, n1 , n2 Î I
ï £ 0, if x <0 (xi) [ x + y ] ³ [ x ] + [y ]
îï x - 1
é[ x ]ù é x ù
(xii) ê ú = ê ú , n Î N 2. Least Integer
ë n û ënû
( x ) or éx ù denotes the least integer greater than or equal
é n + 1ù é n + 2 ù é n + 4 ù é n + 8 ù
(xiii) ê ú +ê ú +ê ú +ê ú + K = n, n Î N to x i.e., ( x ) ³ x or éx ù ³ x . It is also known as ceilling
ë 2 û ë 4 û ë 8 û ë 16 û
of x.
é 1ù é 2ù é n - 1ù
(xiv)[ x ] + ê x + ú + ê x + ú + K + ê x + = [nx ], Thus, (3.578 ) = 4 , (0.87 ) = 1,
ë nû ë nû ë n úû
n ÎN ( 4) = 4
Graph of y = [x ]
Y
é- 8.239ù = - 8, é- 0.7ù = 0
3 In general, if n is an integer and x is any real number
2
between n and n + 1
i.e., n < x £ n + 1, then ( x ) = n + 1
1
[x] = n
X′ –3 –2 –1 X x=[x] = n+1
1 2 3 4
–1
–2 n n+1
x
–3
Y′
Relation between Greatest Integer and Least Integer
Remark ì[ x ], x ÎI
(x ) = í
Domain and Range of [ x ] are R and I, respectively. î [ x ] + 1, x Ï I
y Example 63. If [ x ] denotes the integral part of x for i.e. If x Î I , then x = [ x ] = ( x ) . [remember]
real x, then find the value of
Remark
é 1ù é 1 1 ù é1 1 ù é1 3 ù
êë 4 úû + êë 4 + 200úû + êë 4 + 100úû + êë 4 + 200úû
If ( x ) = n, then ( n - 1) < x £ n
é 1 199 ù Graph of y = ( x ) = éxù

+ K+ ê + .
ë 4 200úû Y
Sol. The given expression can be written as sin (–1)

é1ù é1 1 ù é1 2 ù é1 3 ù 3
êë 4 úû + êë 4 + 200 úû + êë 4 + 200 úû + êë 4 + 200 úû
2
é 1 199 ù
+K+ ê +
ë 4 200 úû
1
–2 –1
é 1ù X′ X
= ê200 × ú = [50] = 50 [from property (xiv)] 0 1 2 3
ë 4û
Y′
y Example 64. Let [a ] denotes the larger integer not
exceeding the real number a. If x and y satisfy the
Remark
equations y = 2 [ x ] + 3 and y = 3 [ x - 2] Domain and Range of ( x ) are R and [ x ] + 1, respectively.
simulaneously, determine [ x + y ].
Sol. We have, y = 2[ x ] + 3 = 3 [ x - 2] …(i) y Example 65. If [ x ] and ( x ) are the integral part of
Þ 2[ x ] + 3 = 3([ x ] - 2) [from property (i)] x and nearest integer to x, then solve ( x )[ x ] = 1.
Þ 2[ x ] + 3 = 3[ x ] - 6 Sol. Case I If x Î I , then x = [ x ] = ( x )
Þ [x ] = 9 \ Given equation convert in x 2 = 1.
From Eq. (i), y = 2 ´ 9 + 3 = 21
\ x = ( ± 1)
\ [ x + y ] = [ x + 21] = [ x ] + 21 = 9 + 21 = 30
Case II If x Ï I , then ( x ) = [ x ] + 1
Hence, the value of [ x + y ] is 30.
\Given equation convert in y Example 67. If { x } and [ x ] represent fractional and

([ x ] + 1 )[ x ] = 1 Þ [ x ]2 + [ x ] - 1 = 0 integral part of x respectively, find the value of
-1± 5
or [x ] = [impossible] 2000
{x + r }
2 [x ] + å 2000
.
Then, final answer is x = ± 1. r =1
2000
{x + r } 2000
{x }
y Example 66. Find the solution set of Sol. [ x ] + å 2000
= [x ] + å [from property (i)]
( x ) 2 + ( x + 1) 2 = 25, where ( x ) is the least integer r =1 r = 1 2000
greater than or equal to x . { x } 2000 {x }

= [x ] + å1 = [x ] + 2000 ´ 2000 = [x ] + {x } = x
2000 r = 1
Sol. Case I If x Î I , then x = ( x ) = [ x ]
Then, ( x )2 + ( x + 1)2 = 25 reduces to
2
y Example 68. If { x } and [ x ] represent fractional
x 2 + x + 1 = 25 Þ 2x 2 + 2x - 24 = 0
and integral part of x respectively, then solve the
Þ x 2 + x - 12 = 0 Þ ( x + 4 )( x - 3) = 0
equation x - 1 = ( x - [ x ])( x - { x }).
\ x = - 4, 3 …(i)
Case II If x Ï I , then ( x ) = [ x ] + 1 Sol. Q x = [ x ] + { x }, 0 £ { x } < 1
Then, ( x )2 + ( x + 1)2 = 25 reduces to Thus, given equation reduces to
{[ x ] + 1} 2 + {[ x + 1] + 1} 2 = 25 [ x ] + { x } - 1 = { x }[ x ]
Þ {[ x ] + 1} 2 + {[ x ] + 2} 2 = 25 Þ { x }[ x ] - [ x ] - { x } + 1 = 0
Þ 2[ x ]2 + 6[ x ] - 20 = 0 Þ ([ x ] - 1)({ x } - 1) = 0
Þ [ x ]2 + 3[ x ] - 10 = 0 Now, {x } - 1 ¹ 0 [Q0 £ { x } < 1]
Þ {[ x ] + 5}{[ x ] - 2} = 0 \ [x ] - 1 = 0
\ [ x ] = - 5 and [ x ] = 2 Þ [x ] = 1
Þ x Î [ - 5, - 4 ) È [2, 3) \ x Î[1, 2 )
Q x Ï I,
\ x Î ( - 5, - 4 ) È (2, 3) …(ii) Problem Solving Cycle
On combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get If a problem has x , | x |,[ x ], ( x ), { x }, then first solve | x |,
x Î ( - 5, - 4 ] È (2, 3] then problem convert in x ,[ x ], ( x ), { x }.
3. Fractional Part x, | x |, [x], (x), {x}
{ x } denotes the fractional part of x, i.e.0 £ { x } < 1. x = [x] + {x} x, [x], (x), {x}
Thus, {2 × 7} = 0.7, {5 } = 0, { - 3.72} = 0.28
If x is a real number, then x = [ x ] + { x }
i.e., x = n + f , where n Î I and 0 £ f < 1
Properties of Fractional Part of x
[x], {x}
(i) { x ± n } = { x }, n Î I (ii) If 0 £ x < 1, then { x } = x x, [x], {x}
Graph of y = {x }
Y
1 ì[ x ], x ÎI
Secondly, solve ( x ) = í
î[ x ] + 1 , x Ï I
X′ X Then, problem convert in x ,[ x ], { x }.
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Y′ Now, put x = [ x ] + { x }
Remark Then, problem convert in [ x ] and { x }. …(i)
1. For proper fraction 0 < {x } < 1. Since, 0 £ { x } < 1, then we get [ x ]
2. Domain and range of { x } are R and [ 0, 1), respectively.
From Eq. (i), we get {x}
3. {- 5238
. } = {- 5 - 0.238} = {- 5 - 1 + 1 - 0.238}
= { - 6 + 0.762} = {6.762} = 0.762 Hence, final solution is x = [ x ] + { x }.
y Example 69. Let { x } and [ x ] denotes the fractional y Example 71. Solve the equation
and integral parts of a real number x, respectively. ( x ) 2 = [ x ] 2 + 2x
Solve 4{ x } = x + [ x ]. where, [ x ] and ( x ) are integers just less than or equal
Sol. Q x = [x ] + {x } …(i) to x and just greater than or equal to x, respectively.
Then, given equation reduces to Sol. Case I If x Î I then
4 {x } = [x ] + {x } + [x ] x = [x ] = ( x )
2 The given equation reduces to
Þ {x } = [x ] …(ii)
3 x 2 = x 2 + 2x
2 3 Þ 2x = 0 or x = 0 …(i)
Q 0 £ { x } < 1 Þ 0 £ [ x ] < 1 or 0 £ [ x ] <
3 2 Case II If x Ï I , then ( x ) = [ x ] + 1
\ [ x ] = 0, 1 The given equation reduces to
2
From Eq. (ii), { x } = 0, ([ x ] + 1)2 = [ x ]2 + 2x
3 1
2 5 Þ 1 = 2( x - [ x ]) or { x } =
From Eq. (i), x = 0, 1 + i.e., x = 0, 2
3 3 1 1
\ x = [x ] += n + ,n ÎI …(ii)
2 2
y Example 70. Let { x } and [ x ] denotes the fractional 1
Hence, the solution of the original equation is x = 0, n + ,
and integral part of a real number ( x ), respectively. n Î I. 2
Solve | 2x - 1| = 3[ x ] + 2{ x }.
1 y Example 72. Solve the system of equations in x , y
Sol. Case I 2x - 1 ³ 0 or x ³
2 and z satisfying the following equations:
Then, given equation convert to x + [ y ] + {z } = 3 × 1
2x - 1 = 3 [ x ] + 2{ x } …(i)
{ x } + y + [z ] = 4 × 3
Q x = [x ] + {x } …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get [ x ] + {y } + z = 5 × 4
2([ x ] + { x }) - 1 = 3[ x ] + 2 { x } where, [ × ] and { ×} denotes the greatest integer and frac-
\ [x ] = - 1 tional parts, respectively.
\ -1£ x <0 Sol. Q[ x ] + { x } = x , [y ] + {y } = y and [z ] + {z } = z ,
é 1ù
No solution êëQ x ³ 2 úû On adding all the three equations, we get
1
Case II 2x - 1 < 0 or x < 2( x + y + z ) = 128 .
2
Þ x + y + z = 6.4 …(i)
Then, given equation reduces to
Now, adding first two equations, we get
1 - 2x = 3[ x ] + 2 { x } …(iii)
x + y + z + [y ] + { x } = 7.4
Q x = [x ] + {x } …(iv)
Þ 6.4 + [y ] + { x } = 7.4 [from Eq. (i)]
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
Þ [y ] + { x } = 1
1 - 2([ x ] + { x }) = 3[ x ] + 2 { x }
\ [y ] = 1 and { x } = 0 …(ii)
Þ 1 - 5[ x ] = 4 { x }
On adding last two equations, we get
1 - 5[ x ]
\ {x } = …(v) x + y + z + {y } + [z ] = 9.7
4
Now, 0 £ {x } < 1 {y } + [z ] = 3.3 [from Eq. (ii)]
1 - 5[ x ] \ [z ] = 3 and {y } = 0.3 …(iii)
Þ 0£ <1
4 On adding first and last equations, we get
Þ 0 £ 1 - 5[ x ] < 4 x + y + z + [ x ] + {z } = 8.5
Þ 0 ³ - 1 + 5[ x ] > - 4 Þ [ x ] + {z } = 2.1 [from Eq. (i)]
3 1 \ [ x ] = 2, {z } = 0.1 …(iv)
Þ 1 ³ 5[ x ] > - 3 or - < [ x ] £
5 5 From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
\ [x ] = 0
1 x = [x ] + {x } = 2 + 0 = 2
From Eq. (v), { x } = y = [y ] + {y } = 1 + 0.3 = 1.3
4
1 1 and z = [z ] + {z } = 3 + 0.1 = 3.1
\ x =0+ =
4 4
\ 1< x <2
Roots of Equation with 3
We have, f ( x ) = x - 3 and g ( x ) = 1
the Help of Graphs or x3-3=1 Þ x3= 4
Here, we will discuss some examples to find the roots of \ x = ( 4 )1 / 3
equations with the help of graphs. Hence, x = 41 / 3 is the solution of the equation x 3 - [ x ] = 3.
Important Graphs Aliter
Q x = [ x ] + f , 0 £ f < 1,
1. y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
Then, given equation reduces to
x 3 - (x - f ) = 3 Þ x 3 - x = 3 - f
Hence, it follows that
2< x3 - x £3
Þ 2 < x ( x + 1) ( x - 1) £ 3
a>0 a<0
Further for x ³ 2, we have x ( x + 1) ( x - 1) ³ 6 > 3
2. x = ay 3 + by 2 + cy + d For x < - 1, we have x ( x + 1) ( x - 1) < 0 < 2
For x = - 1, we have x ( x + 1) ( x - 1) = 0 < 2
For -1 < x £ 0, we have x ( x + 1) ( x - 1) £ - x < 1
and for 0 < x £ 1, we have x ( x + 1) ( x - 1) < x < x 3 £ 1
Therefore, x must be 1 < x < 2
\ [x ] = 1
a>0 a<0
Now, the original equation can be written as
3. y = ax 4 + bx 3 + c x 2 + dx + e x 3- 1 = 3 Þ x 3= 4
Hence, x = 41 / 3 is the solution of the given equation.
y Example 74. Solve the equation x 3 - 3x - a = 0 for

different values of a.
Sol. We have, x 3 - 3x - a = 0 Þ x 3 - 3x = a
a>0 a<0
Let f ( x ) = x 3 - 3x and g ( x ) = a
y Example 73. Solve the equation x 3 - [ x ] = 3, where Q f ¢( x ) = 0
[ x ] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x . Þ 3x 2 - 3 = 0
Sol. We have, x 3 - [ x ] = 3 Þ x = - 1, 1
f ¢ ¢ ( x ) = 6x
Þ x 3 - 3 = [x ]
Y
Let f ( x ) = x 3 - 3 and g ( x ) = [ x ].
2
It is clear from the graphs, the point of intersection of
two curves y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) lies between (1, 0) and y=a
(2 , 0).
Y y = f (x)
1
X' X
2 – 3 –1 0 3
y = g(x)
1
X¢ X
–2 –1 1 2 3
–1 –2
y = x3 – 3x
Y'
–2
\ f ¢ ¢ ( -1) = - 6 < 0 and f ¢ ¢ (1) = 6 > 0
–3
\ f ( x ) local maximum at x = ( -1) and local minimum at
x = 1 and f ( -1) = 2 and f (1) = - 2 and y = g ( x ) = a is a
Y¢ straight line parallel to X -axis.
Following cases arise y Example 76. Find all values of the parameter k for
Case I When a > 2, which all the roots of the equation
In this case y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) intersects at only one x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8 x 2 + k = 0 are real.
point, so x 3 - 3x - a = 0 has only one real root.
Sol. We have, x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 + k = 0
Case II When a = 2, Y
In this case y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) intersects at two points, –4 1
X¢ 0 X
so x 3 - 3x - a = 0 has three real roots, two are equal and
one different.
y = g(x)
Case III When -2 < a < 2,
In this case y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) intersects at three points, –3
so x 3 - 3x - a = 0 has three distinct real roots.
Case IV When a = - 2,
In this case y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) touch at one point and y = f(x)
intersect at other point, so x 3- 3x - a = 0 has three real
roots, two are equal and one different. 128
Case V When a < - 2,
Y¢
In this case y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) intersects at only one
point, so x 3 - 3x - a = 0 has only one real root. Þ x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 = - k
Let f ( x ) = x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 and g ( x ) = - k
y Example 75. Show that the equation Q f ¢( x ) = 0
x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 5 = 0 has only one real root, such that Þ 4 x 3 + 12x 2 - 16x = 0 Þ x = - 4, 0, 1
[a ] = - 3, where [ x ] denotes the integral point of x . and f ¢ ¢ ( x ) = 12x 2 + 24 x - 16
3 2
Sol. We have, x + 2x + x + 5 = 0 \ f ¢ ¢ ( -4 ) = 80, f ¢ ¢ (0) = - 16, f ¢ ¢ (1) = 20
Þ x 3 + 2x 2 + x = - 5 \ f ( x ) has local minimum at x = - 4 and x = 1 and local
Let f ( x ) = x 3 + 2x 2 + x and g ( x ) = - 5 maximum at x = 0
and f ( -4 ) = - 128, f (0) = 0, f (1) = - 3.
Q f ¢ ( x ) = 0 Þ 3x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 0
1 Following cases arise
Þ x = - 1, - and f ¢¢( x ) = 6x + 4
3 Case I When – k > 0 i.e., k < 0
æ 1ö
\ f ¢ ¢ ( - 1) = - 2 < 0 and f ¢ ¢ ç - ÷ = - 2 + 4 = 2 > 0 In this case y = x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 and y = ( -k ) intersect at
è 3ø
two points, so x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 + k = 0 has two real roots.
\ f ( x ) local maximum at x = - 1 and local minimum at
1 Case II When -k = 0 and -k = - 3, i.e. k = 0, 3
x=- In this case y = x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 and y = - k intersect at four
3
æ 1ö 4 points, so x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 + k = 0 has two distinct real roots
and f ( -1) = 0, f ç - ÷ = -
è 3ø 27 and two equal roots.
Y Case III When - 3 < - k < 0, i.e. 0 < k < 3
In this case y = x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 and y = - k intersect at four
–
1 y = f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + x distinct points, so x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 + k = 0 has four distinct
–1 3
X¢ X real roots.
0
Case IV When -128 < - k < - 3, i.e. 3 < k < 128
In this case y = x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 and y = - k intersect at two
distinct points, so x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 + k = 0 has two distinct
real roots.
Case V When -k = - 128 i.e., k = 128
y =g(x) = – 5 In this casey = x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 andy = - k touch at one
Y′ point, so x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 + k = 0 has two real and equal roots.
and f ( -2) = - 2 and f ( -3) = - 12 Case VI When -k < - 128, i.e. k > 128
Therefore, x must lie between ( -3) and ( -2). In this case y = x 4 + 4 x 3 - 8x 2 and y = - k do not
i.e. -3 < a < - 2 Þ [a ] = - 3 intersect, so there is no real root.
y Example 77. Let -1 £ p £ 1, show that the equation We observe that, the line y = g ( x ) = p , where -1 £ p £ 1
é1 ù
é1 ù intersect the curve y = f ( x ) exactly at point a Îê , 1ú.
4 x 3 - 3x - p = 0 has a unique root in the interval ê , 1ú ë2 û
ë2 û
Hence, 4 x 3 - 3x - p = 0 has exactly one root in the interval
and identify it.
é1 ù
Sol. We have, 4 x 3 - 3x - p = 0 êë 2 , 1úû .
Þ 4 x 3 - 3x = p Now, we have to find the value of root a.
Let f ( x ) = 4 x 3 - 3x and g ( x ) = p Let a = cos q , then 4 cos 3 q - 3 cos q - p = 0
1
\ f ¢( x ) = 0 Þ cos3q = p Þ 3q = cos -1( p ) or q = cos -1( p )
3
Þ 12x 2 - 3 = 0 ì1 ü
\ a = cos q = cos í cos -1( p )ý
1 1 î3 þ
Þ x = - , - and f ¢ ¢ ( x ) = 24 x
2 2 Aliter
æ ö1 æ1ö Let f( x ) = 4 x 3 - 3x - p
\ f ¢ ¢ ç - ÷ = - 12 < 0 and f ¢ ¢ ç ÷ = 12 > 0
è 2ø è2ø æ 1ö æ 1ö
\ f¢ ( x ) = 12x 2 - 3 = 12 ç x + ÷ ç x - ÷
æ 1ö è 2ø è 2ø
\ f ( x ) has local maximum at ç x = - ÷ and local minimum
è 2ø
+ +
æ 1 ö
at ç x = ÷. –1 – 1
è 2ø 2 2
æ 1ö 4 3 æ1ö 4 3 é1 ù
Also, f ç - ÷ = - + = 1 and f ç ÷ = - = - 1 Clearly, f¢ ( x ) > 0 for x Î ê , 1ú.
è 2ø 8 2 è2ø 8 2 ë2 û
é1 ù
Y Hence, f( x ) can have atmost one root in ê , 1ú.
ë2 û
1 æ ö
1
y = f(x) Also, f ç ÷ = - 1 - p and f (1) = 1 - p
è2ø
y = g(x) æ1ö
\ f ç ÷ f ( 1) = - ( 1 - p 2 ) = ( p 2 - 1) £ 0 [Q - 1 £ p £ 1]
1 è2ø
2 é1 ù
X′ X Since, f( x ) being a polynomial, continuous on ê , 1ú and
–1 0
– 3 3 ë2 û
2 2 2 æ1ö
f ç ÷ f (1) £ 0. Therefore, by intermediate value theorem
è2ø
é1 ù
f( x ) has atleast one root in ê , 1ú.
ë2 û
–1
é1 ù
Hence, f( x ) has exactly one root in ê , 1ú .
Y′ ë2 û

æ1+ aö
1. If a, b, g are the roots of x 3 - x 2 - 1 = 0, the value of å ç ÷ , is equal to
è 1- a ø
(a) - 7 (b) - 6
(c) - 5 (d) - 4
2. If r , s, t are the roots of the equation 8x 3+ 1001x + 2008 = 0. The value of

(r + s ) 3 + (s + t ) 3 + (t + r ) 3 is
(a) 751 (b) 752
(c) 753 (d) 754
3. If a, b, g, d are the roots of equation x 4 + 4x 3 - 6x 2 + 7x - 9 = 0, the value of Õ (1 + a 2 ) is

(a) 9 (b) 11
(c) 13 (d) 15
4. If a, b , c, d are four consecutive terms of an increasing AP, the roots of the equation
( x - a ) ( x - c ) + 2 ( x - b ) ( x - d ) = 0 are
(a) non-real complex (b) real and equal
(c) integers (d) real and distinct
5. If x 2 + px + 1 is a factor of the expression ax 3 + bx + c then

(a) a 2 - c 2 = ab (b) a 2 + c 2 = - ab
(c) a 2 - c 2 = - ab (d) None of these
6. The number of real roots of the equation x 2 - 3 | x | + 2 = 0 is

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
7. Let a ¹ 0 and p ( x ) be a polynomial of degree greater than 2, if p ( x ) leaves remainder a and ( -a ) when divided
respectively by x + a and x - a, the remainder when p ( x ) is divided by x 2 - a 2, is
(a) 2x (b) -2x
(c) x (d) -x
8. The product of all the solutions of the equation ( x - 2)2 - 3 | x - 2 | + 2 = 0 is

(a) 2 (b) -4
(c) 0 (d) None of these
é x ù é x ù é x ù 31
9. If 0 < x < 1000 and ê ú + ê ú + ê ú = x , where [ x ] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x, the
ë 2 û ë 3 û ë 5 û 30
number of possible values of x is
(a) 32 (b) 33
10. If [ x ] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x and ( x ) be the least integer greater than or equal to x and
[ x ]2 + ( x )2 > 25 then x belongs to
(a) [3, 4] (b) (- ¥, - 4]
(c) [4, ¥) (d) (- ¥, - 4] È [4, ¥)
Session 5
Irrational Equations, Irrational Inequations, Exponential
Equations, Exponential Inequations, Logarithmic Equations,
Logarithmic Inequations
Irrational Equations This equation is defined for 2x + 7 ³ 0

Here, we consider equations of the type which contain the ìï 7
x³-
and x + 4 ³0 Þ í 2
unknown under the radical sign and the value under the
ïî x ³ - 4
radical sign is known as radicand. 7
\ x³-
l If roots are all even (i.e. x , 4 x , 6 x ,..., etc) of an equation 2
7
are arithmetic. In other words, if the radicand is negative For x ³ - , the left hand side of the original equation
2
( i.e. x < 0 ), then the root is imaginary, if the radicand is
is positive, but right hand side is zero. Therefore, the
zero, then the root is also zero and if the radicand is equation has no roots.
positive, then the value of the root is also positive.
(ii) We have, (x - 4) = - 5
l If roots are all odd ( i.e. 3 x , 5 x , 7 x ,... etc) of an equation,
The equation is defined for x - 4 ³ 0
then it is defined for all real values of the radicand. If the
radicand is negative, then the root is negative, if the \ x³4
radicand is zero, then the root is zero and if the radicand For x ³ 4, the left hand side of the original equation is
is positive, then the root is positive. positive, but right hand side is negative.
Therefore, the equation has no roots.
(6 - x ) - x - 8 = 2
Some Standard Formulae to (iii) We have,
The equation is defined for
Solve Irrational Equations 6 - x ³ 0 and x - 8 ³ 0
If f and g be functions of x , k Î N . Then, ìx £ 6
\ í
1. 2k
f 2k
g = 2k fg , f ³ 0, g ³ 0 îx ³ 8
Consequently, there is no x for which both expressions
2. 2k f / 2k g = 2k ( f /g ), f ³ 0, g > 0 would have sense. Therefore, the equation has no roots.
(iv) We have, ( -2 - x ) = 5 ( x - 7 )
2k 2k
3. | f | 2k
g= (f g ), g ³ 0 This equation is defined for
4. 2k
( f /g ) = 2k
|f | / 2k
| g |, fg ³ 0, g ¹ 0 -2 - x ³ 0 Þ x £ - 2
For x £ - 2 the left hand side is positive, but right
5. 2k fg = 2k | f | 2k g , fg ³ 0 hand side is negative.
Therefore, the equation has no roots.
y Example 78. Prove that the following equations has (v) We have, x + ( x + 16) = 3
no solutions.
The equation is defined for
(i) (2 x + 7) + (x + 4) = 0 (ii) (x - 4) = - 5 ìx ³0
x ³ 0 and x + 16 ³ 0 Þ í
(iii) (6 - x ) - (x - 8) = 2 (iv) -2 - x = 5 (x - 7) î x ³ - 16
15 Hence, x ³0
(v) x + (x + 16) = 3 (vi) 7 x + 8 -x + 3 = 98
x For x ³ 0 the left hand side ³ 4, but right hand side is
3. Therefore, the equation has no roots.
(vii) (x - 3) - x + 9 = (x - 1)
15
Sol. (i) We have, ( 2x + 7 ) + ( x + 4 ) = 0 (vi) We have, 7 x + 8 - x + 3 = 98
x
For x < 0, the expression 7 x is meaningless, Sol. We have, 3 ( x + 3) - x - 2 = 7

For x > 0, the expression 8 -x is meaningless Þ 3 ( x + 3) = 7 + ( x - 2)
15 On squaring both sides of the equation, we obtain
and for x = 0, the expression 3 is meaningless.
x 9 x + 27 = 49 + x - 2 + 14 x - 2
Consequently, the left hand side of the original Þ 8x - 20 = 14 ( x - 2)
equation is meaningless for any x Î R. Therefore, the
equation has no roots. ( 4 x - 10) = 7 x - 2
Again, squaring both sides, we obtain
(vii) We have, ( x - 3) - ( x + 9 ) = x - 1
16x 2 + 100 - 80x = 49 x - 98
This equation is defined for
Þ 16x 2 - 129 x + 198 = 0
ìx - 3 ³ 0 ì x ³3
ï ï æ 33 ö
Þ ( x - 6) ç x - ÷ = 0
íx + 9 ³ 0 Þ íx ³ - 9 è 16 ø
ïx - 1 ³ 0 ï x ³1
î î x 1 = 6 and x 2 =
33
Hence, x ³3 16
33
For x ³ 3, x - 3 < x + 9 i.e. ( x - 3) - ( x + 9 ) < 0 Hence, x 1 = 6 satisfies the original equation, but x 2 =
16
Hence, for x ³ 3, the left hand side of the original does not satisfy the original equation.
equation is negative and right hand side is positive. 33
\ x2 = is the extraneous root.
Therefore, the equation has no roots. 16
Form 2 An equation in the form
Some Standard Forms to 2n
f ( x ) = g ( x ), n Î N
Solve Irrational Equations ì g (x ) ³ 0
is equivalent to the system í 2n
Form 1 An equation of the form î f (x ) = g (x )
2n
f ( x ) = g 2n ( x ), n Î N is equivalent to f ( x ) = g ( x ). y Example 81. Solve the equation
Then, find the roots of this equation. If root of this
equation satisfies the original equation, then its root of the
(6 - 4 x - x 2 ) = x + 4.
original equation, otherwise, we say that this root is its Sol. We have, (6 - 4 x - x 2 ) = x + 4
extraneous root. This equation is equivalent to the system
Remark ì x + 4 ³0
í 2 2
Squaring an Equation May Give Extraneous Roots î6 - 4 x - x = ( x + 4 )
Squaring should be avoided as for as possible. If squaring is ìx ³ -4
necessary, then the roots found after squaring must be checked Þ í 2
whether they satisfy the original equation or not. If some values î x + 6x + 5 = 0
of x which do not satisfy the original equation. These values of x On solving the equation x 2 + 6x + 5 = 0
are called extraneous roots and are rejected.
We find that, x 1 = ( -1) and x 2 = ( -5) only x 1 = ( -1) satisfies
y Example 79. Solve the equation x = x - 2 . the condition x ³ - 4.
Consequently, the number -1 is the only solution of the
Sol. We have, x = x -2 given equation.
On squaring both sides, we obtain
Form 3 An equation in the form
x = ( x - 2) 2 3 f (x ) + 3 g (x ) = h (x ) …(i)
Þ x 2 - 5x + 4 = 0 Þ ( x - 1) ( x - 4 ) = 0
where f ( x ), g( x ) are the functions of x , but h( x ) is a
\ x 1 = 1 and x 2 = 4
function of x or constant, can be solved as follows cubing
Hence, x 1 = 4 satisfies the original equation, but x 2 = 1 does
not satisfy the original equation. both sides of the equation, we obtain
\ x 2 = 1 is the extraneous root. f ( x ) + g( x ) + 3 3 f ( x ) g( x ) ( 3 f ( x ) + 3 g( x )) = h 3 ( x )
y Example 80. Solve the equation Þ f ( x ) + g( x ) + 3 3 f ( x ) g( x ) (h( x )) = h 3 ( x )

3 ( x + 3) - ( x - 2) = 7. [from Eq. (i)]
We find its roots and then substituting, then into the We get, u = 4, v = 3
original equation, we choose those which are the roots of \ 2
2x + 5x - 2 = 4
the original equation. \ 2x 2 + 5x - 18 = 0
y Example 82. Solve the equation \ x 1 = 2 and x 2 = - 9 / 2
Both roots satisfies the original equation.
3 (2x - 1) + 3 ( x - 1) = 1. Hence, x 1 = 2 and x 2 = - 9 / 2 are the roots of the original
Sol. We have, 3 ( 2x - 1) + 3 ( x - 1) = 1 …(i) equation.
Cubing both sides of Eq. (i), we obtain
2x - 1 + x - 1 + 3 × 3 ( 2x - 1) ( x - 1)
Irrational Inequations
( 3 (2x - 1) + 3 ( x - 1)) = 1
We consider, here inequations which contain the
Þ 3x - 2 + 3 × 3 ( 2x 2 - 3x + 1) ( 1) = 1 [from Eq. (i)] unknown under the radical sign.
Þ 3 × 3 ( 2x 2 - 3x + 1) = 3 - 3x
Þ 3 ( 2x 2 - 3x + 1) = ( 1 - x )
Some Standard Forms
Again cubing both sides, we obtain
to Solve Irrational Inequations
2x 2 - 3x + 1 = ( 1 - x ) 3 Form 1 An inequation of the form
Þ ( 2x - 1) ( x - 1) = ( 1 - x ) 3
2n f ( x ) < 2n g ( x ), n Î N
Þ ( 2x - 1) ( x - 1) = - ( x - 1) 3 ì f (x ) ³ 0
is equivalent to the system í
Þ ( x - 1) {2x - 1 + ( x - 1)2 } = 0 îg ( x ) > f ( x )
Þ ( x - 1) ( x 2 ) = 0 and inequation of the form 2n + 1 f ( x ) < 2n + 1 g ( x ), n Î N
\ x 1 = 0 and x 2 = 1 is equivalent to the inequation f ( x ) < g ( x ).
Q x 1 = 0 is not satisfies the Eq. (i), then x 1 = 0 is an
extraneous root of the Eq. (i), thus x 2 = 1 is the only root of y Example 84. Solve the inequation
the original equation.
é 3 7 ù 6
Form 4 An equation of the form 5
ê x + 1 + x + 2ú < 5 x - 1 .
n a - f ( x ) + n b + f ( x ) = g ( x ). ë û
Sol. The given inequation is equivalent to
Let u = n a - f ( x ), n = n b + f ( x ) 3 7 6
+ <
Then, the given equation reduces to the solution of the x +1 x +2 x -1
system of algebraic equations. 4 x 2 - 15x - 25
Þ <0
ì u + v = g(x ) ( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x - 1)
í n n
îu + v = a + b ( x + 5 / 4 ) ( x - 5)
Þ <0
( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x - 1)
From Wavy Curve Method :
(2x 2 + 5x - 2) - 2x 2 + 5x - 9 = 1 . + + +
2 –2 –5 –1 –
Sol. Let u = ( 2x + 5x - 2) –
4
– 1 5
and v = ( 2x 2 + 5x - 9 ) æ 5 ö
x Î ( -¥, - 2) È ç - , 1÷ È (1, 5)
\ u 2 = 2x 2 + 5x - 2 è 4 ø
and v 2 = 2x 2 + 5x - 9 Form 2 An inequation of the form
Then, the given equation reduces to the solution of the 2n f ( x ) < g ( x ), n Î N .
system of algebraic equations.
u -v =1 ì f (x ) ³ 0
u2 - v 2 = 7 ï
is equivalent to the system í g ( x ) > 0
Þ (u + v ) (u - v ) = 7 ï f ( x ) < g 2n ( x ),
Þ u +v =7 [Qu - v = 1] î
and inequation of the form 2n + 1 f ( x ) < g ( x ), n Î N Exponential Equations

2n + 1
is equivalent to the inequation f ( x ) < g ( x ). If we have an equation of the form a x = b (a > 0 ), then
y Example 85. Solve the inequation ( x + 14 ) < ( x + 2). (i) x Î f, if b £ 0
(ii) x = log a b, if b > 0, a ¹ 1
Sol. We have, ( x + 14 ) < ( x + 2)
(iii) x Î f, if a = 1, b ¹ 1
This inequation is equivalent to the system
(iv) x Î R, if a = 1, b = 1 (since, 1 x = 1 Þ 1 = 1, x Î R )
ì x + 14 ³ 0 ì x ³ - 14
ï ï
í x + 2 > 0 Þ í x > -2 y Example 87. Solve the equation
ï x + 14 < ( x + 2)2 ï x 2 + 3x - 10 > 0 2
î î (6 - x ) ( 3 x - 7.2 x + 3.9 - 9 3 ) = 0.
ì x ³ - 14 ì x ³ - 14 Sol. We have,
ï ï
Þ í x > - 2 Þ í x > -2 ( 6 - x ) ( 3x
2
- 7.2x + 3.9
- 9 3) = 0
ï( x + 5) ( x - 2) > 0 ï x < - 5 and x > 2
î î This equation is defined for
On combining all three inequation of the system, we get 6 - x ³ 0 i.e., x £ 6 …(i)
x > 2, i.e. x Î (2 , ¥ ) This equation is equivalent to the collection of equations
2
- 7.2 x + 3. 9
Form 3 An inequation of the form 6 - x = 0 and 3x -9 3 =0
2
- 7. 2 x + 3. 9
2n f ( x ) > g( x ), n Î N \ x 1 = 6 and 3x = 32 . 5
is equivalent to the collection of two systems of then x 2 - 7.2 x + 3.9 = 2.5
inequations x 2 - 7.2 x + 1.4 = 0
ì g (x ) ³ 0 ìg ( x ) < 0 We find that, x2 =
1
and x 3 = 7
i.e. í and í
2n 5
îf (x ) > g (x ) î f (x ) ³ 0
Hence, solution of the original equation are
and inequation of the form 2 n + 1 f ( x ) > g ( x ), n Î N [which satisfies Eq. (i)]
is equivalent to the inequation f ( x ) > g 2 n + 1 ( x ). 1
x 1 = 6, x 2 = .
5
y Example 86. Solve the inequation
Some Standard Forms to
( - x 2 + 4 x - 3) > 6 - 2x .
Solve Exponential Equations
Sol. We have, ( - x 2 + 4 x - 3) > 6 - 2x Form 1 An equation in the form a f ( x ) = 1 , a > 0 , a ¹ 1
This inequation is equivalent to the collection of two is equivalent to the equation f ( x ) = 0
systems, of inequations
2
ì 6 - 2x ³ 0 ì 6 - 2x < 0 + 3x + 2
i.e. í 2 y Example 88. Solve the equation 5 x = 1.
2 and í 2
î - x + 4 x - 3 > ( 6 - 2x ) î- x + 4 x - 3 ³ 0 Sol. This equation is equivalent to
ì x £3 ì x >3 x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0
Þ í and í
î ( x - 3 ) ( 5 x - 13 ) < 0 î ( x - 1 ) ( x - 3) £ 0 Þ ( x + 1) ( x + 2) = 0
ìï x £ 3 \x 1 = - 1, x 2 = - 2 consequently, this equation has two
ì x >3
Þ í 13 and í roots x 1 = - 1 and x 2 = - 2 .
< x <3 î1 £ x < 3
îï 5 Form 2 An equation in the form
The second system has no solution and the first system has
æ 13 ö
f (a x ) = 0
solution in the interval ç < x < 3÷.
è5 ø is equivalent to the equation f (t ) = 0, where t = a x .
æ 13 ö
Hence, x Îç , 3÷ is the set of solution of the original If t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , ..., t k are the roots of f (t ) = 0, then
è5 ø
inequation. a x = t 1 , a x = t 2 , a x = t 3 , ..., a x = t k
y Example 89. Solve the equation 5 2x - 24 × 5 x - 25 = 0. Let t = 2x ,

2
Then, 30t - 135t + 60 = 0
Sol. Let 5x = t , then the given equation can reduce in the form
Þ 6t 2 - 27t + 12 = 0
t 2 - 24t - 25 = 0
Þ 6t 2 - 24t - 3t + 12 = 0
Þ (t - 25) (t + 1) = 0 Þ t ¹ - 1,
Þ (t - 4 ) (6t - 3) = 0
\ t = 25, 1
then 5x = 25 = 52 , then x = 2 Then, t 1 = 4 and t 2 =
2
Hence, x 1 = 2 is only one root of the original equation. Thus, given equation is equivalent to
Form 3 An equation of the form 1
2x = 4 and 2x =
aa f ( x ) + bb f (x)
+ gc f ( x ) = 0, 2
Then, x 1 = 2 and x 2 = - 1
where a, b, g Î R and a, b, g ¹ 0 and the bases satisfy the Hence, roots of the original equation are x 1 = 2 and
condition b 2 = ac is equivalent to the equation x 2 = - 1.
at 2 + bt + g = 0, where t = (a / b ) f ( x ) Form 5 An equation of the form a f ( x ) + b f ( x ) = c ,
If roots of this equation are t 1 and t 2 , then where a, b, c Î R and a, b, c satisfies the condition
a 2 + b 2 = c , then solution of this equation is f ( x ) = 2 and
(a / b ) f ( x ) = t 1 and (a / b ) f ( x ) = t 2
no other solution of this equation.
y Example 92. Solve the equation 3 x - 4 + 5 x - 4 = 34.
64 × 9 x - 84 × 12 x + 27 × 16 x = 0.
Sol. Here, 32 + 52 = 34, then given equation has a solution
Sol. Here, 9 ´ 16 = (12)2 .
x - 4 = 2.
Then, we divide its both sides by 12x and obtain \ x 1 = 6 is a root of the original equation.
x x
æ3ö æ4ö Form 6 An equation of the form { f ( x )} g ( x ) is
Þ 64 × ç ÷ - 84 + 27 × ç ÷ = 0 …(i)
è4ø è3ø
x equivalent to the equation
æ3ö
Let ç ÷ = t, then Eq. (i) reduce in the form { f ( x )} g ( x ) = 10 g ( x ) log f ( x ) ,
è4ø
64t 2 - 84t + 27 = 0 where f ( x ) > 0.
3 9
\ t1 = and t 2 = y Example 93. Solve the equation 5 x x 8 x -1 = 500.
4 16
x 1 x 2 Sol. We have, 5x x 8x - 1 = 53 × 22
æ3ö æ3ö æ3ö æ3ö
then, ç ÷ = ç ÷ and ç ÷ = ç ÷ æ x - 1ö
è4ø è4ø è4ø è4ø ç
è x ø
÷
Þ x
5 ×8 = 53 × 22
\ x 1 = 1 and x 2 = 2 3x - 3
Hence, roots of the original equation are x 1 = 1 and x 2 = 2. Þ 5x × 2 x = 53 × 22
Form 4 An equation in the form æ x - 3ö
ç ÷
è x ø
a×a f (x )
+b×b f (x )
+ c = 0, Þ 5x - 3 × 2 =1
1 / x (x - 3 )
where a, b, c Î R and a, b, c ¹ 0 and ab = 1(a and b are Þ (52
. ) =1
inverse positive numbers) is equivalent to the equation is equivalent to the equation
- 3 ) log ( 5× 21 / x )
at 2 + ct + b = 0, where t = a f ( x ) . 10(x =1
1/ x
If roots of this equation are t 1 and t 2, then a f ( x ) = t 1 and Þ ( x - 3) log (5 × 2 )=0
af (x) = t2. Thus, original equation is equivalent to the collection of
equations
y Example 91. Solve the equation x - 3 = 0, log (5 × 21/ x ) = 0
æ1ö
15 × 2 x +1 + 15 × 2 2 - x = 135. \ x 1 = 3 , 5 × 21/ x = 1 Þ 21/ x = ç ÷
è5ø
Sol. This equation rewrite in the form \ x 2 = - log 5 2
60 Hence, roots of the original equation are x 1 = 3 and
30.2x + x = 135 x 2 = - log 5 2.
2
Exponential Inequations where a, b, g Î R and a, b, g ¹ 0 and the bases satisfy the

condition b 2 = ac is equivalent to the inequation
When we solve exponential inequation
at 2 + bt + g ³ 0 or at 2 + bt + g £ 0,
a f ( x ) > b (a > 0 ), we have
(i) x Î D f , if b £ 0 where t = (a / b ) f ( x ) .
(ii) If b > 0, then we have f ( x ) > log a b , if a > 1 Form 3 An inequation of the form
and f ( x ) < log a b, if 0 < a < 1 for a = 1, then b < 1. aa f ( x ) + bb f ( x ) + g ³ 0
Remark or aa f ( x ) + bb f ( x ) + g £ 0
The inequation af ( x ) £ b has no solution for b £ 0, a > 0, a ¹ 1. where a, b, g Î R and a, b, g ¹ 0 and ab = 1(a and b are
inverse (+ve) numbers) is equivalent to the inequation
1/ x
y Example 94. Solve the inequation 3 x + 2 > æç ö÷
1 a t 2 + bt + g ³ 0 or a t 2 + bt + g £ 0
.
è9ø
+2
where t = af (x)
Sol. We have, 3x > (3-2 )1 / x Þ 3x +2
> 3-2 / x
Form 4 If an inequation of the exponential form reduces
+ to the solution of homogeneous algebraic inequation, i.e.
0
–
a 0 f n ( x ) + a 1 f n - 1 ( x ) g( x ) + a 2 f n - 2 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) + K
Here, base 3 > 1 + a n - 1 f ( x ) g n - 1 ( x ) + a n g n ( x ) ³ 0,

2 x 2 + 2x + 2 where a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , ,..., a n are constants (a 0 ¹ 0 ) and f ( x )
Þ x +2> - Þ >0
x x and g( x ) are functions of x .
( x + 1) 2 + 1
Þ >0 Þ x >0
x y Example 96. Solve the inequation
2 2 2
\ x Î (0, ¥ ) 2 2x -10x + 3 + 6 x - 5x +1 ³ 3 2x -10x + 3 .
Sol. The given inequation is equivalent to
Some Standard Forms to Solve 2
- 5x ) 2
- 5x 2
- 5x 2
- 5x )
8 × 22 ( x + 6 × 2x × 3x - 27 × 32 (x ³0
Exponential Inequations Let 2 x 2 - 5x
= f ( x ) and 3 x 2 - 5x
= g(x ) ,
Form 1 An inequation of the form 2 2
then 8 × f ( x ) + 6 f ( x ) × g ( x ) - 27 g ( x ) ³ 0
f (a x ) ³ 0 or f (a x ) £ 0
On dividing in each by g 2 ( x ) [Q g ( x ) > 0]
is equivalent to the system of collection 2
æ f (x )ö æ f (x )ö
ìt > 0, where t = a x
Then, 8 ç ÷ + 6ç ÷ - 27 ³ 0
è g(x ) ø è g(x ) ø
í
î f (t ) ³ 0 or f (t ) £ 0 and let
f (x )
=t [Qt > 0]
g(x )
y Example 95. Solve the inequation then 8t 2 + 6t - 27 ³ 0
4 x +1 - 16 x < 2 log 4 8. æ 3ö
Þ çt - ÷ ( t + 9 / 4 ) ³ 0
Sol. Let 4 x = t , then given inequation reduce in the form è 2ø
3 Þ t ³ 3 / 2 and t £ - 9 / 4
4t - t 2 > 2 × The second inequation has no root. [Qt > 0]
2
Þ t 2 - 4t + 3 < 0 Þ ( t - 1) ( t - 3) < 0 From the first inequation, t > 3 / 2
x 2 - 5x -1
Þ 1<t <3 [Qt > 0] æ2ö æ2ö é 2 ù
ç ÷ ³ç ÷ êëQ 3 < 1úû
Þ 1 < 4x < 3 è3ø è3ø
Þ 0 < x < log 4 3 Þ x 2 - 5x £ - 1 Þ x 2 - 5x + 1 £ 0
\ x Î(0, log 4 3)
5 - 21 5 + 21
Form 2 An inequation of the form \ £x£
2 2
aa f ( x ) + bb f ( x ) + gc f ( x ) ³ 0 é 5 - 21 5 + 21 ù
Hence, x Î ê , .
or aa f ( x ) + bb f (x)
+ gc f (x)
£0 ë 2 2 úû
Logarithmic Equations y Example 99. Solve the equation log (log 5 x ) 5 = 2 .
If we have an equation of the form Sol. We have, log (log 5 x ) 5 = 2
log a f ( x ) = b , (a > 0 ), a ¹ 1 Base of logarithm > 0 and ¹ 1 .

is equivalent to the equation \ log 5 x > 0 and log 5 x ¹ 1
f (x ) = a b
( f ( x ) > 0 ). Þ x > 1 and x ¹ 5
y Example 97. Solve the equation \ The original equation is equivalent to

log 3 ( 5 + 4 log 3 ( x - 1)) = 2 .
log 5 x = 51 / 2 = 5
Sol. We have, log 3 (5 + 4 log 3 ( x - 1)) = 2
5
is equivalent to the equation (here, base ¹ 1, > 0). \ x1 = 5
\ 5 + 4 log 3 ( x - 1) = 32 Hence, 5 5
is the only root of the original equation.
Þ log 3 ( x - 1) = 1 Þ x - 1 = 31 Form 2 Equations of the form
\ x=4 (i) f (log a x ) = 0, a > 0, a ¹ 1 and
Hence, x 1 = 4 is the solution of the original equation.
(ii) g (log x A ) = 0, A > 0
Some Standard Formulae to Solve Then, Eq. (i) is equivalent to

f (t ) = 0, where t = log a x
Logarithmic Equations If t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , ..., t k are the roots of f (t ) = 0, then
f and g are some functions and a > 0, a ¹ 1, then, if
log a x = t 1 , log a x = t 2 , ..., log a x = t k
f > 0, g > 0, we have
and Eq. (ii) is equivalent to f (y ) = 0, where y = log x A.
(i) log a ( fg ) = log a f + log a g
If y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ,K, y k are the roots of f (y ) = 0, then
(ii) log a ( f / g ) = log a f - log a g
a log x A = y 1 , log x A = y 2 , ..., log x A = y k
(iii) log a f 2 a = 2 a log a | f | (iv) log ab f a = log a f
b y Example 100. Solve the equation
(v) f loga g = g loga f (vi) a loga f = f 1 - 2 (log x 2 ) 2
= 1.
y Example 98. Solve the equation log x - 2 (log x ) 2
2 x log 4 3 + 3log 4 x = 27. Sol. The given equation can rewrite in the form
1 - 2 (2 log x )2
Sol. The domain of the admissible values of the equation is =1
x > 0. The given equation is equivalent to log x - 2 (log x )2
2.3log 4 x + 3log 4 x = 27 [from above result (v)] 1 - 8 (log x )2
Þ -1=0
Þ 3.3log 4 x = 27 log x - 2 (log x )2
Þ 3log 4 x = 9 Let log x = t ,
log 4 x 2
Þ 3 =3 1 - 8t 2
1 - 8t 2 - t + 2t 2
then -1=0 Þ =0
Þ log 4 x = 2 t - 2t 2 t - 2t 2
Þ x 1 = 4 2 = 16 is its only root.
1 - t - 6t 2 (1 + 2t ) (1 - 3t )
Þ =0 Þ =0
(t - 2t ) 2
t (1 - 2t )
Some Standard Forms to
Solve Logarithmic Equations ì 1 ì 1
ït = - 2 ï log x = - 2 ì x = 10-1 / 2
Form 1 An equation of the form log x a = b, a > 0 has Þ í Þí Þ í 1
1 1 î x 2 = 10
1/ 3
ït = ï log x =
(i) Only root x = a 1 /b , if a ¹ 1 and b = 0. î 3 î 3
(ii) Any positive root different from unity, ifa = 1andb = 0. Hence, x 1 =
1
and x 2 = 3 10 are the roots of the original
(iii) No roots, if a = 1, b ¹ 0. 10
equation.
(iv) No roots, if a ¹ 1, b = 0.
y Example 101. Solve the equation ì x <1

ïé x ù é x ù
log 3x 10 - 6 log 2x 10 + 11 log x 10 - 6 = 0. Þ í æ1ö - 3 æ1ö + 1 = 0
êç ÷ ú êç ÷ ú
ïê è 2 ø úû êë è 2 ø úû
Sol. Put log x 10 = t in the given equation, we get îë
ì x <1
t 3 - 6t 2 + 11t - 6 = 0 Þ (t - 1) (t - 2) (t - 3) = 0, ï x x ì x <1
Þ íæ 1 ö æ1ö Þí
ìt = 1 ï çè 2 ÷ø = 3, ç ÷ + 1 ¹ 0 î x = ( - log 2 3)
ï î è2ø
then ít = 2
ït = 3 Hence, x 1 = - log 2 3 is the root of the original equation.
î
It follows that Example 103. Solve the equation log æ 2 + x ö 7 = log æ 2 ö 7.
ç ÷ ç ÷
è 10 ø è x + 1ø
ì log x 10 = 1 ì x = 10 ì x = 10
ï ï 2 ï Sol. The given equation is equivalent to
í log x 10 = 2 Þ í x = 10 Þ í x = 10 [Q x > 0 and ¹ 1]
ï log x 10 = 3 ï x 3 = 10 ï x = 3 10 ì 2
î î î ï x +1 >0
[Q x > 0 and ¹ 1] ï ìx + 1 > 0
\ x 1 = 10, x 2 = 10 and x 3 = 3 10 are the roots of the ï 2 ï
í ¹1 Þ í x ¹1
original equation. ï x +1 ï x = - 6, 3
ï2 + x = 2 î
Form 3 Equations of the form ïî 10 x +1
(i) log a f ( x ) = log a g ( x ), a > 0 , a ¹ 1 is equivalent to
\ x 1 = 3 is root of the original equation.
two ways.
Form 4 Equations of the form
ì g (x ) > 0
Method I í (i) log f ( x ) g ( x ) = log f ( x ) h ( x ) is equivalent to two
îf (x ) = g (x ) ways.
ì f (x ) > 0 ì g( x ) > 0 ì h( x ) > 0
Method II í
îf (x ) = g (x ) ï f (x ) > 0 ï f (x ) > 0
ï ï
Method I í Method II í
(ii) log f ( x ) A = log g ( x ) A , A > 0 is equivalent to two ï f ( x ) ¹ 1 ï f (x ) ¹ 1
ways. ïîg( x ) = h( x ) ïîg( x ) = h( x )
ì g (x ) > 0
ï (ii) log g ( x ) f ( x ) = log h ( x ) f ( x ) is equivalent to two
Method I í g ( x ) ¹ 1 ways.
ïf (x ) = g (x )
î ì f (x ) > 0
ì f (x ) > 0 ï g( x ) > 0
ï
ï Method I í
Method II í f ( x ) ¹ 1 ï g( x ) ¹ 1
ïf (x ) = g (x ) ïîg( x ) = h( x )
î
ì f (x ) > 0
y Example 102. Solve the equation ï h( x ) > 0
é æ 1öx ù éæ 1 ö x ù ï
Method II í
log 1 / 3 ê2 ç ÷ - 1ú = log 1 / 3 ê ç ÷ - 4ú . ï h( x ) ¹ 1
è ø è ø
ë 2 û ë 4 û ïîg( x ) = h( x )
Sol. The given equation is equivalent to
ì æ1ö
x y Example 104. Solve the equation
ï 2ç ÷ - 1 > 0 log ( x 2 - 1) ( x 3 + 6 ) = log ( x 2 - 1) (2x 2 + 5x ).
ï è2ø
í x x
ï 2æ1ö - 1 = æ 1 ö - 4 Sol. This equation is equivalent to the system
ç ÷
ïî è 2 ø ç ÷
è4ø ì 5
ì 2x 2 + 5x > 0 x < - and x > 0
ìæ 1 ö x 1 ï ï 2
ï x 2 -1>0 ï x < - 1 and x > 1
ïç ÷ > í Þ í
ïè 2 ø 2 x 2 -1¹1
Þ í 2x x ï ï x¹± 2
ïæ ö - 2 æ 1 ö - 3 = 0
1 ïî x 3 + 6 = 2x 2 + 5x ï x = - 2, 1, 3
ç ÷
ïî è 2 ø ç ÷ î
è2ø
Hence, x 1 = 3 is only root of the original equation.
y Example 105. Solve the equation y Example 107. Solve the equation
log ( x 3 + 6 ) ( x 2 - 1) = log ( 2 x 2 +5x ) ( x 2 - 1). 2 log 2x = log (7 x - 2 - 2x 2 ).
Sol. This equation is equivalent to Sol. This equation is equivalent to the system
ì x 2 -1>0 ì 2x > 0
ï í 2 2
ï 2x 2 + 5x > 0 î(2x ) = 7 x - 2 - 2x
í 2
ï 2x + 5x ¹ 1 ì x >0
ïî x + 6 = 2x 2 + 5x
3 Þ í 2
î6x - 7 x + 2 = 0
ì x < - 1 and x > 1 ì x >0
ï 5 Þ í
ïï x < - 2 and x > 0 î( x - 1 / 2) ( x - 2 / 3) = 0
Þ í
- 5 ± 33 ìx = 1 / 2
ï x¹ Þ í
ï 4 îx = 2 / 3
ïî x = - 2, 1, 3
Hence, x 1 = 1 / 2 and x 2 = 2 / 3 are the roots of the original
equation.
Form 5 An equation of the form
Form 7 An equation of the form
log h ( x ) (log g ( x ) f ( x )) = 0 is equivalent to the system
(2m + 1 ) log a f ( x ) = log a g ( x ), a > 0 , a ¹ 1 , m Î N
ì h( x ) > 0
ï h( x ) ¹ 1 ì g( x ) > 0
ïï is equivalent to the system í 2m + 1
.
îf (x ) = g (x )
í g( x ) > 0
ï g( x ) ¹ 1
ï y Example 108. Solve the equation
ïî f ( x ) = g( x ) log ( 3x 2 + x - 2) = 3 log ( 3x - 2).
y Example 106. Solve the equation Sol. This equation is equivalent to the system
log x 2 - 6 x + 8 [log 2x 2 - 2x + 8 ( x 2 + 5x )] = 0. ì 3x 2 + x - 2 > 0
í 2 3
Sol. This equation is equivalent to the system î3x + x - 2 = (3x - 2)
ì 2 ì ( x - 2 / 3) ( x - 2) > 0
ï x - 6x + 8 > 0 Þ í 2
ï x 2 - 6x + 8 ¹ 1 î( x - 2 / 3) (9 x - 13x + 3) = 0
ï
í 2x 2 - 2x - 8 > 0 ì x < 2 / 3 and x > 2
ï ï
2 Þ í 2 13 ± 61
ï 2x - 2x - 8 ¹ 1
ïî x 2 + 5x = 2x 2 - 2x - 8 ïî x = 3 , x = 18
Solve the equations of this system 13 - 61
Original equation has the only root x 1 = ×
ì x < 2 and x > 4
18
ï
ï x ¹3± 2 Form 8 An equation of the form
ïï 1 - 17 1 + 17 log a f ( x ) + log a g ( x ) = log a m ( x ), a > 0 , a ¹ 1
Þ íx < and x >
ï 2 2 is equivalent to the system
ï 1 ± 19
x¹ ì f (x ) > 0
ï 2 ï
ïî x = - 1, 8 í g( x ) > 0
x = - 1, does not satisfy the third relation of this system. ï f ( x ) g ( x ) = m( x )
î
Form 6 An equation of the form y Example 109. Solve the equation
2m log a f ( x ) = log a g ( x ), a > 0 , a ¹ 1 , m Î N is 2 log 3 x + log 3 ( x 2 - 3) = log 3 0.5 + 5log 5 (log 3 8 )
equivalent to the system
Sol. This equation can be written as
ì f (x ) > 0 log 3 x 2 + log 3 ( x 2 - 3) = log 3 0.5 + log 3 8
í 2m
î f ( x ) = g( x )
log 3 x 2 + log 3 ( x 2 - 3) = log 3 ( 4 )
This is equivalent to the system

ì
x2 > 0 ì x < 0 and x > 0
ï 2 ï When we solve logarithmic inequations
í x -3>0 Þ í x < - 3 and x > 3
ï x 2 ( x 2 - 3) = 4 ï ( x 2 - 4 ) ( x 2 + 1) = 0 ìlog f ( x ) > log a g ( x )
î î (i) í a
îa > 1
Þ x 2 - 4 = 0 \ x = ± 2, but x > 0
ì g (x ) > 0
Consequently, x 1 = 2 is only root of the original equation. ï
Þ í a >1
Form 9 An equation of the form ïf (x ) > g (x )
î
log a f ( x ) - log a g ( x ) = log a h ( x ) - log a t ( x ), a > 0, a ¹ 1
ìlog f ( x ) > log a g ( x )
is equivalent to the equation (ii) í a
log a f ( x ) + log a t ( x ) = log a g( x ) + log a h( x ), î 0 <a <1
which is equivalent to the system ì f (x ) > 0
ï
ì f (x ) > 0 Þ í 0 <a <1
ï ïf (x ) < g (x )
t(x ) > 0 î
ïï
í g( x ) > 0
ï
y Example 111. Solve the inequation
h( x ) > 0 log 2x + 3 x 2 < log 2x + 3 (2x + 3).
ï
ïî f ( x ) × t ( x ) = g( x ) × h( x )
Sol. This inequation is equivalent to the collection of the
systems
éì 2x + 3 > 1 éì x > -1
æ 3p ö ê í
ç sin ÷ êï x 2 < 2x + 3
êî
( x - 3) ( x + 1) < 0
log 2 ( 3 - x ) - log 2 ç 4 = 1 + log ( x + 7 ). êïí Þ êì
÷ 2 3
êï0 < 2x + 3 < 1 ï - < x < -1
ç 5-x ÷ 2 êï x 2 > 2x + 3 ê í 2
è ø ëî êëîï( x - 3) ( x + 1) > 0
Sol. This equation is equivalent to é ì x > -1
ê í -1 < x < 3 Þ -1 < x < 3
æ 3p ö
ç sin ÷ 1 ê î
4 ÷ + log 2 + log ( x + 7 ) Þ
log 2 (3 - x ) = log 2 ç 2 2 êìï - 3 < x < - 1 3
ç 5 - x ÷ 2 êí 2 Þ- < x < -1
è ø êëïî x < - 1 and x > 3 2
æ 1 ö Hence, the solution of the original inequation is
Þ log 2 (3 - x ) = log 2 ç ÷ + log 2 2 + log 2 ( x + 7 )
è 2( 5 - x ) ø æ 3 ö
x Î ç - , - 1÷ È ( -1, 3).
which is equivalent to the system è 2 ø
ì
ï
3- x >0 Canonical Logarithmic Inequalities
ï
ï 1 ìlog x > 0 ìx > 1
ï >0 1. í a Þ í
í 2 ( 5 - x)
ï x +7 >0 î a >1 îa > 1
ï ìlog x > 0 ì0 < x < 1
ï(3 - x ) = 2 ( x + 7 ) 2. í a Þ í
ïî 2 (5 - x ) î 0 <a <1 î0 < a < 1
ì x <3 ìlog x < 0 ì0 < x < 1
ï x <5 3. í a Þ í
ï
Þ í î a >1 î a >1
ï x > -7
ïî( x - 1) ( x - 8) = 0 ìlog x < 0 ì x >1
4. í a Þ í
Hence, x 1 = 1 is only root of the original equation. î 0 <a <1 î0 < a < 1
Some Standard Forms to Solve Û

ì x < 6 - 6 and x > 6 + 6 and 2 < x < 10
í
î 0< x <5
Therefore, the system has solution 2 < x < 6 - 6
Form 1 Inequations of the form
combining both systems, then solution of the original
Forms Collection of systems inequations is
(a) logg (x) f (x ) > 0 ì f (x ) > 1, ì 0 < f (x ) < 1 x Î (2, 6 - 6 ) È (10, ¥ ).
Û í í
î g (x ) > 1, î 0 < g (x ) < 1 Form 2 Inequations of the form
ì f (x ) ³ 1, ì 0 < f (x ) £ 1
(b) logg (x) f (x ) ³ 0 Û í í Forms Collection of systems
î g (x ) > 1, î 0 < g (x ) < 1
(a) log f ( x ) f ( x ) > log f ( x ) g( x ) Û ì f ( x ) > g( x ),
(c) log g ( x ) f ( x ) < 0 Û ì f ( x ) > 1, ì0 < f ( x ) < 1 ï
í í í g( x ) > 0,
î0 < g( x ) < 1, î g( x ) > 1 ï f( x ) > 1,
î
(d) log g ( x ) f ( x ) £ 0 Û ì f ( x ) ³ 1, ì0 < f ( x ) £ 1 ì f ( x ) < g( x )
í í ï
î0 < g( x ) < 1, î g( x ) > 1 í f (x ) > 0
ï 0 < f( x ) < 1
y Example 112. Solve the inequation î
æ 2x ö
(b) log f ( x ) f ( x ) ³ log f ( x ) g( x ) Û ì f ( x ) ³ g( x ),
log æ x 2 -12x + 30 ö ç log 2 ÷ > 0.
ç ÷ è 5ø ï
ç
è 10 ÷
ø í g( x ) > 0,
ï f( x ) > 1,
Sol. This inequation is equivalent to the collection of two î
systems ì f ( x ) £ g( x )
ì x - 12x + 30 ï
í f (x ) > 0
2
ïï > 1,
10 ï 0 < f( x ) < 1
í î
ï log 2 æç 2x ö÷ > 1,
ïî è 5 ø (c) log f ( x ) f ( x ) < log f ( x ) g( x ) Û ì f ( x ) < g( x ),
ï
ì 2
x - 12x + 30 í f ( x ) > 0,
ïï0 < <1 ï f( x ) > 1,
10 î
í
ï 0 < log 2 æç ö÷ < 1
2x
ì f ( x ) > g( x )
ïî è 5 ø ï
í g( x ) > 0
On solving the first system, we have ï 0 < f( x ) < 1
î
ì x 2 - 12x + 20 > 0
ï
Þ í 2x (d) log f ( x ) f ( x ) £ log f ( x ) g( x ) Û ì f ( x ) £ g( x ),
>2 ï
îï 5 í f ( x ) > 0,
ì( x - 10) ( x - 2) > 0 ï f( x ) > 1,
Û í î
î x >5
ì f ( x ) ³ g( x )
ì x < 2 and x > 10 ï
Û í í g( x ) > 0
î x >5 ï 0 < f( x ) < 1
î
Therefore, the system has solution x > 10.
On solving the second system, we have y Example 113. Solve the inequation
ì0 < x - 12x + 30 < 10
2 log ( x - 3) (2 ( x 2 - 10x + 24 )) ³ log ( x - 3) ( x 2 - 9 ).
ï
Þ í 2x
ïî 1< <2 Sol. This inequation is equivalent to the collection of systems
5
ì x 2 - 12x + 30 > 0 and x 2 - 12x + 20 < 0 ì2( x 2 - 10x + 24 ) ³ x 2 - 9,
Û í ï
5/2< x <5 í x 2 - 9 > 0,
î
ï x - 3 > 1,
î
ì2( x 2 - 10x + 24 ) £ x 2 - 9 On solving the second system, we have

ï 2
í 2( x - 10x + 24 ) > 0
ï 0< x -3<1
î
On solving the first system, we have
ì x 2 - 20x + 57 ³ 0, 3 10 – 43 4 6 10 + 43
ï
í( x + 3) ( x - 3) > 0, ì x 2 - 20x + 57 £ 0,
ï x > 4, ï
î í( x - 6) ( x - 4 ) > 0,
ï 3 < x < 4,
ì x Î ( - ¥, 10 - 43 ] È [10 + 43, ¥ ) î
ï ì x Î [10 - 43, 10 + 43 ]
Û í x Î ( - ¥, - 3) È (3, ¥ )
ï ï
x Î ( 4, ¥ ) Û í x Î ( - ¥, 4 ) È (6, ¥ )
î
ï x Î (3, 4 )
Therefore, the system has solution î
Therefore, the system has solution
10 - 43 £ x < 4,
–3 3 10 – 43 4 10 + 43 i.e., x Î [10 - 43, 4 )
On combining the both systems, the solution of the original
x ³ 10 + 43
inequation is
i.e. x Î [10 + 43, ¥ ) x Î [10 - 43, 4 ) È [10 + 43, ¥ ).

1. The equation ( x + 1) - ( x - 1) = (4x - 1) has
(a) no solution (b) one solution (c) two solutions (d) more than two solutions
2. 2 2
The number of real solutions of ( x - 4x + 3) + ( x - 9) = (4x - 14x + 6) is 2
(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) None of these
3. 2 2
The number of real solutions of (3x - 7x - 30) - (2x - 7x - 5) = x - 5 is
(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) None of these
4. The number of integral values of x satisfying ( - x 2 + 10x - 16) < x - 2 is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
x
æ9ö
5. The number of real solutions of the equation ç ÷ = - 3 + x - x 2 is
è 10 ø
6. The set of all x satisfying 32x - 3x - 6 > 0 is given by

(a) 0 < x < 1 (b) x > 1 (c) x > 3-2 (d) None of these
7. The number of real solutions of the equation 2x / 2

+ ( 2 + 1)x = (3 + 2 2 )x / 2
is
(a) one (b) two (c) four (d) infinite
x2 -3 2
-3
8. The sum of the values of x satisfying the equation (31 + 8 15 ) + 1 = (32 + 8 15 )x is
9. The number of real solutions of the equation log0. 5 x = | x | is

10. The inequality ( x - 1)ln (2 - x ) < 0 holds, if x satisfies

(a) 1 < x < 2 (b) x > 0 (c) 0 < x < 1 (d) None of these
Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember
1 ‘0’ is neither positive nor negative even integer, ‘2’ is the 2 a2c = ab2 + bc 2 , i.e. ab2 , bc 2 , ca2 are in AP
only even prime number and all other prime numbers are 2a b c c a b
or = + i.e. , , are in AP.
odd, ‘1’ (i.e. unity) is neither a composite nor a prime b c a a b c
number and 1, -1are two units in the set of integers.
13 Given, y = ax 2 + bx + c
2 (i) If a > 0, b > 0 and a b2 (i) If a > 0, ymin =
4a
(iii) If a1, a2 , a3 , ..., an Î R 4ac - b2
(ii) If a < 0, ymax =
and a12 + a22 + a32 +K+ an2 =0 4a
Þ a1 = a2 = a3 = K = an = 0 14 If a, b are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and S n = a n + b n ,
1 then aS n + 1 + bS n + c S n - 1 = 0.
3 (i) Max (a, b) = (| a + b| + | a - b|)
2 15 If D1 and D2 are discriminants of two quadratics P( x ) = 0
1 and Q( x ) = 0, then
(ii) Min (a, b) = (| a + b| - | a - b|)
2
(i) If D1D2 < 0, then the equation P( x )× Q( x ) = 0 will have
4 If the equation f ( x ) = 0 has two real roots a and b , then two real roots.
f ¢ ( x ) = 0 will have a real root lying between a and b.
(ii) If D1D2 > 0, then the equation P( x )× Q( x ) = 0 has either
5 If two quadratic equations P( x ) = 0 and Q ( x ) = 0 have an four real roots or no real root.
irrational common root, both roots will be common.
(iii) If D1D2 = 0, then the equation P( x )× Q( x ) = 0 will have
6 In the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 [a, b, c Î R ], if (a) two equal roots and two distinct roots such that
c D1 > 0 and D2 = 0 or D1 = 0 and D2 > 0.
a + b + c = 0, the roots are 1, and if a - b + c = 0, the
a
c (b) only one real solution such that
roots are -1and . D1 < 0 and D2 = 0 or D1 = 0 and D2 < 0.
a
1 + (4a + 1)
7 The condition that the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 may be in 16 If a > 0 and x = a + a + a + K+ ¥ , then x = .
2
the ratio p : q, is
pq b2 = ac ( p + q )2 (here, a : b = p : q ) 17 If a1, a2 , a3 , ..., an are positive real numbers, then least
p q b 2 æ1 1 1 1ö
i.e., + =± value of (a1 + a2 + a3 + K + an ) ç + + +K+ ÷
q p ac è a1 a2 a3 an ø
(i) If one root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is n times that of the is n 2 .
other, then nb2 = ac (n + 1)2 , here a : b = n : 1. æ 1 1 1ö
(i) Least value of (a + b + c ) ç + + ÷ = 32 = 9
èa b cø
(ii) If one root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is double of the other
(ii) Least value of
here n = 2, then 2 b2 = 9ac .
æ 1 1 1 1ö
8 If one root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is nth power of the other, (a + b + c + d ) ç + + + ÷ = 42 = 16
èa b c d ø
1 1
then (a c ) n n+1
+ (ac ) n n+1
= - b. a c e
18 Law of Proportions If = = = K, then each of
b d f
9 If one root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is square of the other, then these ratios is also equal to
a2c + ac 2 + b3 = 3abc . a+c +e +K
(i)
10 If the ratio of the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is b+d + f +K
equal to the ratio of the roots of Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0 and æ pan + qc n + re n + K ö
1/ n
b 2
B 2 (ii) ç n ÷ (where, p, q, r , ..., n Î R )
a ¹ 0, A ¹ 0, then = . è pb + qd n + rf n + K ø
ac AC
ac n (ace ... )
11 If sum of the roots is equal to sum of their squares then (iii) =
bd n (bdf K )
2 ac = ab + b2 .
12 If sum of roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of 19 Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem Let f ( x ) be a function
defined on [a, b] such that
their reciprocals, then
contd...
(i) f ( x ) is continuous on [a, b] and Let g( x ) = ( x - a ) be a linear monic polynomial a Î R.
(ii) f ( x ) is derivable on (a, b), then c Î(a, b) such that When g( x )| f ( x ); we can find quotient and remainder as
f (b) - f (a) follows :
f ¢ (c ) =
b-a
a a0 a1 a2 … an
20 Lagrange’s Identity If a1, a2 , a3 , b1, b2 , b3 Î R, then 0 a a0 b1a a bn - 1
(a12 + a22 + a32 ) (b12 + b22 + b32 ) - (a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 )2 a1 a2 an + ab n - 1 = 0
= (a1b2 - a2 b1 )2 + (a2 b3 - a3 b2 )2 + (a3 b1 - a1b3 )2 a0 + a a0 + b1a
or (a12 + a22 + a32 ) (b12 + b22 + b32 ) - (a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 )2 = b0 = b1 = b2
2 2 2
a1 a2 a2 a3 a3 a1
= + + \ f ( x ) = ( x - a ) (b0 x n - 1 + b1 x n-2
+ b2 x n-3
+ K + bn - 1 )
b1 b2 b2 b3 b3 b1 3 2
e.g. Find all roots of x - 6 x + 11x - 6 = 0.
Remark
Q( x - 1) is a factor of x 3 - 6 x 2 + 11x - 6, then
If (a12 + a22 + a32 ) (b12 + b22 + b32 ) £ (a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 )2 ,
a1 a2 a3 x=1 1 -6 11 -6
then = = .
b1 b2 b3
0 1 -5 6
21 Horner’s Method of Synthetic, Division When, we
1 -5 6 0
divide a polynomial of degree ³ 1 by a linear monic
polynomial, the quotient and remainder can be found by
this method. Consider \ x 3 - 6 x 2 + 11x - 6 = ( x - 1) ( x 2 - 5 x + 6)
f ( x ) = a0 x n + a1 x n - 1 + a2 x n - 2 + K + an = ( x - 1) ( x - 2 ) ( x - 3)
where a0 ¹ 0 and a0 , a1, a2 , ..., an Î R. Hence, roots of x - 6 x 2 + 11x - 6 = 0 are 1, 2 and 3.
3
JEE Type Solved Examples :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
x
This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. Ex. 3 Let f ( x ) = ò ( 2 - t 2 ) dt, the real roots of the
n
l
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of 1
which ONLY ONE is correct. equation x 2 - f ¢ ( x ) = 0 are
1
l Ex. 1 If a and b (a < b), are the roots of the equation (a) ±1 (b) ±
2
2
x + bx + c = 0, where c < 0 < b, then 1
(c) ± (d) 0 and 1
(a) 0 < a < b(b) a < 0 0 \ x 2 - f ¢( x ) = 0
\ | a | = - a and a < 0 < b [Q a < b] …(ii) Þ x 2 - (2 - x 2 ) = 0 Þ x 4 + x 2 - 2 = 0
From Eq. (i), we get - | a | + b < 0
Þ x 2 = 1, - 2
Þ b < |a | …(iii)
Þ x = ±1 [only for real value of x ]
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
a < 0 < b < |a |
l Ex. 4 If x 2 + 3 x + 5 = 0 and ax 2 + bx + c = 0 have a
l Ex. 2 Let a, b be the roots of the equation x 2 - x + p = 0 common root and a, b, c Î N , the minimum value of a + b + c
is
and g, d be the roots of the equation x 2 - 4 x + q = 0. If
(a) 3 (b) 9
a, b, g and d are in GP, the integral values of p and q respec-
(c) 6 (d) 12
tively, are
Sol. (b) Q Roots of the equation x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0 are non-real.
(a) -2, - 32 (b) -2, 3
Thus, given equations will have two common roots.
(c) -6, 3 (d) -6, - 32 a b c
Sol. (a) Let r be the common ratio of the GP, then Þ = = =l [say]
1 3 5
b = ar , g = ar 2 and d = ar 3 \ a + b + c = 9l
\ a + b = 1 Þ a + ar = 1 Thus, minimum value of a + b + c = 9 [Qa, b, c Î N ]
or a(1 + r ) = 1 …(i)
and ab = p Þ a (ar ) = p l Ex. 5 If x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , K, x n are the roots of the equation
or a 2r = p …(ii) n
x + ax + b = 0, the value of
and g + d = 4 Þ ar 2 + ar 3 = 4 ( x 1 - x 2 )( x 1 - x 3 )( x 1 - x 4 ) K ( x 1 - x n ) is
or ar 2 (1 + r ) = 4 …(iii) (a) nx 1 + b
and gd = q (b) n ( x 1 )n - 1
Þ (ar 2 )(ar 3 ) = q (c) n ( x 1 )n - 1 + a
or a 2r 5 = q …(iv) (d) n ( x 1 )n - 1 + b
On dividing Eq. (iii) by Eq. (i), we get Sol. (c) Q x n + ax + b = ( x - x 1 )( x - x 2 )( x - x 3 )K( x - x n )
2
r = 4 Þ r = - 2, 2 x n + ax + b
Þ ( x - x 2 )( x - x 3 )K( x - x n ) =
If we take r = 2, then a is not integer, so we take r = - 2. x - x1
On substituting r = - 2 in Eq. (i), we get a = - 1 On taking lim both sides, we get
x ®x 1
x n + ax + b é 0 ù
Now, from Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get ( x 1 - x 2 )( x 1 - x 3 )K( x 1 - x n ) = lim form ú
p = a 2r = ( -1)2 ( -2) = - 2
x ® x1 x - x 1 êë 0 û
and q = a 2r 5 = ( -1)2 ( -2)5 = - 32 nx n - 1 + a

= lim = n ( x 1 )n - 1 + a
® x1 1
Hence, ( p , q ) = ( -2, - 32) x
Ex. 6 If a, b are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 1 1

l
Sol. (d) Let = u and = v, then
and An = a n + bn , then a An + 2 + bAn + 1 + cAn is equal to
x (1 - x 2 )
35
u +v = and u 2 + v 2 = u 2v 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) a + b + c (d) abc 12 2
b c æ 35 ö
Sol. (a) Qa + b = - and ab = Þ (u + v )2 = ç ÷
a a è 12 ø
2
\ An + 2 = a n + 2 + bn + 2 æ 35 ö
Þ u 2 + v 2 + 2uv = ç ÷
è 12 ø
= (a + b )(a n + 1 + bn + 1 ) - abn + 1 - ba n + 1 2
æ 35 ö
= (a + b )(a n + 1 + bn + 1 ) - ab(a n + bn ) Þ u 2v 2 + 2uv = ç ÷ [Qu 2 + v 2 = u 2v 2 ]
è 12 ø
b c 2
= - An + 1 - An æ 35 ö
a a Þ u 2v 2 + 2uv - ç ÷ = 0
è 12 ø
Þ a An + 2 + b An + 1 + c An = 0
æ 49 ö æ 25 ö
Þ çuv + ÷ çuv - ÷ = 0
è 12 ø è 12 ø
l Ex. 7 If x and y are positive integers such that 49 25
Þ uv = - , uv =
xy + x + y = 71, x 2 y + xy 2 = 880, then x 2 + y 2 is equal to 12 12
49
(a) 125 (b) 137 (c) 146 (d) 152 Case I If uv = - , then
Sol. (c) Q xy + x + y = 71 Þ xy + ( x + y ) = 71 12
1 1 49
and x 2y + xy 2 = 880 Þ xy ( x + y ) = 880 × =- [here x < 0]
x (1 - x 2 ) 12
Þ xy and ( x + y ) are the roots of the quadratic equation.
t 2 - 71t + 880 = 0 (12)2
Þ x4 - x2 + =0
Þ (t - 55)(t - 16) = 0 ( 49 )2
Þ t = 55, 16 (5 + 73 )
Þ x=-
\ x + y = 16 and xy = 55 14
25
Case II If uv = , then
So, x 2 + y 2 = ( x + y )2 - 2xy = (16)2 - 110 = 146 12
1 1 25
× = [here x > 0]
l Ex. 8 If a, b are the roots of the equation x 2 - 3 x + 5 = 0 x (1 - x ) 12
2
and g, d are the roots of the equation x 2 + 5 x - 3 = 0, then (12)2

Þ x4 - x2 + =0
the equation whose roots are a g + b d and ad + bg, is (25)2
(a) x 2 - 15x - 158 = 0 (b) x 2 + 15x - 158 = 0 æ 2 9 ö æ 2 16 ö 3 4
Þ çx - ÷ çx - ÷ = 0 Þ x = ,
(c) x 2 - 15x + 158 = 0 (d) x 2 + 15x + 158 = 0 è 25 ø è 25 ø 5 5
Sol. (d) Q a + b = 3, ab = 5, g + d = ( - 5), g d = ( - 3) On combining both cases,
Sum of roots = (ag + bd ) + (ad + bg ) (5 + 73 ) 3 4
x=- , ,
= (a + b ) ( g + d ) = 3 ´ ( -5) = ( -15) 14 5 5
Product of roots = (ag + bd ) (ad + bg ) Hence, number of roots = 3
= a 2 gd + abg 2 + bad 2 + b 2 gd
= gd (a 2 + b 2 ) + ab( g 2 + d 2 )
l Ex. 10 The sum of the roots of the equation
2 2 2
= - 3(a + b ) + 5( g + d ) 2 2 33 x - 2 + 2 11x + 2 = 2 22 x + 1 + 1 is
= - 3[(a + b )2 - 2ab ] + 5[( g + d )2 - 2gd ] 1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 11 11 11
= - 3[9 - 10] + 5[25 + 6] = 158
Sol. (b) Let 211x = t , given equation reduces to
\ Required equation is x 2 + 15x + 158 = 0.
t3
+ 4t = 2t 2 + 1
l Ex. 9 The number of roots of the equation 4
1 1 35 Þ t 3 - 8t 2 + 16t - 4 = 0 Þ t 1 × t 2 × t 3 = 4
+ = is
x (1 - x ) 12
2 Þ 211x 1 × 211x 2 × 211x 3 = 4 Þ 211(x 1 + x 2 + x 3 ) = 22
(a) 0 (b) 1 Þ 11( x 1 + x 2 + x 3 ) = 2
2
(c) 2 (d) 3 \ x1 + x 2 + x 3 =
11

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
n This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each l Ex. 14 If cos 4 q + p, sin 4 q + p are the roots of the equa-
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
tion x 2 + a ( 2 x + 1) = 0 and cos 2 q + q, sin 2 q + q are the
more than one may be correct.
roots of the equation x 2 + 4 x + 2 = 0 then a is equal to
l Ex. 11 For the equation 2 x 2 - 6 2 x - 1 = 0 (a) -2 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) roots are rational
Sol. (b,d)
(b) roots are irrational
Q cos 4 q - sin 4 q = cos 2q
(c) if one root is ( p + q ), the other is ( - p + q )
Þ cos 4 q - sin 4 q = cos 2 q - sin 2 q
(d) if one root is ( p + q ), the other is ( p - q )
Þ (cos 4 q + p ) - (sin 4 q + p ) = (cos 2 q + q ) - (sin 2 q + q )
Sol. (b,c) As the coefficients are not rational, irrational roots
need not appear in conjugate pair. 4a 2 - 4a 16 - 8 é Dù
Þ = êQa - b = a ú
1 1 1 ë û
Here, a + b = 3 2 and ab = -
2 Þ 4a 2 - 4a = 8 or a 2 - a - 2 = 0
Let a = p + q , then prove that other root b = - p + q .
or (a - 2)(a + 1) = 0 or a = 2, - 1
l Ex. 12 Given that a, g are roots of the equation l Ex. 15 If a, b, g are the roots of x 3 - x 2 + ax + b = 0 and
Ax 2 - 4 x + 1 = 0 and b, d the roots of the equation
b, g, d are the roots of x 3 - 4 x 2 + mx + n = 0. If a, b, g and d
Bx 2 - 6 x + 1 = 0, such that a, b, g and d are in HP then
are in AP with common difference d then
(a) A = 3 (b) A = 4 (c) B = 2
(d) B = 8
(a) a = m (b) a = m - 5
1 1 1 1
Sol. (a,d) Since, a , b, g and d are in HP, hence , , and (c) n = b - a - 2 (d) b = m + n - 3
a b g d
Sol. (b,c,d)
are in AP and they may be taken as a - 3d , a - d , a + d
1 Qa,b, g , d are in AP with common difference d, then
and a + 3d . Replacing x by , we get the equation whose
x b = a + d, g = a + 2d and d = a + 3d ...(i)
roots are a - 3d , a + d is x 2 - 4 x + A = 0 and equation Given, a,b, g are the roots of x 3 - x 2 + ax + b = 0, then
whose roots are a - d , a + 3d is x 2 - 6x + B = 0, then a + b + g =1 ...(ii)
(a - 3d ) + (a + d ) = 4 Þ 2(a - d ) = 4 ab + bg + ga = a ...(iii)
and (a - d ) + (a + 3d ) = 6 Þ 2(a + d ) = 6 abg = -b ...(iv)
5 1 3 2
\ a = and d = Also, b, g , d are the roots of x - 4 x + mx + n = 0, then
2 2 b+g+d= 4 ...(v)
æ5 3ö æ5 1ö
Now, A = (a - 3d )(a + d ) = ç - ÷ ç + ÷ = 3 bg + gd + db = m ...(vi)
è2 2ø è2 2ø
bgd = -n ...(vii)
æ5 1ö æ5 3ö
and B = (a - d )(a + 3d ) = ç - ÷ ç + ÷ = 8 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
è2 2ø è2 2ø
3a + 3d = 1 ...(viii)
l 2
Ex. 13 If | ax + bx + c | £ 1 for all x in [0, 1], then and from Eqs. (i) and (v), we get
3a + 6d = 4 ...(ix)
(a) |a | £ 8 (b) |b | > 8
From Eqs. (viii) and (ix), we get
(c) |c | £ 1 (d) |a | + |b | + |c | £ 17 2
1 d = 1, a = -
Sol. (a,c,d) On putting x = 0, 1 and , we get 3
2 Now, from Eq. (i), we get
|c | £ 1 …(i)
1 4 7
|a + b + c | £ 1 …(ii) b = , g = and d =
3 3 3
and | a + 2b + 4c | £ 4 …(iii) From Eqs. (iii), (iv), (vi) and (vii), we get
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 2 8 13 28
a = - , b = ,m = ,n = -
| b | £ 8 and | a | £ 8 3 27 3 27
\ a = m - 5, n = b - a - 2 and b = m + n - 3
Þ | a | + | b | + | c | £ 17

Passage Based Questions
n This section contains 2 solved passages based upon each 19. (b - c ) 2 + (c - a ) 2 + (d - b ) 2 is equal to
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be
(a) a - d (b) (a - d )2 (c) a 2 - d 2 (d) (a + d )2
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b),
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. Sol. (b) Let b = ar , c = ar 2 and d = ar 3
Passage I Now, (b - c )2 + (c - a )2 + (d - b )2
(Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) = (ar - ar 2 )2 + (ar 2 - a )2 + (ar 3 - ar )2
If G and L are the greatest and least values of the expression = a 2r 2 (1 - r )2 + a 2 (r 2 - 1)2 + a 2r 2 (r 2 - 1)2
x2 - x + 1
, x Î R respectively, then = a 2 (1 - r )2 {r 2 + (r + 1)2 + r 2 (r + 1)2 }
x2 + x + 1
= a 2 (1 - r )2 (r 4 + 2r 3 + 3r 2 + 2r + 1)
5 5
16. The least value of G + L is = a 2 (1 - r )2 (1 + r + r 2 )2 = a 2 (1 - r 3 )2
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 16 (d) 32 = (a - ar 3 )2 = (a - d )2
2
x - x +1
Sol. (b) Let y= 20. (u + v + w ) is equal to
x2 + x + 1
1 1
Þ x y + xy + y = x 2 - x + 1
2 (a) 2 (b) (c) 20 (d)
2 20
Þ ( y - 1) x 2 + ( y + 1) x + y - 1 = 0 [Q x Î R ]
Sol. (a) Now, u + 2v + 3w = 6 …(i)
\ ( y + 1) 2 - 4 × ( y - 1) ( y - 1) ³ 0 [Qb 2 - 4ac ³ 0] 4 u + 5v + 6w = 12 …(ii)
Þ (y + 1)2 - (2y - 2)2 ³ 0 and 6u + 9v = 4 …(iii)
Þ (3y - 1) (y - 3) £ 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 1
\ £ y £ 3 Þ G = 3 and L = \ GL = 1 2u + v = 0 …(iv)
3 3 Solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
G 5 + L5
³ (GL )1 / 5 = (1)1 / 5 = 1 1 2
2 u = - ,v =
G 5 + L5 3 3
Þ ³ 1 or G 5 + L5 ³ 2 5
2 Now, from Eq. (i), we get w =
\ Minimum value of G 5 + L5 is 2. 3
1 2 5
17. G and L are the roots of the equation \ v +u +w = - + + =2
3 3 3
(a) 3 x 2 - 10x + 3 = 0 (b) 4 x 2 - 17 x + 4 = 0
21. If roots of f ( x ) = 0 be a, b, the roots of g ( x ) = 0 will be
(c) x 2 - 7 x + 10 = 0 (d) x 2 - 5x + 6 = 0
1 1 1 1
Sol. (a) Equation whose roots are G and L, is (a) a , b (b) - a , - b (c) , (d) - ,-
a b a b
x 2 - (G + L ) x + GL = 0
æ1 1 1 ö
10 Sol. (c) Now, f ( x ) = ç + + ÷ x 2 + [(b - c )2
Þ x 2 - x + 1 = 0 or 3x 2 - 10x + 3 = 0 èu v w ø
3
+ (c - a )2 + (d - b )2 ] x + u + v + w = 0
18. If L < l < G and l Î N , the sum of all values of l is
9 2
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 Þ f (x ) = - x + (a - d )2 x + 2 = 0
1 10
Sol. (b) Q L < l < G Þ < l <3 \ l = 1, 2
3 Þ f ( x ) = - 9 x 2 + 10(a - d )2 x + 20 = 0 …(v)
Sum of values of l = 1 + 2 = 3 Given, roots of f ( x ) = 0 are a and b.
1
Passage II Now, replace x by in Eq. (v), then
(Ex. Nos. 19 to 21) x
-9 10(a - d )2
Let a, b, c and d are real numbers in GP. Suppose u, v, w satisfy + + 20 = 0
x2 x
the system of equations u + 2v + 3w = 6, 4u + 5v + 6w = 12 and Þ 20x 2 + 10(a - d )2 x - 9 = 0
6u + 9v = 4. Further, consider the expressions
g(x ) = 0
æ1 1 1ö
f ( x ) = ç + + ÷ x 2 + [( b - c ) 2 + ( c - a ) 2 + ( d - b ) 2 ] \
1 1
Roots of g ( x ) = 0 are , .
è u v wø
a b
x + u + v + w = 0 and g (x ) = 20x 2 + 10 ( a - d ) 2 x - 9 = 0.

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
n This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each l Ex. 23 If a root of the equation
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9 n 2 sin 2 x - 2 sin x - ( 2n + 1) = 0 lies in [0, p / 2 ], the
(both inclusive). minimum positive integer value of n is
Sol. (3) Q n 2 sin 2 x - 2sin x - (2n + 1) = 0
l Ex. 22 If the roots of the equation 10 x 3 - cx 2
2 ± 4 + 4n 2 (2n + 1)
- 54 x - 27 = 0 are in harmonic progression, the value of c is Þ sin x =
2n 2
Sol. (9) Given, roots of the equation [by Shridharacharya method]
10x 3 - cx 2 - 54 x - 27 = 0 are in HP. …(i)
1 ± (2n 3 + n 2 + 1)
1 =
Now, replacing x by in Eq. (i), we get n2
x
Q 0 £ sin x £ 1 [Q x Î [0, p/2]]
27 x 3 + 54 x 2 + cx - 10 = 0 …(ii)
1 + (2n 3 + n 2 + 1)
Hence, the roots of Eq. (ii) are in AP. Þ 0£ £1
Let a - d , a and a + d are the roots of Eq. (ii). n2
54 Þ 0 £ 1 + (2n 3 + n 2 + 1) £ n 2
Then, a -d + a + a +d = -
27 Þ (2n 3 + n 2 + 1) £ (n 2 - 1) [Qn > 1]
2
Þ a=- …(iii) On squaring both sides, we get
3
Since, a is a root of Eq. (ii), then 2n 3 + n 2 + 1 £ n 4 - 2n 2 + 1
27a 3 + 54a 2 + ca - 10 = 0 Þ n 4 - 2n 3 - 3n 2 ³ 0
æ 8ö æ4ö æ 2ö Þ n 2 - 2n - 3 ³ 0 Þ (n - 3) (n + 1) ³ 0
Þ 27 ç - ÷ + 54 ç ÷ + c ç - ÷ - 10 = 0 [from Eq. (iii)]
è 27 ø è9 ø è 3ø Þ n ³3
2c \ n = 3, 4, 5, K
Þ 6- = 0 or c = 9
3 Hence, the minimum positive integer value of n is 3.

Matching Type Questions
n
This section contains 2 examples. Examples 24 and 25 Sol. (A) ® (p); (B) ® (p, q, r, s); (C) ® (p, q, s)
have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and x 2 - 2x + 9
four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given (A) y= Þ x 2y + 2xy + 9y = x 2 - 2x + 9
x 2 + 2x + 9
statement in Column I can have correct matching with
one or more statement(s) given in Column II. Þ ( y - 1) x 2 + 2x ( y + 1) + 9 ( y - 1) = 0
Q x ÎR
l Ex. 24 Column I contains rational algebraic expressions
\ 4 ( y + 1) - 4 × 9 × ( y - 1) 2 ³ 0
2
and Column II contains possible integers which lie in their
range. Match the entries of Column I with one or more Þ (y + 1)2 - (3y - 3)2 ³ 0
entries of the elements of Column II. Þ ( 4y - 2) ( -2y + 4 ) ³ 0
Þ (2y - 1) (y - 2) £ 0
Column I Column II 1
\ £ y £ 2 Þ y = 1, 2 (p)
x 2 - 2x + 9 (p) 1 2
(A) y= 2 , x ÎR
x + 2x + 9 x 2 - 3x - 2
(B) Q y= Þ 2xy - 3y = x 2 - 3x - 2
x 2 - 3x - 2 (q) 3 2x - 3
(B) y= , x ÎR
2x - 3 Þ x 2 - x (3 + 2y ) + 3y - 2 = 0 Q x Î R
2x 2 - 2x + 4 (r) -4 \ (3 + 2y )2 - 4 × 1 × (3y - 2) ³ 0
(C) y= , x ÎR
x2 - 4 x + 3 Þ 4y 2 + 17 ³ 0
(s) -9 \ y Î R (p, q, r, s)
2x 2 - 2x + 4 Sol. (A) ® ( r, s , t ); ( B) ® ( p , q , r ); ( C) ® ( r , s , t )
(C)Q y= 2
x - 4x + 3 (A) Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
Þ x 2y - 4 xy + 3y = 2x 2 - 2x + 4 Then, f ( 1) = a + b + c = - c [Qa + b + 2c = 0]
2 and f ( 0) = c
Þ x (y - 2) + 2x (1 - 2y ) + 3y - 4 = 0
\ f ( 0) f ( 1) = - c 2 < 0 [Qc ¹ 0]
Q x ÎR
\ 4 (1 - 2y )2 - 4 (y - 2) (3y - 4 ) ³ 0 \Equation f ( x ) = 0 has a root in (0, 1).
Þ ( 4y 2 - 4y + 1) - (3y 2 - 10y + 8) ³ 0 \ f ( x ) has a root in (0, 2) as well as in ( -1, 1) (r)
Þ y 2 + 6y - 7 ³ 0 (B) Let f ¢( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
Þ ( y + 7 ) ( y - 1) ³ 0 ax 3 bx 2
\ y £ - 7 or y ³ 1(p,q,s) \ f (x ) = + + cx + d
3 2
\ f ( 0) = d
l Ex. 25 Entries of Column I are to be matched with one a b æ 2a - 3b + 6c ö
or more entries of Column II. and f ( - 1) = - + + c + d = - ç ÷ +d
3 2 è 6 ø
Column I Column II = 0+d = d [Q 2a - 3b + 6c = 0]
(A) If a + b + 2c = 0 but c ¹ 0, then atleast one root in Hence, f (0) = f ( -1)
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has (p) (-2, 0) Hence, f ¢ ( x ) = 0 has atleast one root in ( -1,0) (q)
(B) If a, b, c Î R such that atleast one root in \ f ( x ) = 0 has a root in ( -2,0) (p) as well as (-1,1) (r)
2a - 3 b + 6 c = 0, then equation has (q) (-1, 0) (C) Let f ( x ) = ò(1 + cos 8 x )(ax 2 + bx + c )dx
(C) Let a, b, c be non-zero real numbers atleast one root in
Given, f (1) - f (0) = f (2) - f (0)
such that (r) (-1, 1)
1 Þ f ( 1) = f ( 2)
ò0 (12+ cos x ) (ax + bx + c) dx
8 2
(s) atleast one root in
(0, 1)
Þ f ¢ ( x ) = 0 has atleast one root in (0,1).
= ò (1 + cos8 x ) (ax 2 + bx + c) dx , Þ (1 + cos 8 x )(ax 2 + bx + c ) = 0 has atleast one root in (0,1).
0
2
the equation ax + bx + c = 0 has Þ ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has atleast one root in (0, 1) (s)
(t) atleast one root in \ ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has a root in (0, 2) (t) as well as in
(0, 2) (-1, 1)(r)

Statement I and II Type Questions
n
Directions Example numbers 26 and 27 are If D > 0 and is a perfect square, then roots are real, distinct
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples and rational.
contains two statements: But, here 2 3 ÏQ
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason)
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices, \ Roots are not rational.
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select 2 3 ± (12 + 184 )
the correct choice as given below. Here, roots are
2
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 i.e. 3 ± 7. [irrational]
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 But D = 12 + 184 = 196 = (14 )2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
\ Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
l Ex. 27 Statement 1 The equation a x + b x + c x - d x = 0
2
l Ex. 26 Statement 1 Roots of x - 2 3 x - 46 = 0 are has only one real root, if a > b > c > d .
rational. Statement 2 If f (x ) is either strictly increasing or decreas-
Statement 2 Discriminant of x 2 - 2 3 x - 46 = 0 is a ing function, then f (x ) = 0 has only one real root.
perfect square. Sol. (c) Q a x + b x + c x - d x = 0
2
Sol. (d) In ax + bx + c = 0, a, b, c Î Q
Þ ax + bx + c x = d x
[here Q is the set of rational number]
æa ö
x
æb ö æc ö
x x \ f ( x ) is increasing function and lim f ( x ) = - 1
Let f ( x ) = ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ - 1 x ®- ¥
èd ø èd ø èd ø Þ f ( x ) has only one real root.
x x x But Statement-2 is false.
æa ö æa ö æb ö æb ö æc ö æc ö
\ f ¢( x ) = ç ÷ ln ç ÷ + ç ÷ ln ç ÷ + ç ÷ ln ç ÷ > 0 For example, f ( x ) = e x
is increasing but f ( x ) = 0 has no
èd ø èd ø èd ø èd ø èd ø èd ø
and f (0) = 2 solution.
Subjective Type Examples

n In this section, there are 24 subjective solved examples. On substituting p = 18 in the given equation, we obtain
2
x + 18x + 45 = 0
l Ex. 28 If a, b are roots of the equation Þ ( x + 3) ( x + 15) = 0
2
x - p ( x + 1) - c = 0, show that (a + 1) (b + 1) = 1 - c . Hence, Þ x = - 3, 5
a 2 + 2 a +1 b2 + 2 b +1 and substituting p = - 18 in the given equation, we obtain
prove that + = 1. 2
a 2 + 2 a + c b2 + 2 b + c x - 18x + 45 = 0
( x - 3) ( x - 15) = 0
Sol. Since, a and b are the roots of the equation,
Þ x = 3, 15
x 2 - px - p - c = 0 Hence, the roots of the given equation are ( - 3), ( -15), 3
\ a +b = p and 15.
and ab = - p - c
Now, ( a + 1) ( b + 1) = ab + a + b + 1
l Ex. 30 If the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a ¹ 0 )
= - p -c + p + 1 = 1-c be a and b and those of the equation Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0
Hence, ( a + 1) ( b + 1) = 1 - c …(i) ( A ¹ 0 ) be a + k and b + k. Prove that
2
b 2 - 4ac æ a ö
a 2 + 2a + 1 b 2 + 2b + 1 =ç ÷ .
Second Part LHS = 2
+ B 2 - 4 AC è A ø
a + 2a + c b 2 + 2b + c
( a + 1) 2 ( b + 1) 2 Sol. Qa - b = ( a + k ) - ( b + k )
= +
( a + 1) 2 - ( 1 - c ) ( b + 1) 2 - ( 1 - c ) b 2 - 4ac ( B 2 - 4 AC ) é Dù
Þ = êQ a - b = a ú
( a + 1) 2 a A ë û
=
( a + 1) 2 - ( a + 1) ( b + 1) æ b 2 - 4ac ö æ a ö
Þ ç 2 ÷ =ç ÷
( b + 1) 2 è B - 4 AC ø è A ø
+ [from Eq. (i)]
( b + 1) 2 - ( a + 1) ( b + 1) On squaring both sides, then we get
a +1 b +1 a -b b 2 - 4ac æaö
2
= + = = 1 = RHS =ç ÷
a -b b -a a -b B 2 - 4 AC è A ø
Hence, RHS = LHS
l Ex. 31 Let a , b and c be real numbers such that
l Ex. 29 Solve the equation x 2 + px + 45 = 0. It is given
a + 2b + c = 4. Find the maximum value of (ab + bc + ca ).
that the squared difference of its roots is equal to 144.
Sol. Given, a + 2b + c = 4
Sol. Let a , b be the roots of the equation x 2 + px + 45 = 0 and
Þ a = 4 - 2b - c
given that
Let y = ab + bc + ca = a (b + c ) + bc
(a - b )2 = 144
= ( 4 - 2b - c ) (b + c ) + bc
é Dù = - 2b 2 + 4b - 2bc + 4c - c 2
Þ p 2 - 4 × 1× 45 = 144 êQ a - b = a ú
ë û Þ 2b 2 + 2(c - 2)b - 4c + c 2 + y = 0
2
Þ p = 324 Since, b Î R, so
\ p = ( ± 18) 4 ( c - 2) 2 - 4 ´ 2 ´ ( - 4c + c 2 + y ) ³ 0
Þ (c - 2)2 + 8c - 2c 2 - 2y ³ 0 Sol. Given equations are

Þ 2
c - 4c + 2y - 4 £ 0 x 2 + ax + b = 0 …(i)
2
Since, c Î R, so 16 - 4 (2y - 4 ) ³ 0 Þ y £ 4 x + cx + d = 0 …(ii)
Hence, maximum value of ab + bc + ca is 4. 2
x + ex + f = 0 …(iii)
Aliter Let a , b be the roots of Eq. (i), b, g be the roots of Eq. (ii)
Q AM ³ GM and g , d be the roots of Eq. (iii), then
(a + b ) + (b + c )
Þ ³ (a + b ) (b + c ) a + b = - a, ab = b …(iv)
2
b + g = - c , bg = d …(v)
Þ 2 ³ (ab + bc + ca + b 2 ) [Qa + 2b + c = 4 ]
g + a = - e , ga = f …(vi)
2
Þ ab + bc + ca £ 4 - b \ LHS = (a + c + e )2 = ( - a - b - b - g - g - a )2
\ Maximum value of (ab + bc + ca) is 4. [from Eqs. (iv), (v) and (vi)]
l Ex. 32 Find a quadratic equation whose roots x 1 and x 2 = 4 (a + b + g )2 …(vii)
satisfy the condition RHS = 4(ac + ce + ea - b - d - f )
x 12 + x 22 = 5, 3 ( x 15 + x 25 ) = 11 ( x 13 + x 23 ) (assume that x 1 , x 2 = 4 {(a + b ) ( b + g ) + ( b + g ) ( g + a ) + ( g + a )
(a + b ) - ab - bg - ga )}
are real).
[from Eqs. (iv), (v) and (vi)]
Sol. We have, 3( x 15 + x 25 ) = 11( x 13 + x 23 )
= 4 (a 2 + b 2 + g 2 + 2ab + 2bg + 2ga )
x 15 + x 25 11
Þ = = 4 (a + b + g )2 …(viii)
x 13 + x 23 3
From Eqs. (vii) and (viii), then we get
( x 1 + x 2 ) ( x 1 + x 23 ) - x 12 x 22 ( x 1 + x 2 ) 11
2 2 3
Þ = (a + c + e )2 = 4 (ac + ce + ea - b - d - f )
( x 13 + x 23 ) 3
2 2
x1 x 2 ( x1 + x 2 ) 11 l Ex. 34 If a, b are the roots of the equation
Þ ( x 12 + x 22 ) - =
( x 1 + x 2 ) ( x 12 + x 22 - x 1x 2 ) 3 x 2 + px + q = 0 and g, d are the roots of the equation
2
[Q x 1 + x 2
2
= 5] x 2 + rx + s = 0, evaluate (a - g ) (a - d) ( b - g ) ( b - d) in
terms of p, q, r and s . Deduce the condition that the equa-
x 12 x 22 11
Þ 5- = tions have a common root.
5 - x 1x 2 3
Sol. Qa , b are the roots of the equation
4 x 12 x 22
Þ = x 2
+ px + q = 0
3 5 - x 1x 2
\ a + b = - p , ab = q …(i)
Þ 3x 12 x 22 + 4 x 1x 2 - 20 = 0
and g , d are the roots of the equation x 2 + rx + s = 0
Þ 3x 12 x 22 + 10x 1x 2 - 6x 1x 2 - 20 = 0
\ g + d = - r, g d = s …(ii)
Þ ( x 1x 2 - 2) (3x 1x 2 + 10) = 0
Now, (a - g ) (a - d ) ( b - g ) ( b - d )
æ 10 ö
\ x 1x 2 = 2, ç - ÷ = [a 2 - a ( g + d ) + g d] [ b 2 - b ( g + d ) + g d ]
è 3ø
We have, ( x 1 + x 2 )2 = x 12 + x 22 + 2x 1x 2 = 5 + 2x 1x 2 = (a 2 + r a + s ) ( b 2 + r b + s ) [from Eq. (ii)]
\ ( x 1 + x 2 )2 = 5 + 4 = 9 [if x 1x 2 = 2] = a b + r ab (a + b ) + r ab + s (a + b 2 )
2 2 2 2
\ x1 + x 2 = ± 3 + sr (a + b ) + s 2
æ 10 ö 5é 10 ù = a 2 b 2 + r ab (a + b ) + r 2 ab + s [(a + b )2 - 2ab ]
and ( x 1 + x 2 )2 = 5 + 2 ç - ÷ = - ê if x 1x 2 = - ú
è 3 ø 3ë 3û
+ sr (a + b ) + s 2
which is not possible, since x 1, x 2 are real.
= q 2 - pqr + r 2q + s ( p 2 - 2q ) + sr ( - p ) + s 2
Thus, required quadratic equations are x 2 ± 3x + 2 = 0.
= (q - s )2 - rpq + r 2q + sp 2 - prs
l Ex. 33 If each pair of the three equations = (q - s )2 - rq ( p - r ) + sp ( p - r )
x + ax + b = 0, x 2 + cx + d = 0 and x 2 + ex + f = 0 has
2
= (q - s )2 + ( p - r ) (sp - rq ) …(iii)
exactly one root in common, then show that For a common root (let a = g or b = d ),
(a + c + e ) 2 = 4 (ac + ce + ea - b - d - f ). then (a - g ) (a - d ) ( b - g ) ( b - d ) = 0 …(iv)
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get l Ex. 37 Solve for ‘ x ’

(q - s )2 + ( p - r ) (sp - rq ) = 0 1 ! + 2 ! + 3 ! + K + ( x - 1) ! + x ! = k 2 and k Î I .
Þ (q - s )2 = ( p - r ) (rq - sp ), which is the required Sol. For x < 4 , the given equation has the only solutions
condition . x = 1, k = ± 1 and x = 3, k = ± 3. Now, let us prove that
there are no solutions for x ³ 4. The expressions
l Ex. 35 Find all integral values of a for which the
1! + 2! + 3! + 4 ! = 33 ü
quadratic Expresion ( x - a ) ( x - 10 ) + 1 can be factored as a
1! + 2! + 3! + 4 ! + 5! = 153 ïï
product ( x + a ) ( x + b) of two factors and a, b ÎI. ý ends with the digit
1! + 2! + 3! + 4 ! + 5! + 6! = 873 ï
Sol. We have, ( x - a ) ( x - 10) + 1 = ( x + a ) ( x + b ) 1! + 2! + 3! + 4 ! + 5! + 6! + 7 ! = 5913ïþ
On putting x = - a in both sides, we get 3.
( - a - a ) ( - a - 10) + 1 = 0 Now, for x ³ 4 the last digit of the sum 1! + 2! + K + x ! is
\ (a + a ) (a + 10) = - 1 equal to 3 and therefore, this sum cannot be equal to a
square of a whole number k (because a square of a whole
a + a and a + 10 are integers. [Qa, a Î I ] number cannot end with 3).
\ a + a = - 1 and a + 10 = 1
or a + a = 1 and a + 10 = - 1
l Ex. 38 Find the real roots of the equation
(i) If a + 10 = 1
\ a = - 9, then a = 8 x + 2 x + 2 x + K + 2 x + 2 3x = x
Similarly, b = - 9 1444444424444444 3
n radical signs
Here, ( x - 8) ( x - 10) + 1 = ( x - 9 )2
Sol. Rewrite the given equation
(ii) If a + 10 = - 1
\ a = - 11, then a = 12 x + 2 x + 2 x + K + 2 x + 2 x + 2x = x …(i)
Similarly, b = 12 On replacing the last letter x on the LHS of Eq. (i) by the
2
Here, ( x - 12) ( x - 10) + 1 = ( x - 11) value of x expressed by Eq. (i), we get
Hence, a = 8, 12 x = x + 2 x + 2 x + K + x + 2x
14444442444444 3
2 n radical signs
l Ex. 36 Solve the equation Further, let us replace the last letter x by the same
expression again and again yields.
x + 3 - 4 ( x - 1) + x + 8 - 6 ( x - 1) = 1.
\ x = x + 2 x + 2 x + K + 2 x + 2x
Sol. Let ( x - 1) = t 144444424444443
3n radical signs
We have, x = t 2 + 1, t ³ 0
The given equation reduce in the form = x + 2 x + 2 x + K + 2 x + 2x = …
144444424444443
(t 2 + 4 - 4t ) + (t 2 + 9 - 6t ) = 1 4 n radical signs
Þ | t - 2| + | t - 3| = 1 We can write,
+ x = x +2 x +2 x +K
– – 3
= lim x + 2 x + 2 x + K + 2 x + 2x
+ + N ®¥
1 44444444244444444 3
– 2 N radical signs
If follows that
\ 2£t £3 x = x +2 x +2 x +K
Þ 4 £ t2 £ 9
= x + 2 ( x + 2 x + K ) = ( x + 2x )
Þ 4 £ x -1£9
Hence, x 2 = x + 2x
Þ 5 £ x £ 10 2
Þ x - 3x = 0
\ Solution of the original equation is x Î[ 5, 10].
\ x = 0, 3
Ex. 39 Solve the inequation, ( x 2

+ x + 1) x < 1. 1
l
Þ x =1+ Þ x2 - x - 1 = 0
x
Sol. Taking logarithm both sides on base 10,
1± 5
then x log ( x 2
+ x + 1) < 0 \ x=
2
which is equivalent to the collection of systems 1+ 5 1- 5
éì x > 0, éì x > 0, \ x1 = , x2 =
2 2
êí 2 êí 2
êî log ( x + x + 1) < 0, Þ êî x + x + 1 < 1, satisfy the given equation and this equation has no other
êì x < 0, êì x < 0, roots.
êí êí
êëî log ( x 2 + x + 1) > 0, êëî x 2 + x + 1 > 1, l Ex. 41 Solve the system of equations
éì x > 0, éì x > 0, ì| x - 1 | + | y - 2 | = 1
êí x ( x + 1) < 0, êí - 1 < x < 0 í .
Þ êî Þ ê
î î y = 2 - | x -1|
êì x < 0, êì x < 0, Sol. On substituting | x - 1 | = 2 - y from second equation in
êí êí
ëî x ( x + 1 ) > 0 ëî x > 0 and x < ( - 1) first equation of this system, we get
2 - y + |y - 2| = 1
ì x Î f,
Þ í Now, consider the following cases
î x < ( - 1) If y ³ 2,
Consequently, the interval x Î ( - ¥, - 1) is the set of all then 2-y +y -2=1 Þ 0=1
solutions of the original inequation.
No value of y for y ³ 2.
? Remark If y < 2,
3
When the inequation is in power, then it is better to take log. then 2 - y + 2 - y = 1 Û y = , which is true.
2
l Ex. 40 Solve the equation From the second equation of this system,
1
1+ =x 3
= 2 - | x - 1|
1
1+ 2
1 1 1
1+ Þ | x - 1| = Þ x - 1 = ±
1+ O 2 2
1 1 1 3
1+ Þ x =1± Þx = ,
x 2 2 2
Consequently, the set of all solutions of the original system
When in expression on left hand side the sign of a fraction is 1 3 3
repeated n times. is the set of pairs ( x , y ), where x = , and y = .
2 2 2
Sol. Given equation is
1+
1
=x
l Ex. 42 Let a , b, c be real and ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has two real
1 roots a and b, where a < -1 and b >1, then show that
1+
1 c b
1+ 1+ + < 0.
1+ O
a a
1
1+ Sol. Since, a < - 1 and b > 1
x
Let us replace x on the LHS of the given equation by the a + l = - 1 and b = 1 + m [ l, m > 0 ]
expression of x . This result in an equation of the same c b
Now, 1 + + = 1 + ab + | a + b |
form, which however involves 2n fraction lines. Continuing a a
this process on the basis of this transformation, we can
= 1 + ( - 1 - l ) (1 + m ) + | - 1 - l + 1 + m |
write
= 1 - 1 - m - l - lm + | m - l |
1
x = 1 + lim 1 + = - m - l - lm + m - l [if m > l]
n ®¥ 1
1+ and = - m - l - lm + l - m [if l > m]
1
1+ c b
1+ O \ 1+ + = - 2l - lm or - 2m - lm
a a
1
1+ [n fractions] c b
x On both cases, 1 + + <0 [Q l, m > 0]
a a
Aliter It follows that

85
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a ¹ 0
Q
åbi = - 2 and å å bi b j = 3
b c i =1 1 £ i < j £ 85
x2 + x + =0 2
a a 85 æ 85 ö
b
Let f ( x ) = x 2 + x +
c
–1 1
Then, åbi2 = çç åbi ÷÷ - 2 å å bi b j
a a a i =1 èi = 1 ø 1 £ i < j £ 85
b
f ( -1) < 0 and f (1 ) < 0 = 4 - 6 = -2 < 0
b c b c Thus, the bi ’s is not all real and then a i ’s are not all real.
Þ 1 - + < 0 and 1 + + < 0
a a a a
b c
l Ex. 45 Solve the equation
Then, 1 + + <0
a a 2 |x +1| - 2 x = | 2 x - 1| + 1.
æ3 - x ö æ 3-xö Sol. Find the critical points :
l Ex. 43 Solve the equation x ç ÷ çx + ÷ = 2.
è x +1ø è x +1ø
Sol. Hence, x + 1 ¹ 0
æ3 - x ö 3- x
and let xç ÷ = u and x + =v
è x + 1ø x +1 –1 0
\ uv = 2 …(i) x + 1 = 0, 2x - 1 = 0
æ3 - x ö æ3 - x ö \ x = - 1, x = 0
and u +v = xç ÷+x+ç ÷
è x + 1ø è x + 1ø Now, consider the following cases :
æ3 - x ö x < -1
= ( x + 1) ç ÷ + x =3- x + x =3 2- (x + 1) - 2x = - (2x - 1) + 1
è x + 1ø
\ u + v = 3 and uv = 2 Þ 2- (x + 1) = 2
Then, u = 2, v = 1 or u = 1, v = 2 \ - ( x + 1) = 1
\ x = -2 …(i)
Given equation is equivalent to the collection
-1 £ x < 0
ì æ3 - x ö ì æ3 - x ö
÷ =2 ÷ =1 2 x + 1 - 2 x = - ( 2 x - 1) + 1
ïï x ç ïï x ç
è x + 1ø è x + 1ø Þ 2 x +1 = 2
\ í or í
ïx + 3 - x = 1 ïx + 3 - x = 2 \ x +1=1
ïî x +1 ïî x +1 \ x =0
ìx 2 - x + 2 = 0 ì x 2 - 2x + 1 = 0 x ¹0 [Q - 1 £ x < 0]
Þ í 2 or í 2 x³ 0
îx - x + 2 = 0 î x - 2x + 1 = 0 2 x +1 - 2 x = 2 x - 1 + 1
ìæ 1ö
2
7 Þ 2 x + 1 = 2 ×2 x
ì x2 - x + 2 = 0 ïç x - ÷ + ¹ 0
Þ í 2 Þ íè 2ø 4 Þ 2 x +1 = 2 x +1
î x - 2x + 1 = 0 ï ( x - 1) 2 = 0 which is true for x ³ 0. …(ii)
î
\ ( x - 1) 2 = 0 Now, combining all cases, we have the final solution as
Þ x = 1 is a unique solution of the original equation. x Î [0, ¥ ) È { - 2}
l Ex. 44 Show that for any real numbers a 3 , a 4 , a 5 , ..., a 85 ,

l Ex. 46 Solve the inequation
the roots of the equation - | y | + x - ( x 2 + y 2 - 1) ³ 1.
a 85 x 85 + a 84 x 84 + K + a 3 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0 are not real. Sol. We have, - | y | + x - ( x 2 + y 2 - 1) ³ 1
Sol. Let P ( x ) = a 85 x 85 + a 84 x 84 Þ x - | y | ³ 1 + ( x 2 + y 2 - 1)
3 2
+K + a 3 x + 3 x + 2 x + 1 = 0 …(i) if x ³ | y |,
Since, P(0) = 1, then 0 is not a root of Eq. (i). then squaring both sides,
Let a 1, a 2 , a 3 , ..., a 85 be the complex roots of Eq. (i).
æ 1 ö x 2 + y 2 - 2x | y | ³ 1 + x 2 + y 2 - 1 + 2 ( x 2 + y 2 - 1)
Then, the bi ç let ÷ the complex roots of the polynomial
è ai ø Þ - x | y | ³ ( x 2 + y 2 - 1) …(i)
85 84 83 82
Q (y ) = y + 2y + 3y + a 3y + K + a 85 Since, x ³ |y | ³ 0 …(ii)
Then, LHS of Eq. (i) is non-positive and RHS of Eq. (ii) is and -a2 £ t £ 0
non-negative. Therefore, the system is satisfied only, when
both sides are zero. But t >0 [from Eq. (ii)]
\ The inequality Eq. (i) is equivalent to the system. 2 4
- a + ( a + 8)
\ t ³
ì x |y | = 0 2
í 2 2
îx + y - 1 = 0 - a 2 + ( a 4 + 8)
\ ax ³
The Eq.(i) gives x = 0 or y = 0. If x = 0, then we find y = ± 1 2
from Eq. (ii) but x ³ | y | which is impossible.
For 0 < a < 1,
If y = 0, then from Eq. (ii), we find
æ - a 2 + ( a 4 + 8) ö
x2 = 1 x £ loga ç ÷
ç 2 ÷
è ø
\ x = 1, - 1
Taking x =1 [Q x ³ | y | ] é æ - a 2 + ( a 4 + 8) ö ù
\ x Îê - ¥, loga ç ÷ú
\ The pair (1, 0) satisfies the given inequation. Hence, (1, 0) êë ç 2 ÷ú
è øû
is the solution of the original inequation.
æ - a 2 + ( a 4 + 8) ö
l Ex. 47 If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n (n ³ 2 ) are real and and for a > 1, x ³ loga ç ÷
ç 2 ÷
è ø
(n - 1) a 12 - 2na 2 < 0, prove that atleast two roots of the
æ æ - a 2 + ( a 4 + 8) ö ö
equation x n + a 1 x n - 1 + a 2 x n - 2 + K + a n = 0 are \ x Îç loga ç ÷, ¥ ÷
ç ç 2 ÷ ÷
imaginary. è è ø ø
Sol. Let a 1, a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n are the roots of the given equation.
l Ex. 49 Solve the inequation
Then, å a 1 = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + K + a n = - a1
and å a 1 a 2 = a 1 a 2 + a 1 a 3 + K + a n - 1 a n = a 2 log | x | ( ( 9 - x 2 ) - x - 1) ³ 1.
Now, (n - 1)a12 - 2na 2 = (n - 1) ( å a 1 )2 - 2n å a 1 a 2 Sol. We rewrite the given inequation in the form,
2 2
= n {( å a 1 ) - 2 å a 1a 2 } - ( å a 1 ) log| x | ( (9 - x 2 ) - x - 1) ³ log| x | (| x | )
= n å a 12 - ( å a1 )2 This inequation is equivalent to the collection of systems.
ìï (9 - x 2 ) - x - 1 ³ | x |, if | x | > 1
= å å (a i - a j )2
1£i < j £n í
ïî (9 - x 2 ) - x - 1 £ | x if
|, 0 < | x | < 1
But given that (n - 1)a12 - 2na 2 < 0
éì For x > 1 éì For x > 1
Þ å × å (a i - a j )2 < 0 êï 2 êï 2
1£i < j £n êïí (9 - x ) - x - 1 ³ x êïí (9 - x ) ³ 2x + 1
êï For x < - 1 êï For x < - 1
which is true only, when atleast two roots are imaginary. êï 2 êï
(9 - x ) - x - 1 ³ - x (9 - x 2 ) ³ 1
and êî Þ êî
êì For 0 < x < 1 êì For 0 < x < 1
l Ex. 48 Solve the inequation | a 2 x + a x + 2 - 1 | ³ 1 for all
êï ( 9 - x 2 ) - x - 1 £ x êï ( 9 - x 2 ) £ 2x + 1
values of a (a > 0, a ¹ 1). êïí êïí
êï For - 1 < x < 0 êï For - 1 < x < 0
Sol. Using a x = t , êï ( 9 - x 2 ) - x - 1 £ - x êï
ëî ëî (9 - x 2 ) £ 1
the given inequation can be written in the form
é ì For x > 1
| t 2 + a 2t - 1| ³ 1 …(i) ê ï 2 2
ê ï - ( 11 + 1) £ x £ ( 11 - 1)
Q a > 0 and a ¹ 1, then a x > 0 ê í 5 5
For x < - 1
ê ï
\ t >0 …(ii) ê ïî -2 2 £ x £ 2 2
Þ êì
Inequation (i) write in the forms, For 0 < x < 1
êï 2 2
t 2 + a 2t - 1 ³ 1 and t 2 + a 2t - 1 £ - 1 êï x £ - ( 11 + 1) and x ³ ( 11 - 1)
êí 5 5
-a2 - a4 + 8 - a 2 + ( a 4 + 8) êï For - 1 < x < 0
\ t £ ,t ³ êïî
2 2 ë x £ - 2 2 and x ³ 2 2
é ì x Îf Sol. Putting t = 3x in the original equation, then we obtain

ê í- 2 2 £ x < - 1
ê î
Þ êìï 2 ( 11 - 1) £ x < 1
êí 5 T-axis T-axis
0
êëïî x Îf 0
Hence, the original inequation consists of the intervals

(i) (ii)
2
-2 2 £ x < - 1 and ( 11 - 1) £ x < 1 .
5
é2 ö
Hence, x Î [ -2 2, - 1) È ê ( 11 - 1), 1÷ 0
ë 5 ø T-axis T-axis
0
l Ex. 50 Find all values of ‘a’ for which the equation (iv)
(iii)
4 - a2 x - a + 3 = 0 has atleast one solution.
x
x
at 2 + 4 (a - 1)t + a > 1
Sol. Putting 2 = t > 0, then the original equation reduced in
Þ at 2 + 4 (a - 1)t + (a - 1) > 0 [t > 0, Q 3x > 0]
the form
t 2 - at - a + 3 = 0 …(i) This is possible in two cases. First the parabola
f (t ) = at 2 + 4(a - 1)t + (a - 1) opens upwards, with its
that the quadratic Eq. (i) should have atleast one positive
vertex (turning point) lying in the non-positive part of the
root (t > 0), then
T -axis, as shown in the following four figures.
Discriminant, D = ( -a )2 - 4 × 1 × ( -a + 3) ³ 0 \ a > 0 and sum of roots £ 0
Þ a 2 + 4a - 12 ³ 0 4( a - 1)
Þ - £ 0 and f (0) ³ 0
Þ ( a + 6) ( a - 2) ³ 0 2a
\ a > 0, a - 1 ³ 0 and a - 1 ³ 0
+ + Hence, a³1
–6 – 2
\ a Î ( -¥, - 6] È [2, ¥ )
If roots of Eq. (i) are t 1 and t 2 , then T-axis
0
ì t1 + t 2 = a
í
ît 1t 2 = 3 - a
For a Î ( - ¥, - 6] Second the parabola f (t ) opens upward, with its vertex
t 1 + t 2 < 0 and t 1t 2 > 0. Therefore, both roots are negative lying in positive direction of t, then
and consequently, the original equation has no solutions. 4( a - 1)
a > 0, - > 0 and D £ 0
For a Î[2, ¥ ) 2a
t 1 + t 2 > 0 and t 1t 2 > Þ a > 0,(a - 1) < 0
< 0, consequently, atleast one of the
roots t 1 or t 2 , is greater than zero. and 16(a - 1)2 - 4(a - 1)a £ 0
Thus, for a Î [2, ¥ ), the given equation has atleast one Þ a > 0,a < 1
solution. and 4(a - 1)(3a - 4 ) £ 0
4
l Ex. 51 Find all the values of the parameter a for which Þ a > 0,a < 1 and 1 £ a £
3
the inequality a 9 x + 4 (a - 1) 3 x + a > 1, is satisfied for all These inequalities cannot have simultaneously.
real values of x . Hence, a ³ 1 from Eq. (i).
#L Theory of Equations Exercise 1 :
n This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. 8. If the roots of the quadratic equation
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of ( 4 p - p 2 - 5)x 2 - (2p - 1) x + 3p = 0 lie on either side of
which ONLY ONE is correct
unity, the number of integral values of p is
1. If a, b, c are real and a ¹ b, the roots of the equation (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
2 (a - b ) x 2 - 11 (a + b + c ) x - 3 (a - b ) = 0 are 9. Solution set of the equation
2 2
+x +6
(a) real and equal (b) real and unequal 32 x - 2×3x + 3 2 (x + 6 ) = 0 is
(c) purely imaginary (d) None of these
(a) { -3, 2 } (b) {6, - 1 } (c) { -2, 3 } (d) {1, - 6 }
2. The graph of a quadratic polynomial y = ax 2
10. Consider two quadratic expressions f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
+ bx + c ; a, b, c Î R is as shown.
and g ( x ) = ax 2 + px + q (a, b, c , p , q Î R, b ¹ p ) such that
Y
their discriminants are equal. If f ( x ) = g ( x ) has a root
X
O x = a, then
(a) a will be AM of the roots of f ( x ) = 0 and g( x ) = 0
(b) a will be AM of the roots of f ( x ) = 0
(c) a will be AM of the roots of f ( x ) = 0 or g( x ) = 0
(d) a will be AM of the roots of g( x ) = 0
Which one of the following is not correct? 11. If x 1 and x 2 are the arithmetic and harmonic means of
(a) b 2 - 4ac < 0
c
(b) < 0 the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, the quadratic
a equation whose roots are x 1 and x 2 , is
(c) c is negative
æ bö (a) abx 2 + (b 2 + ac ) x + bc = 0
(d) Abscissa corresponding to the vertex is ç - ÷
è 2a ø
(b) 2abx 2 + (b 2 + 4ac ) x + 2bc = 0
3. There is only one real value of ‘a’ for which the (c) 2abx 2 + (b 2 + ac ) x + bc = 0
2
quadratic equation ax + (a + 3) x + a - 3 = 0 has two (d) None of the above
positive integral solutions. The product of these two 12. f ( x ) is a cubic polynomial x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c such that
solutions is
f ( x ) = 0 has three distinct integral roots and f ( g ( x )) = 0
(a) 9 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 12
does not have real roots, where g ( x ) = x 2 + 2x - 5, the
4. If for all real values of a one root of the equation minimum value of a + b + c is
x 2 - 3ax + f (a ) = 0 is double of the other, f ( x ) is equal to (a) 504 (b) 532 (c) 719 (d) 764
(a) 2x (b) x 2 (c) 2 x 2 (d) 2 x
13. The value of the positive integer n for which the
n
5. A quadratic equation the product of whose roots x 1 and
quadratic equation å ( x + k - 1) ( x + k ) = 10n has
x 2 is equal to 4 and satisfying the relation k =1
x1 x2
+ = 2, is solutions a and a + 1 for some a, is
x1 - 1 x 2 - 1 (a) 7 (b) 11 (c) 17 (d) 25
(a) x 2 - 2 x + 4 = 0 (b) x 2 - 4 x + 4 = 0 2
14. If one root of the equation x - lx + 12 = 0 is even
(c) x 2 + 2 x + 4 = 0 (d) x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 0
prime, while x 2 + lx + m = 0 has equal roots, then m is
6. If both roots of the quadratic equation (a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 32
x 2 - 2ax + a 2 - 1 = 0 lie in ( - 2, 2), which one of the 15. Number of real roots of the equation
following can be [a ] ? (where [×] denotes the greatest x + x - (1 - x ) = 1 is
integer function)
(a) -1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
7. If ( - 2, 7 ) is the highest point on the graph of 16. The value of 7 + 7 - 7 + 7 - K upto ¥ is

2
y = - 2x - 4ax + l, then l equals (a) 5 (b) 4
1 (c) 3 (d) 2
(a) 31 (b) 11 (c) -1 (d) -
3
17. For any real x, the expression 2 (k - x ) [x + x 2 + k 2 ] 24. The roots of the equation
2 2
cannot exceed - 15 - 15
(a + b ) x + (a - b ) x = 2a,
2 2
(a) k (b) 2k
(c) 3k 2 (d) None of these where a 2 - b = 1, are
2 (a) ± 2, ± 3 (b) ± 4, ± 14
x - 2x + 4
18. Given that, for all x Î R, the expression 2
lies (c) ± 3, ± 5 (d) ± 6, ± 20
+ 2x + 4 x
1 25. The number of pairs ( x , y ) which will satisfy the
between and 3, the values between which the
3 equation
9 ×32x + 6×3x + 4 x 2
- xy + y 2
= 4 ( x + y - 4 ), is
expression lies, are
9 ×32x - 6×3x + 4 (a) 1 (b) 2
3 (c) 4 (d) None of these
(a) -3 and 1 (b) and 2
2
26. The number of positive integral solutions of
(c) -1 and 1 (d) 0 and 2
x 4 - y 4 = 3789108 is
19. Let a , b, g be the roots of the equation (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
( x - a ) ( x - b ) ( x - c ) = d , d ¹ 0, the roots of the equation 3
27. The value of ‘a’ for which the equation x + ax + 1 = 0
( x - a ) ( x - b ) ( x - g ) + d = 0 are 4 2
(a) a, b, d (b) b, c, d and x + ax + 1 = 0, have a common root, is
(c) a, b, c (d) a + d , b + d , c + d (a) a = 2 (b) a = - 2
2 (c) a = 0 (d) None of these
20. If one root of the equation ix - 2 (1 + i ) x + 2 - i = 0 is
(3 - i ), where i = -1, the other root is 28. The necessary and sufficient condition for the equation
(a) 3 + i (b) 3 + -1
(1 - a 2 ) x 2 + 2ax - 1 = 0 to have roots lying in the
(c) -1 + i (d) -1 - i interval (0, 1), is
(a) a > 0 (b) a < 0
21. The number of solutions of |[x ] - 2x | = 4, where [x ] (c) a > 2 (d) None of these
denotes the greatest integer £ x is 29. Solution set of x - 1 - | x | < 0, is
(a) infinite (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
é -1 + 5 ö
22. If x 2
+ x + 1 is a factor of ax 3
+ bx 2
+ cx + d , the real (a) ê -1, ÷ (b) [ -1, 1 ]
ë 2 ø
3 2
root of ax + bx + cx + d = 0 is
é -1 + 5 ù æ -1 + 5 ö
d d a (c) ê -1, ú (d) ç -1, ÷
(a) - (b) (c) (d) None of these ë 2 û è 2 ø
a a d
2
23. The value of x which satisfy the equation 30. If the quadratic equations ax + 2cx + b = 0 and
2
ax + 2bx + c = 0 (b ¹ c ) have a common root, a + 4b + 4c ,
(5x 2 - 8x + 3) - (5x 2 - 9 x + 4 ) = (2x 2 - 2x )
is equal to
- (2x 2 - 3x + 1), is (a) -2 (b) -1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 1
(c) 1 (d) 0

n
This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. 32. If A, G and H are the arithmetic mean, geometric mean
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of
and harmonic mean between unequal positive integers.
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct.
Then, the equation Ax 2 - | G | x - H = 0 has
31. If 0 < a 1 (c) exactly one positive root
(c) | b | < 1 (d) None of these (d) atleast one root which is an integer
33. The adjoining graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c shows that 40. For which of the following graphs of the quadratic
expression f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , the product ofabc is
Y
negative
Y Y
(a) (b)
X¢ X
(a,0) X X
O
Y¢ (b, 0) O O
(a) a < 0 Y
Y
(b) b 2 < 4ac
X
(c) c > 0 O
(d) a and b are of opposite signs (c) (d)
X
34. If the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a > 0) has two roots a O
and b such that a < - 2 and b > 2, then
(a) b 2 - 4ac > 0 (b) c < 0 41. If a, b Î R and ax 2
+ bx + 6 = 0, a ¹ 0 does not have two
(c) a + | b | + c < 0 (d) 4a + 2 | b | + c < 0 distinct real roots, the
35. If b 2 ³ 4ac for the equation ax 4 + bx 2 + c = 0, then all (a) minimum possible value of 3a + b is -2
(b) minimum possible value of 3a + b is 2
the roots of the equation will be real, if (c) minimum possible value of 6a + b is -1
(a) b > 0, a < 0, c > 0 (b) b < 0, a > 0, c > 0 (d) minimum possible value of 6a + b is 1
(c) b > 0, a > 0, c > 0 (d) b > 0, a < 0, c < 0
3
3 2
42. If x + 3x 2 - 9 x + l is of the form ( x - a ) 2 ( x - b ), then
36. If roots of the equation x + bx + cx - 1 = 0 from an
l is equal to
increasing GP, then (a) 27 (b) -27
(a) b + c = 0 (c) 5 (d) -5
(b) b Î ( -¥, - 3 ) 2
(c) one of the roots is 1 43. If ax + (b - c ) x + a - b - c = 0 has unequal real roots
(d) one root is smaller than one and one root is more than one for all c Î R, then
2 (a) b < 0 < a (b) a < 0 a > 0
| f ( x )| £ 1, " x Î[0, 1], then
(a) | a | £ 8 (b) | b | £ 8
44. If the equation whose roots are the squares of the roots
(c) | c | £ 1 (d) |a | + |b | + |c | £ 17 of the cubic x 3 - ax 2 + bx - 1 = 0 is identical with the
given cubic equation, then
38. cos a is a root of the equation 25x 2 + 5x - 12 = 0,
(a) a = b = 0
-1 < x < 0, the value of sin 2a is (b) a = 0, b = 3
24 12
(a) (b) - (c) a = b = 3
25 25
24 20 (d) a, b are roots of x 2 + x + 2 = 0
(c) - (d)
25 25 45. If the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a > 0) has two real roots
39. If a, b, c Î R (a ¹ 0) and a + 2b + 4c = 0, then equation a and b such that a < - 2 and b > 2, which of the
2 following statements is/are true?
ax + bx + c = 0 has
(a) 4a - 2 | b | + c < 0
(a) atleast one positive root
(b) 9a - 3 | b | + c < 0
(b) atleast one non-integral root
(c) both integral roots (c) a - | b | + c < 0
(d) no irrational root (d) c < 0, b 2 - 4ac > 0

n This section contains 6 passages. Based upon each of 52. y = f ( x ) is given by
the passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be x2
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), (a) y = x 2 - 8 (b) y = -2 2
2 2
(b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
x2
(c) y = x 2 - 4 (d) y = - 2
Passage I 2
(Q. Nos. 46 to 48) 53. Minimum value of y = f ( x ) is
If G and L are the greatest and least values of the (a) -4 2 (b) -2 2
2x 2 - 3x + 2 (c) 0 (d) 2 2
expression , x Î R respectively. l
2x 2 + 3x + 2 54. Number of integral value of l for which lies between
2
46. The least value of G 100 + L100 is the roots of f ( x ) = 0, is
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 12
47. G and L are the roots of the equation Passage III
2
(a) 5 x - 26 x + 5 = 0 2
(b) 7 x - 50 x + 7 = 0 (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
2 2
(c) 9 x - 82 x + 9 = 0 (d) 11 x - 122 x + 11 = 0 Let f (x ) = x + bx + c and g (x ) = x 2 + b1 x + c1 .
2
48. If L2 < l < G 2 , l Î N , the sum of all values of l is Let the real roots of f ( x ) = 0 be a, b and real roots of
(a) 1035 (b) 1081 (c) 1225 (d) 1176 g ( x ) = 0 be a + k , b + k for same constant k. The least value
1 7
Passage II of f ( x ) is - and least value of g (x ) occurs at x = .
(Q. Nos. 49 to 51) 4 2
If roots of the equation x 4 - 12x 3 + cx 2 + dx + 81 = 0 are 55. The value of b1 is

positive. (a) -8 (b) -7 (c) -6 (d) 5
49. The value of c is 56. The least value of g ( x ) is

(a) -27 (b) 27 (c) -54 (d) 54 1 1 1
(a) -1 (b) - (c) - (d) -
50. The value of d is 2 3 4
(a) -27 (b) -54 (c) -81 (d) -108
57. The roots of f ( x ) = 0 are
51. Root of the equation 2cx + d = 0, is (a) 3, 4 (b) -3, 4
1 1 (c) - 3, - 4 (d) 3, - 4
(a) -1 (b) - (c) 1 (d)
2 2
Passage IV
Passage II (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
(Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
If ax 2 - bx + c = 0 have two distinct roots lying in the
In the given figure vertices of DABC lie on interval (0, 1); a, b, c Î N .
y = f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c. The DABC is right angled isosceles
triangle whose hypotenuse AC = 4 2 units. 58. The least value of a is
(a) 3 (b) 4
Y (c) 5 (d) 6
y = f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
59. The least value of b is
(a) 5 (b) 6
O (c) 7 (d) 8
X
A 90° C
60. The least value of log 5 abc is
B
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
Passage V Passage VI
(Q. Nos. 61 to 63) (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
If 2x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 4 = 0 (a and b are positive real If a, b, g, d are the roots of the equation
x 4 + A x 3 + B x 2 + Cx + D = 0 such that ab = gd = k and
numbers) has three real roots.
A, B , C , D are the roots of x 4 - 2 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 6x - 21 = 0
61. The minimum value of a 3 is such that A + B = 0.
(a) 108 (b) 216 C
(c) 432 (d) 864 64. The value of is
A
62. The minimum value of b 3 is k k
(a) - (b) -k (c) (d) k
(a) 432 (b) 864 2 2
(c) 1728 (d) None of these 65. The value of (a + b ) ( g + d ) in terms of B and k is
(a) B - 2k (b) B - k (c) B + k (d) B + 2k
63. The minimum value of (a + b ) 3 is
(a) 1728 (b) 3456 66. The correct statement is
(a) C 2 = AD (b) C 2 = A 2D (c) C 2 = AD 2 (d) C 2 = ( AD ) 2
(c) 6912 (d) 864

2
n This section contains 10 questions. The answer to x - 3x + c
each question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 72. If the maximum and minimum values of y = 2
x + 3x + c
to 9 (both inclusive).
1
67. The sum of all the real roots of the equation are 7 and respectively, the value of c is
7
| x - 2 | 2 + | x - 2 | - 2 = 0 is
68. The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation 73. Number of solutions of the equation
2
(5 + 2 ) x - ( 4 + 5 ) x + 8 + 2 5 = 0 is x 2 - ( x - 1) 2 + ( x - 2) 2 = 5 is
69. If product of the real roots of the equation,
74. If a and b are the complex roots of the equation
x 2 - ax + 30 = 2 ( x 2 - ax + 45), a > 0, (1 + i ) x 2
+ (1 - i ) x - 2i = 0, where i = -1, the value of
is l and minimum value of sum of roots of the equation | a - b | is2
is m. The value of (m) (where ( × ) denotes the least integer

function) is 6 75. If a , b be the roots of the equation
æ 1ö æ 6 1 ö
çx + ÷ - çx + 6 ÷ - 2 4 x 2 - 16x + c = 0, c Î R such that 1 < a < 2 and 2 0) è xø x 76. Let r , s and t be the roots of the equation
71. Let a, b, c , d are distinct real numbers and a, b are the 8x 3 + 1001x + 2008 = 0 and if
roots of the quadratic equation x 2 - 2cx - 5d = 0. If c and 99 l = (r + s ) 3 + (s + t ) 3 + (t + r ) 3 , the value of [l ] is
d are the roots of the quadratic equation (where [ × ] denotes the greatest integer function)
x 2 - 2ax - 5b = 0, the sum of the digits of numerical
values of a + b + c + d is

n This section contains 4 questions. Questions 78 and 80 have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and
four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II and questions 77 and 79 have three statements (A, B and C) given in
Column I and five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II.
77. Column I contains rational algebraic expressions and 79. Column I contains rational algebraic expressions and
Column II contains possible integers which lie in their Column II contains possible integers of a.
range. Match the entries of Column I with one or more
entries of the elements of Column II. Column I Column II
Column I Column II (A) ax 2 + 3x - 4 (p) 0

y= , x Î R and y Î R
2 3x - 4 x 2 + a
(A) x - 2x + 4
y= , x ÎR (p) -2
x 2 + 2x + 4 (B) ax 2 + x - 2 1
y= , x Î R and y Î R (q)
2
2x + 4 x + 1 a + x - 2x 2
(B) y= , x ÎR (q) -1
x2 + 4 x + 2
(C) x 2 + 2x + a 3
2
y= , x Î R and y Î R (r)
x - 3x + 4 x 2 + 4 x + 3a
(C) y= , x ÎR (r) 2
x-3
(s) 5
(s) 3
(t) 7
(t) 8
80.
78.
Column I Column II
Column I Column II
(A) If a, b, c, d are four non-zero real (p) a + b + c = 0

(A) The equation x 3 - 6x 2 + 9x + l = 0 have (p) 0
numbers such that exactly one root is (1, 3), then |[ l + 1]| is
(d + a - b)2 + (d + b - c)2 = 0 and (where [ × ] denotes the greatest integer
function)
the roots of the equation
a (b - c)x 2 + b (c - a) x + c (a - b) = 0 (B) x 2 - lx - 2 (q) 1
are real and equal, then If - 3 < < 2, " x Î R , then
x2 + x + 1
(B) If the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (q) a, b, c are in AP |[ l ]| is (where [ × ] denotes the greatest
and x 3 - 3x 2 + 3x - 1 = 0 have a integer function)
common real root, then
(C) If x 2 + lx + 1 = 0 and (r) 2
(C) Let a, b, c be positive real numbers (r) a, b, c are in GP (b - c) x 2 + (c - a) x + (a - b) = 0 have
such that the expression both the roots common, then |[ l - 1]|,
bx 2 + ( (a + c)2 + 4 b2 ) x + (a + c) (where [ × ] denotes the greatest integer
function)
is non-negative, " x Î R, then
(s) a, b, c are in HP (s) 3


n Directions (Q. Nos. 81 to 87) are Assertion-Reason 83. Statement-1 In the equation ax 2 + 3x + 5 = 0, if one
type questions. Each of these questions contains two root is reciprocal of the other, then a is equal to 5.
statements:
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) Statement-2 Product of the roots is 1.
Each of these questions also has four alternative 84. Statement-1 If one root of Ax 3
+ Bx 2 + Cx + D = 0,
choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You
have to select the correct choice as given below. A ¹ 0, is the arithmetic mean of the other two roots, then
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 the relation 2B 3 + k 1 ABC + k 2 A 2 D = 0 holds good and
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 then (k 2 - k 1 ) is a perfect square.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-2 If a, b, c are in AP, then b is the arithmetic
mean of a andc .
(c) Statement1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 85. Statement-1 If x , y, z be real variables satisfying
2 x + y + z = 6 and xy + yz + zx = 8, the range of variables
81. Statement-1 If the equation ( 4 p - 3) x
x , y and z are identical.
+ ( 4q - 3) x + r = 0 is satisfied by x = a, x = b and x = c
3 Statement-2 x + y + z = 6 and xy + yz + zx = 8 remains
(where a, b, c are distinct), then p = q = and r = 0.
4 same, if x , y, z interchange their positions.
3
Statement-2 If the quadratic equation 86. Statement-1 ax + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c Î R cannot
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has three distinct roots, then a, b and c have 3 non-negative real roots.
are must be zero.
Statement-2 Sum of roots is equal to zero.
82. Statement-1 The equation
87. Statement-1 The quadratic polynomial
x 2 + (2m + 1) x + (2n + 1) = 0, where m, n Î I , cannot have
y = ax 2 + bx + c (a ¹ 0 and a, b, c Î R ) is symmetric about
any rational roots.
the line 2ax + b = 0.
Statement-2 The quantity (2m + 1) 2 - 4 (2n + 1), where
Statement-2 Parabola is symmetric about its axis of
m, n Î I , can never be perfect square. symmetry.

Subjective Type Questions
n
In this section, there are 24 subjective questions. 89. For what values of m, then equation
88. For what values of m, the equation 2x 2 - 2 (2m + 1) x + m (m + 1) = 0 has (m Î R )
(1 + m ) x 2 - 2 (1 + 3m ) x + (1 + 8m ) = 0 has (m Î R ) (i) both roots are smaller tha 2?
(ii) both roots are greater than 2?
(i) both roots are imaginary?
(iii) both roots lie in the interval (2, 3)?
(ii) both roots are equal?
(iv) exactly one root lie in the interval (2, 3)?
(iii) both roots are real and distinct?
(v) one root is smaller than 1 and the other root is
(iv) both roots are positive? greater than 1?
(v) both roots are negative? (vi) one root is greater than 3 and the other root is
(vi) roots are opposite in sign? smaller than 2?
(vii) roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign? (vii) atleast one root lies in the interval (2, 3)?
(viii) atleast one root is positive? (viii) atleast one root is greater than 2?
(ix) atleast one root is negative? (ix) atleast one root is smaller than 2?
(x) roots are in the ratio 2 : 3? (x) roots a and b, such that both 2 and 3 lie between a
and b?
90. If r is the ratio of the roots of the equation 101. Find all values of a for which the inequation
(r + 1) 2 b 2 2 2
2
ax + bx + c = 0, show that = . 4 x + 2 (2a + 1) 2 x + 4a 2 - 3 > 0 is satisfied for any x .
r ac
1 1 1 æ| x + 4 | - | x | ö
91. If the roots of the equation + = are equal 102. Solve the inequation log x 2 + 2 x - 3 ç ÷ > 0.
x + p x +q r è x -1 ø
in magnitude but opposite in sign, show that p + q = 2r
æ p2+q2 ö 103. Solve the system | x 2 - 2x | + y = 1, x 2 + | y | = 1.
and that the product of the roots is equal to ç - ÷.
è 2 ø 104. If a , b, g are the roots of the cubic x 3 - px 2 + qx - r = 0.
Find the equations whose roots are
92. If one root of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is
1 1 1
equal to the nth power of the other, then show that (i) bg + , ga + , ab +
1 1 a b g
n n +1 n n +1
(ac ) + (a c ) + b = 0. (ii) ( b + g - a ), ( g + a - b ), (a + b - g )
93. If a , b are the roots of the equation ax 2
+ bx + c = 0 and Also, find the value of ( b + g - a ) ( g + a - b ) (a + b - g ).
2
g , d those of equation lx + mx + n = 0, then find the 105. If A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , ..., A n , a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., an , a, b, c Î R, show
equation whose roots are ag + bd and ad + bg . that the roots of the equation
94. Show that the roots of the equation A 12 A 22 A 32 A n2
+ + +K+
(a 2 - bc ) x 2 + 2 (b 2 - ac ) x + c 2 - ab = 0 x - a1 x - a 2 x - a 3 x - an
are equal, if either b = 0 or a 3 + b 3 + c 3 - 3abc = 0. = ab 2 + c 2 x + ac are real.
95. If the equation x 2 - px + q = 0 and x 2 - ax + b = 0 have 106. For what values of the parameter a the equation
a common root and the other root of the second x 4 + 2ax 3 + x 2 + 2ax + 1 = 0 has atleast two distinct
equation is the reciprocal of the other root of the first, negative roots?
then prove that (q - b ) 2 = bq ( p - a ) 2 .
107. If [x ] is the integral part of a real number x. Then solve
96. If the equation x 2 - 2px + q = 0 has two equal roots, [2x ] - [x + 1] = 2x .
2
then the equation (1 + y ) x - 2 ( p + y ) x + (q + y ) = 0 108. Prove that for any value of a, the inequation (a 2 + 3)
will have its roots real and distinct only, when y is x 2 + (a + 2) x - 6 < 0 is true for atleast one negative x .
negative and p is not unity.
log x (x + 3 )2
109. How many real solutions of the equation
97. Solve the equation x = 16. 6x 2 - 77 [x ] + 147 = 0, where [x ] is the integral part of x ?
98. Solve the equation
2 2 101 110. If a , b are the roots of the equation x 2 - 2x - a 2 + 1 = 0
- 2 x +1 - 2 x -1
(2 + 3 ) x + (2 - 3 ) x = . and g , d are the roots of the equation
10 (2 - 3 )
æ x ö
2 x 2 - 2 (a + 1) x + a (a - 1) = 0, such that a , b Î ( g , d ), find
99. Solve the equation x 2 + ç ÷ = 8. the value of ‘a’.
è x - 1ø
100. Solve the equation 111. If the equation x 4 + px 3 + qx 2 + rx + 5 = 0 has four
( x + 8) + 2 ( x + 7 ) + ( x + 1) - ( x + 7 ) = 4. positive real roots, find the minimum value of pr.

Questions Asked in Previous 13 Years' Exam
n
This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, 113. If S is a set of P( x ) is polynomial of degree £ 2 such that
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 P(0) = 0, P(1) = 1, P ¢( x ) > 0, "x Î(0, 1), then [IIT-JEE 2005, 3M]
to year 2017.
(a) S = 0
112. If a , b are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and a + b , (b) S = ax + (1 - a ) x 2, " a Î ( 0, ¥ )
a 2 + b 2 , a 3 + b 3 are in GP, where D = b 2 - 4ac , then (c) S = ax + (1 - a ) x 2, " a Î R
[IIT-JEE 2005, 3M] (d) S = ax + (1 - a ) x 2, " a Î ( 0, 2 )
(a) D ¹ 0 (b) bD = 0 (c) cb ¹ 0 (d) cD = 0
114. If the roots of x 2 - bx + c = 0 are two consecutive 122. If the difference between the roots of the equation
2
integers, then b - 4c is [AIEEE 2005, 3M]
x 2 + ax + 1 = 0 is less than 5, the set of possible values
(a) 1 (b) 2 of a, is [AIEEE 2007, 3M]
(c) 3 (d) 4 (a) ( - 3, 3 ) (b) ( -3, ¥ )
(c) (3, ¥ ) (d) ( -¥, - 3 )
115. If the equation an x n + an - 1 x n - 1 + ... + a1 x = 0, a1 ¹ 0,
123. Let a, b, c , p , q be real numbers. Suppose a , b are roots of
n ³ 2, has a positive root x = a, then the equation 1
nan x n - 1 + (n - 1) an - 1 x n - 2 + K + a1 = 0 has a positive the equation x 2 + 2px + q = 0 and a , are the roots of
b
root, which is [AIEEE 2005, 3M]
the equation ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0, where b 2 Ï {-1, 0, 1}.
(a) greater than or equal to a
(b) equal to a Statement-1 ( p 2 - q ) (b 2 - ac ) ³ 0 and
(c) greater than a
Statement-2 b ¹ pa or c ¹ qa [IIT-JEE 2008, 3M]
(d) smaller than a
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2, is true; Statement-2 is a
116. If both the roots of the quadratic equation correct explanation for Statement-1
x 2 - 2kx + k 2 + k - 5 = 0 (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
are less than 5, k lies in the interval [AIEEE 2005, 3M] not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(a) ( - ¥, 4 ) (b) [ 4, 5 ] (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(c) (5, 6 ) (d) (6, ¥ ) (d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
117. Let a and b be the roots of equation x 2 - 10cx - 11d = 0 124. The quadratic equation x 2 - 6x + a = 0 and
and those of x 2 - 10ax - 11b = 0 are c and d, the value of x 2 - cx + 6 = 0 have one root in common. The other
a + b + c + d , when a ¹ b ¹ c ¹ d , is IIT-JEE 2006, 6M] roots of the first and second equations are integers in
the ratio 4 : 3. The common root is [AIEEE 2008, 3M]
118. Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle. No two of them are (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
equal and l Î R . If the roots of the equation
x 2 + 2 (a + b + c ) x + 3 l (ab + bc + ca ) = 0 are real, then
125. How many real solutions does the equation
[IIT-JEE 2006, 3M]
x 7 + 14 x 5 + 16x 3 + 30x - 560 = 0 have? [AIEEE 2008, 3M]
4 5 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7
(a) l < (b) l <
3 3 126. Suppose the cubic x 3 - px + q = 0 has three distinct real
æ1 5ö æ 4 5ö
(c) l Î ç , ÷ (d) l Î ç , ÷ roots, where p > 0 and q < 0. Which one of the following
è3 3ø è 3 3ø
holds? [AIEEE 2008, 3M]
119. All the values of m for which both roots of the equation æ pö p
x 2 - 2mx + m 2 - 1 = 0 are greater than - 2 but less than (a) The cubic has minima at ç - ÷ and maxima at
è 3ø 3
4, lie in the interval [AIEEE 2006, 3M] p æ pö
(a) - 2 < m < 0 (b) m > 3 (b) The cubic has minima at both and ç - ÷
3 è 3ø
(c) - 1 < m < 3 (d) 1 < m < 4
p æ pö
120. If the roots of the quadratic equation x 2 + px + q = 0 are (c) The cubic has maxima at both and ç - ÷
3 è 3ø
tan 30° and tan 15°, respectively, the value of 2 + q - p is æ
p pö
(a) 2 (b) 3 [AIEEE 2006, 3M] (d) The cubic has minima at and maxima at ç - ÷
3 è 3ø
(c) 0 (d) 1
121. Let a, b be the roots of the equation x 2 - px + r = 0 and 127. The smallest value of k , for which both roots of the
a equation x 2 - 8kx + 16 (k 2 - k + 1) = 0 are real, distinct
, 2 b be the roots of the equation x 2 - qx + r = 0. The
2 and have value at least 4 , is [IIT-JEE 2009, 4M]
value of r is [IIT-JEE 2007, 3M] (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 0
2
2
(a) ( p - q ) (2q - p )
2
(b) (q - p ) (2 p - q ) 128. If the roots of the equation bx + cx + a = 0 be
9 9 imaginary, then for all real values of x, the expression
2 2
(c) (q - 2 p ) (2q - p ) (d) (2 p - q ) (2q - p ) 3b 2 x 2 + 6bcx + 2c 2 , is [AIEEE 2009, 4M]
9 9
(a) less than ( - 4ab ) (b) greater than 4ab
(c) less than 4ab (d) greater than ( - 4ab )
129. Let p and q be real numbers such that p ¹ 0, p 3 ¹ - q . If 137. The equation e sin x
- e - sin x - 4 = 0 has [AIEEE 2012, 4M]
a and b are non-zero complex numbers satisfying (a) exactly one real root
a + b = - p and a 3 + b 3 = q, a quadratic equation (b) exactly four real roots
a b (c) infinite number of real roots
having and as its roots, is [IIT-JEE 2010, 3M] (d) no real roots
b a
(a) ( p 3 + q ) x 2 - ( p 3 + 2q ) x + ( p 3 + q ) = 0 138. If the equations x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0 and ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
(b) ( p 3 + q ) x 2 - ( p 3 - 2q ) x + ( p 3 + q ) = 0 a, b, c Î R have a common root, then a : b : c is
[JEE Main 2013, 4M]
3 2 3 3
(c) ( p - q ) x - (5 p - 2q ) x + ( p - q ) = 0 (a) 3 : 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 3 : 2 (c) 3 : 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 2 : 3
(d) ( p 3 - q ) x 2 - (5 p 3 + 2q ) x + ( p 3 - q ) = 0 139. If a Î R and the equation
130. Consider the polynomial f ( x ) = 1 + 2x + 3x + 4 x . Let 2 3 -3 ( x - [x ]) 2 + 2 ( x - [x ]) + a 2 = 0 (where [ × ] denotes
s be the sum of all distinct real roots of f ( x ) and let the greatest integer function) has no integral solution,
t = | s |, real number s lies in the interval [IIT-JEE 2010, 3M] then all possible values of a lie in the interval
[JEE Main 2014, 4M]
æ 1 ö æ 3ö æ 3 1ö æ 1ö
(a) ç - , 0 ÷ (b) ç - 11, ÷ (c) ç - , - ÷ (d) ç 0, ÷ (a) ( -2, - 1 )
è 4 ø è 4ø è 4 2ø è 4ø
(b) ( -¥, - 2 ) È (2, ¥ )
131. Let a and b be the roots of x 2 - 6x - 2 = 0, with a > b. If (c) ( -1, 0 ) È ( 0, 1 )
(d) (1,2)
a10 - 2a 8
an = a n - b n for n ³ 1, the value of is 140. Let a, b be the roots of the equation px 2 + qx + r = 0,
2a 9
[IIT-JEE 2011, 3 and JEE Main 2015,4M] 1 1
p ¹ 0. If p , q , r are in AP and + = 4 , the value of
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 a b
132. A value of b for which the equations | a - b |, is [JEE Main 2014, 4M]
2 2 34 2 13
x + bx - 1 = 0 x + x + b = 0 (a) (b)
9 9
have one root in common, is [IIT-JEE 2011, 3M] 61 2 17
(a) - 2 (b) - i 3, i = -1 (c) (d)
9 9
(c) i 5, i = -1 (d) 2
141. Let a Î R and let f : R ® R be given by
133. The number of distinct real roots of f ( x ) = x 5 - 5x + a. Then, [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
4 3 2
x - 4x + 12x + x - 1 = 0 is [IIT-JEE 2011, 4M] (a) f ( x ) has three real roots, if a > 4
(b) f ( x ) has only one real root, if a > 4
134. Let for a ¹ a1 ¹ 0, f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , (c) f ( x ) has three real roots, if a < - 4
g ( x ) = a1 x 2 + b1 x + c 1 and p ( x ) = f ( x ) - g ( x ). If p ( x ) = 0 (d) f ( x ) has three real roots, if -4 < a < 4
only for x = ( - 1) and p ( - 2) = 2, the value of p (2) is 142. The quadratic equation p ( x ) = 0 with real coefficients
[AIEEE 2011, 4M]
(a) 18 (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 6 has purely imaginary roots. Then, p ( p ( x )) = 0 has
[JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
135. Sachin and Rahul attempted to solve a quadratic
(a) only purely imaginary roots
equation. Sachin made a mistake in writing down the
(b) all real roots
constant term and ended up in roots ( 4, 3). Rahul made a (c) two real and two purely imaginary roots
mistake in writing down coefficient of x to get roots (d) neither real nor purely imaginary roots
(3, 2). The correct roots of equation are [AIEEE 2011, 4M]
(a) - 4, - 3 (b) 6, 1 (c) 4, 3 (d) - 6, - 1 143. Let S be the set of all non-zero real numbers a such that
the quadratic equation ax 2 - x + a = 0 has two distinct
136. Let a(a ) and b(a ) be the roots of the equation
real roots x 1 and x 2 satisfying the inequality
( 3 (1 + a ) - 1)x 2 + ( (1 + a ) - 1)x + ( 6 (1 + a ) - 1) = 0, | x 1 - x 2 | < 1.
where a > - 1, then lim a (a ) and lim b(a ), are Which of the following intervals is (are) a subset(s) of S ?
a ® 0+ a ® 0+
[JEE Advanced 2015, 4M]
[IIT-JEE 2012, 3M]
æ 5ö æ 1ö æ 1 1 ö æ 1 ö
(a) ç - ÷ and 1 (b) ç - ÷ and ( -1 ) (a) ç - , - ÷ (b) ç - , 0 ÷
è 2ø è 2ø è 2 5ø è 5 ø
æ 1 ö æ 1 1ö
æ 7ö æ 9ö (c) ç 0, ÷ (d) ç , ÷
(c) ç - ÷ and 2 (d) ç - ÷ and 3 è 5ø è 5 2ø
è 2ø è 2ø
144. The sum of all real values of x satisfying the equation (a) 2 (sec q - tan q) (b) 2 sec q
2 (c) - 2 tan q (d) 0
+ 4 x - 60
( x 2 - 5x + 5) x = 1 is [JEE Main 2016, 4M]
146. If for a positive integer n, the quadratic equation
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) -4
p p x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ( x + 2) K + ( x + n - 1) ( x + n ) = 10n has
145. Let - < q < - . Suppose a 1 and b 1 are the roots of two consecutive integral solutions, then n is equal to
6 12
equation x 2 - 2x sec q + 1 = 0 and a 2 and b 2 are the roots [JEE Main 2017, 4M]
of the equation x 2 + 2x tan q - 1 = 0. If a 1 > b 1 and (a) 11 (b) 12
a 2 > b 2 , then a 1 + b 2 equals [JEE Advanced 2016, 3M] (c) 9 (d) 10
Answers
Exercise for Session 1 æ 7 - 33 ö æ 7 + 33 ö
89. (i) m Î ç -¥ , ÷ (ii) m Î ç , ¥ ÷ (iii) m Î f
1.(b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) è 2 ø è 2 ø
7.(c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (b)
æ 7 - 33 11 - 73 ö æ 7 + 33 11 + 73 ö
(iv) m Îç , ÷ Èç , ÷
Exercise for Session 2 è 2 2 ø è 2 2 ø
1.(a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5.(d) 6. (c) æ 7 - 33 7 + 33 ö
7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a) (v) m Î (0, 3) (vi) m Î ç , ÷
è 2 2 ø
Exercise for Session 3 æ 7 - 33 11 - 73 ö æ 7 + 33 11 + 73 ö
(vii) m Î ç , ÷Èç , ÷
1.(a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5.(d) 6. (c) è 2 2 ø è 2 2 ø
7.(c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d) æ 7 - 33 7 + 33 ö æ 7 + 33 ö
(viii) m Î ç , ÷ Èç , ¥÷
Exercise for Session 4 è 2 2 ø è 2 ø
2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5.(a) 6. (d) æ 7 - 33 ö æ 7 - 33 7 + 33 ö
1.(c) (ix) m Î ç -¥ , ÷ Èç , ÷
7.(d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d) è 2 ø è 2 2 ø
Exercise for Session 5 æ 11 - 73 7 + 33 ö
(x) m Î ç , ÷
1.(a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5.(c) 6. (b) è 2 2 ø
7.(a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d) 93. a2l 2x 2 - ablmx + (b2 - 2ac) ln + (m2 - 2ln) ac = 0
Chapter Exercises 97. x Î f
1.(b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 98. x1 = 1 + 1 + log2 + = 1 - 1 + log2 +
3 10 , x2 3 10
7.(c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (c)
13.(b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 99. x1 = 2, x2 = - 1 + 3 and x3 = - 1 - 3
19.(c) 20. (d) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b)
100. x1 = 2
25.(a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
æ 3 ö
31.(a,b) 32.(b,c) 33.(a,d) 34.(a,b,c,d) 35. (b,d) 36. (a,b,c,d) 101. a Î (-¥ , - 1) È ç , ¥÷
37.(a, b,c,d) 38. (a,c) 39. (a,b) 40. (a,b,c,d) 41. (a,c) 42. (b,c) è 2 ø
43.(c,d) 44.(a,c,d) 45.(a,c,d) 102. x Î (-1 - 5 , - 3) È ( 5 - 1, 5)
46.(d) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49.(d) 50.(d) 51. (c)
52.(b) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (d) 57. (a) æ1 - 5 1 - 5 ö
103. The pairs (0, 1), (1, 0), ç , ÷ are solutions of the
58.(c) 59. (a) 60. (b) 61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (c) è 2 2 ø
64.(d) 65. (a) 66. (b) 67. (4) 68. (4) 69. (9) original system of equations.
70. (6) 71. (3) 72. (4) 73. (2) 74. (5) 75.(3) 104. (i) ry3 - q (r + 1) y2 + p (r + 1)2 y - (r + 1)3 = 0
76.(7) 77. (A) ® (r,s), (B) ® (p,q,r,s,t), (C) ® (p,q,t)
(ii) y3 - py2 + (4 q - p2 ) y + (8r - 4 pq + p3 ) = 0 and
78. (A) ® (q,r,s), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (q)
4 pq - p3 - 8r
79. (A) ® (q,r,s,t), (B) ® (q,r), (C) ® (p,q)
æ3 ö
80.(A) ® (p,q,r,s), (B) ® (p,q), (C) ® (s) 81.(d) 82. (a) 106. a Î ç , ¥ ÷ 107. x1 = - 1, x2 = - 1/ 2 109. Four
è4 ø
83. (a) 84. (a) 85. (a) 86. (d) 87.(a)
110. a Î æç - , 1ö÷
1
111. 80 112. (d) 113. (d) 114. (a)
88. (i) m Î (0, 3) (ii) m = 0, 3 è 4 ø
(iii) m Î (-¥ , 0) È (3, ¥ ) (iv) m Î (-¥ , - 1) È [ 3, ¥ ) 115. (d) 116. (a) 117. 1210 118.(a) 119. (c) 120. (b)
121. (d) 122. (a) 123. (b) 124. (c) 125. (a) 126. (d)
(v) m Î f (vi) m Î (-1, - 1/ 8)
127. (c) 128. (d) 129. (b) 130. (c) 131. (c) 132. (b)
(vii) m = - 1/ 3 (viii) m Î (-¥ , - 1) È (-1, - 1/ 8) È [ 3, ¥ ) 133.(2) 134. (a) 135. (b) 136. (b) 137. (d) 138. (d)
81 ± 6625 139. (c) 140. (b) 141.(b,d) 142. (d) 143. (a, d)
(ix) m Î (-1, - 1/ 8) (x) m =
32 144. (c) 145. (c) 146. (a)
5. Q x1x 2 = 4 ...(i)
Solutions and
⇒
⇒
or
x1
+
x2
x1 − 1 x 2 − 1
=2
2 x1x 2 − x1 − x 2 = 2 ( x1x 2 − x1 − x 2 + 1 )
8 − x1 − x 2 = 2 ( 4 − x1 − x 2 + 1 )
x1 + x 2 = 2
[from Eq. (i)]
…(ii)
1. We have, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), required equation is
2 (a − b ) x 2 − 11 (a + b + c ) x − 3 (a − b ) = 0 x 2 − ( x1 + x 2 ) x + x1x 2 = 0
∴ D = { − 11 (a + b + c )} 2 − 4 ⋅ 2 (a − b ) ⋅ ( −3 ) (a − b ) or x 2 − 2x + 4 = 0
= 121 (a + b + c ) + 24 (a − b ) > 0
2 2
6. Let f ( x ) = x 2 − 2ax + a 2 − 1
Therefore, the roots are real and unequal. Now, four cases arise:
2. Here, a < 0 Case I D ≥ 0
Cut-off Y -axis, x = 0
⇒ y =c < 0 [from graph]
∴ c<0
x -coordinate of vertex > 0
X
b –2 α β 2
⇒ − >0
2a
b ⇒ ( − 2a ) 2 − 4 ⋅ 1 (a 2 − 1 ) ≥ 0
⇒ <0
a ⇒ 4≥0
But a<0 ∴ a ∈R
∴ b>0 Case II f ( − 2 ) > 0
and y-coordinate of vertex < 0 ⇒ 4 + 4a + a 2 − 1 > 0
D D
⇒ − <0 ⇒ >0 ⇒ a 2 + 4a + 3 > 0
4a 4a
∴ D<0 [Q a < 0 ] ⇒ (a + 1 ) (a + 3 ) > 0
i.e. b 2 − 4ac < 0 ∴ a ∈ ( − ∞, − 3 ) ∪ ( − 1, ∞ )
c Case III f (2 ) > 0
∴ >0 [Qc < 0 , a < 0 ]
a ⇒ 4 − 4a + a 2 − 1 > 0
(a + 3 ) ⇒ a 2 − 4a + 3 > 0
3. Sum of the roots = − =I+ [let]
a ⇒ (a − 1 ) (a − 3 ) > 0
 3 
∴ a = − +  …(i) ∴ a ∈ ( − ∞, 1 ) ∪ (3, ∞ )
 I + 1 Case IV − 2 < x-coordinate of vertex < 2
a −3 ⇒ − 2 < 2a < 2
Product of the roots = αβ = =I+ +2 …(ii)
a ∴ a ∈ ( − 1, 1 )
and D = (a + 3 ) 2 − 4a (a + 3 ) Combining all cases, we get a ∈ ( − 1, 1 )
9 Hence, [a ] = − 1, 0
= + {( I + − 2 ) 2 − 12 } [from Eq. (i)]
(I + 1)2  − 4a 
7. We have, −   = −2
D must be perfect square, then I + = 6  2 (− 2)
From Eq. (ii), ⇒ a =2
+ ∴ y = − 2x 2 − 8x + λ
Product of the roots = I + 2 =6 + 2 =8 …(i)
4. Let α be one root of Since, Eq. (i) passes through points ( − 2, 7 )
x − 3ax + f (a ) = 0
2 ∴ 7 = − 2 (− 2)2 − 8 (− 2) + λ
⇒ α + 2 α = 3a ⇒ 3 α = 3a ⇒ 7 = − 8 + 16 + λ
⇒ α =a …(i) ∴ λ = −1
and α ⋅ 2 α = f (a ) 8. Since, the coefficient of n 2 = ( 4p − p 2 − 5) < 0
⇒ f (a ) = 2 α 2= 2a 2 [using Eq. (i)] Therefore, the graph is open downward.
⇒ f (x ) = 2x 2 According to the question, 1 must lie between the roots.
Hence, f (1) > 0 Q g( x ) = ( x + 1 ) 2 − 6 ≥ − 6

⇒ 4p − p − 5 − 2p + 1 + 3p > 0
2
∴ α 3 ≤ − 7, α 2 ≤ − 8, α 1 ≤ − 9
⇒ − p 2 + 5p − 4 > 0 ∴ a + b + c ≥ 719
⇒ p 2 − 5p + 4 < 0 ∴Minimum value of a + b + c is 719.
Q α1 + α 2 + α 3 = − a
⇒ ( p − 4) ( p − 1) < 0
⇒ − a ≤ − 24
⇒ 1<p<4
⇒ a ≥ 24
∴ p = 2, 3
α 1α 2 + α 2 α 3 + α 3α 1 = b
Hence, number of integral values of p is 2.
2 2 ⇒ b ≥ 191
+ x+ 6
9. We have, 3 2 x − 2 ⋅ 3 x + 3 2 ( x + 6) = 0 and α 1α 2 α 3 = − c
2
⇒ (3 x − 3 x + 6 ) 2 = 0 ⇒ − c ≤ − 504
2 ⇒ c ≥ 504
⇒ 3x − 3x + 6 = 0
2
∴ a + b + c ≥ 719
⇒ 3x = 3x + 6 ⇒ x 2 = x + 6 Hence, minimum value of a + b + c is 719.
⇒ x2 − x − 6 = 0 n
13. Q ∑ ( x + k − 1) ( x + k ) = 10n
⇒ (x − 3) (x + 2) = 0 k =1
∴ x = { − 2, 3 } n
10. Given, b − 4ac = p − 4aq
2 2
…(i) ⇒ ∑ x 2 + x (2k − 1) + (k − 1)k = 10n
k =1
and f ( x ) = g( x )
⇒ nx 2 + x (1 + 3 + 5 +…+ (2n − 1 ))
⇒ ax + bx + c = ax 2 + px + q
2
⇒ (b − p ) x = q − c + ( 0 + 1 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ 4 +…+ (n − 1 )n ) = 10n
q −c
∴ x= =α [given] …(ii) n
⇒ nx 2 + x ⋅ (1 + 2n − 1 )
b−p 2
From Eq. (i), we get  n (n + 1 ) (2n + 1 ) n(n + 1 )
+ −  = 10n
(b + p ) (b − p ) + 4a (q − c ) = 0  6 2 
⇒ (b + p ) (b − p ) + 4aα (b − p ) = 0 [from Eq. (ii)] n (n 2 − 1 )
(b + p ) ⇒ nx 2 + n 2x + = 10n
or α=− [Qb ≠ p] 3
4a
(n 2 − 31 )
 b  p ⇒ x 2 + nx + =0 [dividing by n]
−  + −  3
 a  a 
= D
4 Q (α + 1 ) − α =
Sum of the roots of ( f (x ) = 0)  1
+ Sum of the roots of (g (x ) = 0) 1= D
= 
4 ⇒ D =1
= AM of the roots of f ( x ) = 0 (n 2
− 31 )
⇒ n2 − 4 ⋅1 ⋅ =1
and g( x ) = 0 3
11. Let α and β be the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0. ⇒ 3n 2 − 4n 2 + 124 = 3
α+β b ⇒ n 2 = 121
∴ x1 = =−
2 2a ∴ n = 11
c
2⋅ 14. Since, 2 is only even prime.
2αβ 2c
and x2 = = a =− Therefore, we have
α +β −b b
2 2 + λ ⋅ 2 + 12 = 0
a
∴The required equation is ⇒ λ =8
 b   2c   2bc ∴ x 2 + λx + µ = 0
x 2 −  −  +  −   x + =0

 2a   b  2ab ⇒ x 2 + 8x + µ = 0 …(i)
i.e. 2abx + (b + 4ac ) x + 2bc = 0
2 2
But Eq. (i) has equal roots.
12. Let α 1, α 2 and α 3 be the roots of f ( x ) = 0, such that ∴ D=0
α1 < α 2 < α 3 ⇒ 82 − 4 ⋅ 1 ⋅ µ = 0
and g( x ) can take all values from [ − 6, ∞ ). ⇒ µ = 16
15. We have, x + x − (1 − x ) = 1 9 ⋅ 3 2 x + 6 ⋅ 3 x + 4 (3 x + 1 ) 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 x + 1 + 4
Let y = =
9 ⋅ 3 2 x − 6 ⋅ 3 x + 4 (3 x + 1 ) 2 − 2 ⋅ 3 x + 1 + 4
⇒ x − 1 − x =1 − x
t 2 + 2t + 4
On squaring both sides, we get = , where t = 3 x + 1
t 2 − 2t + 4
x − 1 − x =1 + x −2 x
⇒ (y − 1 ) t 2 − 2 (y + 1 ) t + 4 (y − 1 ) = 0
⇒ − 1 − x =1−2 x By the given condition, for every t ∈ R,
1
Again, squaring on both sides, we get <y <3 …(i)
3
1 − x = 1 + 4x − 4 x
But t = 3x + 1 > 0
4 x = 5x
We have, product of the roots = 4 > 0, which is true.
⇒ x =
4 2 (y + 1 )
[on squaring both sides] And sum of the roots = >0
5 (y − 1 )
⇒ x=
16 y +1
⇒ >0
25 y −1
Hence, the number of real solutions is 1. ∴ y ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 ) ∪ (1, ∞ ) …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
16. Let x = 7 + 7 − 7 + 7 −…∞
1 <y <3
⇒ x= 7+ 7−x [on squaring both sides] 19. Since α , β and γ are the roots of
⇒ x2 − 7 = 7 − x (x − a ) (x − b ) (x − c ) = d
⇒ (x − a ) (x − b ) (x − c ) − d = (x − α ) (x − β) (x − γ )
⇒ (x 2 − 7)2 = 7 − x [again, squaring on both sides] ⇒ (x − α ) (x − β) (x − γ ) + d = (x − a ) (x − b ) (x − c )
⇒ x 4 − 14 x 2 + x + 42 = 0 ⇒ a, b and c are the roots of
(x − α ) (x − β) (x − γ ) + d = 0
⇒ ( x − 3 ) ( x 3 + 3 x 2 − 5 x − 14 ) = 0
20. Since, all the coefficients of given equation are not real.
⇒ (x − 3) (x + 2) (x 2 + x − 7) = 0 Therefore, other root ≠ 3 + i.
− 1 ± 29 Let other root be α.
⇒ x = 3, − 2,
2 2 (1 + i )
∴ x =3 [Q x > 7] Then, sum of the roots =
i
17. Let y = 2 (k − x ) ( x + ( x 2 + k 2 ) 2 (1 + i )
⇒ α + 3 −i =
i
⇒ y − 2 (k − x ) x = 2 (k − x ) ( x 2 + k 2 ) ⇒ α + 3 − i = 2 − 2i
On squaring both sides, we get ∴ α = −1 −i
⇒ y 2 + 4 (k − x ) 2 x 2 − 4 xy (k − x ) = 4 (k − x ) 2 ( x 2 + k 2 ) 21. We have, |[ x ] − 2 x | = 4
⇒ y 2 − 4 xy (k − x ) = 4 (k − x ) 2k 2 ⇒ |[ x ] − 2 ([ x ] + { x })| = 4
⇒ |[ x ] + 2 { x }| = 4
⇒ 4 (k 2 − y ) x 2 − 4(2k 3 − ky ) x − y 2 + 4k 4 = 0
which is possible only when
Since, x is real.
2 { x } = 0, 1
∴ D≥0
1
⇒ 16 (2k − ky ) − 4 ⋅ 4 (k 2 − y ) ( 4k 4 − y 2 ) ≥ 0
3 2 If { x } = 0, then [ x ] = ± 4 and then x = − 4, 4 and if { x } = ,
2
[using, b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0] then
⇒ 4k 6 + k 2y 2 − 4k 4y − ( − k 2y 2 + 4k 6 + y 3 − 4yk 4 ) ≥ 0 [x ] + 1 = ± 4
⇒ [ x ] = 3, − 5
⇒ 2k 2y 2 − y 3 ≥ 0
1 1
⇒ y 2 (y − 2k 2 ) ≤ 0 ∴ x = 3 + and − 5 +
2 2
∴ y ≤ 2k 2 7 9 9 7
⇒ x = , − ⇒ x = − 4, − , , 4
1 x 2 − 2x + 4 2 2 2 2
18. We have, < < 3, ∀ x ∈ R
3 x 2 + 2x + 4 22. We know that, x + x + 1 is a factor of ax + bx + cx + d .
2 3 2
1 x 2 + 2x + 4 Hence, roots of x 2 + x + 1 = 0 are also roots of

< < 3, ∀ x ∈ R
3 x 2 − 2x + 4 ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0. Since, ω and ω 2
 1 3i  26. Since, 3789108 is an even integer. Therefore, x 4 − y 4 is also an

 where ω = − +  are two complex roots of x + x + 1 = 0.
2
 2 2 even integer. So, either both x and y are even integers or both
Therefore, ω and ω 2 are two complex roots of of them are odd integers.
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0. Now, x 4 − y 4 = (x − y ) (x + y ) (x 2 + y 2 )
We know that, a cubic equation has atleast one real root. Let ⇒ x − y , x + y , x 2 + y 2 must be even integers.
real root be α. Then, Therefore, ( x − y ) ( x + y ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) must be divisible by 8. But
d d
α ⋅ ω ⋅ ω2 = − ⇒α=− 3789108 is not divisible by 8. Hence, the given equation has no
a a solution.
23. We have, (5 x 2 − 8 x + 3 ) − (5 x 2 − 9 x + 4 ) ∴ Number of solutions = 0
27. We have, x 3 + ax + 1 = 0
= (2 x 2 − 2 x ) − (2 x 2 − 3 x + 1 )
or x 4 + ax 2 + x = 0 …(i)
⇒ (5 x − 3 ) ( x − 1 ) − (5 x − 4 ) ( x − 1 )
and x + ax + 1 = 0
4 2
…(ii)
= 2 x ( x − 1 ) − (2 x − 1 ) ( x − 1 ) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ x − 1 ( 5x − 3 − 5x − 4 ) = x − 1 ( 2x − 2x − 1 ) x −1 = 0
⇒ x =1
⇒ x −1 = 0 which is a common root.
⇒ x =1 ∴ 1 +a + 1 = 0
24. We have, (a + b ) (a − b ) = a 2 − b = 1 [given] ⇒ a = −2
∴ (a + b ) x 2 − 15
+ (a − b ) = 2ax 2 − 15 28. Q(1 − a 2 ) x 2 + 2ax − 1 = 0
2 1 1 − a2 ≠ 0
⇒ (a + b ) x − 15 + = 2a
2
(a + b ) x − 15  2a   1 
x2 +  x −   =0
2 1 − a2 1 − a2
Let y = (a + b ) x − 15
1  2a   1 
⇒ y + = 2a ⇒ y 2 − 2ay + 1 = 0 Let f (x ) = x 2 +  x −  
y 1 − a 
2
 (1 − a 2 )
2a ±
4a 2 − 4
⇒ y = = a ± a2 − 1
2
∴ y = a ± b = (a + b ) ± 1 [Qa 2 − b = 1]
2
− 15
⇒ (a + b ) x = (a + b ) ± 1 0 α β1
X
∴ x − 15 = ± 1
2
The following cases arise:
⇒ x 2 = 15 ± 1 ⇒ x 2 = 16, 14 Case I D ≥ 0
2
⇒ x = ± 4, ± 14  2a   −1 
  − 4 ⋅1 ⋅   ≥0
25. We have, x 2 − xy + y 2 = 4 ( x + y − 4 ) 1 − a 
2
1 − a2
⇒ x 2 − x (y + 4 ) + y 2 − 4y + 16 = 0 4a 2 4
⇒ + ≥0
Q x ∈R (1 − a 2 ) 2 (1 − a 2 )
∴ ( − (y + 4 )) 2 − 4 ⋅ 1 ⋅ (y 2 − 4y + 16 ) ≥ 0 4a 2 + 4 − 4a 2
⇒ ≥0
[using, b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0 ] (1 − a 2 ) 2
⇒ y + 8y + 16 − 4y + 16y − 64 ≥ 0
2 2
4
⇒ ≥0 [always true]
⇒ 3y 2 − 24y + 48 ≤ 0 (1 − a 2 ) 2
⇒ y 2 − 8y + 16 ≤ 0 ⇒ (y − 4 ) 2 ≤ 0 Case II f ( 0 ) > 0
−1 1
∴ (y − 4 ) 2 = 0 ⇒ >0 ⇒ <0
(1 − a 2 ) 1 − a2
∴ y =4
⇒ 1 − a2 < 0
Then, x 2 − 4 x + 16 = 4( x + 4 − 4 )
∴ a ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 ) ∪ (1, ∞ )
x 2 − 8 x + 16 = 0
Case III f (1 ) > 0
(x − 4)2 = 0 2a 1
⇒ 1+ − >0
x=4 (1 − a ) (1 − a 2 )
2
Number of pairs is 1 i.e., ( 4, 4 ).

1 − a 2 + 2a − 1 a 2 − 2a  − 1 + 5
⇒ > 0 ⇒ <0 ∴ x ∈ 0, 
(1 − a 2 ) 1 − a2  2 
+ + + Case II If x < 0, i.e., −1 ≤ x < 0

–1 – 0 1 – 2 x − (1 + x ) < 0
⇒ x < 1+ x [always true]
a (a − 2 ) x ∈ [ − 1, 0 )
⇒ >0
(a + 1 ) (a − 1 ) Combining both cases, we get
∴ a ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 ) ∪ ( 0, 1 ) ∪ (2, ∞ )  − 1 + 5
x ∈ − 1, 
Case IV 0 < x -coordinate of vertex < 1  2 
2a a
⇒ 0<− <1 ⇒ 0 < 2 <1 30. We have, (a ⋅ 2b − 2c ⋅ a ) (2c ⋅ c − b ⋅ 2b ) = (ba − ca ) 2
2 (1 − a 2 ) a −1
⇒ 2a (b − c ) ⋅ 2 (c 2 − b 2 ) = a 2(b − c ) 2
a a
⇒ 0< and 1 − 2 >0 ⇒ 4a (c − b ) (c + b ) = a 2(b − c ) [Qb ≠ c ]
(a + 1 ) (a − 1 ) a −1
a ⇒ 4a (c + b ) = − a 2
⇒ >0
(a + 1 ) (a − 1 ) ⇒ a + 4b + 4c = 0
 b c
+ + 31. 0 < a 0 ⇒ (α + β ) 2 − 4 αβ < 0
(a + 1 ) (a − 1 )
⇒ (α − β ) 2 < 0
+ + +
Q 0 <a 1 Q a < c, ∴ > 1
a  a 
1 − 5  1 + 5 
∴ a ∈ , 0 ∪  , ∞ ⇒ | α| | β| > 1
 2   2 
⇒ | α | 2 > 1 or | α | > 1
Combining all cases, we get
a >2 32. Given equation is
29. We have, x − 1 − |x| < 0 …(i) Ax 2 − | G | x − H = 0 …(i)
which is defined only when ∴ Discriminant = ( − | G | ) − 4 A ( − H )
2
1 − |x | ≥ 0 = G 2 + 4 AH
⇒ |x | ≤ 1 = G 2 + 4G 2 [QG 2 = AH ]
⇒ x ∈ [ − 1, 1 ]
= 5G > 0
2
Now, from Eq. (i), we get
x < 1 − |x| ∴ Roots of Eq. (i) are real and distinct.
a+b 2ab
Case I If x ≥ 0, i.e., 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 Q A= > 0, G = ab > 0, H = >0
2 a+b
x − (1 − | x | ) < 0
[Qa and b are two unequal positive integers]
⇒ x < (1 − x ) Let α and β be the roots of Eq. (i). Then,
On squaring both sides, we get | G|
α+β= >0
x2 + x − 1 < 0 A
H
−1 − 5 −1 + 5 and αβ = − <0
⇒ <x< A
2 2
D G 5
But x≥0 and α −β = = >0
A A
|G | + G 5 The given equation will have four real roots, i.e. Eq. (i) has two
∴ α= >0 non-negative roots.
2A
b
|G | − G 5 Then, − ≥0
and β= <0 a
2A
af ( 0 ) ≥ 0
Exactly one positive root and atleast one root which is
negative fraction. and b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0 [given]
33. It is clear from graph that the equation y = ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ⇒
b
≤0
has two real and distinct roots. Therefore, a
b 2 − 4ac > 0 …(i) ac ≥ 0
Q Parabola open downwards. ⇒ a > 0, b < 0, c > 0
∴ a<0 or a < 0, b > 0, c < 0
a
andy = ax 2 + bx + c cuts-off Y -axis at, x = 0. 36. Let the roots be , a and ar , where a > 0, r > 1
r
∴ y =c < 0 ∴ Product of the roots = 1
⇒ c<0 a
and x-coordinate of vertex > 0 ⇒ ⋅ a ⋅ ar = 1
r
b b
⇒ − >0 ⇒ <0 ⇒ a3 = 1
2a a
∴ a =1 [one root is 1]
⇒ b>0 [Qa < 0]
1
It is clear that a and b are of opposite signs. Now, roots are , 1 and r . Then,
r
34. Let y = ax 2 + bx + c 1
+ 1 + r = −b
r
1
a>0 ⇒ + r = −b −1 …(i)
r
1
–2 2 Q r + >2
α β r
⇒ −b −1 >2
Consider the following cases: ⇒ b < −3 [from Eq. (i)]
Case I D > 0 or b ∈ ( − ∞, − 3 )
⇒ b 2 − 4ac > 0 1 1
Also, ⋅1 + 1 ⋅r + r ⋅ = c
Case II af ( − 2 ) < 0 r r
⇒ a ( 4a − 2b + c ) < 0 1
⇒ + r + 1 =c = −b [from Eq. (i)]
⇒ 4a − 2b + c < 0 r
Case III af (2 ) > 0 ∴ b +c = 0
⇒ a ( 4a + 2b + c ) > 0 1
⇒ 4a + 2 b + c > 0 Now, first root = < 1 [Q one root is smaller than one]
r
Combining Case II and Case III, we get
Second root = 1
4a + 2| b| + c < 0
Third root = r > 1 [Q one root is greater than one]
Also, at x = 0, y <0 ⇒c<0
37. We have, f ( x ) = ax + bx + c
2
Also, since for − 2 < x < 2,
a, b , c ∈ R [Q a ≠ 0 ]
y <0 1
On putting x = 0, 1, , we get
⇒ ax 2 + bx + c < 0 2
For x = 1, a+b+c<0 …(i) |c | ≤ 1
and for x = − 1, a −b + c < 0 …(ii) |a + b + c | ≤ 1
1 1
Combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get and a + b + c ≤1
4 2
a + | b| + c < 0
⇒ −1 ≤ c ≤ 1,
35. Put x 2 = y .
−1 ≤a + b + c ≤1
Then, the given equation can be written as
and − 4 ≤ a + 2b + 4c ≤ 4
f (y ) = ay 2 + by + c = 0 …(i) ⇒ − 4 ≤ 4a + 4b + 4c ≤ 4
and − 4 ≤ − a − 2b − 4c ≤ 4
On adding, we get b
Option (d) a < 0, c < 0, − <0
− 8 ≤ 3a + 2b ≤ 8 2a
Also, − 8 ≤ a + 2b ≤ 8 or a < 0, c < 0, b < 0
∴ − 16 ≤ 2a ≤ 16 ∴ abc < 0
⇒ | a| ≤ 8 41. Here, D ≤ 0
Q −1 ≤ − c ≤ 1, − 8 ≤ − a ≤ 8 and f ( x ) ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ R
We get, − 16 ≤ 2b ≤ 16 ∴ f (3 ) ≥ 0
⇒ |b | ≤ 8 ⇒ 9a + 3b + 6 ≥ 0
or 3a + b ≥ − 2
∴ | a| + | b| + | c | ≤ 17
⇒ Minimum value of 3a + b is − 2.
− 5 ± 25 + 1200 −5 ± 35 30 − 40
38. Q x = = = , and f (6 ) ≥ 0
50 50 50 50 ⇒ 36a + 6b + 6 ≥ 0
3 −4 ⇒ 6a + b ≥ − 1
or cos α = ,
5 5 ⇒ Minimum value of 6a + b is −1.
But −1 < x < 0 42. Since, f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 − 9x + λ = ( x − α ) 2( x − β)
4 ∴ α is a double root.
∴ cos α = − [ lies in II and III quadrants]
5 ∴ f ′( x ) = 0 has also one root α.
3 i.e. 3 x 2 + 6 x − 9 = 0 has one root α.
∴ sin α = [ lies in II quadrant]
5
∴ x 2 + 2 x − 3 = 0 or ( x + 3 ) ( x − 1 ) = 0
3
∴ sin α = − [lies in III quadrant] has the root α which can either −3 or 1.
5
If α = 1, then f (1 ) = 0 gives λ − 5 = 0 ⇒ λ = 5.
24
∴ sin 2α = 2 ⋅ sin α ⋅ cos α = − If α = − 3, then f ( − 3 ) = 0 gives
25
− 27 + 27 + 27 + λ = 0
[ lies in II quadrant] ⇒ λ = − 27
24 43. We have, D = (b − c ) − 4a (a − b − c ) > 0
2
∴ sin 2α = 2 ⋅ sin α ⋅ cosα = [lies in III quadrant]
25
⇒ b 2 + c 2 − 2bc − 4a 2 + 4ab + 4ac > 0
39. Qa + 2b + 4c = 0
⇒ c 2 + ( 4a − 2b ) c − 4a 2 + 4ab + b 2 > 0, ∀c ∈ R
2
 1  1 Since, c ∈ R, so we have
∴ a   + b  + c = 0
 2  2
( 4a − 2b ) 2 − 4 ( − 4a 2 + 4ab + b 2 ) < 0
1
It is clear that one root is . ⇒ 4a 2 − 4ab + b 2 + 4a 2 − 4ab − b 2 < 0
2
1 b ⇒ a (a − b ) < 0
Let other root be α. Then, α + =− If a > 0, then a − b < 0
2 a
1 b i.e. 0 <a a > 0
2 a
which depends upon a and b. If a < 0, then a − b > 0
i.e. 0 >a >b
40. Q Cut-off Y -axis, put x = 0, i.e. f ( 0) = c
or b <a < 0
b x 3 − ax 2 + bx − 1 = 0
Option (a) a < 0, c < 0, − <0 44. We have, …(i)
2a
Then, α + β + γ = (α + β + γ ) − 2 (αβ + βγ + γα )
2 2 2 2
or a < 0, c < 0, b < 0
∴ abc < 0 = a 2 − 2b
b α 2 β 2 + β 2 γ 2 + γ 2 α 2 = (αβ + βγ + γα ) 2
Option (b) a < 0, c > 0, − >0
2a − 2 αβγ (α + β + γ ) = b 2 − 2a
or a < 0, c > 0, b > 0 and α 2 β2 γ 2 = 1
∴ abc < 0
Therefore, the equation whose roots are α 2, β 2 and γ 2, is
b
Option (c) a > 0, c > 0, − >0 x 3 − (a 2 − 2b ) x 2 + (b 2 − 2a ) x − 1 = 0 …(ii)
2a
or a > 0, c > 0, b < 0 Since, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are indentical, therefore
∴ abc < 0 a 2 − 2b = a and b 2 − 2a = b
Eliminating b, we have ⇒ (7y − 1 ) (y − 7 ) ≤ 0

(a 2 − a ) 2 a2 − a ∴
1
≤y ≤7
− 2a =
4 2 7
1
⇒ a {a (a − 1 ) 2 − 8 − 2 (a − 1 )} = 0 ∴ G = 7 and L =
7
⇒ a (a − 2a − a − 6 ) = 0
3 2
∴ GL = 1
⇒ a (a − 3 ) (a 2 + a + 2 ) = 0 G100 + L100 G100 + L100
Now, ≥ (GL )100 ⇒ ≥1
⇒ a = 0 or a = 3 or a 2 + a + 2 = 0 2 2
⇒ b = 0 or b = 3 ⇒ G100 + L100 ≥ 2
or b2 + b + 2 = 0 46. Least value of G100 + L100 is 2.
∴ a =b = 0 47. The quadratic equation having roots G and L, is
or a =b =3 x 2 − (G + L ) x + GL = 0
or a and b are roots of x 2 + x + 2 = 0. 50
⇒ x2 − x + 1 = 0
45. Here, D > 0 7
⇒ 7 x − 50 x + 7 = 0
2
a > 0
48. We have, L2 < λ < G 2
–2 2
X 2
α β  1
⇒   < λ <7
2
 7
1
⇒ < λ < 49
b 2 − 4ac > 0 49
or b 2 > 4ac …(i) ⇒ λ = 1, 2, 3,…, 48 as λ ∈ N
and f (0) < 0 48 × 49
∴ Sum of all values of λ = 1 + 2 + 3 +…+ 48 = = 1176
⇒ c<0 …(ii) 2
f (1 ) < 0 Solutions (Q. Nos. 49 to 51)
⇒ a+b+c<0 …(iii) Let roots be α , β, γ, δ > 0.
f (− 1) < 0 ∴ α + β + γ + δ = 12
⇒ a −b + c < 0 …(iv) (α + β ) ( γ + δ ) + αβ + γδ = c
f (2 ) < 0 αβ ( γ + δ ) + γδ (α + β ) = − d
⇒ 4a + 2b + c < 0 …(v) α β γδ = 81
f (− 2) < 0 α+β+γ+δ
Q AM = =3
⇒ 4a − 2b + c < 0 …(vi) 4
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get and GM = (α β γ δ )1 /4 = (81 )1 /4 = 3
c < 0, b2 − 4ac > 0 ∴ AM = GM
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get ⇒ α =β = γ =δ =3
a − |b | + c < 0 49. c = (α + β) ( γ + δ ) + αβ + γδ
and from Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get = (3 + 3 ) (3 + 3 ) + 3 ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ 3 = 36 + 18 = 54
4a − 2 | b | + c < 0 50. Qαβ ( γ + δ ) + γδ (α + β) = − d
Solutions (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) ∴ d = − {3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ (3 + 3 ) + 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ (3 + 3 )} = − 108
2x 2 − 3x + 2 d ( − 108 )
Let y = 2 51. Required root = − = − =1
2x + 3x + 2 2c 2 × 54
⇒ 2 x 2y + 3 xy + 2y = 2 x 2 − 3 x + 2 Solutions (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
⇒ 2 (y − 1 ) x 2 + 3 (y + 1 ) x + 2 (y − 1 ) = 0 Given that, AC = 4 2 units
As x ∈ R AC
∴ AB = BC = = 4 units
∴ D≥0 2
⇒ 9 (y + 1 ) 2 − 4 ⋅ 2 (y − 1 ) ⋅ 2 (y − 1 ) ≥ 0 and OB = ( BC ) 2 − (OC ) 2
⇒ 9 (y + 1 ) − 16 (y − 1 ) ≥ 0
2 2
 AC 
= ( 4 ) 2 − (2 2 ) 2 Q OC =
⇒ (3y + 3 ) 2 − ( 4y − 4 ) 2 ≥ 0  2 
⇒ (7y − 1 ) (7 − y ) ≥ 0 = 2 2 units
∴ Vertices are A ≡ ( − 2 2, 0 ), Solutions (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)

B ≡ ( 0, −2 2 ) Let f ( x ) = ax 2 − bx + c has two distinct roots α and β. Then,
f ( x ) = a ( x − α ) ( x − β ). Since, f ( 0 ) and f (1 ) are of same sign.
and C ≡ (2 2, 0)
Therefore, c (a − b + c ) > 0
52. Since, y = f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c passes through A, B and C, then ⇒ c (a − b + c ) ≥ 1
0 = 8a − 2 2b + c − 2 2 = c ∴ a 2 αβ (1 − α ) (1 − β ) ≥ 1
and 0 = 8a + 2 2b + c 1 1
2
 1
But α (1 − α ) = −  − α ≤
We get, b = 0, a =
1
and c = − 2 2 4 2  4
2 2
a2
x2 ∴ a 2 αβ (1 − α ) (1 − β ) <
∴ y = f (x ) = −2 2 16
2 2 a2
2 ⇒ >1 ⇒ a > 4 [Q α ≠ β]
x 16
53. Minimum value of y = − 2 2 is at x = 0.
2 2 ⇒ a ≥ 5 as a ∈ I
∴ (y ) min = −2 2 Also, b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0
54. f ( x ) = 0 ⇒ b 2 ≥ 4ac ≥ 20
x2 ⇒ b ≥5
⇒ −2 2 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 2 2
2 2 Next, a ≥ 5, b ≥ 5, we get c ≥ 1
λ ∴ abc ≥ 25
Given, −2 2 < <2 2
2 ∴ log 5 abc ≥ log 5 25 = 2
or −4 2<λ<4 2 58. Least value of a is 5.
∴Initial values of λ are 59. Least value of b is 5.
−5, − 4, − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 60. Least value of logb abc is 2.
∴Number of integral values is 11.
Solutions. (Q. Nos. 61 to 63)
Solutions. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57) Let α , β and γ be the roots of 2 x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 4 = 0.
We have, (α − β ) = (α + k ) − ( β + k ) a
∴ α+β+γ=−
b 2 − 4c b 2 − 4c1 2
⇒ = 1
1 1 b
αβ + βγ + γα = and αβγ = − 2
⇒ b 2 − 4c = b12 − 4c1 …(i) 2
1 (b − 4c )
2
1 61. Q AM ≥ GM
Given, least value of f ( x ) = − − =− (− α ) + (− β) + (− γ )
4 4 ×1 4 ∴ ≥ {( − α ) ( − β ) ( − γ )}1 /3
3
⇒ b 2 − 4c = 1
a
∴ b − 4c = 1 = b12 − 4c1
2
[from Eq. (i)] …(ii) 2 ≥ (2 )1/ 3
⇒
7 3
Also, given least value of g( x ) occurs at x = .
2 ∴ a ≥ 6 (2 )1/ 3 …(i)
b1 7
∴ − = or a ≥ 432
3
2 ×1 2
Hence, minimum value of a 3 is 432.
∴ b1 = − 7
62. Q AM ≥ GM
55. b 1 = − 7
(− α ) (− β) + (−β) (− γ ) + (− γ ) (− α )
b12 − 4c1 1 ∴
56. Least value of g ( x ) = − =− [from Eq. (ii)] 3
4 ×1 4
≥ {( − α ) ( − β ) ( − β ) ( − γ ) ( − γ ) ( − α )}1 / 3
57. Q g( x ) = 0 b/ 2
⇒ ≥ ( 4 )1/ 3
∴ x 2 + b1x + c1 = 0 3
− b1 ± b12 − 4c1 ⇒ b ≥ 6 ( 4 )1/ 3 …(ii)
⇒ x=
2 or b 3 ≥ 864
7±1 Hence, minimum value of b 3 is 864.
= = 3, 4
2 63. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
∴ Roots of g( x ) = 0 are 3, 4. ab ≥ 6 (2 )1 / 3 ⋅ 6( 4 )1 / 3
⇒ ab ≥ 36 × 2 68. We have,
a+b a+b (5 + 2 ) x 2 − ( 4 + 5 ) x + 8 + 2 5 = 0
Q ≥ ab ≥ 6 2 ⇒ ≥6 2
2 2
4+ 5
∴ a + b ≥ 12 2 ∴Sum of the roots =
5+ 2
or (a + b ) 3 ≥ 3456 2
8+2 5
Hence, minimum value of (a + b ) 3 is 3456 2. and product of the roots =
5+ 2
Solutions (Q. Nos. 64 to 66) ∴The harmonic mean of the roots
∴ α+β+γ+δ=−A …(i)
2 × Product of the roots 2 × (8 + 2 5 )
(α + β ) ( γ + δ ) + αβ + γδ = B …(ii) = = =4
αβ ( γ + δ ) + γδ (α + β ) = − C …(iii)
Sum of the roots (4 + 5 )
and αβγδ = D …(iv) 69. Let x 2 − ax + 30 = y
C αβ ( γ + δ ) + γδ (α + β ) ∴ y = 2 y + 15
64. Q = …(i)
A α+β+γ+δ
k ( γ + δ ) + k (α + β ) ⇒ y 2 − 4y − 60 = 0
= [Qαβ = γδ =k]
α+β+γ+δ ⇒ (y − 10 ) (y + 6 ) = 0
=k …(v) ∴ y = 10, − 6
65. From Eq. (ii), we get ⇒ y = 10, y ≠ − 6 [Qy > 0]
(α + β ) ( γ + δ ) = B − (αβ + γδ ) = B − 2k [Qαβ = γδ = k] Now, x 2 − ax + 30 = 10
66. From Eq. (iv), we get
⇒ x 2 − ax + 20 = 0
αβγδ = D
⇒ k ⋅k = D [Qαβ = γδ = k] Given, αβ = λ = 20
2 α+β
C ∴ ≥ αβ = 20
⇒   =D [from Eq. (v)] 2
 A
⇒ α + β ≥ 2 20
∴ C 2 = A 2D
67. The given equation is | x − 2 | 2 + | x − 2 | − 2 = 0. or µ=4 5
There are two cases: ∴ Minimum value of µ is 4 5.

Case I If x ≥ 2, then ( x − 2 ) 2 + x − 2 − 2 = 0 i.e., µ = 4 5 = 8.9 ⇒ (µ ) = 9
6
⇒ x 2 − 3x = 0  1  1
70. Q N r =  x +  −  x 6 +  −2
 x  x6
⇒ x (x − 3) = 0
2
⇒ x = 0, 3  1   1 
6 3
 1 1 
=  x +  −  x 3 + 3  =   x +  +  x 3 + 3  
Here, 0 is not possible.  x  x   x  x 
∴ x =3
 1
3
1 
Case II If x < 2, then   x +  −  x 3 + 3 
  x   x 
(x − 2)2 − x + 2 − 2 = 0
⇒ x 2 − 5x + 4 = 0   1
= Dr ⋅ 3  x +  
⇒ (x − 1) (x − 4) = 0   x
⇒ x = 1, 4 Nr  1
∴ = 3 x +  ≥ 6
Here, 4 is not possible. Dr  x
∴ x =1 Nr
Hence, minimum value of is 6.
∴The sum of roots = 1 + 3 = 4 Dr
71. a + b = 2c …(i)
Aliter ab = − 5d …(ii)
Let | x − 2 | = y . c + d = 2a …(iii)
Then, we get y2 + y −2 = 0 cd = − 5b …(iv)
⇒ (y − 1 ) (y + 2 ) = 0 ⇒ y = 1, − 2 From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
But − 2 is not possible. a + b + c + d = 2 (a + c )
Hence, | x − 2| = 1 ⇒ x = 1, 3 ∴ a + c =b +d …(v)
∴ Sum of the roots = 1 + 3 = 4
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get 74. Q (1 + i ) x 2 + (1 − i ) x − 2i = 0

b − d = 3 (c − a ) …(vi) (1 − i ) 2i
⇒ x2 + x− =0
Also, a is a root of x − 2cx − 5d = 0
2
(1 + i ) (1 + i )
∴ a 2 − 2ac − 5d = 0 …(vii) ⇒ x 2 − ix − (1 + i ) = 0
And c is a root of ∴ α + β = i , and αβ = − (1 + i )
c 2 − 2ac − 5b = 0 …(viii) ∴ α − β = (α + β ) 2 − 4 αβ = i 2 + 4 (1 + i ) = (3 + 4i )
From Eqs. (vii) and (viii), we get
| α − β| = 9 + 16 = 5
a 2 − c 2 − 5 (d − b ) = 0
∴ | α − β| 2 = 5
⇒ (a + c ) (a − c ) + 5 (b − d ) = 0
⇒ (a + c ) (a − c ) + 15 (c − a ) = 0 [from Eq. (vi)] 75. Q 4x 2 − 16x + c = 0
⇒ (a − c ) (a + c − 15 ) = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 4x +
c
=0
∴ a + c = 15, a − c ≠ 0 4
c
From Eq. (v), we get b + d = 15 Let f (x ) = x 2 − 4x +
4
∴ a + b + c + d = a + c + b + d = 15 + 15 = 30
Then, the following cases arises:
⇒ Sum of digits of a + b + c + d = 3 + 0 = 3
x 2 − 3x + c
72. Q y =
x 2 + 3x + c
⇒ x 2(y − 1 ) + 3 x (y + 1 ) + c (y − 1 ) = 0 2
1 α β 3
Q x ∈R
∴ 9 (y + 1 ) 2 − 4c (y − 1 ) 2 ≥ 0 Case I D>0
⇒ 16 − c > 0
( 2 cy − 2 c ) 2 − (3y + 3 ) 2 ≤ 0
∴ c < 16
⇒ {( 2 c + 3 ) y − (2 c − 3 )} {(2 c − 3 )y − (2 c + 3 )} ≤ 0 Case II f (1 ) > 0
2 c −3 2 c +3 c
or ≤y ≤ ⇒ 1−4+ >0
2 c +3 2 c −3 4
c
2 c +3 ⇒ >3
But given, =7 4
2 c −3 ∴ c > 12
⇒ 2 c + 3 = 14 c − 21 Case III f (2 ) < 0
c
or 12 c = 24 or c =2 ⇒ 4 −8 + < 0
4
∴ c=4 c
⇒ <4
73. We have, x − (x − 1) + (x − 2)2 = 5
2 2 4
∴ c < 16
⇒ | x | − | x − 1| + | x − 2| = 5
Case IV f (3 ) > 0
Case I If x < 0, then c
⇒ 9 − 12 + > 0
− x + (x − 1) − (x − 2) = 5 4
x =1 − 5 c
⇒ >3
4
Case II If 0 ≤ x < 1, then
⇒ c > 12
x + (x − 1) − (x − 2) = 5
⇒ x = 5 − 1, which is not possible. Combining all cases, we get
Case III If 1 ≤ x < 2, then 12 < c < 16
x − (x − 1) − (x − 2) = 5 Thus, integral values of c are 13, 14 and 15.
⇒ x = 3 − 5, which is not possible. Hence, number of integral values of c is 3.
76. We have, r +s +t=0 …(i)
Case IV If x > 2, then
x − (x − 1) + (x − 2) = 5 1001
rs + st + tr = …(ii)
8
⇒ x =1 + 5 2008
and rst = − = − 251 …(iii)
Hence, number of solutions is 2. 8
Now, (r + s ) 3 + (s + t ) 3 + (t + r ) 3 = ( − t ) 3 + ( − r ) 3 + ( − s ) 3 Q a (b − c ) + b (c − a ) + c (a − b ) = 0
[Qr + s + t = 0] ∴ x = 1 is a root of
= − (t 3 + r 3 + s 3 ) = − 3 rst [Qr + s + t = 0] a (b − c ) x 2 + b (c − a ) x + c (a − b ) = 0 …(ii)
= − 3 ( − 251 ) = 753 Given, roots [Eq. (ii)] are equal.
c (a − b )
Now, 99 λ = (r + s ) 3 + (s + t ) 3 + (t + r ) 3 = 753 ∴ 1 ×1 =
a (b − c )
753
∴ λ= = 7.6 ⇒ a (b − c ) = c (a − b )
99
2ac
∴ [λ ] = 7 or b=
a+c
77. A → (r,s); B → (p, q, r,s, t); C → (p, q, t)
∴ a, b and c are in HP. …(iii)
x 2 − 2x + 4
(A) We have, y = From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x 2 + 2x + 4
a =b =c
⇒ x 2 (y − 1 ) + 2 (y + 1 ) x + 4 (y − 1 ) = 0 ∴ a,b and c are in AP, GP and HP.
As x ∈ R , we get (B)Q x 3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 1 = 0
D≥0 ⇒ (x − 1)3 = 0
⇒ 4 (y + 1 ) − 16 (y − 1 ) 2 ≥ 0
2
∴ x = 1, 1, 1
⇒ 3y 2 − 10y + 3 ≤ 0 ⇒ Common root, x = 1
⇒ (y − 3 ) (3y − 1 ) ≤ 0 ∴ a (1 ) 2 + b (1 ) + c = 0
1 ⇒ a+b+c=0
⇒ ≤y ≤3
3
(C) Given, bx + ( (a + c ) 2 + 4b 2 ) x + (a + c ) ≥ 0
2
2x 2 + 4x + 1
(B) We have, y = 2 ∴ D≤0
x + 4x + 2
⇒ (a + c ) 2 + 4b 2 − 4b (a + c ) ≤ 0
⇒ x 2(y − 2 ) + 4(y − 1 ) x + 2y − 1 = 0
⇒ (a + c − 2b ) 2 ≤ 0
As x ∈ R , we get
D≥0 or (a + c − 2b ) 2 = 0
⇒ 16 (y − 1 ) 2 − 4 (y − 2 ) (2y − 1 ) ≥ 0 ∴ a + c = 2b
Hence a, b and c are in AP.
⇒ 4 (y − 1 ) 2 − (y − 2 ) (2y − 1 ) ≥ 0
79. A → (q,r,s,t); B → (q,r); C → (p,q)
⇒ 2y 2 − 3y + 2 ≥ 0
ax 2 + 3 x − 4
3 (A) We have, y =
⇒ y2 − y + 1 ≥ 0 3x − 4x 2 + a
2
2 ⇒ x 2 (a + 4y ) + 3 (1 − y ) x − (ay + 4 ) = 0
 3 7
⇒ y −  + ≥0
 4 16 As x ∈R , we get
∴ y ∈R D≥0
x − 3x + 4
2 ⇒ 9 (1 − y ) + 4 (a + 4y ) (ay + 4 ) ≥ 0
2
(C) We have, y =
x −3 ⇒ ( 9 + 16a ) y 2 + ( 4a 2 + 46 )y + (9 + 16a ) ≥ 0, ∀ y ∈ R
⇒ x 2 − (3 + y ) x + 3y + 4 = 0 ⇒ If 9 + 16a > 0, then D ≤ 0
As x ∈ R , we get Now, D≤0
D ≥ 0 ⇒ (3 + y ) 2 − 4 (3y + 4 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( 4a + 46 ) − 4 ( 9 + 16a ) 2 ≤ 0
2 2
⇒ y 2 − 6y − 7 ≥ 0 ⇒ (y + 1 ) (y − 7 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ 4 [( 2a 2 + 23 ) 2 − ( 9 + 16a ) 2 ] ≤ 0
⇒ y ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 ] ∪ [7, ∞ ) ⇒ [(2 a + 23 ) + ( 9 + 16a )] [( 2a 2 + 23 ) − ( 9 + 16a )] ≤ 0

2
78. A → (q,r,s); B → (p); C → (q) ⇒ ( 2a 2 + 16a + 32 ) ( 2a 2 − 16a + 14 ) ≤ 0

(A)Q(d + a − b ) 2 + (d + b − c ) 2 = 0 ⇒ 4 (a + 4 ) 2 (a 2 − 8a + 7 ) ≤ 0
which is possible only when ⇒ a 2 − 8a + 7 ≤ 0
d + a − b = 0, d + b − c = 0 ⇒ (a − 1 ) (a − 7 ) ≤ 0
⇒ b −a =c −b ⇒ 1 ≤a ≤7
⇒ 2b = a + c ∴ 9 + 16a > 0 and 1 ≤ a ≤ 7
∴ a, b and c are in AP. …(i) ⇒ 1 ≤a ≤7
ax 2 + x − 2 f (1 ) > 0
(B) We have, y =
a + x − 2x 2 ⇒ 1 −6 + 9 + λ > 0
⇒ x 2 (a + 2y ) + x (1 − y ) − (2 + ay ) = 0 ⇒ λ>−4 …(ii)
and f (3 ) < 0
As x ∈R , we get
⇒ 27 − 54 + 27 + λ < 0
D≥0
⇒ λ<0 …(iii)
⇒ ( 1 − y ) + 4 ( 2 + ay ) (a + 2y ) ≥ 0
2
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
⇒ ( 1 + 8a ) y 2 + ( 4a 2 + 14 ) y + (1 + 8a ) ≥ 0 −4<λ<0
⇒ If 1 + 8a > 0, then D ≤ 0 ⇒ −3 < λ + 1 < 1
⇒ ( 4a 2 + 14 ) 2 − 4 (1 + 8a ) 2 ≤ 0 ∴ [ λ + 1 ] = − 3, − 2, − 1, 0
⇒ 4 [(2a 2 + 7 ) 2 − (1 + 8a ) 2 ] ≤ 0 ∴ |[ λ + 1 ]| = 3, 2, 1, 0
(B)Q x 2 + x + 1 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
⇒ [(2a 2 + 7 ) + (1 + 8a )] [(2a 2 + 7 ) − (1 + 8a )] ≤ 0
x 2 − λx − 2
⇒ (2a 2 + 8a + 8 ) (2a 2 − 8a + 6 ) ≤ 0 Given, −3 < <2
x2 + x + 1
⇒ 4 (a + 2 ) 2 (a 2 − 4a + 3 ) ≤ 0
⇒ − 3 x 2 − 3 x − 3 < x 2 − λx − 2 < 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2
⇒ a 2 − 4a + 3 ≤ 0
⇒ 4x 2 − (λ − 3) x + 1 > 0
⇒ (a − 1 ) (a − 3 ) ≤ 0
⇒ 1 ≤a ≤3 and x 2 + (λ + 2)x + 4 > 0
Thus, 1 + 8a > 0 and 1 ≤ a ≤ 3 ∴ (λ − 3)2 − 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 1 < 0
⇒ 1 ≤a ≤3 and (λ + 2)2 − 4 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 4 < 0
x 2 + 2x + a
(C) We have, y = 2 ⇒ (λ − 3)2 − 42 < 0
x + 4 x + 3a
and (λ + 2)2 − 42 < 0
⇒ x 2(y − 1 ) + 2 (2y − 1 ) x + a (3y − 1 ) = 0
⇒ − 4 < λ −3 < 4
As x ∈ R , we get and −4<λ+2<4
D≥0 or − 1 < λ <7
⇒ 4 (2y − 1 ) 2 − 4 (y − 1 ) a (3y − 1 ) ≥ 0 and −6 < λ <2
⇒ ( 4 − 3a ) y 2 − ( 4 − 4a )y + (1 − a ) ≥ 0 We get, −1 < λ <2
⇒ If 4 − 3a > 0, then D ≤ 0 ∴ [ λ ] = − 1, 0, 1
⇒ ( 4 − 4a ) 2 − 4 ( 4 − 3a ) (1 − a ) ≤ 0 ⇒ |[ λ ]| = 0, 1
⇒ 4 (2 − 2a ) 2 − 4 ( 4 − 3a ) (1 − a ) ≤ 0 (C)Q (b − c ) + (c − a ) + (a − b ) = 0
∴ x = 1 is a root of
⇒ 4 + 4a 2 − 8a − ( 4 − 7a + 3a 2 ) ≤ 0
(b − c ) x 2 + (c − a ) x + (a − b ) = 0
⇒ a2 − a ≤ 0
Also, x = 1 satisfies
⇒ a (a − 1 ) ≤ 0 x2 + λ x + 1 = 0
⇒ 0 ≤a ≤1
⇒ 1+λ+1=0
80. A → (p,q,r,s);B → (p,q); C → (s) ∴ λ = −2
(A) Let y = f ( x ) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x + λ Now, λ −1 = −3
[ λ − 1] = − 3
f ′ ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 12 x + 9 = 0
⇒ |[ λ − 1 ]| = 3
∴ x = 1, 3 81. If quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is satisfied by more than
f ′′ ( x ) = 6 x − 12 two values of x, then it must be an identity.
f ′′(1 ) < 0 and f ′′ (3 ) > 0 Therefore, a = b = c = 0
∴ Statement-2 is true.
But in Statement-1,
4 p − 3 = 4q − 3 = r = 0
3
0 3 Then, p =q = ,r = 0
1 4
λ
which is false.
Since, at one value of p or q or r, all coefficients at a time ≠ 0.
Also, f (0) < 0 ⇒ λ < 0 …(i) ∴ Statement-1 is false.
82. We have, x 2 + (2m + 1 ) x + (2n + 1 ) = 0 …(i)  4 4 

and z ∈ 2− ,2 +
 3 
m, n ∈ I 3
∴ D = b 2 − 4ac Since, Eqs. (i) and (ii) remains same, if x, y , z interchange their
positions.
= ( 2m + 1 ) 2 − 4 ( 2n + 1 )
Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct
is never be a perfect square. explanation of Statement-1.
Therefore, the roots of Eq. (i) can never be integers. Hence, the 86. Let y = ax 3 + bx + c
roots of Eq. (i) cannot have any rational root as a = 1, b, c ∈ I .
dy
Hence, both statements are true and Statements –2 is a correct ∴ = 3ax 2 + b
explanation of Statement-1. dx
dy
83. Let α be one root of equation ax 2 + 3x + 5 = 0. Therefore, For maximum or minimum = 0, we get
dx
1 5
α⋅ = b
α a x=± −
3a
5
⇒ 1= dy
a Case I If a > 0, b > 0, then >0
dx
⇒ a =5
In this case, function is increasing, so it has exactly one root
Hence, both the statements are true and Statement-2 is the
dy
correct explanation of Statement-1. Case II If a < 0, b < 0, then <0
dx
84. Let roots of Ax 3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D = 0 …(i)
In this case, function is decreasing, so it has exactly one root.
are α − β, α , α + β (in AP).
Case III a > 0, b < 0 or a < 0, b > 0, then y = ax 3 + bx + c is
B
Then, (α − β) + α + (α + β) = − maximum at one point and minimum at other point.
A
B Hence, all roots can never be non-negative.
⇒ α=−
, which is a root of Eq. (i). ∴Statement-1 is false. But
3A
Then, Aα 3 + Bα 2 + Cα + D = 0 Coefficient of x 2
Sum of roots = − =0
3 2 Coefficient of x 3
 B  B  B
⇒ A −  + B −  + C −  +D=0 i.e., Statement-2 is true.
 3A   3A   3A 
87. Statement-2 is obviously true.
B3 B3 BC y = ax 2 + bx + c
⇒ − 2
+ 2
− +D=0 But
27 A 9A 3 A
 b c
⇒ 2 B 3 − 9 ABC + 27 A 2D = 0 y = a x2 + x + 
 a a
Now, comparing with 2 B 3 + k1ABC + k2 A 2D = 0, we get  b
2
D 
= a  x +  − 2  [where, D = b 2 − 4ac]
k1 = − 9, k2 = 27  2a  4a 

∴ k2 − k1 = 27 − ( − 9 ) = 36 = 6 2 2
 b 1  D
Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct ⇒  x +  = y + 
 2a  a  4a 
explanation of Statement-1.
b D
85. Q x, y , z ∈ R Let x+ = X and y + = Y.
2a 4a
x + y + z =6 …(i) 1
and xy + yz + zx = 8 …(ii) ∴ X2 = Y
a
⇒ xy + ( x + y ) {6 − ( x + y )} = 8 [from Eq. (i)] b
⇒ xy + 6 x + 6y − ( x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 ) = 8 Equation of axis, X = 0 i.e. x + =0
2a
or y 2 + (x − 6) y + x 2 − 6x + 8 = 0 or 2ax + b = 0
∴ ( x − 6 ) 2 − 4 ⋅ 1 ⋅ ( x 2 − 6 x + 8 ) ≥ 0, ∀ y ∈ R Hence, y = ax 2 + bx + c is symmetric about the line
2ax + b = 0.
⇒ − 3 x 2 + 12 x + 4 ≥ 0 or 3 x 2 − 12 x − 4 ≤ 0
∴ Both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct
4 4
or 2− ≤ x ≤2 + explanation of Statement-1.
3 3
88. Q(1 + m ) x 2 − 2 (1 + 3m ) x + (1 + 8m ) = 0
 4 4 
or x∈ 2− ,2 + ∴ D = 4 (1 + 3m ) 2 − 4 (1 + m ) (1 + 8m ) = 4m (m − 3 )
 3 3 
(i) Both roots are imaginary.
 4 4 
Similarly, y ∈ 2− ,2 + ∴ D<0
 3 3 
⇒ 4m (m − 3 ) < 0
⇒ 0 <m <3 Combining all cases, we get

or m ∈( 0, 3 )  1
m ∈  − 1, − 
(ii) Both roots are equal.  8
∴ D=0 (vii) Roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then
⇒ 4m (m − 3 ) = 0 Consider the following cases:
⇒ m = 0, 3 Case I Sum of the roots = 0
(iii) Both roots are real and distinct. 2 (1 + 3m )
⇒ =0
∴ D>0 (1 + m )
⇒ 4m (m − 3 ) > 0 1
⇒ m = − ,m ≠1
⇒ m < 0 or m > 3 3
∴ m ∈ ( − ∞, 0 ) ∪ (3, ∞ ) Case II D > 0 ⇒ 4m(m − 3 ) > 0
(iv) Both roots are positive. ⇒ m ∈ ( − ∞, 0 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
Case I Sum of the roots > 0 Combining all cases, we get
2 (1 + 3m ) 1
⇒ >0 m=−
(1 + m ) 3
 1  (viii) Atleast one root is positive, then either one root is positive
⇒ m ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 ) ∪  − , ∞ or both roots are positive.
 3 
i.e. (d ) ∪ ( f )
Case II Product of the roots > 0
(1 + 8m )  1
or m ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 ) ∪  − 1, −  ∪ [3, ∞ )
⇒ >0  8
(1 + m )
(ix) Atleast one root is negative, then either one root is
 1 
m ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 ) ∪  − , ∞ negative or both roots are negative.
 8 
 1
D≥0 i.e. (e ) ∪ ( f ) or m ∈  − 1, − 
Case III  8
⇒ 4m (m − 3 ) ≥ 0
(x) Let roots are 2α are 3α. Then,
m ∈ ( − ∞, 0 ] ∪ [ 3, ∞ )
Consider the following cases:
Combining all Cases, we get 2 (1 + 3m )
m ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 ) ∪ [ 3, ∞ ) Case I Sum of the roots = 2 α + 3 α =
(1 + m )
(v) Both roots are negative.
2 (1 + 3m )
Consider the following cases: ⇒ α=
5 (1 + m )
2 (1 + 3m )
Case I Sum of the roots < 0 ⇒ <0 (1 + 8m )
(1 + m ) Case II Product of the roots = 2 α ⋅ 3 α =
(1 + m )
 1
(1 + 8m )
⇒ m ∈  − 1, − 
 3 ⇒ 6α 2 =
(1 + m )
(1 + 8m )
Case II Product of the roots > 0 ⇒ >0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(1 + m ) 2
 1  2 (1 + 3m )  (1 + 8m )
⇒ m ∈ ( − ∞, 1 ) ∪  − , ∞ 6  =
 8   5 (1 + m )  (1 + m )
Case III D ≥ 0 ⇒ 24 (1 + 3m ) 2 = 25 (1 + 8m ) (1 + m )
4m (m − 3 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ m ∈ ( − ∞, 0 ] ∪ [3, ∞ ) ⇒ 24 ( 9m 2 + 6m + 1 ) = 25 ( 8m 2 + 9m + 1 )
16m 2 − 81m − 1 = 0
m ∈φ
(vi) Roots are opposite in sign, then 81 ± ( − 81 ) 2 + 64
or m=
Case I Consider the following cases: 32
Product of the roots < 0 81 ± 6625
⇒ m=
(1 + 8m ) 32
⇒ <0
(1 + m ) 89. Q2x 2 − 2 (2m + 1) x + m (m + 1) = 0 [Q m ∈ R ]
 1 ∴ D = [ − 2 (2m + 1 )] − 8m (m + 1 )
2
[ D = b 2 − 4ac ]
m ∈  − 1, − 
 8
= 4 {(2m + 1 ) 2 − 2m (m + 1 )}
Case II D > 0 ⇒ 4m (m − 3 ) > 0
⇒ m ∈ ( − ∞, 0 ) ∪ (3, ∞ ) = 4 (2m 2 + 2m + 1 )
 1  1
2
1 Combining all cases, we get
= 8  m 2 + m +  = 8  m +  +  > 0
 2  2 4  7 + 33 
 m ∈ , ∞
 2 
or D > 0, ∀ m ∈ R …(i)
(iii) Both roots lie in the interval (2, 3).
b 2 (2m + 1 )  1
x -coordinate of vertex = − = = m +  …(ii) Consider the following cases:
2a 4  2
and let
1
f ( x ) = x 2 − (2m + 1 ) x + m (m + 1 ) …(iii)
2 f(2) f(3)
(i) Both roots are smaller than 2.
X
2 α β 3
Case I D ≥ 0
∴ m ∈R [from Eq. (i)]
X Case II f (2 ) > 0
α β 2  7 − 33   7 + 33 
∴ m ∈  − ∞,  ∪ , ∞ [from part (a)]
Consider the following cases:  2   2 
Case I D ≥ 0 Case III f (3 ) > 0
∴ m ∈R [from Eq. (i)] 1
Case II x -coordinate of vertex < 2. ⇒ 9 − 3 (2m + 1 ) + m (m + 1 ) > 0
2
1
⇒ m + <2 [from Eq. (ii)] or m 2 − 11m + 12 > 0
2
 11 − 73   11 + 73 
or m<
3 ∴ m ∈  − ∞,  ∪ , ∞
2  2   2 
Case III f (2 ) > 0 Case IV 2 < x -coordinate of vertex < 3
1 1
⇒ 4 − (2m + 1 ) 2 + m (m + 1 ) > 0 ⇒ 2 <m + <3
2 2
⇒ m 2 − 7m + 4 > 0 3 5  3 5
or < m < or m ∈  , 
2 2  2 2
 7 − 33   7 + 33 
∴ m ∈  − ∞,  ∪ , ∞ Combining all cases, we get
 2   2 
m ∈φ
Combining all cases, we get (iv) Exactly one root lie in the interval (2,3) .
 7 − 33  Consider the following cases:
m ∈  − ∞, 
 2  Case I D > 0
(ii) Both roots are greater than 2.
3
f(2) X
2 α β
X
2 α β
Case II f (2 ) f (3 ) < 0
Case I D ≥ 0  1 
 4 − 2 ( 2m + 1 ) + m ( m + 1 )
∴ m ∈R [from Eq. (i)]  2 
Case II x -coordinate of vertex > 2  1 
9 − 3 ( 2m + 1 ) + m ( m + 1 ) < 0
⇒
1
m + >2 [from Eq. (ii)]  2 
2
⇒ ( m 2 − 7m + 4 ) ( m 2 − 11m + 12 ) < 0
3
∴ m>  7 − 33   7 + 33 
2 ⇒ m −  m − 
Case III f (2 ) > 0  2   2 
 7 − 33   33   11 − 73   11 + 73 
m ∈  − ∞,  ∪ 7 + , ∞ [from part (a)] m −  m −  <0
 2   2   2   2 
7 + √33  11 − 73 11 + 73 
∴ m ∈ , 
+ + 2 +  2 2 
7 – √33 – 7 – √73 – 11 + √73
2 2 2
 7 − 33 7 + 33 
m ∈ , 
 7 − 33 11 − 73   7 + 33 11 + 73   2 2 
∴ m ∈ ,  ∪ , 
 2 2   2 2  (vii) Atleast one root lies in the interval (2, 3).
Combining all cases, we get i.e. (d ) ∪ (c )
 7 − 33 11 − 73   7 + 33 11 + 73   7 − 33 11 − 73   7 + 33 11 + 73 
m ∈ ,  ∪ ,  ∴ m ∈ ,  ∪ , 
 2 2   2 2   2 2   2 2 
(v) One root is smaller than 1 and the other root is greater (viii) Atleast one root is greater than 2.
than 1.
i.e. (Exactly one root is greater than 2) ∪ (Both roots are
Consider the following cases: greater than 2)
1 X 2
α β X
α β
Case I D > 0
∴ m ∈R [from Eq. (i)] or(Exactly one root is greater than 2) ∪ (b ) …(I)
Case II f (1 ) < 0 Consider the following cases:
1 Case I D > 0
⇒ 1 − (2m + 1 ) + m (m + 1 ) < 0 [from Eq. (iii)]
2 ∴ m ∈R [from Eq. (i)]
⇒ m 2 − 3m < 0 Case II f (2 ) < 0
⇒ m (m − 3 ) < 0 ⇒ m 2 − 7m + 4 < 0
∴ m ∈( 0, 3 )
 7 − 33 7 + 33 
Combining both cases, we get ∴ m ∈ , 
m ∈( 0, 3 )  2 2 
(vi) One root is greater than 3 and the other root is smaller Combining both cases, we get
than 2.  7 − 33 7 + 33 
Consider the following cases: m ∈ ,  …(II)
 2 2 
Finally from Eqs. (I) and (II), we get
 7 − 33 7 + 33   7 + 33 
m ∈ ,  ∪ , ∞
 2 2   2 
2 3 X
α β (ix) Atleast one root is smaller than 2.
i.e. (Exactly one root is smaller than 2) ∪(Both roots are
smaller than 2)
Case I D > 0
or (h) (II) ∪ (a)
 7 − 33   7 − 33 7 + 33 
Case II f (2 ) < 0 We get, m ∈  − ∞,  ∪ , 
⇒ m 2 − 7m + 4 < 0  2   2 2 
7 − 33 7 + 33 (x) Both 2 and 3 lie between α and β.

∴ <m < Consider the following cases:
2 2
 7 − 33 7 + 33  Case I D > 0
∴ m ∈ ,  ∴ m ∈R [from Eq. (i)]
 2 2 
Case III f (3 ) < 0
⇒ m 2 − 11m + 12 < 0
11 − 73 11 + 73 2 3
∴ <m < α β
X
2 2
Case II f (2 ) < 0 1
cn + 1
⇒ m 2 − 7m + 4 < 0 ⇒ α= 
a
 7 − 33 7 + 33  ∴ From Eq. (i), we get
∴ m ∈ , 
 2 2  1 n
cn + 1 cn + 1 b
Case III f (3 ) < 0   +  =−
a a a
⇒ m 2 − 11m + 12 < 0
1 1 1 n
− +1 − +1
 11 − 73 11 + 73  ⇒ (c )n + 1 ⋅ a n+1
+ (c n )n + 1 ⋅ a n+1
+b=0
∴ m ∈ , 
 2 2  1 n 1 1
n+1 n+1 n n+1 n +1
Combining all cases, we get ⇒ c ⋅a + (c ) ⋅a +b=0
 11 − 73 7 + 33  1 1
m ∈ , 
 2 2  ⇒ (anc )n + 1 + (c na )n + 1 + b = 0
α 93. We have, α+β=−
b
90. Q =r
β a
c m n
α+β r +1 αβ = ⇒ γ+δ=− and γδ =
⇒ = a l l
α −β r −1
Now, sum of the roots
[using componendo and dividendo method]
= (αγ + βδ ) + (αδ + βγ ) = (α + β ) γ + (α + β ) δ
− b /a r + 1
⇒ = ⇒ b (1 − r ) = (1 + r ) D = (α + β ) ( γ + δ )
D r −1
 b   m  mb
a = −  −  =
 a  l  al
On squaring both sides, we get
and product of the roots
⇒ b 2(1 − r ) 2 = (1 + r ) 2 (b 2 − 4ac ) = (αγ + βδ ) (αδ + βγ )
(1 + r ) 2 b 2 = (α 2 + β 2 ) γδ + αβ ( γ 2 + δ 2 )
or (1 + r ) 2 ⋅ 4ac = b 2( 4r ) or =
r ac = {(α + β ) 2 − 2αβ } γδ + αβ {( γ + δ ) 2 − 2 γδ }
1 1 1
91. We have, + =  b  2 2c  n c  m  2 2n 
x+p x+q r =  −  −  +  −  − 
  a  l a  l 
(x + q ) + (x + p ) 1  a l 
⇒ =
x 2 + ( p + q ) x + pq r b 2 − 2ac  n c m 2 − 2nl  (b 2 − 2ac ) ln + ( m 2 − 2nl ) ac
= 2  +  2 =
⇒ x 2 + ( p + q − 2r ) x + pq − ( p + q ) r = 0  a l a  l  a 2l 2
Now, since the roots are equal in magnitudes, but opposite in ∴ Required equation is
sign. Therefore,  mb  (b 2 − 2ac ) ln + (m 2 − 2nl ) ac
Sum of the roots = 0 x2 −   x + =0
 al  a 2l 2
⇒ p + q − 2r = 0
⇒ a 2l 2x 2 − mbalx + (b 2 − 2ac ) ln + (m 2 − 2nl ) ac = 0
⇒ p + q = 2r …(i)
and product of the roots = pq − ( p + q ) r 94. Since, the roots are equal.
∴ D=0
 p + q
= pq − ( p + q )   [from Eq. (i)] ⇒ 4 (b 2 − ac ) 2 − 4 (a 2 − bc ) (c 2 − ab ) = 0
 2 
⇒ (b 2 − ac ) 2 − (a 2 − bc ) (c 2 − ab ) = 0
2 pq − p 2 − q 2 − 2 pq
= ⇒ b (a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc ) = 0
2
p2 + q2 ⇒ b = 0 or a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc = 0
=−
2 95. Let α and β be the roots of x 2 − px + q = 0. Then,
92. Let α be one root of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0. α+β=p …(i)
Then, other root be α n . αβ = q …(ii)
b 1
∴ α + αn = − …(i) And α and be the roots of x 2 − ax + b = 0. Then,
a β
c 1
and α ⋅ αn = α + =a …(iii)
a β
⇒ αn + 1 =
c α
=b ... (iv)
a β
Now, LHS = (q − b ) 2 ∴ λ = 10,

1
2 10
 α
= αβ −  [from Eqs. (ii) and (iv)] ⇒ (2 + 3 ) x
2
− 2x
= 10, 10 − 1
 β
2 2 ⇒ x 2 − 2 x = log 2 + 10, − log 2 + 10
21   1  3 3
= α β −  = α 2 (α + β ) − α +  
 β   β  ⇒ ( x − 1 ) = 1 + log 2 +
2
3
10, 1 − log 2 + 3
10
= α ( p − a ) [from Eqs. (i) and (iii)]
2 2
∴ ( x − 1 ) 2 = 1 + log 2 + 10
3
α
= αβ ⋅ ( p − a ) 2 [Q ( x − 1 ) ≠ 1 − log 2 +
2
10 ]
β 3
= bq ( p − a ) 2 [from Eqs. (ii) and (iv)] ⇒ x = 1 ± (1 + log 2 + 3

10 )
= RHS ⇒ x 1 = 1 + (1 + log 2 + 3
10 )
96. Since, roots of x − 2px + q = 0 are equal.
2
x 2 = 1 − (1 + log 2 + 3
10 )
∴ D=0
2
i.e., ( −2 p ) − 4q = 0 or p 2 = q
2
…(i)  x 
99. We have, x2+   =8
Now, (1 + y ) x 2 − 2 ( p + y ) x + (q + y ) = 0  x − 1
2
∴ Discriminant = 4 ( p + y ) 2 − 4 (1 + y ) (q + y )  x  x
⇒ x +  − 2⋅ x ⋅ =8
= 4 ( p 2 + 2 py + y 2 − q − y − qy − y 2 )  x − 1 (x − 1)
2
= 4 [(2 p − q − 1 ) y + p 2 − q ]  x2   x2 
⇒   −2   −8 = 0 …(i)
= 4 [(2 p − p 2 − 1 ) y + 0 ] [from Eq. (i)]  x − 1  x − 1
= − 4 ( p − 1 ) 2y x2
Let y = . Then, Eq. (i) reduces to
>0 [Qy < 0 and p ≠ 1] x −1
Hence, roots of (1 + y ) x 2 − 2 ( p + y ) x + (q + y ) = 0 are real y 2 − 2y − 8 = 0
and distinct. ⇒ (y − 4 ) (y + 2 ) = 0
2
97. x log x ( x + 3) = 16 …(i) ∴ y = 4, − 2
Equation is defined, when x2
If y = 4, then 4=
x > 0, x ≠ 1, x ≠ − 3, x −1
Then, (x + 3)2 = 42 [by property] or x 2 − 4x + 4 = 0
⇒ x+3=±4
or (x − 2)2 = 0
∴ x = 1 and x = − 7
But x ≠ 1, x ≠ − 7 or x =2
i.e. no solution. ∴ x1 = 2
∴ x ∈φ x2
and if y = − 2, then −2 =
98. Q(2 + 3 ) x
2
− 2x + 1
+ (2 − 3 ) x
2
− 2x − 1
=
101 x −1
10 (2 − 3 ) or x 2 + 2x − 2 = 0
2
− 2x
⇒ (2 + 3 )x ⋅ (2 + 3 ) (2 − 3 ) − 2 ± (4 + 8)
101 ∴ x=
x2 − 2x − 1 2
+ (2 − 3 ) ⋅ (2 − 3 ) =
10 ⇒ x = −1 ± 3
x2 − 2x x2 − 2x 101
⇒ (2 + 3 ) + (2 − 3 ) = ∴ x 2 = − 1 + 3, x 3 = − 1 − 3
10
or (2 + 3 ) x2 − 2x
+
1
=
101
…(i) 100. We have, x + 8 + 2 ( x + 7 ) + ( x + 1 ) − ( x + 7 ) = 4 …(i)
2
(2 + 3 ) x − 2 x 10
Let (x + 7) = λ …(ii)
 1 
Q 2 − 3 = 2 + 3  or x = λ −72
  Then, Eq. (i) reduces to

2
− 2x
Let (2 + 3 ) x = λ, then Eq. (i) reduces to
( λ2 − 7 + 8 + 2 λ ) + ( λ2 − 7 + 1 − λ ) = 4
1 101
λ+ = ⇒ ( λ + 1 ) + ( λ2 − λ − 6 ) = 4
λ 10
⇒ 10 λ2 − 101 λ + 10 = 0 or ( λ2 − λ − 6 ) = 3 − λ
or ( λ − 10 ) (10 λ − 1 ) = 0
On squaring both sides, we get Case I If 0 < x 2 + 2 x − 3 < 1

λ2 − λ − 6 = 9 + λ2 − 6 λ ⇒ 4 < x 2 + 2x + 1 < 5
⇒ 5 λ = 15 ⇒ 4 < (x + 1)2 < 5
∴ λ =3
⇒ − 5 < ( x + 1 ) < − 2 or 2 < x + 1 < 5
⇒ (x + 7) = 3 [from Eq. (ii)]
⇒ − 5 − 1 < x < − 3 or 1 < x < 5 − 1
or x + 7 =9
∴ x =2 ∴ x ∈ ( − 5 − 1, − 3 ) ∪ (1, 5 − 1 ) …(ii)
and x = 2 satisfies Eq. (i). | x + 4| − | x |
Then, <1
Hence, x 1 = 2 (x − 1)
2 2
4 x + 2 (2a + 1 ) 2 x + 4a 2 − 3 > 0 − (x + 4) + x
101. We have, …(i) Now, x < − 4, then <1
(x − 1)
x2
Putting t = 2 in the Eq. (i), we get
4
⇒ 1+ >0
t 2 + 2 (2a + 1 ) t + 4a 2 − 3 > 0 x −1
Let f (t ) = t 2 + 2 (2a + 1 ) t + 4a 2 − 3
2
[Q t > 0,∴2 x > 0] (x + 3)
⇒ >0
Q f (t ) > 0 (x − 1)
∴ x ∈ ( − ∞, − 3 ) ∪ (1, ∞ )
⇒ x ∈ ( − ∞, − 4 ) [Q x < − 4] …(iii)
x+4+x
− 4 ≤ x < 0, then −1 < 0
(x − 1)
(x + 5)
⇒ <0
T-axis (x − 1)
Consider the following cases: ∴ x ∈ ( − 5, 1 )
Case I Sum of the roots > 0 ⇒ x ∈ [ − 4, 0 ) [Q − 4 ≤ x < 0] …(iv)
( 2a + 1 ) (x + 4) − x
−2 >0 and x ≥ 0, then <1
1 (x − 1)
 1 ⇒ 1−
4
>0
∴ a ∈  − ∞, − 
 2 x −1
Case II Product of the roots > 0 (x − 5)
⇒ >0
4a 2 − 3 (x − 1)
⇒ >0
1 ∴ x ∈ ( − ∞, 1 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ )
3 ⇒ x ∈ [ 0, 1 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ ) [Q x ≥ 0] …(v)
or a2 >
4 From Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
 3  3  x ∈ ( − ∞, 1 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ ) …(vi)
or a ∈  − ∞, −  ∪  , ∞
 2   2  Now, common values in Eqs. (ii) and (iv) is
x ∈ ( − 5 − 1, − 3 ) …(vii)
Case III D<0
⇒ 4 ( 2a + 1 ) − 4 ⋅ 1 ⋅ ( 4a 2 − 3 ) < 0
2 Case II If x + 2x − 3 > 1
2
⇒ 4a + 4 < 0 ⇒ x 2 + 2x + 1 > 5 ⇒ (x + 1)2 > 5

∴ a < −1 ⇒ x+1<− 5
or a ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 ) or x+1> 5
∴ x ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 − 5 ) ∪ ( 5 − 1, ∞ ) …(viii)
 3 
a ∈ ( − ∞, − 1 ) ∪  , ∞ | x + 4| − | x |
 2  Then, >1
(x − 1)
 | x + 4| − | x | −4
102. We have, log x 2 + 2 x − 3   >0 Now, x < − 4, then >1
 x −1  x −1
The given inequation is valid for 4
| x + 4| − | x | ⇒ 1+ <0
>0 x −1
(x − 1) x+3
⇒ <0
and x 2 + 2 x − 3 > 0, ≠ 1 …(i) x −1
Now, consider the following cases: ∴ x ∈ ( − 3, 1 )
which is false. [Qx < − 4] ⇒ x2 − x − 1 = 0

2x + 4 ∴ x =1
− 4 ≤ x < 0, then −1 > 0
(x − 1) 1± 5
∴ x=
(x + 5) 2
⇒ >0
(x − 1) 1± 5
∴ x= fail
∴ x ∈ ( − ∞, − 5 ) ∪ (1, ∞ ) 2
which is false. [Q− 4 ≤ x < 0 ] 1− 5
⇒ x= [Q x < 0]
4 2
and x ≥ 0, then >1
x −1 1− 5 1− 5
⇒ x= , 1, then y = ,0
4 2 2
⇒ 1− <0 1 − 5 1 − 5
x −1 ∴ Solutions are  ,  and (1, 0).
x −5  2 2 
⇒ <0
x −1 1 − 5 1 − 5
Hence, all pairs ( 0, 1 ), (1, 0 ) and  ,  are solutions
∴ x ∈(1, 5 ) …(ix)  2 2 
which is false. [Qx ≥ 0] of the original system of equations.
Now, common values in Eq. (viii) and (ix) is 104. Given, α , β and γ are the roots of the cubic equation
∴ x ∈ ( 5 − 1, 5 ) …(x) x 3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0 …(i)
Combining Eqs. (viii) and (x), we get ∴ α + β + γ = p, αβ + βγ + γα = q , αβγ = r
x ∈ ( − 5 − 1, − 3 ) ∪ ( 5 − 1, 5 ) 1
(i) Let y = βγ +
103. Let y ≥ 0, then | y | = y α
αβγ + 1 r + 1
and then given system reduces to ⇒ y = =
α α
| x 2 − 2x | + y = 1 …(i) r +1
∴ α=
and x + y =1
2
…(ii) y
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get From Eq. (i), we get
x 2 = | x 2 − 2x | α 3 − pα 2 + qα − r = 0
⇒ x 2 = | x | | x − 2| (r + 1 ) 3 p (r + 1 ) 2 q (r + 1 )
⇒ − + −r = 0
y3 y2 y
Now, x < 0, 0 ≤ x < 2, x ≥ 2
x 2 = x ( x − 2 ), x 2 = − x ( x − 2 ) or ry 3 − q(r + 1 )y 2 + p (r + 1 ) 2y − (r + 1 ) 3 = 0
x 2 = x (x − 2) (ii) Let y = β + γ − α = (α + β + γ ) − 2α = p − 2 α
p −y
∴ x=0 ∴ α=
2
⇒ x (x + x − 2) = 0
From Eq. (i), we get
∴ x=0 α 3 − pα 2 + qα − r = 0
fail ∴ x = 0, 1 fail
(p − y ) 3 p (p − y )2 q (p − y )
⇒ x = 0, 1, then y = 1, 0 ⇒ − + −r = 0
∴Solutions are (0, 1) and (1, 0). 8 4 2
If y < 0 then | y | = − y and then given system reduces to or y 3 − py 2 + ( 4q − p 2 )y + ( 8r − 4 pq + p 3 ) = 0
| x 2 − 2x | + y = 1 …(iii) Also product of roots = − (8r − 4 pq + p 3 )
and x2 − y = 1 …(iv) 105. Assume α + iβ is a complex root of the given equation, then
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get conjugate of this root, i.e. α − iβ is also root of this equation.
| x 2 − 2x | + x 2 = 2 On putting x = α + iβ and x = α − iβ in the given equation, we
get
⇒ | x | | x − 2| + x 2 = 2
2
A12 A22 A3 An2
Now, x < 0, 0 ≤ x < 2, x ≥ 2 + + +… +
α + iβ − a1 α + iβ − a 2 α + iβ − a 3 α + iβ − an
x (x − 2) + x 2 = 2
− x (x − 2) + x 2 = 2 = ab 2 + c 2(α + iβ ) + ac …(i)
x (x −2 ) + x = 22
A12 A22 A32 An2
and + + +… +
⇒ 2x − 2x − 2 = 0 ⇒ 2x = 2
2 α − iβ − a1 α − iβ − a 2 α − iβ − a 3 α − iβ − an
⇒ x2 − x − 1 = 0 = ab 2 + c 2(α − iβ ) + ac …(ii)
On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get ∴ (a + (a 2 + 1 ) ) 2 − 4 > 0

 A12 A22 A32
2iβ  + + ⇒ (a + (a 2 + 1 ) + 2 ) (a + (a 2 + 1 ) − 2 ) > 0
( α − a1 ) + β (α − a2 ) + β (α − a 3 )2 + β2
2 2 2 2
a + (a 2 + 1 ) + 2 > 0

Q
An2
+…+ + c2 = 0
(α − an ) + β
2 2
 ∴ a + (a 2 + 1 ) − 2 > 0
The expression in bracket ≠ 0 ⇒ (a 2 + 1 ) > 2 − a
∴ 2iβ = 0 ⇒ β = 0
a ≥ 2
Hence, all roots of the given equation are real. 
or a + 1 > (2 − a ) , if a < 2
2 2
106. Given equation is
x 4 + 2ax 3 + x 2 + 2ax + 1 = 0 …(i) a ≥ 2

2
⇒ or a > 3 , if a < 2
On dividing by x , we get 
2a 1 4
x 2 + 2ax + 1 + + 2 =0
a ≥ 2
x x 
 2 1  1 ⇒ or 3 < a < 2
⇒  x + 2  + 2a  x +  + 1 = 0  4
 x   x
 1
2
 1 3 3 
⇒  x +  − 2 + 2a  x +  + 1 = 0 Hence, < a < ∞ or a ∈  , ∞
   4 
x x 4
1
2 107. We have, [2 x ] − [ x + 1 ] = 2 x
  1
or  x +  + 2a  x +  − 1 = 0 LHS = Integer
 x   x Since,
1 ∴ RHS = 2x = Integer
or y 2 + 2ay − 1 = 0, where y = x + ⇒ [2 x ] = 2 x
x
Now, − [ x + 1] = 0
− 2a ± ( 4a 2 + 4 )
∴ y = = − a ± (a 2 + 1 ) ⇒ [ x + 1] = 0
2
or 0 ≤ x + 1 <1
Taking ‘+’ sign, we get
or −1 ≤ x < 0
y = − a + (a 2 + 1 ) or − 2 ≤ 2x < 0
⇒ x+
1
= − a + (a 2 + 1 ) ∴ 2 x = − 2, − 1
x 1
or x = − 1, −
or x 2 + (a − (a 2 + 1 ) ) x + 1 = 0 …(ii) 2
1
Taking ‘−’ sign, we get y = − a − (a 2 + 1 ) or x 1 = − 1, x 2 = −
2
1 108. We have, (a 2 + 3 ) x 2 + (a + 2 ) x − 6 < 0
⇒ x+ = − a − (a 2 + 1 )
x
or x 2 + (a + (a 2 + 1 ) ) x + 1 = 0 …(iii)
Let α , β be the roots of Eq. (ii) and γ, δ be the roots of Eq. (iii).
Then, α + β = (a 2 + 1 ) − a
X
and αβ = 1
and γ + δ = − (a 2 + 1 ) − a Let f ( x ) = (a 2 + 3 ) x 2 + (a + 2 ) x − 6
and γδ =1 Q (a 2 + 3 ) > 0 and f ( x ) < 0
Clearly, α + β > 0 and αβ > 0 ∴ D>0
∴Either α , β will be imaginary or both real and positive ⇒(a + 2 ) 2 + 24 (a 2 + 3 ) > 0 is true for all a ∈ R .
according to the Eq. (i) has atleast two distinct negative roots.
Therefore, both γ and δ must be negative. Therefore, 109. We have, 6 x 2 − 77[ x ] + 147 = 0
(i) γδ > 0, which is true as γ δ = 1. 6 x 2 + 147
⇒ = [x ]
(ii) γ+δ<0 77
⇒ − (a + (a 2 + 1 ) ) < 0 ⇒ (0.078) x 2 = [x ] − 1.9
⇒ a + (a 2 + 1 ) > 0, which is true for all a. Q (0.078 ) x 2 > 0 ⇒ x 2 > 0
∴ a ∈R ∴ [ x ] − 1.9 > 0
(iii) D>0 or [ x ] > 1.9
∴ [ x ] = 2, 3, 4, 5,…
If [ x ] = 2, i. e. 2 ≤ x < 3
2 − 1 .9
Then, x2 = = 1. 28
0.078 α β
X
γ δ
∴ x = 1.13 [fail]
If [ x ] = 3, i. e. 3 ≤ x < 4
Let f ( x ) = x 2 − 2(a + 1 ) x + a (a − 1 ), thus the following
3 − 1.9
Then, x2 = = 14.1 conditions hold good:
0.078
∴ x = 3.75 [true]
Case I D>0
If [ x ] = 4, i.e. 4 ≤ x < 5
4 − 1.9 ⇒ 4 (a + 1 ) − 4a (a − 1 ) > 0
2
Then, x2 = = 26.9
0.078 ⇒ 3a + 1 > 0
∴ x = 5.18 [fail] 1
∴ a>−
If [ x ] = 5, i.e. 5 ≤ x < 6 3
5 − 1.9 Case II f (α ) < 0
Then, x2 = = 39.7
0.078 ⇒ f (1 + a ) < 0
∴ x = 6.3 [fail] ⇒ (1 + a ) 2 − 2 (1 + a ) (1 + a ) + a (a − 1 ) < 0
If [ x ] = 6, i. e. 6 ≤ x < 7 ⇒ − (1 + a ) 2 + a (a − 1 ) < 0
6 − 1.9 4.1
Then, x2 = = = 52.56 ⇒ − 3a − 1 < 0
0.078 0.078 1
∴ x = 7.25 [fail] ⇒ a>−
3
If [ x ] = 7, i. e. 7 ≤ x < 8 Case III f (s ) = 0
7 − 1.9 5.1
Then, x2 = = = 65.38 ⇒ f (1 − a ) < 0
0.078 0.078
⇒ (1 − a ) 2 − 2 (a + 1 ) (1 − a ) + a (a − 1 ) < 0
∴ x = 8.08 [fail]
⇒ ( 4a + 1 ) (a − 1 ) < 0
If [ x ] = 8, i. e. 8 ≤ x < 9
1
8 − 1.9 6.1 ∴ − <a <1
Then, x2 = = = 78.2 4
0.078 0.078
Combining all cases we get
 1 
∴ x = 8.8 [true] a ∈  − , 1
 4 
If [ x ] = 9, i. e. 9 ≤ x < 10
9 − 1.9 7.1 111. pr = ( − p ) ( − r )
Then, x2 = = = 91.03
0.078 0.078 = ( α + β + γ + δ ) ( αβγ + αβδ + γδα + γδβ )
∴ x = 9.5 [true] = α 2 βγ + α 2 βδ + α 2 γδ + αβγδ + β 2 γα
If [ x ] = 10, i. e.10 ≤ x < 11
+ β 2 αδ + αβγδ + β 2 γδ + γ 2 αβ + αβγδ
10 − 1.9 8.1
Then, x2 = = = 103.8
0.078 0.078 + γ 2 δα + γ 2δβ + αβγδ + αβδ 2 + γαδ 2 + γβδ 2
∴ x = 10.2 [true] Q AM ≥ GM
If [ x ] = 11, i.e. 11 ≤ x < 12 pr
⇒ ≥ (α 16 β16 γ16 δ16 )1/6 = α β γδ = 5
11 − 1.9 16
Then, x2 =
0.078 pr
⇒ ≥5
9.1 16
= = 116.7
0.078 or pr ≥ 80
∴ x = 10.8 [fail] ∴ Minimum value of pr is 80.
Other values are fail. 112. (α 2 + β 2 ) 2 = (α + β ) (α 3 + β 3 )
Hence, number of solutions is four.
⇒ {(α + β ) 2 − 2 αβ } 2 = (α + β ) {(α + β ) 3 − 3 αβ (α + β )}
110. Since, the given equation is 2
 b 2 2c   b  − b
3
3bc 
x 2 − 2x − a 2 + 1 = 0 ⇒  2 −  = −   3 + 2 
a a  a  a a 
⇒ (x − 1)2 = a 2
2
∴ x − 1 ≠ a or x = 1 ± a  b 2 − 2ac   − b   − b + 3abc 
3
⇒   =   
⇒ α = 1 + a and β = 1 − a  a 2
  a   a3 
⇒ 4a 2c 2 = acb 2 Combining all cases, we get

⇒ ac (b − 4ac ) = 0
2 k ∈ ( −∞,4 )
117. We have, a + b = 10c, ab = − 11d
As a≠0
⇒ c∆ = 0 and c + d = 10a, cd = − 11b
113. Let P ( x ) = bx 2 + ax + c ∴ a + b + c + d = 10 (a + c )
and abcd = 121 bd
As P (0) = 0
⇒ b + d = 9 (a + c )
⇒ c=0
and ac = 121
As P (1 ) = 1
Next, a 2 − 10 ac − 11d = 0
⇒ a + b =1
P ( x ) = ax + (1 − a ) x 2 and c 2 − 10ac − 11b = 0
Now, P ′ ( x ) = a + 2 (1 − a ) x ⇒ a 2 + c 2 − 20 ac − 11 (b + d ) = 0
As P ′ ( x ) > 0 for x ∈( 0, 1 ) ⇒ (a + c ) 2 − 22 × 121 − 99 (a + c ) = 0
Only option (d) satisfies above condition. ⇒ a + c = 121 or − 22
114. Let the roots are α and α + 1, where α ∈ I . If a + c = − 22 ⇒a = c , rejecting these values, we have
Then, sum of the roots = 2 α + 1 = b a + c = 121
Product of the roots = α (α + 1 ) = c ∴ a + b + c + d = 10 (a + c ) = 1210
118. D≥0
Now, b 2 − 4c = ( 2α + 1 ) 2 − 4α (α + 1 ) 4 (a + b + c ) 2 − 12 λ (ab + bc + ca ) ≥ 0
= 4α + 1 + 4α − 4α − 4α = 1
2 2
(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) − (3 λ − 2 ) (ab + bc + ca ) ≥ 0
∴ b − 4c = 1
2
(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
n− 1 ∴ (3 λ − 2 ) ≤
115. Let f ( x ) = an x + an − 1 x
n
+…+ a1 x, (ab + bc + ca )
f ( 0 ) = 0;f (α ) = 0 Since, |a − b | < c
⇒ f ′( x ) = 0 has atleast one root between ( 0, α ). ⇒ a + b − 2ab < c 2
2 2
(i)
i.e. Equation |b − c | < a
nan xn − 1 + (n − 1 ) an − 1xn − 2 +…+ a1 = 0 ⇒ b + c 2 − 2bc < a 2
2
…(ii)
has a positive root smaller than α. | c − a| < b
116. Let f ( x ) = x 2 − 2kx + k 2 + k − 5 ⇒ c + a − 2ca < b 2
2 2
…(iii)
Consider the following cases: From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
a2 + b2 + c2
<2 …(iv)
ab + bc + ca
f(5) From Eqs. (i) and (iv), we get
4
α X 3λ − 2 < 2 ⇒ λ − 2, m + 1 > − 2
⇒ k ≤ 5 or k ∈ ( −∞, 5 ] ⇒ m > − 1, m > − 3
Case II x-Coordinate of vertex x < 5 Then, m > −1 …(i)
2k and m − 1 < 4, m + 1 < 4
⇒ <5
2 ⇒ m < 5, m < 3 and m < 3 …(ii)
⇒ k < 5 or k ∈ ( −∞,5 ) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get − 1 < m < 3
Case III f (5 ) > 0 120. x 2 + px + q = 0
⇒ 25 − 10k + k 2 + k − 5 > 0 Sum of the roots = tan 30 ° + tan 15 ° = − p
Product of the roots = tan 30 °⋅ tan 15 ° = q
⇒ k − 9k + 20 > 0
2
tan 30 ° + tan 15 °
⇒ (k − 4 )(k − 5 ) > 0 or k ∈ ( −∞,4 ) ∪ (5, ∞ ) tan 45 ° = tan (30 ° + 15 ° ) =
1 − tan 30 °⋅ tan 15 °
−p 125. Let f ( x ) = x 7 + 14x 5 + 16x 3 + 30x − 560

⇒ 1= ⇒ − p =1 −q
1 −q
∴ f ′( x ) = 7 x 6 + 70 x 4 + 48 x 2 + 30 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
⇒ q− p =1
∴ 2 + q − p =3 ⇒ f ( x ) is an increasing function, for all x ∈ R
121. The equation x 2 − px + r = 0 has roots (α , β) and the equation Hence, number of real solutions is 1.
α  126. Let f ( x ) = x 3 − px + q
x 2 − qx + r has roots  , 2β .
2 
∴ f ′( x ) = 3 x 2 − p
α
⇒ r = αβ and α + β = p and + 2β = q ⇒ f ′′( x ) = 6 x
2
2q − p 2 (2 p − q )
⇒ β= and α = p
3 3 √3
2
⇒ αβ = r = (2q − p ) (2 p − q ) –
p
9 √3
122. α + β = −a
| α − β | < 5 ⇒ (α − β ) 2 < 5 For maxima or minima, f ′( x ) = 0
⇒ a 2 − 4 < 5 ⇒ a ∈ ( − 3, 3 ) ∴ x=±
p
3
123. Suppose roots are imaginary, then β = α
 p  p
1
=α ⇒ f ′′   =6   > 0
and  3   3
β
⇒ β=−
1  p p
[not possible] and f ′′  −  = −6 <0
β  3 3
⇒ Roots are real ⇒( p 2 − q ) (b 2 − ac ) ≥ 0 p
Hence, given cubic minima at x = and maxima at
⇒ Statement −1 is true. 3
2b 1 p
− =α + x=− .
a β 3
α c 127. Let f ( x ) = x 2 − 8kx + 16 (k 2 − k + 1)
and = , α + β = − 2 p, αβ = q
β a
If β = 1, then α = q
⇒ c = qa [not possible]
− 2b
Also, α+1=
a
X
− 2b 4
⇒ − 2p =
a ∴ D>0
⇒ b = ap [not possible] ⇒ 64k − 4 ⋅ 16 (k − k + 1 ) > 0
2 2
⇒ Statement −2 is true but it is not the correct explanation of ⇒ k >1 …(i)

Statement-1. −b 8k
124. Let α,4β be roots of x 2 − 6x + a = 0 and α , 3 β be the roots of ⇒ >4 ⇒ >4
2a 2
x 2 − cx + 6 = 0. ⇒ k >1 …(ii)
Then, α + 4 β = 6 and 4αβ = a …(i) and f (4) ≥ 0
α + 3 β = c and 3α β = 6 …(ii) ⇒ 16 − 32k + 16 (k 2 − k + 1 ) ≥ 0
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ k 2 − 3k + 2 ≥ 0
a = 8, αβ = 2
⇒ (k − 1 ) (k − 2 ) ≥ 0
Now, first equation becomes ⇒ k ≤ 1 or k ≥ 2 …(iii)
x 2 − 6x + 8 = 0 From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
⇒ x = 2, 4 k ≥2
If α = 2, 4 β = 4, then 3 β = 3 kmin = 2
3 128. Since, roots of bx 2 + cx + a = 0 are imaginary.
If α = 4, 4 β = 2, then 3 β = [non-integer]
2 ∴ c 2− 4ab < 0
∴Common root is x = 2. ⇒ − c 2 > − 4ab …(i)
Let f ( x ) = 3b 2x 2 + 6bcx + 2c 2 132. Let α be the common root.

Then, α 2 + bα − 1 = 0 and α 2 + α + b = 0
Since, 3b 2 > 0
2
1 b b −1 −1 1
and D = (6bc ) 2 − 4 (3b 2 ) (2c 2 ) = 12b 2c 2 ⇒ × =
1 1 1 b b 1
D 12b 2c 2
∴ Minimum value of f (x ) = − =− = −c 2 > −4ab ⇒ (1 − b ) (b + 1 ) = ( − 1 − b ) 2
2
4a 4 (3b 2 )
⇒ b 3 + 3b = 0
α β α 2 + β 2 (α + β ) 2 − 2 αβ
129. + = = …(i) ∴ b = 0, i 3, − i 3 , where i = − 1.
β α αβ αβ
and given, α + β = q, α + β = − p
3 3 133. Let f ( x ) = x 4 − 4 x 3 + 12x 2 + x − 1
⇒ (α + β ) 3 − 3 αβ (α + β ) = q ∴ f ′( x ) = 4 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 24 x + 1
⇒ − p 3 + 3 pαβ = q ⇒ f ′′( x ) = 12 x 2 − 24 x + 24
q + p3 = 12 ( x 2 − 2 x + 2 )
or αβ =
3p = 12 [( x − 1 ) 2 + 1 ] > 0
∴ From Eq. (i), we get
2 (q + p 3 ) i.e. f ′′( x ) has no real roots.
p2 − Hence, f ( x ) has maximum two distinct real roots, where
α β 3p p 3 − 2q
+ = = f ( 0 ) = − 1.
β α (q + p )
3
(q + p 3 )
134. Given, p ( x ) = f ( x ) − g ( x )
3p
⇒ p( x ) = (a − a1 ) x 2 + (b − b1 ) x + (c − c1 )
α β
and product of the roots = ⋅ = 1 It is clear that p( x ) = 0 has both equal roots − 1, then
β α
(b − b1 )
 p 3 − 2q  −1 −1 = −
∴ Required equation is x 2 −   x+1=0 (a − a1 )
 q + p3 
c − c1
and − 1 × −1 =
or (q + p 3 ) x 2 − ( p 3 − 2q ) x + (q + p 3 ) = 0 a − a1
130. Since, f ′ ( x ) = 12x 2 + 6x + 2 ⇒ b − b1 = 2 (a − a1 ) and c − c1 = (a − a1 ) …(i)
Here, D = 6 2 − 4 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 2 = 36 − 96 = − 60 < 0 Also given, p( −2 ) = 2
∴ f ′( x ) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ 4 (a − a1 ) − 2 (b − b1 ) + (c − c1 ) = 2 …(ii)
⇒ Only one real root for f ( x ) = 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Also, f ( 0 ) = 1, f ( − 1 ) = − 2 4 (a − a1 ) − 4 (a − a1 ) + (a − a1 ) = 2
⇒ Root must lie in ( − 1, 0 ). ∴ (a − a1 ) = 2 …(iii)
 1 1 ⇒ b − b1 = 4 and c − c1 = 2 [from Eq. (i)] …(iv)
Taking average of 0 and ( − 1 ), f  −  = Now, p(2 ) = 4 (a − a1 ) + 2 (b − b1 ) + (c − c1 )
 2 4
= 8 + 8 + 2 = 18 [from Eqs. (iii) and (iv)]
 1
⇒ Root must lie in  − 1, −  . 135. Let the quadratic equation be
 2
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
 3 1
Similarly, f  −  =−
 4  2 Sachin made a mistake in writing down constant term.
∴ Sum of the roots is correct.
 3 1
⇒ Root must lie in  − , −  . i.e. α + β =7
 4 2
Rahul made a mistake in writing down coefficient of x .
131. Qα 2 − 6 α − 2 = 0 ⇒α 2 − 2 = 6 α …(i)
∴ Product of the roots is correct.
and β − 6β − 2 = 0 ⇒ β − 2 = 6β
2 2
…(ii) i.e. αβ = 6
a10 − 2a 8 ( α 10
− β ) − 2 (α − β )
10 8 8
⇒ Correct quadratic equation is
∴ =
2a 9 2 (α 9 − β9 ) x 2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0
α 8( α 2 − 2 ) − β 8 ( β 2 − 2 ) ⇒ x 2 − 7x + 6 = 0
=
2 (α 9 − β9 ) ⇒ ( x − 6 )( x − 1 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 6,1
α 8 ⋅ 6α − β8 ⋅ 6β Hence, correct roots are 1 and 6.
= [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
2 (α 9 − β9 )
6 (α 9 − β9 )
136. Let a + 1 = h 6
= =3
2 (α 9 − β9 ) ∴ (h 2 − 1 ) x 2 + (h 3 − 1 ) x + (h − 1 ) = 0
 h 2 − 1 2  h 3 − 1 −
q
⇒  x +   x+1=0
 h −1  h −1 ⇒
p
=4
r
As a → 0, then h → 1
p
 h 2 − 1 2  h 3 − 1
lim   x + lim   x+1=0 ⇒ q = − 4r ... (i)
h → 1 h − 1  h → 1 h − 1 
Also, given p, q, r are in AP.
⇒ 2x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0 ∴ 2q = p + r
⇒ 2x + 2x + x + 1 = 0
2
⇒ p = − 9r [from Eq. (i)] …(ii)
⇒ (2 x + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) = 0 D Q for ax 2 + bx + c = 0, α − β = D 
Now, | α − β | =
∴ x = − 1 and x = −
1 | a|  a 
2
137. Let e sin x = t …(i) (q 2 − 4 pr )
=
Then, the given equation can be written as | p|
1 (16r 2 + 36r 2
t − − 4 = 0 ⇒ t 2 − 4t − 1 = 0 = =
52 | r |
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
t 9 |r | 9 |r |
4 ± (16 + 4 )
∴ t= 2 13
2 =
9
⇒ e sin x = (2 + 5 ) [Qe sin x > 0,∴taking + ve sign]
141. f ( x ) = x 5 − 5x and g( x ) = − a
⇒ sin x = loge ( 2 + 5 ) …(ii)
∴ f ′( x ) = 5 x 4 − 5
Q (2 + 5 ) > e [Qe = 2.71828… ]
⇒ loge ( 2 + 5 ) > 1 …(iii) 4
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
sin x > 1 [which is impossible]
Hence, no real root exists. –1 1
138. Given equations are
–4
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 …(i)
and x 2 + 2x + 3 = 0 …(ii) = 5 (x 2 + 1) (x − 1) (x + 1)
Clearly, roots of Eq. (ii) are imaginary, since Eqs. (i) and (ii) Clearly, f ( x ) = g( x ) has one real root, if a > 4 and three real
have a common root, therefore common root must be roots, if | a| < 4.
imaginary and hence both roots will be common. Therefore,
Eqs. (i) and (ii) are identical. 142. Since, b = 0 for p ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c, as roots are pure
a b c imaginary.
∴ = = or a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 3
1 2 3 (− c ± i c )
⇒x = ± , which are clearly neither pure real nor
139. Q x − [ x ] = { x } [fractional part of x ] a
pure imaginary, as c ≠ 0.
For no integral solution, { x } ≠ 0
∴ a≠ 0 …(i) 143. Qαx 2 − x + α = 0 has distinct real roots.
The given equation can be written as ∴ D>0
3 { x } 2 − 2{ x } − a 2 = 0  1 1
⇒ 1 − 4α > 0 ⇒ α ∈  − , 
2
...(i)
 2 2
2 ± ( 4 + 12a ) 1 + (1 + 3a )
2 2
⇒ {x } = = [Q 0 < { x } < 1 ] Also, | x1 − x 2 | < 1 ⇒ | x1 − x 2 | 2 < 1
6 3
D 1 − 4α 2 1
1 + (1 + 3a 2 ) ⇒ <1 ⇒ < 1 ⇒α 2 >
⇒ 0< < 1 ⇒ (1 + 3a 2 ) < 2 a 2
α2 5
3
⇒ a2 < 1 ⇒ − 1 < a < 1  1   1 
…(ii) ⇒ α ∈  −∞,−  ∪  , ∞ ...(ii)
 5  5 
a ∈ ( − 1, 0 ) ∪ ( 0, 1 ) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 α+β  1 1   1 1
140. Q + = 4 ⇒ =4 S =  − ,−  ∪  , 
α β αβ  2 5   5 2
2
+ 4 x − 60 Q α 1, β1 are roots of x 2 − 2 x sec θ + 1 = 0 and α 1 > β1
144. ( x 2 − 5x + 5) x =1
Case I ∴ α 1 = sec θ − tan θ and β1 = sec θ + tan θ
x 2 − 5 x + 5 = 1 and x 2 + 4 x − 60 can be any real number ⇒ α 2, β 2 are roots of x 2 + 2 x tan θ − 1 = 0
⇒ x = 1, 4 and α 2 > β2
Case II
∴ α 2 = − tan θ + sec θ
x 2 − 5 x + 5 = − 1 and x 2 + 4 x − 60 has to be an even number
and β 2 = − tan θ − sec θ
⇒ x = 2, 3
For x = 3, x 2 + 4 x − 60 is odd, ∴ x ≠ 3 Hence, α 1 + β 2 = − 2 tan θ
Hence, x =2 146. Q x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ( x + 2) + .... + ( x + n − 1) ( x + n ) = 10n

Case III x 2 − 5 x + 5 can be any real number and
⇒ nx 2 + x (1 + 3 + 5 + K + (2n − 1 )) + (1 . 2 + 2 . 3
x 2 + 4 x − 60 = 0
+ ...+ (n − 1 ) . n ) = 10n
⇒ x = − 10, 6 1
⇒ Sum of all values of x = 1 + 4 + 2 − 10 + 6 = 3 or nx 2 + n 2x + (n − 1 ) n (n + 1 ) = 10n
3
145. Q x 2 − 2x sec θ a + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = sec θ ± tan θ
or 3 x 2 + 3nx + (n 2 − 1 ) = 30 (Q n ≠ 0)
π π
and − <θ < − or 3 x 2 + 3nx + (n 2 − 31 ) = 0
6 12
 π  π |α −β| =1
⇒ sec  −  > sec θ > sec  −  Q
 6  12
or (α − β ) 2 = 1
 π  π
or sec   > sec θ > sec   D
 6  12 or =1
a2
 π  π
and tan  −  < tan θ < tan  −  or D = a2
 6  12
 π  π or 9n 2 − 12 . (n 2 − 31 ) = 9
⇒ − tan   < tan θ < − tan  
 6  12
or n 2 = 121
 π  π
or tan   > − tan θ > tan   ∴ n = 11
 6  12
CHAPTER
03
Sequences
and Series
Learning Part
Session 1
● Sequence
● Series
● Progression
Session 2
● Arithmetic Progression
Session 3
● Geometric Sequence or Geometric Progression
Session 4
● Harmonic Sequence or Harmonic Progression
Session 5
● Mean
Session 6
● Arithmetico-Geometric Series (AGS)
● Sigma ( S) Notation
● Natural Numbers
Session 7
● Application to Problems of Maxima and Minima
Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercises
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The word “Sequence” in Mathematics has same meaning as in ordinary English. A collection of objects listed in a
sequence means it has identified first member, second member, third member and so on. The most common examples
are depreciate values of certain commodity like car, machinery and amount deposits in the bank for a number of years.
Session 1
Sequence, Series, Progression
Sequence Recursive Formula
A succession of numbers arranged in a definite order or A formula to determine the other terms of the sequence in
arrangement according to some well-defined law is called terms of its preceding terms is known as recursive
a sequence. formula.
Or For example,
A sequence is a function of natural numbers (N) with If T1 = 1 and Tn + 1 = 6 Tn , n Î N .
codomain is the set of real numbers (R) [complex numbers Then, T2 = 6 T1 = 6 × 1 = 6
(C )]. If range is subset of real numbers (complex numbers), T 3 = 6 T2 = 6 × 6 = 36
it is called a real sequence (complex sequence). T 4 = 6 T 3 = 6 × 36 = 216 ...
Or Then, sequence is 1, 6, 36, 216,...
A mapping f : N ® C, then f (n ) = t n , n Î N is called a
sequence to be denoted it by
{ f (1), f (2 ), f (3 ), ... } = {t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , ... } = {t n }. Types of Sequences
The nth term of a sequence is denoted by There are two types of sequences
Tn , t n , a n , a(n ), u n , etc.
1. Finite Sequence
Remark A sequence is said to be finite sequence, if it has finite
The sequence a1, a2, a3, ... is generally written as {an}. number of terms. A finite sequence is described by
For example , a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... , a n or T1 , T2 , T 3 , ..., Tn , where n Î N.
(i) 1, 3, 5, 7, ... is a sequence, because each term (except For example
first) is obtained by adding 2 to the previous term and (i) 3, 5, 7, 9, …, 37
Tn = 2n - 1, n Î N . (ii) 2, 6, 18, 54, …, 4374
Or
If T1 = 1, Tn + 1 = Tn + 2 , n ³ 1 2. Infinite Sequence
(ii) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ... is a sequence, because each term A sequence is said to be an infinite sequence, if it has
(except first two) is obtained by taking the sum of infinite number of terms. An infinite sequence is described
preceding two terms. by a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... or T1 , T2 , T 3 ,K
Or For example,
If T1 = 1, T2 = 2, Tn + 2 = Tn + Tn + 1 , n ³ 1 1 1 1
(i) 1, , , , …
(iii) 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, ... is a sequence. 3 9 27
Here, we cannot express Tn , n Î N by an algebraic 1 1 1 1
(ii) 1, , , , , ...
formula. 2 4 8 16
Chap 03 Sequences and Series 209
Series Or
A sequence is said to be progression, if its terms increases
In a sequence, the sum of the directed terms is called a (respectively decreases) numerically.
series.
For example, The following sequences are progression :
For example, If 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16,... is a sequence, then its 1 1 1 1
sum i.e., 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 +K is a series. (i) 1, 3, 5, 7, ... (ii) , , , , ...
2 6 18 54
In general, if T1 , T2 , T 3 , ..., Tn ,... denote a sequence, then the
1 1 1
symbolic expression T1 + T2 + T 3 + ... + Tn + ... is called a (iii) 1, - , , - , K (iv) 1, 8, 27, 256, ...
series associated with the given sequence. 3 9 27
1
Each member of the series is called its term. (v) 8, - 4, 2, - 1, , K
2
In a seriesT1 + T2 + T 3 + ... + Tr + ..., the sum of first n terms
is denoted by S n . Thus, The sequences (iii) and (v) are progressions, because
n
1 1 1
S n = T1 + T2 + T 3 + ... + Tn = å Tr = å Tn | 1| > - > > - > ...
r =1 3 9 27
If S n denotes the sum of n terms of a sequence. 1 1 1
i.e. 1> > > >K
Then, S n - S n - 1 = (T1 + T2 + T 3 + ... + Tn ) 3 9 27
- (T1 + T2 + ... + Tn - 1 ) = Tn 1
Thus, Tn = S n - S n - 1 and | 8 | > | - 4 | > | 2 | > | - 1| > > ...
2
1
Types of Series i.e. 8 > 4 >2 >1>
2
> ...
There are two types of series
Remark
1. Finite Series All the definitions and formulae are valid for complex numbers
A series having finite number of terms is called a finite in the theory of progressions but it should be assumed (if not
otherwise stated) that the terms of the progressions are real
series. numbers.
For example,
(i) 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ... + 21 n
y Example 1. If f : N ® R, where f (n ) = an = ,
(ii) 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 + ... + 4374 (2n + 1) 2
write the sequence in ordered pair form.
2. Infinite Series n
Sol. Here, an =
A series having an infinite number of terms is called an ( 2n + 1) 2
infinite series. On putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ... successively, we get
For example, 1 1 2 2
a1 = 2
= , a2 = 2
=
1 1 1 ( 2 × 1 + 1) 9 ( 2 × 2 + 1) 25
(i) 1 + + + + ...
3 9 27 3 3 4 4
a3 = 2
= , a4 = 2
=
1 1 1 ( 2 × 3 + 1) 49 ( 2 × 4 + 1) 81
(ii) 1 + + + + ...
2 4 8 M M M
1 2 3 4
Hence, we obtain the sequence , , , , ...
9 25 49 81
Progression Now, the sequence in ordered pair form is
If the terms of a sequence can be described by an explicit ìæ 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 3 ö æ 4 ö ü
í ç1, ÷, ç2, ÷, ç3, ÷, ç 4, ÷, ...ý
formula, then the sequence is called a progression. î è 9 ø è 25 ø è 49 ø è 81 ø þ
y Example 2. The Fibonacci sequence is defined by y Example 4.

an + 1 n
a1 = 1 = a 2 , an = an - 1 + an - 2 , n > 2. Find
an
for (i) Write å(r 2 + 2) in expanded form.
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. r =1
1 2 3 4 n
Sol. Q a1 = 1 = a 2 (ii) Write the series + + + +K + in sigma
3 4 5 6 n +2
\ a3 = a 2 + a1 = 1 + 1 = 2,
a4 = a3 + a2 = 2 + 1 = 3 form.
a5 = a4 + a3 = 3 + 2 = 5 Sol. (i) On putting r = 1, 2, 3, 4, K, n in (r 2 + 2),
and a6 = a5 + a4 = 5 + 3 = 8
we get 3, 6, 11, 18, ... , (n 2 + 2)
a2 a 2 a 3 a 5 a 8
\ = 1, 3 = = 2 , 4 = , 5 = and 6 = n
a1 a2 1 a3 2 a4 3 a5 5 Hence, å(r 2 + 2) = 3 + 6 + 11 + 18 + K + (n 2 + 2)
r =1
y Example 3. If the sum of n terms of a series is
r
2n 2 + 5n for all values of n, find its 7th term. (ii) The r th term of series = .
r +2
Sol. Given, Sn = 2n 2 + 5n Hence, the given series can be written as
Þ Sn - 1 = 2 (n - 1)2 + 5 (n - 1) = 2n 2 + n - 3
1 2 3 4 n n
æ r ö
\ Tn = Sn - Sn - 1 = (2n 2 + 5n ) - (2n 2 + n - 3) = 4n + 3 + + + + ... + = å ç ÷
3 4 5 6 n + 2 r = 1 èr + 2ø
Hence, T 7 = 4 ´ 7 + 3 = 31

1 First term of a sequence is 1 and the (n + 1) th term is obtained by adding (n + 1) to the nth term for all natural
numbers n, the 6th term of the sequence is
(a) 7 (b) 13
(c) 21 (d) 27
2. The first three terms of a sequence are 3, 3, 6 and each term after the second is the sum of two terms
preceding it, the 8th term of the sequence is
(a) 15 (b) 24
(c) 39 (d) 63
6
æ np ö
3. If a n = sin ç ÷ , the value of å a n2 is
è 6 ø n =1
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 7
4. If for a sequence {a n}, Sn = 2n 2 + 9n, where Sn is the sum of n terms, the value of a 20 is
(a) 65 (b) 75
(c) 87 (d) 97
5
5. If a1 = 2, a 2 = 3 + a1 and a n = 2 a n - 1 + 5 for n > 1, the value of å a r is
r =2
(a) 130 (b) 160

(c) 190 (d) 220
Session 2
Arithmetic Progression (AP)
Types of Progression Algorithm to determine whether a sequence is

Progressions are various types but in this chapter we will an AP or not
studying only three special types of progressions which Step I Obtain t n (the nth term of the sequence).
are following : Step II Replace n by n - 1 in t n to get t n - 1 .
1. Arithmetic Progression (AP) Step III Calculate t n - t n - 1 .
2. Geometric Progression (GP) If t n - t n - 1 is independent of n, the given sequence is an
3. Harmonic Progression (HP) AP otherwise it is not an AP.
y Example 5.
Arithmetic Progression (AP) (i) 1 , 3, 5, 7, ... (ii) p , p + e p , p + 2e p , K
(iii) a , a - b , a - 2b , a - 3b , K
An arithmetic progression is a sequence in which the
Sol. (i) Here, 2nd term – 1st term = 3rd term – 2nd term = ...
difference between any term and its just preceding term
Þ 3 - 1 = 5 - 3 = ... = 2, which is a common
(i.e., term before it) is constant throughout. This constant
difference.
is called the common difference (abbreviated as CD) and is
(ii) Here, 2nd term – 1st term = 3rd term – 2nd term = ...
generally denoted by ‘d’.
Or Þ ( p + e p ) - p = ( p + 2e p ) - ( p + e p ) = ...
An arithmetic progression is a sequence whose terms = e p, which is a common difference.
increase or decrease by a fixed number. This fixed number (iii) Here, 2nd term – 1st term = 3rd term – 2nd term = ...
is called the common difference of the AP. Þ (a - b ) - a = (a - 2b ) - (a - b ) = ...
A finite or infinite sequence {t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , K, t n } = - b, which is a common difference.
or {t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , ... } is said to be an arithmetic progression y Example 6. Show that the sequence < t n > defined by
(AP), if t k - t k - 1 = d , a constant independent of k, for
t n = 5n + 4 is an AP, also find its common difference.
k = 2, 3, 4, ..., n or k = 2, 3, 4,K as the case may be :
Sol. We have, t n = 5n + 4
The constant d is called the common difference of the AP.
On replacing n by (n - 1), we get
i.e. d = t 2 - t 1 = t 3 - t 2 = ... = t n - t n - 1 t n - 1 = 5 ( n - 1) + 4
Remarks Þ t n - 1 = 5n - 1
1. If a be the first term and d be the common difference, then \ t n - t n - 1 = (5n + 4 ) - (5n - 1) = 5
AP can be written as Clearly, t n - t n - 1 is independent of n and is equal to 5. So,
a, a + d, a + 2d,... , a + (n - 1) d,... ," n Î N. the given sequence is an AP with common difference 5.
2. If we add the common difference to any term of AP, we get
the next following term and if we subtract it from any term,
y Example 7. Show that the sequence < t n > defined
we get the preceding term. by t n = 3n 2 + 2 is not an AP.
3. The common difference of an AP may be positive, zero,
Sol. We have, t n = 3n 2 + 2
negative or imaginary.
4. Constant AP common difference of an AP is equal to zero. On replacing n by (n - 1), we get
5. Increasing AP common difference of an AP is greater than t n - 1 = 3 ( n - 1) 2 + 2
zero. Þ t n - 1 = 3n 2 - 6n + 5
6. Decreasing AP common difference of an AP is less than \ t n - t n - 1 = (3n 2 + 2) - (3n 2 - 6n + 5)
zero. = 6n - 3
7. Imaginary AP common difference of an AP is imaginary. Clearly, t n - t n - 1 is not independent of n and therefore it is
not constant. So, the given sequence is not an AP.
Remark y Example 8. Find first negative term of the sequence

If the nth term of a sequence is an expression of first degree in n. 1 1 3
For example, tn = An + B, where A, B are constants, then that 20, 19 , 18 , 17 , ...
4 2 4
sequence will be in AP for tn - tn - 1 = ( An + B) - [ A ( n - 1) + B]
= A [ n - ( n - 1)] = A = constant = Common difference or Sol. The given sequence is an AP in which first term, a = 20
coefficient of n in tn Students are advised to consider the above 3
point as a behaviour of standard result. and common difference, d = - . Let the nth term of the
4
given AP be the first negative term. Then,
General Term of an AP t n < 0 Þ a + ( n - 1) d < 0
æ 3ö
Let ‘a’ be the first term, ‘d’ be the common difference and ‘ Þ 20 + (n - 1) ç - ÷ < 0
è 4ø
l ’ be the last term of an AP having ‘n’ terms, where n Î N .
Þ 80 - 3n + 3 < 0
Then, AP can be written as a, a + d , a + 2d , ..., l - 2d , l - d , l 83 2
Þ n> or n > 27
(i) nth Term of an AP from Beginning 3 3
Þ n = 28
1st term from beginning = t 1 = a = a + (1 - 1) d Thus, 28th term of the given sequence is the first negative
2nd term from beginning = t 2 = a + d = a + (2 - 1) d term.
3rd term from beginning = t 3 = a + 2d = a + (3 - 1) d 1
M M M M
y Example 9. If the mth term of an AP is and the
n
n th term from beginning = t n = a + (n - 1) d , " n Î N 1
nth term is , then find mnth term of an AP.
Hence, n th term of an AP from beginning m
= t n = a + (n - 1) d = l [last term] Sol. If A and B are constants, then r th term of AP is
t r = Ar + B
(ii) nth Term of an AP from End 1 1
Given, tm = Þ Am + B = …(i)
1st term from end = t ¢1 = l = l - (1 - 1) d n n
1 1
2nd term from end = t ¢2 = l - d = l - (2 - 1) d and tn = Þ An + B = …(ii)
m m
3rd term from end = t ¢ 3 = l - 2d = l - (3 - 1) d 1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get A = and B = 0
M M M M mn
nth term from end = t ¢n = l - (n - 1) d , " n Î N mn th term = t mn = Amn + B =
1
× mn + 0 = 1
Hence, n th term of an AP from end mn
t ¢n = l - (n - 1) d = a [first term] Hence, mn th term of the given AP is 1.
Now, it is clear that y Example 10. If | x - 1 |, 3 and | x - 3 | are first three
t n + t ¢n = a + (n - 1) d + l - (n - 1) d = a + l terms of an increasing AP, then find the 6th term of on AP.
or t n + t ¢n = a + l Sol. Case I For x < 1,
i.e. In a finite AP, the sum of the terms equidistant from | x - 1 | = - ( x - 1)
the beginning and end is always same and is equal to the and | x - 3 | = - ( x - 3)
sum of first and last term. \1 - x, 3 and 3 - x are in AP.
Þ 6=1- x +3- x
Remark
Þ x = -1
1. nth term is also called the general term.
Then, first three terms are 2, 3, 4,
2. If last term of AP is tn and common difference be d, then
terms of AP from end are tn, tn - d, tn - 2d, ... which is an increasing AP.
3. If in a sequence, the terms an alternatively positive and \ 6th term is 7. [Qd = 1]
negative, then it cannot be an AP. Case II For 1 < x < 3,
l-a | x - 1| = x -1
4. Common difference of AP = , where, a = first term of AP,
n+ 1
and | x - 3 | = - ( x - 3) = 3 - x
l = last term of AP and n = number of terms of AP.
5. If tn, tn + 1, tn + 2 are three consecutive terms of an AP, then
\x - 1, 3 and 3 - x are in AP.
2 tn + 1 = tn + tn + 2 . In particular, if a, b and c are in AP, then Þ 6= x -1+3- x
2b = a + c . Þ 6=2 [impossible]
Case III For x > 3, | x - 1 | = x - 1 and | x - 3 | = x - 3 announced the answer almost at once. The teacher
\ x - 1, 3 and x - 3 are in AP. overawed at this asked Gauss to explain how he got this
Þ 6= x -1+ x -3 Þ x =5 answer. Gauss explained that he had added these numbers
Then, first three terms are 4, 3, 2, which is a decreasing AP. in pairs as follows
(1 + 100 ), (2 + 99 ), (3 + 98 ) , K
y Example 11. In the sequence 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4,
4, ..., where n consecutive terms have the value n, find 100
There are = 50 pairs. The answer can be obtained by
the 150th term of the sequence. 2
Sol. Let the 150th term = n multiplying 101 by 50 to get 5050.
Then, 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n - 1) < 150 < 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
Þ
( n - 1) n
< 150 <
n ( n + 1) Sum of n Terms of an AP
2 2 Let ‘a’ be the first term, ‘d’ be the common difference, ‘l ’
Þ n (n - 1) < 300 < n (n + 1) be the last term of an AP having n terms and S n be the
Taking first two members
sum of n terms, then
n (n - 1) < 300 Þ n 2 - n - 300 < 0
2 S n = a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + K + (l - 2d ) + (l - d ) + l …(i)
æ 1ö 1
Þ çn - ÷ < 300 + Reversing the right hand terms
è 2ø 4
S n = l + (l - d ) + (l - 2d ) + ... + (a + 2d ) + (a + d ) + a …(ii)
1 1201
Þ 0<n < + On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 2
Þ 0 < n < 17.8 …(i) 2 S n = (a + l ) + (a + l ) + (a + l ) + ...
and taking last two members, + (a + l ) + (a + l ) + (a + l )
n (n + 1) > 300 = (a + l ) + (a + l ) + ... upto n terms = n (a + l )
2
æ 1ö 1 n
Þ çn + ÷ > 300 + \ S n = (a + l ) …(iii)
è 2ø 4
2
1 1201
\ n>- + Now, if we substitute the value of l viz., l = a + (n - 1) d , in
2 2
this formula, we get
Þ n > 16. 8 …(ii)
n n
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get S n = [a + a + (n - 1) d ] = [2a + (n - 1)d ]
16.8 < n < 17.8 2 2
Þ n = 17 n
\ S n = [2a + (n - 1) d ]
2
y Example 12. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 and a 5 are in AP with
5 If we substitute the value of a viz.,
common difference ¹ 0, find the value of å ai when l = a + (n - 1) d
a 3 = 2. i =1
or a = l - (n - 1) d in Eq. (iii), then
Sol. Qa1, a 2 , a 3 , a 4 and a 5 are in AP, we have n
S n = [ 2l - (n - 1) d ]
a1 + a 5 = a 2 + a 4 = a 3 + a 3 [Qt n + t ¢n = a + l ] 2
a1 + a 5 = a 2 + a 4 = 4 [Qa 3 = 2]
If we substitute the value of a + l viz.,
a1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 = 4 + 2 + 4 = 10
5 t n + t ¢ n = a + l in Eq. (iii), then
Þ åai = 10 n
i =1 S n = (t n + t ¢ n )
2
Sum of a Stated Number of Corollary I Sum of first n natural numbers

i.e. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + n
Terms of an Arithmetic Series Here, a = 1 and d = 1
More than 200 yr ago, a class of German School Children
n
was asked to find the sum of all integers from 1 to 100 \ S = [2 × 1 + (n - 1) × 1]
inclusive. One boy in the class, an eight year old named 2
Carl Fredrick Gauss (1777-1855) who later established n (n + 1)
=
his reputation as one of the greatest Mathematicians 2
Corollary II Sum of first n odd natural numbers n

Sum of first n terms = [2a + (n - 1) d ]
i.e., 1 + 3 + 5 + ... 2
Here, a =1 dn 2 æ dö
= + ç a - ÷ n = An 2 + Bn,
and d =2 2 è 2ø
n d d
\ S = [2 × 1 + (n - 1) × 2 ] = n 2 where, A = ,B =a -
2 2 2
Corollary III If sum of first n terms is S n , then sum of next Hence, S n = An 2 + Bn, where A and B are constants
m terms is S m + n - S n .
independent of n.
Hence, the converse is true.
Important Results with Proof Corollary Q S n = An 2 + Bn
1. If S n , t n and d are sum of n terms, nth term
\ t n = A (2n - 1) + B
and common difference of an AP respectively,
then t n = A (replacing n 2 by 2n - 1) + coefficient of n
d = tn - tn -1 [n ³ 2] and d = 2A
t n = Sn - Sn - 1 [n ³ 2] i.e. d =2 [coefficient of n 2 ]
d = Sn - 2 Sn - 1 + Sn - 2 [n ³ 3]
Proof Sn tn d
Q Sn = t1 + t2 + t 3 +K + tn - 1 + tn 1. 5n2 + 3n 5 (2n - 1) + 3 = 10n - 2 10
Þ Sn = Sn - 1 + tn
2. - 7n2 + 2n - 7 (2n - 1) + 2 - 14
\ tn = Sn - Sn - 1 = - 14 n + 9
but d = tn - tn -1 - 9 (2n - 1) - 4 - 18
3. - 9n2 - 4 n
= (S n - S n - 1 ) - (S n - 1 - S n - 2 ) = - 18n + 5
\ d = Sn - 2 Sn - 1 + Sn - 2 4. 4 n2 - n 4 (2n - 1) - 1 = 8n - 5 8
2. A sequence is an AP if and only if the sum of
its n terms is of the form An 2 + Bn, where A 3. If S n = an 2 + bn + c , where S n denotes the sum
and B are constants independent of n. of n terms of a series, then whole series is not
In this case, the nth term and common difference of an AP. It is AP from the second term onwards.
the AP are A (2n - 1) + B and 2A, respectively. Proof As S n = an 2 + bn + c for n ³ 1, we get
Proof As S n = An 2 + Bn S n - 1 = a (n - 1) 2 + b (n - 1) + c for n ³ 2
\ S n - 1 = A (n - 1) 2 + B (n - 1) Now, tn = Sn - Sn - 1
\ tn = Sn - Sn - 1 Þ t n = a (2n - 1) + b, n ³ 2
= ( An 2 + Bn ) - [ A (n - 1) 2 + B (n - 1)] \ t n - 1 = a [2 (n - 1) - 1] + b, n ³ 3
Þ t n - 1 = a (2n - 3 ) + b, n ³ 3
= A [n 2 - (n - 1) 2 ] + B
\ t n - t n - 1 = 2a = constant, n ³ 3
t n = A (2n - 1) + B
\ t 3 - t 2 = t 4 - t 3 = t 5 - t 4 = ...
Þ t n - 1 = A [2 (n - 1) - 1] + B
But t 2 - t 1 = (S 2 - S 1 ) - S 1 = S 2 - 2 S 1
= A (2n - 3 ) + B
= ( 4a + 2b + c ) - 2 (a + b + c )
Now, t n - t n - 1 = [ A (2n - 1) + B ] - [ A (2n - 3 ) + B ]
= (2a - c ) [QS 1 = t 1 ]
= 2A [a constant]
\ t2 - t1 ¹ t 3 - t2
Hence, the sequence is an AP.
Hence, the whole series is not an AP. It is AP from
Conversely, consider an AP with first term a and
the second term onwards.
common difference d.
Ratio of Sums is Given y Example 14. The sums of n terms of two arithmetic
progressions are in the ratio (7n + 1) :(4n + 17 ). Find the
1. If ratio of the sums of m and n terms of an AP ratio of their nth terms and also common differences.
is given by
Sol. Given, Sn : Sn¢ = (7n + 1) : ( 4n + 17 )
Sm Am 2 + Bm
= Here, A = 7, B = 1, C = 4 and D = 17
Sn An 2 + Bn
tn 7 (2n - 1) + 1 14n - 6
where A, B are constants and A ¹ 0. \ = =
t ¢n 4 (2n - 1) + 17 8n + 13
\ S m = ( Am 2 + Bm ) k , d A 7
and = =
2
S n = ( An + Bn ) k d¢ C 4
Þ t m = S m - S m - 1 = [ A (2m - 1) + B ]k Hence, t n : t n¢ = (14n - 6) : (8n + 13) and d : d ¢ = 7 : 4
t n = S n - S n - 1 = [ A (2n - 1) + B ] k y Example 15. The sums of n terms of two AP’s are in

t m A (2m - 1) + B the ratio ( 3n - 13) :( 5n + 21). Find the ratio of their 24th
\ = terms.
tn A (2n - 1) + B
Sol. Given, Sn : Sn¢ = (3n - 13) : (5n + 21)
y Example 13. The ratio of sums of m and n terms of Here, A = 3, B = - 13, C = 5 and D = 21
an AP is m 2 : n 2 . The ratio of the m th and nth terms is
t 24 3 (2 ´ 24 - 1) - 13 128 1
\ = = =
(a) (2m + 1) : (2n - 1) (b) m : n t ¢24 5 (2 ´ 24 - 1) + 21 256 2
(c) (2m - 1) : (2n - 1) (d) None of these \ t 24 : t ¢24 = 1 : 2
2
Sm m
Sol. (c) Here, = 2 [QA = 1, B = 0] y Example 16. How many terms of the series
Sn n
1 2
t m ( 2m - 1) 20 + 19 + 18 + ... must be taken to make 300?
\ = 3 3
tn ( 2n - 1)
Þ t m : t n = ( 2m - 1) : ( 2n - 1) Explain the double answer.
Sol. Here, given series is an AP with first term a = 20 and the
2. If ratio of the sums of n terms of two AP’s is
2
given by common difference, d = - .
3
Sn An + B Let the sum of n terms of the series be 300.
=
¢
S n Cn + D n
Then, Sn = {2a + (n - 1) d }
2
where, A, B, C , D are constants and A, C ¹ 0
nì æ 2 öü
\ S n = n ( An + B ) k, S ¢n = n (Cn + D ) k Þ 300 = í2 ´ 20 + (n - 1) ç - ÷ý
2î è 3 øþ
Þ t n = [ A (2n - 1) + B ] k , t n¢ = [C (2n - 1) + D ] k n
Þ 300 = {60 - n + 1}
Þ d = t n - t n - 1 = 2 A , d ¢ = t n¢ - t n¢ -1 = 2C 3
t n A (2n - 1) + B d A Þ n 2 - 61n + 900 = 0
\ = and =
t n¢ C (2n - 1) + D d¢ C Þ (n - 25) (n - 36) = 0
Note If A = 0, C = 0 Þ n = 25 or n = 36
S B t B d 0 \ Sum of 25 terms = Sum of 36 terms = 300
Then, n = Þ n = and = = not defined
S n¢ D t ¢n D d¢ 0 Explanation of double answer
Here, the common difference is negative, therefore terms
Remark æ -2 ö
tn an + b go on diminishing and t 31 = 20 + (31 - 1) ç ÷ = 0 i.e., 31st
If = è 3 ø
t ¢n cn + d
term becomes zero. All terms after 31st term are negative.
where, a, b, c, d are constants and a, c ¹ 0, then
These negative terms (t 32 , t 33 , t 34 , t 35 , t 36 ) when added to
n + 1ö
a æç ÷+ b positive terms (t 26 , t 27 , t 28 , t 29 , t 30 ), they cancel out each
Sn è 2 ø
= other i.e., sum of terms from 26th to 36th terms is zero.
S ¢n n + 1ö
c æç ÷+ d Hence, the sum of 25 terms as well as that of 36 terms is
è 2 ø
300.
y Example 17. Find the arithmetic progression but given

consisting of 10 terms, if the sum of the terms t 1 + t 5 + t 10 + t 15 + t 20 + t 24 = 225
occupying the even places is equal to 15 and the sum Þ (t 1 + t 24 ) + (t 5 + t 20 ) + (t 10 + t 15 ) = 225
1 Þ 3 (t 1 + t 24 ) = 225
of those occupying the odd places is equal to 12 .
2 Þ t 1 + t 24 = 75
Sol. Let the successive terms of an AP be t 1, t 2 , t 3 , ..., t 9 , t 10 . 24
\ S 24 = (t 1 + t 24 ) = 12 ´ 75 = 900
By hypothesis, 2
t 2 + t 4 + t 6 + t 8 + t 10 = 15
y Example 20. If (1 + 3 + 5 + ... + p ) + (1 + 3 + 5 + ... + q )
5
Þ (t 2 + t 10 ) = 15 = (1 + 3 + 5 + ... + r ), where each set of parentheses
2
Þ t 2 + t 10 = 6 contains the sum of consecutive odd integers as
Þ ( a + d ) + ( a + 9d ) = 6
shown, then find the smallest possible value of
p + q + r (where, p > 6).
Þ 2a + 10d = 6 …(i)
1 Sol. We know that, 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n - 1) = n 2
and t 1 + t 3 + t 5 + t 7 + t 9 = 12
2 Thus, the given equation can be written as
2 2 2
5 25 æ p + 1ö æq + 1ö ær + 1ö
Þ (t 1 + t 9 ) = ç ÷ +ç ÷ =ç ÷
2 2 è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
Þ t1 + t 9 = 5
Þ ( p + 1) 2 + ( q + 1) 2 = ( r + 1) 2
Þ a + a + 8d = 5
Therefore, ( p + 1, q + 1, r + 1) form a Pythagorean triplet as
Þ 2a + 8d = 5 …(ii)
p > 6Þp + 1 > 7
1 1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get d = and a = The first Pythagorean triplet containing a number > 7 is
2 2 (6, 8, 10).
1 1 1
Hence, the AP is , 1, 1 , 2, 2 , K Þ p + 1 = 8, q + 1 = 6, r + 1 = 10
2 2 2 Þ p + q + r = 21
y Example 18. If N, the set of natural numbers is

partitioned into groups S 1 = {1}, S 2 = {2, 3}, Properties of Arithmetic Progression
1. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... are in AP with common difference d,
S 3 = {4, 5, 6}, ..., find the sum of the numbers in S 50 .
then a 1 ± k, a 2 ± k, a 3 ± k, ... are also in AP with
Sol. The number of terms in the groups are 1, 2, 3, ... common difference d.
Q The number of terms in the 50th group = 50 2. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... are in AP with common difference d,
\ The last term of 1st group = 1 a a a
The last term of 2nd group = 3 = 1 + 2 then a 1 k, a 2 k, a 3 k, ... and 1 , 2 , 3 , ... are also in AP
k k k
The last term of 3rd group = 6 = 1 + 2 + 3 d
M M M M M M (k ¹ 0 ) with common differences kd and ,
k
The last term of 49th group = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 49 respectively.
\ First term of 50th group = 1 + (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 49 )
49
3. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , .. and b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , .. . are two AP’s with
=1+ (1 + 49 ) = 1226 common differences d 1 and d 2 , respectively. Then,
2
a 1 ± b 1 , a 2 ± b 2 , a 3 ± b 3 , ... are also in AP with
50
\ S 50 = {2 ´ 1226 + (50 - 1) ´ 1} common difference (d 1 ± d 2 ).
2
= 25 ´ 2501 = 62525 4. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... and b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , ... are two AP’s with
common differences d 1 and d 2 respectively, then
y Example 19. Find the sum of first 24 terms of on AP a a a
a 1 b 1 , a 2 b 2 , a 3 b 3 , ... and 1 , 2 , 3 ,K are not in AP.
t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , ... , if it is known that b1 b2 b 3
t 1 + t 5 + t 10 + t 15 + t 20 + t 24 = 225. 5. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n are in AP, then
Sol. We know that, in an AP the sums of the terms equidistant
from the beginning and end is always same and is equal
ar - k + ar + k
ar = , " k, 0 £ k £ n - r
to the sum of first and last term. 2
Then, t 1 + t 24 = t 5 + t 20 = t 10 + t 15
6. If three numbers in AP whose sum is given are to be From Eq. (iii),

taken as a - b, a, a + b and if five numbers in AP n n
{2 × 1 + (n - 1) × 1}, {2 × 2 + (n - 1) × 3},
whose sum is given, are to be taken as a - 2b, a - b, 2 2
a, a + b, a + 2b, etc. n
{2 × 3 + (n - 1) × 5}, …,
2
In general, If (2 r + 1) numbers in AP whose sum is n
given, are to be taken as (r Î N ). {2p + (n - 1) (2p - 1)} are also in AP
2
a - r b, a - (r - 1) b, ..., a - b, a , a + b, ... , n
a + (r - 1) b, a + rb [multiplying to each term]
2
i.e. S1, S 2 , S 3 , ..., S p are in AP.
Remark
p
1. Sum of three numbers = 3a \ S1 + S 2 + S 3 + ... + S p = {S1 + S p }
Sum of five numbers = 5a
2
p ìn n ü
M M M M M = í [2 × 1 + (n - 1) × 1] + [2 × p + (n - 1) (2p - 1)]ý
Sum of ( 2r + 1) numbers = ( 2r + 1) a 2 î2 2 þ
2. From given conditions, find two equations in a and b and np
then solve them. Now, the numbers in AP can be obtained.
= {2 + (n - 1) + 2p + (n - 1) (2p - 1)}
4
7. If four numbers in AP whose sum is given, are to be np 1
= (2np + 2) = np (np + 1)
taken as 4 2
a - 3b, a - b, a + b, a + 3b and if six numbers in AP, Aliter
whose sum is given are to be taken as a - 5b, a - 3b, n ( n + 1)
Here, S1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... upto n terms =
a - b, a + b, a + 3b, a + 5 b, etc. 2
In general If 2 r numbers in AP whose sum is given, n
S 2 = 2 + 5 + 8 + ... upto n terms = [ 2 × 2 + (n - 1)3]
are to be taken as (r Î N ). 2
a - (2 r - 1) b, a - (2 r - 3 ) b,..., a - 3 b, a - b, n (3n + 1)
=
a + b, a + 3 b, ..., a + (2 r - 3 ) b, a + (2 r - 1) b 2
n (5n + 1)
Similarly, S 3 = 3 + 8 + 13 + ... upto n terms = , etc.
Remark 2
1. Sum of four numbers = 4 a Now, S1 + S 2 + S 3 + ... + S p
Sum of six numbers = 6 a n ( n + 1) n ( 3n + 1) n ( 5n + 1)
= + + + ... upto p terms
M M M M M 2 2 2
Sum of 2r numbers = 2ra n
= [(n + 3n + 5n + ... upto p terms)
2. From given conditions, find two conditions in a and b and 2
then solve them. Now, the numbers in AP can be obtained. + (1 + 1 + 1 + ... upto p terms)]
n ép ù
= ê (2n + ( p - 1) 2n ) + p ú
y Example 21. If S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , ..., S p are the sums of 2 ë2 û
n terms of p AP’s whose first terms are 1, 2, 3, ..., p and =
np 1
[n + n ( p - 1) + 1] = np (np + 1)
common differences are 1, 2, 3, ..., (2p - 1) respectively, 2 2
1
show that S 1 + S 2 + S 3 + .... + S p = np (np + 1). y Example 22. Let a and b be roots of the equation
2
Sol. Q1, 2, 3, ..., p are in AP. x 2 - 2x + A = 0 and let g and d be the roots of the
Then, 2×1, 2×2, 2×3, K, 2p are also in AP. …(i) equation x 2 - 18 x + B = 0. If a < b < g < d are in
[multiplying 2 to each term] arithmetic progression, then find the values of A and B.
and 1, 3, 5, ..., (2p - 1) are in AP. Sol. Qa , b, g , d are in AP.
Then, (n - 1) × 1, (n - 1) ×3, (n - 1)×5, ..., (n - 1) (2p - 1) are Let b = a + d, g = a + 2d, d = a + 3d, d > 0
also in AP. …(ii) [here, sum of a , b, g , d is not given]
[multiplying (n - 1) to each term]
Given, a + b = 2, ab = A
2×1 + (n - 1) ×1, 2×2 + (n - 1) ×3, 2×3 + (n - 1) ×5, K, Þ 2a + d = 2, ab = A …(i)
2p + (n - 1) (2p - 1) are also in AP. …(iii) and g + d = 18, gd = B

[adding corresponding terms of Eqs. (i) and (ii)] Þ 2a + 5d = 18, gd = B …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Þ b2 - D 2 < b2

d = 4, a = - 1 Þ b (b 2 - D 2 ) ( 4 )1/ 3 or b > (2)2 / 3
Þ A = ab = ( - 1) (3) = - 3
and B = gd = (7 )(11) = 77 Hence, the minimum value of b is (2)2 / 3 .
y Example 23. The digits of a positive integer having y Example 25. If a, b , c , d are distinct integers form an
three digits are in AP and their sum is 15. The number increasing AP such that d = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 , then find the
obtained by reversing the digits is 594 less than the
value of a + b + c + d .
original number. Find the number.
Sol. Here, sum of numbers i.e., a + b + c + d is not given.
Sol. Let the digit in the unit’s place be a - d , digit in the ten’s
place be a and the digit in the hundred’s place be a + d . Let b = a + D , c = a + 2D , d = a + 3D , " D Î N
Sum of digits = a - d + a + a + d = 15 [given] According to hypothesis,
Þ 3a = 15 a + 3D = a 2 + ( a + D ) 2 + ( a + 2D ) 2
\ a=5 …(i) Þ 5D 2 + 3 (2a - 1) D + 3a 2 - a = 0 …(i)
\ Original number = (a - d ) + 10a + 100 (a + d ) 2 2
- 3 (2a - 1) ± 9 (2a - 1) - 20 (3a - a )
= 111a + 99d = 555 + 99d \ D=
and number formed by reversing the digits 10
= (a + d ) + 10a + 100 (a - d ) - 3 (2a - 1) ± ( - 24a 2 - 16a + 9 )
=
= 111a - 99d = 555 - 99d 10
Given, (555 + 99d ) - (555 - 99d ) = 594 Þ 198d = 594 Now, - 24a 2 - 16a + 9 ³ 0
\ d =3 Þ 24a 2 + 16a - 9 £ 0
Hence, original number = 555 + 99 ´ 3 = 852 1 70 1 70
Þ - - £a£ - +
3 3 3 12
y Example 24. If three positive real numbers are in AP Þ a = - 1, 0 [ Qa Î I ]
such that abc = 4, then find the minimum value of b. 3
When a = 0 from Eq. (i), D = 0, (not possible Q D Î N ) and
Sol. Qa, b, c are in AP. 5
Let a = A - D , b = A , c = A + D for a = - 1
4
Then, a = b - D, c = b + D From Eq. (i), D = 1,
Now, abc = 4 5
\ D =1 [Q D Î N ]
(b - D ) b (b + D ) = 4 \ a = - 1, b = 0, c = 1, d = 2
Þ b (b 2 - D 2 ) = 4 Then, a + b + c + d = - 1 + 0 + 1 + 2 = 2

1. If nth term of the series 25 + 29 + 33 + 37 + ... and 3 + 4 + 6 + 9 + 13 + K are equal, then n equals
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
1 7 1 20
2. The rth term of the series 2 + 1 + 1 + + ... is
2 13 9 23
20 20 20
(a) (b) (c) 20 (5r + 3) (d)
5r + 3 5r - 3 5r 2 + 3
3. In a certain AP, 5 times the 5th term is equal to 8 times the 8th term, its 13th term is
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) - 12 (d) -13
4. If the 9th term of an AP is zero, the ratio of its 29th and 19th terms is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 : 1
5. If the p th, q th and rth terms of an AP are a, b and c respectively, the value of a (q - r ) + b (r - p ) + c ( p - q ) is
1
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d)
2
6. The 6th term of an AP is equal to 2, the value of the common difference of the AP which makes the product
a1a4a 5 least is given by
8 5 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 4 3 3
7. The sum of first 2n terms of an AP is a and the sum of next n terms is b, its common difference is
a - 2b 2b - a a - 2b 2b - a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3n 2 3n 2 3n 3n
8. The sum of three numbers in AP is - 3 and their product is 8, then sum of squares of the numbers is
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 21
S
9. Let Sn denote the sum of n terms of an AP, if S2n = 3Sn, then the ratio 3n is equal to
Sn
(a) 9 (b) 6 (c) 16 (d) 12
10. The sum of the products of the ten numbers ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 5 taking two at a time, is
(a) - 65 (b) 165 (c) - 55 (d) 95
11. If a1, a 2, a 3, ..., a n are in AP, where a i > 0 for all i , the value of
1 1 1
+ + ... + is
a1 + a 2 a2 + a3 an - 1 + an
1 1 n (n - 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a1 + an a1 - an a1 - an a1 + an
Session 3
Geometric Sequence or Geometric Progression (GP)
Geometric Sequence or 5. The common ratio of GP may be positive, negative or
Geometric Progression (GP) imaginary.

6. If common ratio of GP is equal to unity, then GP is known as
A geometric progression is a sequence, if the ratio of any Constant GP.
term and its just preceding term is constant throughout. 7. If common ratio of GP is imaginary or real, then GP is known
This constant quantity is called the common ratio and is as Imaginary GP.
generally denoted by ‘ r’. 8. Increasing and Decreasing GP
For a GP to be increasing or decreasing r > 0. If r < 0, terms
Or of GP are alternatively positive and negative and so neither
A geometric progression (GP) is a sequence of numbers, increasing nor decreasing.
whose first term is non-zero and each of the term is a a>0 a>0 a<0 a<0
obtained by multiplying its just preceding term by a r 0 < r <1 r >1 r >1 0 < r <1
constant quantity. This constant quantity is called Result Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing
common ratio of the GP.
Let t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , ..., t n ; t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , ... be respectively a finite or an y Example 26.
infinite sequence. Assume that none of t n¢ ’s is 0 and that 1 1
tk (i) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, … (ii) 9, 3, 1, , , …
= r , a constant (i.e., independent of k). 3 9
tk -1 1
(iii) - 2 , - 6 , - 18,K (iv) - 8, - 4, - 2 , - 1, - , ...
For k = 2, 3, 4, ..., n or k = 2, 3, 4, ... as the case may be. We 2
then call {t k } nk = 1 or {t k } k¥= 1 as the case may be a (v) 5 , - 10, 20, K (vi) 5, 5, 5, 5,...
(vii) 1, 1 + i , 2i, - 2 + 2i , ...; i = -1
geometric progression (GP). The constant ratio r is called
Sol. (i) Here, a = 1
the common ratio (CR) of the GP.
2 4 8 16
t t t and r = = = = = ... = 2 i.e. a = 1 and r = 2
i.e., r = 2 = 3 = ... = n 1 2 4 8
t1 t2 tn -1
Increasing GP (a > 0, r > 1)
If t 1 = a is the first term of a GP, then (ii) Here, a = 9
1 1
t 2 = ar , t 3 = t 2 r = ar 2 , t 4 = t 3 r = ar 3 ,K ,
3 1 3 9 1 1
t n = t n - 1 r = ar n - 1 and r = = = = = ... = i.e. a = 9, r =
9 3 1 1 3 3
It follows that, given that first term a and the common ratio 3
r, the GP can be rewritten as Decreasing GP (a > 0, 0 < r < 1)
(iii) Here, a = - 2
a, ar , ar 2 , ..., ar n - 1 (standard GP) or a, ar , ar 2 ,..., ar n - 1 ,…
-6 -18
(standard GP) and r = = = ... = 3
-2 -6
according as it is finite or infinite. i.e. a = - 2, r = 3
Decreasing GP (a < 0, r > 1)
Important Results
(iv) Here, a = - 8
1. In a GP, neither a = 0 nor r = 0.
1
2. In a GP, no term can be equal to ‘0’. -
-4 -2 -1 1
3. If in a GP, the terms are alternatively positive and negative, and r = = = = 2 = .... =
then its common ratio is always negative. -8 -4 -2 -1 2
1
4. If we multiply the common ratio with any term of GP, we get i.e. a = - 8, r =
the next following term and if we divide any term by the 2
common ratio, we get the preceding term. Increasing GP (a < 0, 0 < r < 1)
(v) Here, a = 5
-10 20
General Term of a GP
and r = = = ... = - 2 i.e., a = 5, r = - 2
5 -10 Let ‘a’ be the first term, ‘r’ be the common ratio and ‘l ’ be
Neither increasing nor decreasing (r < 0) the last term of a GP having ‘n’ terms. Then, GP can be
(vi) Here, a = 5 l l
written as a, ar , ar 2 , ..., , , l
5 5 5
and r = = = = ... = 1 i.e., a = 5, r = 1
r2 r
5 5 5
Constant GP (r = 1) (i) nth Term of a GP from Beginning
(vii) Here, a = 1 1st term from beginning = t 1 = a = ar 1 - 1
1+i 2i - 2 + 2i
and r = = = = ... 2nd term from beginning = t 2 = ar = ar 2 - 1
1 1+i 2i
3rd term from beginning = t 3 = ar 2 = ar 3 - 1
2i (1 - i ) (- 1 + i) i
= (1 + i ) = = = ...
(1 + i ) (1 - i ) i2 M M M M M
n -1
= ( 1 + i ) = ( i + 1) = ( 1 + i ) = K nth term from beginning = t n = ar ,"nÎN
i.e., a = 1, r = 1 + i Hence, n th term of a GP from beginning
Imaginary GP (r = imaginary) t n = ar n -1 = l [last term]
y Example 27. Show that the sequence < t n > defined (ii) n th Term of a GP from End
2 2n - 1 l
by t n = for all values of n Î N is a GP. Also, find 1st term from end = t ¢ 1 = l =
3 1 -1
r
its common ratio. l l
22n - 1 2nd term from end = t ¢ 2 = =
Sol. We have, t n = r r -1 2
3
l l
On replacing n by n - 1, we get 3rd term from end = t ¢ 3 = =
2 3 -1
22n - 1 r r
2n - 3
2 tn
= 2n3- 3 = 22 = 4
tn - 1 = Þ
M M M M
3 tn - 1 2 l
nth term from end = t ¢ n = ,"n ÎN
3 n -1
r
tn
Clearly, is independent of n and is equal to 4. So, the Hence, nth term of a GP from end
tn - 1
l
given sequence is a GP with common ratio 4. = t¢n = =a [first term]
n -1
r
y Example 28. Show that the sequence < t n > l
Now, it is clear that t k ´ t ¢k = ar k - 1 ´ =a ´l
defined by t n = 2 × 3n + 1 is not a GP. r k -1
Sol. We have, t n = 2 × 3n + 1 or t k ´ t ¢k = a ´ l, " 1 £ k £ n

On replacing n by (n - 1) in t n , we get i.e. in a finite GP of n terms, the product of the k th
t n - 1 = 2 × 3n - 1 + 1 term from the beginning and the k th term form the
end is independent of k and equals the product of the
(2 × 3n + 3) first and last terms.
Þ tn - 1 =
3
tn ( 2 × 3n + 1) 3 ( 2 × 3n + 1) Remark
\ = n
= n
tn - 1 ( 2 × 3 + 3) ( 2 × 3 + 3) 1. nth term is also called the general term.
3 2. If last term of GP be tn and CR is r, then terms of GP from
tn t t
end are tn, n , n2 , K
Clearly, is not independent of n and is therefore not r r
tn - 1
3. If in a GP, the terms are alternatively positive and negative,
constant. So, the given sequence is not a GP.
then its common ratio is always negative.
4. If a and l represent first and last term of a GP respectively, 1

1
We get, sin q = - 1,
2
then common ratio of GP = r = æç ÷ ön - 1
l
è aø
1
\ sinq = [sinq = - 1 is not possible]
2
5. If tn , tn + 1, tn + 2 are three consecutive terms of a GP, then
1
tn + 1 tn + 2
= Þ tn2 + 1 = tn tn + 2 then first term = a = sinq = and common ratio
tn tn + 1 2
æ1 ö
b c
In particular, if a, b, c are in GP, then = Þ b2 = ac
2 ç + 1÷
è2 ø
a b =r = =3 2
b2 c 2 æ1ö
On squaring, 2 = 2 ç ÷
a b è2ø
Hence, a2, b2, c 2 are also in GP. 1
\ t 5 = ar 4 = (3 2 )4 = 162
2
y Example 29. If first term of a GP is a, third term is b Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
and (n + 1)th term is c . The (2n + 1)th term of a GP is
b bc c2 y Example 32. The 1025th term in the sequence 1, 22,
(a) c (b) (c) abc (d) 4444, 88888888, ... is
a a a
(a) 2 9 (b) 2 10
Sol. Let common ratio = r
b (c) 2 11 (d) 2 12
\ b = ar 2 Þ r = Sol. The number of digits in each term of the sequence are 1,
a
c 2, 4, 8, .... which are in GP. Let 1025th term is 2n .
Also, c = ar n Þ rn = Then,
a
2 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 2n - 1 < 1025 £ 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 2n
æc ö c2
\ t 2 n + 1 = ar 2n = a (r n )2 = a ç ÷ = (2 - 1) (1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + K + 2n - 1 )
èa ø a Þ < 1025
( 2 - 1)
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
(2 - 1) (1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2n )
y Example 30. The (m + n )th and (m - n )th terms of a £
( 2 - 1)
GP are p and q, respectively. Then, the m th term of Þ 2n - 1 < 1025 £ 2n + 1 - 1 Þ 2n < 1026 £ 2n + 1 …(i)
the GP is n +1
m or 2 ³ 1026 > 1024
æ q ö 2n Þ 2 n +1
> 210 Þ n + 1 > 10
(a) p ç ÷ (b) pq
èpø \ n > 9 \ n = 10
p [which is always satisfy Eq. (i)]
(c) (d) None of these Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
q
Sol. Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio, then y Example 33. If a, b , c are real numbers such that
t m + n = p Þ ar m + n - 1 = p …(i) 3 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 1) = 2 (a + b + c + ab + bc + ca ), then
t m - n = q Þ ar m - n - 1 = q …(ii) a, b , c are in
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (a) AP only (b) GP only
ar m + n - 1 ´ ar m - n - 1 = p ´ q (c) GP and AP (d) None of these
Þ a 2 r 2 m - 2 = pq Þ ar m - 1 = pq Sol. Given, 3 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 1) = 2 (a + b + c + ab + bc + ca )
Þ t m = pq Þ 2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ca ) +
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - 2a - 2b - 2c + 3)
Þ {(a - b )2 + (b - c )2 + (c - a )2 } +
y Example 31. If sin q , 2 (sin q + 1), 6 sin q + 6 are in
{(a - 1)2 + (b - 1)2 + (c - 1)2 } = 0
GP, then the fifth term is
Þ a - b = b - c = c - a = 0 and a - 1 = b - 1 = c - 1 = 0
(a) 81 (b) 81 2 (c) 162 (d) 162 2
Þ a=b=c =1
Sol. [ 2 (sin q + 1)]2 = sin q (6 sin q + 6) Þ a, b, c are in GP and AP.
Þ [(sin q + 1) 2 (sin q + 1) - 6sin q ] = 0 Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
If r = 1, the above formulae cannot be used. But, then the

Sum of a Stated Number of GP reduces to a, a, a, ...
Terms of a Geometric Series \ S n = a + a + a +K n times = na
The game of chess was invented by Grand Vizier Sissa Sum to Infinity of a GP, when the Numerical Value
Ben Dhair for the Indian king Shirham. Pleased with the of the Common Ratio is Less than Unity, i.e. It is a
game, the king asked the Vizier what he would like as Proper Fraction
reward. The Vizier asked for one grain of wheat to be
If a be the first term, r be the common ratio of a GP, then
placed on the first square of the chess, two grains on the
second, four grains on the third and so on (each time a (1 - r n ) a ar n
Sn = = -
doubling the number of grains). The king was surprised of (1 - r ) (1 - r ) (1 - r )
the request and told the vizier that he was fool to ask for
so little. Let - 1 < r < 1 i.e. | r | < 1, then lim r n ® 0
n®¥
The inventor of chess was no fool. He told the king ‘‘What Let S ¥ denote the sum to infinity of the GP, then
I have asked for is more wheat that you have in the entire a
S¥ = ,
kingdom, in fact it is more than there is in the whole (1 - r )
world’’ He was right. There are 64 squares on a chess where - 1 < r < 1
board and on the nth square he was asking for 2 n - 1 grains,
if you add the numbers
Recurring Decimal
i.e., S = 1 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + .... + 2 62 + 2 63 …(i)
Recurring decimal is a very good example of an infinite
On multiplying both sides by 2, then geometric series and its value can be obtained by means of
2S = 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 4 + .... + 2 63 + 2 64 …(ii) infinite geometric series as follows
··
0 . 3 2 7 = 0.327272727... to infinity
On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get = 0.3 + 0.027 + 0.00027 + 0.0000027 + K upto infinity
S = 2 64 - 1 = 18, 446, 744, 073, 709, 551, 615 grains i.e., 3 27 27 27
= + + + + ... upto infinity
represent more wheat that has been produced on the Earth. 10 10 3
10 5
10 7
3 27 æ 1 1 ö
= + ç 1 + 2 + 4 + K upto infinity ÷
Sum of n Terms of a GP 10 10 3 è 10 10 ø
Let a be the first term, r be the common ratio, l be the last æ ö
term of a GP having n terms and S n the sum of n terms, ç ÷
3 27 ç 1 ÷
then = +
l l 10 10 3 ç 1 ÷
S n = a + ar + ar 2 + ... + + +l …(i) ç1 - 2 ÷
r 2 r è 10 ø
On multiplying both sides by r (the common ratio) 3 27 297 + 27
= + =
l 10 990 990
r S n = ar + ar 2 + ar 3 + K + + l + lr …(ii)
r 324
= [rational number]
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we have 990
S n - r S n = a - lr or S n (1 - r ) = a - lr Aliter (Best method)
a - lr Let P denotes the figure which do not recur and suppose
\ Sn = , when r < 1
1 -r them p in number, Q denotes the recurring period
lr - a consisting of q figures. Let R denotes the value of the
Sn = , when r > 1 recurring decimal.
r -1
Then, R = 0 × PQQQ ...
Now, l = t n = ar n - 1 p
\ 10 ´ R = P × QQQ ...
Then, above formula can be written as and 10 p + q ´ R = PQ × QQQ ...
a (1 - r n ) a (r n - 1 ) PQ - P
Sn = when r < 1, S n = , \ Therefore, by subtraction R = .
(1 - r ) (r - 1 ) (10 p +q
- 10 p )
when r > 1
Corollary I If R = 0 × QQQ ... a

= {(101 - 1) + (102 - 1) + (103 - 1) + (104 - 1) + ...
Q 9
Then, R = (when Q denote the recurring period upto n terms}
q
10 - 1 a
= {(10 + 102 + 103 + K upto n terms)
consisting of q figures) 9
- (1 + 1 + 1 + ...n times)}
·
3 1 a ì 10 (10n - 1) ü a ì 10 n ü
For example, If R = 0. 3, then R = = = í - n ý = í (10 - 1) - n ý
1
10 - 1 3 9 î 10 - 1 þ 9 î 9 þ
[Remember]
Corollary II The value of recurring decimal is always
rational number. In Particular
1 ì10 ü
· · (i) For a = 1, 1 + 11 + 111 + ... = í (10 n - 1) - ný
y Example 34. Find the value of 0. 32 58. 9î9 þ
·· 2 ì10 ü
Sol. Let R = 0.3258 (ii) For a = 2, 2 + 22 + 222 + ... = í (10 n - 1) - ný
9î9 þ
Þ R = 0.3258585858 ... …(i)
Here, number of figures which are not recurring is 2 and 3 ì10 ü
(iii) For a = 3, 3 + 33 + 333 + ... = í (10 n - 1) - ný
number of figures which are recurring is also 2. 9î9 þ
Then, 100R = 32.58585858 ... …(ii) 4 ì10 n ü
and 10000R = 3258.58585858... …(iii) (iv) For a = 4, 4 + 44 + 444 + ... = í (10 - 1) - ný
9î9 þ
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii), we get
5 ì10 ü
9900R = 3226 (v) For a = 5, 5 + 55 + 555 + ... = í (10 n - 1) - ný
9î9 þ
3226
\ R= 6 ì10 ü
9900 (vi) For a = 6, 6 + 66 + 666 + ... = í (10 n - 1) - ný
1613 9î9 þ
Hence, R=
4950 7 ì10 ü
(vii) For a = 7, 7 + 77 + 777 + ... = í (10 n - 1) - ný
9î9 þ
Shortcut Methods for 8 ì10 ü
(viii) For a = 8, 8 + 88 + 888 + ... = í (10 n - 1) - ný
Recurring Decimals 9î9 þ
9 ì10 ü
1. The numerator of the vulgar fraction is obtained by (ix) For a = 9, 9 + 99 + 999 + ... = í (10 n - 1) - ný
subtracting the non-recurring figure from the given 9î9 þ
figure.
y Example 36. Find the sum upto n terms of the series
2. The denominator consists of as many 9’s as there are 0.b + 0.bb + 0.bbb + 0.bbbb + ..., " b Î N and 1 £ b £ 9.
recurring figure and as many zero as there are
non-recurring figure. Sol. Let S = 0.b + 0.bb + 0.bbb + 0.bbbb + ... upto n terms
For example, = b (01. + 011

. + 0111 . + 01111
. + K upto n terms)
· · b
3654 - 36 3618 = (09 . + 099
. + 0999 . + 09999
. + .... upto n terms)
(i) 0. 36 5 4 = = 9
9900 9900 b
= {(1 - 01 . ) + (1 - 001. ) + (1 - 0001 . ) + (1 - 00001 . ) + ... upto
·· ··
327 - 3 1314 9 n terms}
(ii) 1 . 3 2 7 = 1 + 0. 3 2 7 = 1 + = b
990 990 = {(1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ... upto n times)
9
·
3 -0 1 - (01. + 001
. + 0001 . + 00001
. + ... upto n terms)}
(iii) 0. 3 = = bì
9 3 æ1 1 1 1 öü
= ín - ç + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... upto n terms ÷ý
9î è 10 10 10 10 øþ
y Example 35. Find the sum upto n terms of the ì 1 æ 1 öü
n
series a + aa + aaa + aaaa + K, " a Î N and 1 £ a £ 9. ï ç1 - æç ö÷ ÷ ï

bï 10 çè è 10 ø ÷ø ï b ìï 1é æ 1 ö ùüï
n
Sol. Let S = a + aa + aaa + aaaa + ... upto n terms = ín - ý = ín - ê1 - ç ÷ úý

9ï 1 è 10 ø úï
1- ï 9 ïî 9 ê
ë ûþ
= a (1 + 11 + 111 + 1111 + ... upto n terms) ï 10 ï
a î þ
= (9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 + K upto n terms) [Remember]
9
In Particular 249
\ S 50 = {2 ´ 249 + ( 249 - 1) ´ 1}
(i) For b = 1, 2
1 ìï 1 é æ 1 ö ù üï
n
= 248 ( 250 + 249 - 1)
0.1 + 0.11 + 0.111 + ... = ín - ê1 - ç ÷ ú ý
9ï 9 ê è 10 ø ú ï = 248 [249 ( 2 + 1) - 1] = 248 (3 × 249 - 1)
î ë ûþ
(ii) For b = 2, 1 1 1
y Example 38. If S n = 1 + + 2 + ... + n - 1 , then
n
2 2 2
0.2 + 0.22 + 0.222 + ... = ín - ê1 - ç ÷ ú ý
9ï 9 ê è 10 ø ú ï calculate the least value of n such that
î ë ûþ 1
2 - Sn < .
(iii) For b = 3, 100
n
é æ1ö ù
n
0.3 + 0.33 + 0.333 + ... = ín - ê1 - ç ÷ ú ý 1 × ê1 - ç ÷ ú
9ï 9 ê è 10 ø ú ï 1 1 1 ê è2ø ú
î ë ûþ Sol. Given, Sn = 1 + + + ... + n - 1 = ë û
For b = 4, 2 22 2 æ 1 ö
(iv) ç1 - ÷
è 2ø
n
0.4 + 0.44 + 0.444 + ... = ín - ê1 - ç ÷ ú ý Þ Sn = 2 -
1
9ï 9 ê è 10 ø ú ï 2n - 1
î ë ûþ
For b = 5, 1 1 é 1 ù
(v) Þ 2 - Sn = < êëQ2 - Sn < 100 úû
2n - 1
n 100
0.5 + 0.55 + 0.555 + ... = ín - ê1 - ç ÷ ú ý Þ 2n - 1 > 100 > 26
9ï 9 ê è 10 ø ú ï
î ë ûþ
Þ 2n - 1 > 26
(vi) For b = 6,
\ n -1>6 Þ n >7
n
0.6 + 0.66 + 0.666 + ... = ín - ê1 - ç ÷ ú ý Hence, the least value of n is 8.
9ï 9 ê è 10 ø ú ï
î ë ûþ
y Example 39. If x = 1 + a + a 2 + a 3 + ... + ¥ and
(vii) For b = 7,
y = 1 + b + b 2 + b 3 + ... + ¥ show that
n
0.7 + 0.77 + 0.777 + ... = ín - ê1 - ç ÷ ú ý xy
9ï 9 ê è 10 ø ú ï 1 + ab + a 2b 2 + a 3 b 3 + ... + ¥ = , where
î ë ûþ x+ y -1
(viii) For b = 8, 0 < a < 1 and 0 < b < 1.
n
1
0.8 + 0.88 + 0.888 + ... = ín - ê1 - ç ÷ ú ý Sol. Given, x = 1 + a + a 2 + a 3 + ... + ¥ =
9ï 9 ê è 10 ø ú ï 1-a
î ë ûþ
Þ x - ax = 1
(ix) For b = 9, æ x - 1ö
9 ìï 1 é æ 1 ö ù üï \ a=ç ÷ …(i)
n
0.9 + 0.99 + 0.999 + ... = ín - ê1 - ç ÷ ú ý è x ø
9ï 9 ê è 10 ø ú ï y = 1 + b + b 2 + b 3 + ... + ¥
î ë ûþ and
æy - 1ö
y Example 37. If N, the set of natural numbers is Similarly, b=ç ÷ …(ii)
è y ø
partitioned into groups S 1 = {1}, S 2 = {2, 3},
S 3 = {4, 5, 6, 7}, S 4 = {8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}, ..., then find Since, 0 < a < 1, 0 < b < 1
the sum of the numbers in S 50 . \ 0 < ab < 1
1
Sol. The number of terms in the groups are 1, 2, 22 , 23 , ... Now, 1 + ab + a 2b 2 + a 3b 3 + ... + ¥ =
1 - ab
\ The number of terms in the 50th group = 250 - 1 = 249 1
= [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
Q The first term of 1st group = 1 = 20 = 21 - 1 æ x - 1ö æy - 1ö
1- ç ÷ç ÷
The first term of 2nd group = 2 = 21 = 22 - 1 è x øè y ø
The first term of 3rd group = 4 = 22 = 23 - 1 xy

=
xy - xy + x + y - 1
M M M M M
50 - 1 49 xy
The first term of 50th group = 2 =2 Hence, 1 + ab + a 2b 2 + a 3b 3 + ... + ¥ =
x +y -1
Properties of Geometric Progression Remark

1. Product of three numbers = a3
1. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... are in GP with common ratio r, then Product of five numbers = a5
a a a
a 1 k, a 2 k, a 3 k, ... and 1 , 2 , 3 , ... are also in GP M M M M M
k k k
Product of ( 2m + 1) numbers = a2 m + 1
(k ¹ 0 ) with common ratio r.
2. From given conditions, find two equations in a and r and
2. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... are in GP with common ratio r, then then solve them. Now, the numbers in GP can be obtained.
a 1 ± k, a 2 ± k, a 3 ± k, .... are not in GP (k ¹ 0 ). 7. If four numbers in GP whose product is given are to
3. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... are in GP with common ratio r, then a a
be taken as , , ar , ar 3 and if six numbers in GP
1 1 1 r3 r
(i) , , , ... are also in GP with common
a1 a2 a 3 whose product is given are to be taken as
a a a
1 , , , ar , ar 3 , ar 5 , etc.
ratio . r r3 r
5
r
(ii) a 1n , a 2n , a n3 , ... are also in GP with common ratio In general If (2m ) numbers in GP whose product is
given are to be taken as (m Î N )
r n and n Î Q .
a a a a
, ,..., , , ar , ar 3 , ... , ar 2m - 3 , ar 2m - 1
(iii) log a 1 , log a 2 , log a 3 , ... are in AP (a i > 0, " i ) r 2m - 1
r 2m - 3
r3 r
In this case, the converse also holds good.
4. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... and b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , ... are two GP’s with Remark
common ratios r1 and r2 , respectively. Then, 1. Product of four numbers = a4
a a a Product of six numbers = a6
(i) a 1 b 1 , a 2 b 2 , a 3 b 3 , ... and 1 , 2 , 3 ,K are also in
b1 b2 b 3 M M M M M
r Product of ( 2m) numbers = a2 m
GP with common ratios r1 r2 and 1 ,
r2 2. From given conditions, find two equations in a and r and
respectively. then solve them. Now, the numbers in GP can be obtained.
(ii) a 1 ± b 1 , a 2 ± b 2 , a 3 ± b 3 , ... are not in GP.
y Example 40. If S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , ..., S p are the sum of
5. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n - 2 , a n - 1 , a n are in GP. Then,
infinite geometric series whose first terms are 1, 2, 3,
(i) a 1 a n = a 2 a n - 1 = a 3 a n - 2 = K 1 1 1 1
..., p and whose common ratios are , , , ...,
(ii) a r = a r - k a r + k , " k, 0 £ k £ n - r 2 3 4 p+1
a2 a 3 a 4 a respectively, prove that
(iii) = = = ... = n p (p + 3)
a1 a2 a 3 an - 1 S 1 + S 2 + S 3 + ... + S p = .
2
Þ a 22 = a 3 a 1 , a 23 = a 2 a 4 , ... p
Sol. Q Sp = = ( p + 1)
Also, a 2 = a 1r , a 3 = a 1r , 2 1
1-
p +1
a 4 = a 1 r 3 , ..., a n = a 1 r n - 1
\ S1 = 2, S 2 = 3, S 3 = 4, ...
where, r is the common ratio of GP. \ LHS = S1 + S 2 + S 3 + ... + S p
6. If three numbers in GP whose product is given are p
= 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + ( p + 1) = ( 2 + p + 1)
a 2
to be taken as , a, ar and if five numbers in GP p ( p + 3)
r = = RHS
whose product is given are to be taken as 2
a a
, , a, ar , ar 2 , etc. y Example 41. Let x 1 and x 2 be the roots of the
2 r
r equation x 2 - 3x + A = 0 and let x 3 and x 4 be the
In general If (2m + 1) numbers in GP whose roots of the equation x 2 - 12x + B = 0. It is known
product is given are to be taken as (m Î N ) that the numbers x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 (in that order) form
a a a an increasing GP. Find A and B.
, , ..., , a, ar , ..., ar m - 1 , ar m
m m -1 r
r r
Sol. Q x 1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 are in GP. æ1 ö æ1 + r 2 + r ö

Þ a 2 ç + r + 1÷ = 156 Þ 36 ç ÷ = 156
Let x 2 = x 1r , x 3 = x 1r 2 , x 4 = x 1r 3 èr ø è r ø
[here, product of x 1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 are not given] æ1 + r + r 2 ö 2
Þ 3ç ÷ = 13 Þ 3r - 10r + 3 = 0
Given, x 1 + x 2 = 3, x 1x 2 = A è r ø
Þ x 1(1 + r ) = 3, x 12 r = A …(i) 1
Þ ( 3r - 1) (r - 3) = 0 Þ r = or r = 3
and x 3 + x 4 = 12, x 3 x 4 = B 3
Putting the values of a and r , the required numbers are 18,
Þ x 1r 2 (1 + r ) = 12, x 12 r 5 = B …(ii)
6, 2 or 2, 6, 18. Hence, the sum of numbers is 26.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
r2 = 4 Þ r =2 [for increasing GP] y Example 44. Find a three-digit number whose
From Eq. (i), x 1 = 1 consecutive digits form a GP. If we subtract 792 from
Now, A = x 12 r = 12 × 2 = 2 [from Eq. (i)] this number, we get a number consisting of the same
digits written in the reverse order. Now, if we increase
and B= x 12 r 5 2 5
= 1 × 2 = 32 [from Eq. (ii)]
the second digit of the required number by 2, then the
resulting digits will form an AP.
y Example 42. Suppose a, b , c are in AP and a 2 , b 2 , c 2
3 Sol. Let the three digits be a, ar , ar 2 , then according to hypoth-
are in GP, if a > b > c and a + b + c = , then find the
values of a and c. 2 esis
100a + 10ar + ar 2 - 792 = 100ar 2 + 10ar + a
Sol. Since, a, b, c are in AP and sum of a, b, c is given.
Let a = b - D, c = b + D [ D < 0] [Qa > b > c ] Þ 99a (1 - r 2 ) = 792
3 Þ a (1 + r ) (1 - r ) = 8 …(i)
and given a + b + c =
2 and a, ar + 2, ar 2 are in AP.
3 Then, 2 (ar + 2) = a + ar 2
Þ b- D +b+b+ D =
2
1 Þ a (r 2 - 2r + 1) = 4 Þ a (r - 1)2 = 4 …(ii)
\ b=
2 On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
1 1 r +1 1
Then, a = - D and c = + D = -2 Þ r =
2 2 r -1 3
Also, given a , b , c are in GP, then (b 2 )2 = a 2c 2
2 2 2
From Eq. (ii), a = 9
1 1 Thus, digits are 9, 3, 1 and so the required number is 931.
Þ ± b 2 = ac Þ ± = - D 2
4 4
1 1 1
Þ 2
D = ± =
4 4 2
[Q D ¹ 0] Examples on Application of
\ D=±
1
Þ D=-
1
[Q D < 0] Progression in Geometrical Figures
2 2
Hence, a = +
1 1 1
and c = -
1 y Example 45. A square is drawn by joining the
2 2 2 2 mid-points of the sides of a given square. A third
square is drawn inside the second square in the
y Example 43. If the continued product of three
same way and this process continues indefinitely. If
numbers in GP is 216 and the sum of their products in
a side of the first square is 16 cm, then determine
pairs is 156, then find the sum of three numbers.
the sum of the areas of all the squares.
Sol. Here, product of numbers in GP is given.
Sol. Let a be the side length of square, then
a
\ Let the three numbers be , a, ar . G
r D C
a
Then, × a × ar = 216 K O J
r T S
Þ a 3 = 216 H P N F
\ a=6 Q R
Sum of the products in pairs = 156 L M I
a a
Þ × a + a × ar + ar × = 156 A
E B
r r
AB = BC = CD = DA = a
Q E, F , G , H are the mid-points of AB, BC , CD and DA, æ a a a ö

P = Sum of perimeters = 3 ça + + + + K÷
respectively. è 2 4 8 ø
a æ ö
\ EF = FG = GH = HE =
2 ç a ÷
=3ç ÷ = 6a = 6 ´ 24 = 144 cm [Qa = 24 cm ]
and I , J , K , L are the mid-points of EF , FG , GH and HE, 1
ç1 - ÷
respectively. è 2ø
a
\ IJ = JK = KL = LI = y Example 47. Let S 1 , S 2 , ... be squares such that for
2
a each n ³ 1, the length of a side of S n equals the
Similarly, MN = NO = OP = PM = and
2 2 length of a diagonal of S n + 1 . If the length of a side
a of S 1 is 10 cm and the area of S n less than 1 sq cm.
QR = RS = ST = TQ = , ...
4 Then, find the value of n.
S = Sum of areas Sol. We have, length of a side of
= ABCD + EFGH + IJKL + MNOP + QRST + ... Sn = length of diagonal of Sn + 1
æ a ö
2
æa ö æ a ö
2 2 Þ Length of a side of Sn = 2 (length of a side of Sn + 1)
= a2 + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ...
è 2ø è2ø è2 2 ø Length of a side of Sn + 1 1
Þ = , for all n ³ 1
æ 1 1 1 ö Length of a side of Sn 2
= a 2 ç1 + + + + ...÷
è 2 4 8 ø Þ Sides of S1, S 2 , S 3 , ... form a GP with common ratio
æ ö 1
and first term 10.
2
ç 1 ÷ 2 2 2
=a ç ÷ = 2a = 2 (16) [Qa = 16 cm]
1 n -1
ç1 - ÷ æ 1 ö 10
è 2ø \ Side of Sn = 10 ç ÷ = (n - 1)
è 2ø
= 512 sq cm 2 2
100
y Example 46. One side of an equilateral triangle is 24 Þ Area of Sn = ( Side)2 =
2n - 1
cm. The mid-points of its sides are joined to form Now, given area of Sn < 1
another triangle whose mid-points, in turn, are joined 100
to form still another triangle. This process continues, Þ < 1 Þ 2n - 1 > 100 > 26
2n - 1
indefinitely. Find the sum of the perimeters of all the
Þ 2n - 1 > 26 Þ n - 1 > 6
triangles.
Sol. Let a be the side length of equilateral triangle, then \ n > 7 or n ³ 8
AB = BC = CA = a
y Example 48. The line x + y = 1 meets X-axis at A and
A
Y-axis at B, P is the mid-point of AB, P1 is the foot of
perpendicular from P to OA, M1 is that of P1 from OP;
P2 is that of M1 from OA, M 2 is that of P2 from OP; P3
H
F E is that of M 2 from OA and so on. If Pn denotes the nth
M L foot of the perpendicular on OA, then find OPn .
I K J Y
B
B C
D
P
Q D , E, F are the mid-points of BC , CA and AB, respectively. M1
a M2
\ EF = FD = DE =
2 O P3 P2 P 1 A
X
and H , I , J are the mid-points of EF , FD and DE,
respectively. Sol. We have,
\ IJ = JH = HI =
a (OMn - 1 )2 = (OPn )2 + ( Pn Mn - 1 )2
4
= (OPn )2 + (OPn )2 = 2 (OPn )2 = 2 a n2 [say]
a
Similarly, KL = ML = KM = , ... Also, (OPn - 1 )2 = (OMn - 1 )2 + ( Pn - 1Mn - 1 )2
8
1 1 1
Þ a n2 - 1 = 2 a n2 + a n2 - 1 Þ a n2 = a n2 - 1 in GP with a = 1, r = . Let time taken by the insect in
2 4 2
1 covering 3 mm be n seconds.
Þ an = an - 1
2 1 1
1 1 1 \1 + + + ... + n terms = 3
Þ OPn = a n = a n - 1 = 2 a n - 2 = ... = n 2 4
2 2 2 é æ1ö ù
n
æ1ö
n
1 × ê1 - ç ÷ ú
\ OPn = ç ÷ êë è2ø ú
è2ø Þ û =3
1
1-
2
Use of GP in Solving æ1ö 3
n
Practical Problems Þ 1- ç ÷ =
è2ø 2
n
In this part, we will see how the formulae relating to GP æ1ö 1
Þ ç ÷ =-
can be made use of in solving practical problems. è2ø 2
y Example 49. Dipesh writes letters to four of his Þ 2n = - 2
friends. He asks each of them to copy the letter and which is impossible because 2n > 0
mail to four different persons with the request that \Our supposition is wrong.
they continue the chain similarly. Assuming that the \ There is no n Î N , for which the insect could never 3 mm
chain is not broken and that it costs 25 paise to mail in n seconds.
one letter, find the total money spent on postage till Hence, it will never to able to cover 3 mm.
the 8th set of letters is mailed.
Sol. Number of letters in the 1st set = 4 (These are letters sent Remark
by Dipesh) The maximum distance that the insect could cover is 2 mm.
1 1 1
Number of letters in the 2nd set = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16 i.e., 1 + + + ... = =2
2 4 1
Number of letters in the 3rd set 1-
2
= 4 + 4 + 4 + ... + 16 terms = 64
M M M M y Example 51. The pollution in a normal atmosphere is
The number of letters sent in the 1st set, 2nd set, 3rd set, ... less than 0.01%. Due to leakage of a gas from a
are respectively 4, 16, 64, ... which is a GP with a = 4, factory, the pollution is increased to 20%. If every day
16 64 80% of the pollution is neutralised, in how many days
r = = =4
4 16 the atmosphere will be normal?
\Total number of letters in all the first 8 sets Sol. Let the pollution on 1st day = 20
4 ( 4 8 - 1)
= = 87380 The pollution on 2nd day = 20 ´ 20% = 20 (0.20)
4 -1
The pollution on 3rd day = 20 (0.20)2
25
\ Total money spent on letters = 87380 ´ = ` 21845 M M M M
100
Let in n days the atmosphere will be normal
y Example 50. An insect starts from a point and \ 20 (0.20)n - 1 < 001
.
travels in a straight path 1 mm in the first second and
n -1
half of the distance covered in the previous second in æ2ö 1
Þ ç ÷ <
the succeeding second. In how much time would it è 10 ø 2000
reach a point 3 mm away from its starting point. Taking logarithm on base 10, we get
Sol. Distance covered by the insect in the 1st second = 1 mm
1 1 (n - 1) (log 2 - log 10) < log 1 - log 2000
Distance covered by it in the 2nd second = 1 ´ = mm
2 2 Þ (n - 1) (0.3010 - 1) < 0 - (0.3010 + 3)
1 1 1
Distance covered by it in the 3rd second = ´ = mm Þ n -1>
3.3010
2 2 4 0.6990
M M M M
The distance covered by the insect in 1st second, 2nd Þ n > 5722
.
1 1 Hence, the atmosphere will be normal in 6 days.
second, 3rd second, ... are respectively 1, , , ..., which are
2 4

1. The fourth, seventh and the last term of a GP are 10, 80 and 2560, respectively. The first term and number of
terms in GP are
4 4 5 5
(a) , 12 (b) , 10 (c) , 12 (d) , 10
5 5 4 4
2. If the first and the nth terms of a GP are a and b respectively and if P is the product of the first n terms, then P 2
is equal to
(a) ab (b) (ab )n /2
(c) (ab )n (d) None of these
3. If a1, a 2, a 3, (a1 > 0) are three successive terms of a GP with common ratio r, the value of r for which
a 3 > 4a 2 - 3a1 holds is given by
(a) 1 < r < 3 (b) - 3 < r < - 1 (c) r < 1 or r > 3 (d) None of these
4. If x , 2x + 2, 3x + 3 are in GP, the fourth term is
(a) 27 (b) - 27 (c) 13.5 (d) - 13. 5
5. In a sequence of 21 terms the first 11 terms are in AP with common difference 2 and the last 11 terms are in
GP with common ratio 2, if the middle term of the AP is equal to the middle term of GP, the middle term of the
entire sequence is
10 10 32 32
(a) - (b) (c) - (d)
31 31 31 31
6. Three distinct numbers x , y , z form a GP in that order and the numbers 7x + 5y , 7y + 5z , 7z + 5x form an AP
in that order. The common ratio of GP is
(a) - 4 (b) -2 (c) 10 (d) 18
7. The sum to n terms of the series 11 + 103 + 1005 + ... is

1 n 1 n 10 10
(a) (10 - 1) + n 2 (b) (10 - 1) + 2n (c) (10n - 1) + n 2 (d) (10n - 1) + 2n
9 9 9 9
8. In an increasing GP, the sum of the first and last term is 66, the product of the second and the last but one is
128 and the sum of the sum of the terms is 126, then the number of terms in the series is
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
S (S - S2 )
9. If S1, S2, S3 be respectively the sum of n, 2n and 3n terms of a GP, then 1 3 is equal to
(S2 - S1)2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
10. If | a | < 1and | b | < 1, then the sum of the series 1 + (1 + a )b + (1 + a + a ) b + (1 + a + a 2 + a 3 ) b 3 + ... is
2 2
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1 - a ) (1 - b ) (1 - a ) (1 - ab ) (1 - b ) (1 - ab ) (1 - a ) (1 - b ) (1 - ab )
11. If the sides of a triangle are in GP and its larger angle is twice the smallest, then the common ratio r satisfies
the inequality
(a) 0 < r < 2 (b) 1 < r < 2 (c) 1 < r < 2 (d) r > 2
12. If ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d is divisible by ax 2 + c, then a, b , c, d are in

(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these
13. If (r )n denotes the number r r r ... (n digits), where r = 1, 2, 3, ..., 9 and a = (6)n, b = (8)n, c = (4)2n, then
(a) a 2 + b + c = 0 (b) a 2 + b - c = 0 (c) a 2 + b - 2c = 0 (d) a 2 + b - 9c = 0
· ·
14. 0.4 2 7 represents the rational number
47 47 47 49
(a) (b) (c) (d)
99 110 999 99
15. If the product of three numbers in GP be 216 and their sum is 19, then the numbers are
(a) 4, 6, 9 (b) 4, 7, 8 (c) 3, 7, 9 (d) None of these
Session 4
Harmonic Sequence or Harmonic Progression (HP)
Harmonic Sequence or Þ
4a - 5
= 2a
Harmonic Progression (HP) Þ
5-2
4a - 5 = 6a or 2a = - 5
A Harmonic Progression (HP) is a sequence, if the 5
\ a=-
reciprocals of its terms are in Arithmetic Progression (AP) 2
1 1 1
i.e., t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , ... is HP if and only if , , , ... is an AP. (i) n th Term of HP from Beginning
t1 t2 t 3
For example, The sequence Let a be the first term, d be the common difference of an
1 1 1
(i) , , , ...
5 10
(ii) 2, , ,K AP. Then, nth term of an AP from beginning = a + (n - 1) d
2 5 8 2 3 Hence, the nth term of HP from beginning
1 1 1 1
(iii) , , , ... are HP’s. = , " n ÎN
a a + d a + 2d a + (n - 1) d
Remark (ii) n th Term of HP from End

1. No term of HP can be zero.
Let l be the last term, d be the common difference of an
2. The most general or standard HP is
AP. Then,
1 1 1 1
, , , , ....
a a + d a + 2d a + 3d nth term of an AP from end = l - (n - 1) d
1
Hence, the nth term of HP from end = ,"n ÎN
y Example 52. If a, b , c are in HP, then show that l - (n - 1) d
a -b a
= . Remark
b -c c
1 1
1. +
Sol. Since, a, b, c are in HP, therefore nth term of HP from beginning nth term of HP from end
1 1
1 1 1 = a+ l = +
, , are in AP first term of HP last term of HP
a b c
2. There is no general formula for the sum of any number of
1 1 1 1
i.e. - = - quantities in HP are generally solved by inverting the terms
b a c b and making use of the corresponding AP.
a -b b -c a-b a
or = or = 1 1 1 1
ab bc b-c c y Example 54. If + + + = 0, then prove
a c a -b c -b
Remark that a, b , c are in HP, unless b = a + c .
A HP may also be defined as a series in which every three 1 1 1 1
I - II I Sol. We have, + + + =0
consecutive terms (say I, II, III) satisfy = this relation.
II - III III a c a-b c -b
æ1 1 ö æ1 1 ö
y Example 53. Find the first term of a HP whose Þ ç + ÷+ç + ÷ =0
èa c - b ø èc a - b ø
5 1
second term is and the third term is .
4 2 (c - b + a ) (a - b + c )
5 1 Þ + =0
Sol. Let a be the first term. Then, a, , are in HP. a (c - b ) c (a - b )
4 2
5 é 1 1 ù
a- Þ (a + c - b ) ê +
4 =a a ( c - b ) c ( a - b ) ú =0
Then, [from above note] ë û
5 1 1
-
4 2 2 Þ (a + c - b ) [ 2ac - b (a + c )] = 0
If a + c - b ¹ 0, then 2ac - b (a + c ) = 0 12 12 24
Þ + = 25 Þ = 25
2ac 1 - 12d 1 + 12d 1 - 144d 2
or b=
a+c 24 1
Þ 1 - 144d 2 = or d 2 =
Therefore, a, b,c are in HP and if 2ac - b (a + c ) ¹ 0, then 25 25 ´ 144
a + c - b = 0 i.e., b = a + c . 1
\ d=±
60
y Example 55. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., an are in HP, then prove 1 1 1 1 1 1
\ a - d , a, a + d are , , or , , ×
that a1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + a 3a 4 + ... + an - 1an = (n - 1) a1an 15 12 10 10 12 15
Sol. Given, a1, a 2 , a 3 , ..., an are in HP. Hence, three numbers in HP are 15, 12, 10 or 10, 12, 15.
1 1 1 1
\ , , , ..., are in AP. y Example 57. If p th, qth and r th terms of a HP be
a1 a 2 a 3 an
respectively a, b and c, then prove that
Let D be the common difference of the AP, then (q - r ) bc + (r - p ) ca + (p - q ) ab = 0.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
- = - = - = ... = - =D Sol. Let A and D be the first term and common difference of
a 2 a1 a 3 a 2 a 4 a 3 an an - 1 the corresponding AP. Now, a, b, c are respectively the p
a1 - a 2 a 2 - a 3 a 3 - a 4 an - 1 - an th, q th and r th terms of HP.
Þ = = = ... = =D 1 1 1
a1a 2 a2 a3 a 3a 4 an - 1 an \ , , will be respectively the p th, q th and r th terms of
a b c
a1 - a 2 a - a3 a - a4 the corresponding AP.
Þ a1a 2 = , a2 a3 = 2 , a 3a 4 = 3 ,
D D D 1
an - 1 - an Þ = A + ( p - 1) D …(i)
..., an - 1an = a
D
1
On adding all such expressions, we get = A + ( q - 1) D …(ii)
b
a - an a1an æ 1 1ö
a1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + a 3a 4 + ... + an - 1an = 1 = ç - ÷ 1
D D è an a1 ø = A + ( r - 1) D …(iii)
c
a1an é 1 1ù On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (ii), we get
= ê + (n - 1) D - ú = (n - 1) a1an
D ë a1 a1 û 1 1 (c - b ) (b - c )
- = (q - r ) D Þ bc (q - r ) = =-
Hence, a1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + a 3a 4 + ... + an - 1an = (n - 1) a1an b c D D
So, LHS = (q - r ) bc + (r - p ) ca + ( p - q ) ab
Remark 1
In particular case, =- {b - c + c - a + a - b } = 0 = RHS
D
1. when n = 4 a1a2 + a2 a3 + a3a4 = 3a1a4
2. when n = 6 a1a2 + a2 a3 + a3a4 + a4 a5 + a5 a6 = 5 a1a6
Theorem Relating to the Three Series
y Example 56. The sum of three numbers in HP is 37
1 If a, b, c are three consecutive terms of a series, then
and the sum of their reciprocals is . Find the a -b a
4 if = , then a, b, c are in AP.
numbers. b -c a
1 1 1 a -b a a -b a
Sol. Three numbers in HP can be taken as , , . if = , then a, b, c are in GP and if = , then
a-d a a+d b -c b b -c c
1 1 1 a, b, c are in HP.
Then, + + = 37 …(i)
a-d a a+d
and a-d +a+a+d =

1
4
Mixed Examples on AP, GP and HP
\ a=
1 y Example 58. If a, b , c are in AP and a 2 , b 2 , c 2 be in
12 a
HP. Then, prove that - , b , c are in GP or else
12 12 2
From Eq. (i), + 12 + = 37 a =b =c.
1 - 12d 1 + 12d
Sol. Given, a, b, c are in AP.
a+c b, c , d are in GP,

\ b= …(i)
2 \ c 2 = bd …(ii)
2 2 2
and a , b , c are in HP. and c , d , e are in HP.
2 2 2ce
\ b2 =
2a c
…(ii) \ d= …(iii)
2 2 c +e
a +c
Now, substituting the values of b and d in Eq. (ii), then
From Eq. (ii) b 2 {(a + c )2 - 2ac } = 2a 2c 2
æ a + c ö æ 2ce ö
Þ b 2 {(2b )2 - 2ac } = 2a 2c 2 [from Eq. (i)] c2 = ç ÷ç ÷
è 2 ø èc + e ø
4 2 2 2
Þ 2b - acb - a c = 0
Þ c (c + e ) = e (a + c )
Þ (2b 2 + ac ) (b 2 - ac ) = 0 Þ c 2 = ae …(iv)
2 2
Þ 2b + ac = 0 or b - ac = 0 Given, a = 2, e = 18
1 a
If 2b 2 + ac = 0, then b 2 = - ac or - , b, c are in GP From Eq. (iv), c 2 = (2) (18) = 36
2 2 \ c = ±6
and if b 2 - ac = 0 Þ a, b, c are in GP. 2±6
From Eq. (i), b = = 4, - 2
But given, a, b, c are in AP. 2
Which is possible only when a = b = c c 2 36 36 36
and from Eq. (ii), d= = = or
b b 4 -2
y Example 59. If a, b , c are in HP, b , c , d are in GP \ d = 9 or - 18
ab 2 Hence, c = 6, b = 4, d = 9 or c = - 6, b = - 2, d = - 18
and c , d , e are in AP, then show that e = .
(2a - b ) 2
y Example 61. If three positive numbers a, b and c are
Sol. Given, a, b, c are in HP.
in AP, GP and HP as well, then find their values.
2ac ab
\ b= or c = …(i) Sol. Since a, b, c are in AP, GP and HP as well
a+c 2a - b
a+c
Given, b, c , d are in GP. \ b= …(i)
2
\ c 2 = bd …(ii) b 2 = ac …(ii)
and given, c , d , e are in AP. 2ac
c +e and b= …(iii)
\ d= a+c
2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
Þ e = 2d - c 2
æa + c ö
æ 2c 2 ö ç ÷ = ac
e=ç - c÷ [from Eq. (ii)] …(iii) è 2 ø
è b ø
or (a + c )2 = 4ac
2
2 æ ab ö æ ab ö (a + c )2 - 4ac = 0
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), e = ç ÷ -ç ÷ or
b è 2a - b ø è 2a - b ø
or (a - c )2 = 0
ab
= {2a - (2a - b )} \ a=c …(iv)
(2a - b )2
a+a
On putting c = a in Eq. (i), we get b = =a …(v)
ab 2 2
=
(2a - b )2 From Eqs. (iv) and (v), a = b = c , thus the three numbers will
be equal.
y Example 60. If a, b , c , d and e be five real numbers
such that a, b , c are in AP; b , c , d are in GP; c , d , e are in Remark
1. If three positive numbers are in any two of AP, GP and HP,
HP. If a = 2 and e = 18, then find all possible values of
then it will be also in third.
b , c and d. 2. Thus, if three positive numbers are in any two of AP, GP and
Sol. Given, a, b, c are in AP, HP, then they will be in the third progression and the
a+c numbers will be equal.
\ b= …(i)
2

1. If a, b , c are in AP and b , c, d be in HP, then
(a) ab = cd (b) ad = bc (c) ac = bd (d) abcd = 1
a 1 2
2. If a, b , c are in AP, then , , are in
bc c b
3. If a, b , c are in AP and a, b , d are in GP, then a, a - b , d - c will be in
4. If x , 1, z are in AP and x , 2, z are in GP, then x , 4, z will be in

5. If a, b , c are in GP, a - b , c - a, b - c are in HP, then a + 4b + c is equal to

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) - 1 (d) None of these
6. If (m + 1)th, (n + 1)th and (r + 1)th terms of an AP are in GP and m , n, r are in HP, then the value of the ratio of
the common difference to the first term of the AP is
2 2 n n
(a) - (b) (c) - (d)
n n 2 2
7. If a, b , c are in AP and a 2, b 2, c 2 are in HP, then
(a) a = b = c (b) 2b = 3a + c (c) b 2 = æ ac ö

ç ÷ (d) None of these
è 8ø
a b c
8. If a, b , c are in HP, then , , are in
b +c c+a a+b
x +y y +z
9. If , y, are in HP, then x , y , z are in
2 2
a+b b +c 1
10. If ,b, are in AP, then a, , c are in
1 - ab 1 - bc b
Session 5
Mean
Mean Let two numbers be a and b and A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , K, A n are n

AM’s between them.
Arithmetic Mean Then, a, A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , ..., A n , b will be in AP.
If three terms are in AP, then the middle term is called the \ Sum of n AM’s between a and b
Arithmetic Mean (or shortly written as AM) between the = A1 + A 2 + A 3 + ... + An
other two, so if a, b, c are in AP, then b is the AM of a n
and c. = ( A1 + An ) [Q A1, A 2 , A 3 , ..., An are in AP]
2
n n
(i) Single AM of n Positive Numbers = (a + d + a + nd ) = [ 2a + (n + 1) d ]
2 2
Let n positive numbers be a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n and A be the n
AM of these numbers, then = (2a + b - a ) [from Eq. (i)]
2
a + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n æa + b ö
A= 1 =n ç ÷=n [AM between a and b]
n è 2 ø
In particular Let a and b be two given numbers and A be [Remember]
the AM between them, then a, A, b are in AP. Aliter A1 + A2 + A 3 + ... + An
a +b = (a + A 1 + A2 + A 3 + ... + A n + b ) - (a + b )
\ A=
2 (n + 2 ) æa +b ö
= (a + b ) - (a + b ) = n ç ÷
Remark 2 è 2 ø
2a + 3b + 5c
1. AM of 2a, 3b, 5c is . =n [AM of a and b]
3
a + a2 + a3 + ... + an - 1 + 2an Aliter
2. AM of a1, a2, a3, ..., an - 1, 2an is 1 .
n [This method is applicable only when n is even]
(ii) Insert n-Arithmetic Mean Between A1 + A2 + A 3 + ... + An - 2 + An - 1 + An
Two Numbers = ( A1 + An ) + ( A2 + An - 1 ) + ( A 3 + An - 2 ) + ...
n
Let a and b be two given numbers and A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , ..., A n upto terms
2
are AM’s between them.
n
Then, a, A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , ..., A n , b will be in AP. = (a + b ) + (a + b ) + (a + b ) + ... upto times
2
Now, b = (n + 2 ) th term = a + (n + 2 - 1) d [QTn + T ¢n = a + l ]
æb -a ö n æa +b ö
\ d =ç ÷ ` = (a + b ) = n ç ÷ =n [AM of a and b]
è n + 1ø 2 è 2 ø
[Remember] [where, d = common difference] …(i) Corollary II The sum ofmAM’s between any two
numbers is to the sum of n AM’s between them asm : n .
\ A1 = a + d , A2 = a + 2d , ...., An = a + nd
Let two numbers be a and b.
æb -a ö æb -a ö
Þ A1 = a + ç ÷ , A2 = a + 2 ç ÷ , ... , An \ Sum of m AM’s between a and b =m [AM of a and b]
è n + 1ø è n + 1ø
…(i)
æb -a ö Similarly, sum of n AM’s between a and b = n
=a +n ç ÷
è n + 1ø [AM of a and b] …(ii)
Corollary I The sum of n AM’s between two given Sum of m AM’s m ( AM of a and b ) m
\ = =
quantities is equal to n times the AM between them. Sum of n AM’s n ( AM of a and b ) n
y Example 62. If a, b , c are in AP and p is the AM According to the example,

between a and b and q is the AM between b and c , A8 3
=
then show that b is the AM between p and q. An - 2 5
Sol. Qa, b, c are in AP. Þ 5 (3 + 8d ) = 3 [3 + (n - 2)d ] Þ 6 = d (3n - 46)
\ 2b = a + c …(i) Þ 6 = (3n - 46)
51
[from Eq. (i)]
Q p is the AM between a and b. ( n + 1)
a+b Þ 6n + 6 = 153n - 2346 Þ 147n = 2352
\ p= …(ii)
2 \ n = 16
Qq is the AM between b and c .
b+c y Example 65. If 11 AM’s are inserted between 28 and
\ q= …(iii)
2 10, then find the three middle terms in the series.
On adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), then Sol. Let A1, A 2 , A 3 , ..., A11 be 11 AM’s between 28 and 10.
a + b b + c a + c + 2b 2b + 2b If d be the common difference, then
p +q = + = = [using Eq. (i)]
2 2 2 2 10 - 28 3
d= =-
p +q 12 2
\ p + q = 2b or b =
2 Total means = 11 (odd)
Hence, b is the AM between p and q. æ 11 + 1 ö
\ Middle mean = ç ÷th = 6th = A 6
è 2 ø
an + 1 + b n + 1
y Example 63. Find n, so that (a ¹ b ) be Then, three middle terms are A 5 , A 6 and A 7 .
an + b n 15 41
\ A 5 = 28 + 5d = 28 - =
the AM between a and b. 2 2
an + 1 + bn + 1 a+b A 6 = 28 + 6d = 28 - 9 = 19
Sol. Q =
an + bn 2 21 35
and A 7 = 28 + 7d = 28 - =
2 2
é æ a ön + 1 ù
bn + 1 ê ç ÷ + 1ú
êë è b ø úû b éæa ö ù y Example 66. If a, b , c are in AP, then show that
Þ = ê çè b ÷ø + 1ú
é n ù 2 ë û 2
n æa ö
b ê ç ÷ + 1ú a 2 (b + c ) + b 2 (c + a ) + c 2 (a + b ) = (a + b + c ) 3 .
è ø 9
êë b úû
Sol. Qa, b, c are in AP.
é æ a ön + 1 ù é æ a ön ù æa ö
Þ 2 êç ÷ + 1ú = ê ç ÷ + 1ú ç + 1÷ a+c
è b ø è b ø è b ø \ b= i.e., 2b = a + c …(i)
êë úû êë úû 2
a LHS = a 2 (b + c ) + b 2 (c + a ) + c 2 (a + b )
Let =l
b = (a 2b + a 2c ) + b 2 ( 2b ) + (c 2a + c 2b )
\ 2 ln + 1 + 2 = ( ln + 1 ) ( l + 1 ) = b (a 2 + c 2 ) + ac (a + c ) + 2b 3
n +1 n +1 n
Þ 2l +2= l + l + l +1 = b [(a + c )2 - 2ac ] + ac ( 2b ) + 2b 3
n +1 n n
Þ l - l - l +1=0 Þ ( l - 1) ( l - 1) = 0
= b (a + c )2 + 2b 3 = b ( 2b )2 + 2b 3 = 6b 3
l -1¹0 [Qa ¹ b ]
2 2
\ ln - 1 = 0 Þ ln = 1 = l0 RHS = (a + b + c )3 = (2b + b )3
9 9
Þ n =0 2
= ´ 27b 3 = 6b 3
9
y Example 64. There are n AM’s between 3 and 54 Hence, LHS = RHS
such that 8th mean is to (n - 2) th mean as 3 to 5.
Find n.
Sol. Let A1, A 2 , A 3 , ..., An be n AM’s between 3 and 54. Geometric Mean
If d be the common difference, then If three terms are in GP, then the middle term is called the
54 - 3 51 Geometric Mean (or shortly written as GM) between the
d= = …(i)
n +1 n +1 other two, so if a, b, c are in GP, then b is the GM of a
and c.
n (n + 1 )
(i) Single GM of n Positive Numbers n (n + 1 ) é 1 ù 2
n n êæ b ö n + 1 ú
Let n positive numbers be a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n and G be the =a ×r 2 =a × ç ÷ [from Eq. (i)]
GM of these numbers, then G = (a 1 a 2 a 3 ... a n ) 1 /n êè a ø ú
êë úû
n
In particular Let a and b be two numbers and G be the
æb ö 2
GM between them, then a, G , b are in GP. = a ç ÷ = a n /2 b n /2 = ( ab ) n
n
èa ø
Hence, G = ab ; a > 0, b > 0
= [GM of a and b] n [Remember]
Remark Aliter [This method is applicable only when n is even]
1. If a < 0, b < 0, then G = - ab
G 1 G 2 G 3 KG n - 2 G n -1 G n = (G 1 G n ) (G 2 G n - 1 )
2. If a < 0, b > 0 or a > 0, b < 0, then GM between a and b does
not exist.
n
(G 3 G n - 2 ) ... factors
2
Example
n
(i) The GM between 4 and 9 is given by = (ab ) (ab ) (ab ) ... factors [QTn ´ Tn¢ = a ´ l ]
2
G = 4 ´9 =6
= (ab ) n /2 = ( ab ) n = [GM of a and b] n
(ii) The GM between - 4 and - 9 is given by
G = -4 ´ - 9 = - 6 y Example 67. If a be one AM and G1 and G 2 be two
geometric means between b and c , then prove that
(iii) The GM between - 4 and 9 or 4 and - 9 does not
G13 + G 23 = 2abc .
exist.
Sol. Given, a = AM between b and c
i.e. (- 4) ´ 9 = -1 36 = 6i
b+c
Þ a= Þ 2a = b + c …(i)
and 4 ´ (-9) = -1 36 = 6i 2
Again, b, G1, G 2 , c are in GP.
(ii) Insert n-Geometric Mean Between G1 G 2 c G2 G2
\ = = Þ b = 1 ,c = 2
Two Numbers b G1 G 2 G2 G1
Let a and b be two given numbers and G 1 , G 2 , G 3 , K, G n and G1G 2 = bc …(ii)
are n GM’s between them. From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
Then, a, G 1 , G 2 , G 3 , ..., G n , b will be in GP. G 2 G 2 G 3 + G 23 G13 + G 23
2a = 1 + 2 = 1 = [QG1G 2 = bc ]
Now, b = (n + 2 ) th term = ar n + 2 - 1 G 2 G1 G1G 2 bc
1 Þ G13 + G 23 = 2abc
æb ö n +1
\ r =ç ÷ [where r = common ratio] [Remember] y Example 68. If one geometric mean G and two
èa ø
arithmetic means p and q be inserted between two
…(i)
2 n
quantities, then show that G 2 = (2p - q ) (2q - p ).
\ G 1 = ar , G 2 = ar , ..., G n = ar
Sol. Let the two quantities be a and b, then
1 2 n
G 2 = ab …(i)
æb ö n +1 æb ö n +1 æb ö n +1
Þ G1 = a ç ÷ , G2 = a ç ÷ , ..., G n = a ç ÷ Again, a, p , q , b are in AP.
èa ø èa ø èa ø
\ p -a=q - p =b-q
Corollary The product of n geometric means between Þ a = 2p - q
a and b is equal to the nth power of the geometric b = 2q - p …(ii)
mean between a and b. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Let two numbers be a and b and G 1 , G 2 , G 3 , ..., G n are n G 2 = (2p - q ) (2q - p )
GM’s between them.
an + 1 + b n + 1
Then, a, G 1 , G 2 , G 3 , ..., G n , b will be in GP. y Example 69. Find n, so that (a ¹ b ) be
\ Product of n GM’s between a and b an + b n
the GM between a and b.
= G 1 G 2 G 3 K G n = (ar ) (ar 2 ) (ar 3 ) ...(ar n )
an + 1 + bn + 1
= a 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 × r 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n Sol. Q = ab
an + bn
é æ a ön + 1 ù n +1 An Important Theorem
bn + 1 ê ç ÷ + 1ú æa ö
ç ÷ +1 1
êë è b ø úû a èb ø æa ö 2 Let a and b be two real, positive and unequal numbers and
Þ =b Þ =ç ÷ A, G are arithmetic and geometric means between them,
é n ù b æa ö
n èb ø
n æa ö then
b ê ç ÷ + 1ú ç ÷ +1
êë è b ø úû èb ø (i) a and b are the roots of the equation
Let
a
=l x 2 - 2 Ax + G 2 = 0 [Remember]
b
1 1 1 (ii) a and b are given by A ± ( A + G ) ( A - G )
ln + 1 + 1 n +1
n+
Þ = l2 Þ l +1= l 2 + l2 [Remember]
ln + 1
1 1 1
(iii) A >G [Remember]
n+
Þ l 2 ( l2 - 1) - ( l2 -1) = 0 Proof Q A is the AM between a and b, then
1 1 a +b
n+ A= Þ a + b = 2A …(i)
Þ ( l2 - 1) ( l 2 - 1) = 0 2
1
and G is the GM between a and b, then
Þ l2 -1¹0 [Qa ¹ b ]
1
G = ab Þ ab = G 2 …(ii)
n+
\ l 2 -1=0 \a and b are the roots of the equation, then
n+
1
x 2 - (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0
Þ l 2 = 1 = l0
1 1 Þ x 2 - (a + b ) x + ab = 0
Þ n + = 0 or n = -
2 2 i.e. x 2 - 2 Ax + G 2 = 0 is the required equation.
1 2A ± ( - 2A) 2 - 4 × 1 × G 2
y Example 70. Insert five geometric means between Þ x= = A ± ( A2 - G 2 )
3 2×1
and 9 and verify that their product is the fifth power of \ x = A ± (A + G ) (A - G )
1
the geometric mean between and 9. Now, for real, positive and unequal numbers of a and b,
3
1 (A + G ) (A - G ) > 0 Þ (A - G ) > 0
Sol. Let G1, G 2 , G 3 , G 4 , G 5 be 5 GM’s between and 9.
3 \ A >G
1
Then, , G1, G 2 , G 3 , G 4 , G 5 , 9 are in GP. Remark
3
1/ 6 1. If a and b are real and positive numbers, then A ³ G
æ ö 2. If a1, a2, a3, ..., an are n positive numbers, then AM ³ GM i.e.,
ç9 ÷ 1
Here, r = common ratio = ç ÷ = 3 2 = 3 a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an
³ ( a1a2 a3 ... an )1/ n
1
ç ÷ n
è3ø
1 1
\ G1 = ar = × 3 =
3 3 3. (i) If a > 0, b > 0 or a < 0, b < 0 and l1 > 0, l 2 > 0, then
1 a b
2
G 2 = ar = × 3 = 1 l1 + l 2 ³ 2 l1l 2
3 b a
a 1
1 if = x > 0 and l1 = l 2 = 1, then x + ³ 2
G 3 = ar 3 = × 3 3 = 3 b x
3
(ii) If a > 0, b < 0 or a < 0, b > 0 and l1 > 0, l 2 > 0, then
1 a b
G 4 = ar 4 = × 9 = 3 l1 + l 2 £ - 2 l1l 2
3 b a
1 a 1
5
G 5 = ar = × 9 3 = 3 3 if = x < 0 and l1 > 0, l 2 > 0 then, x + £ - 2
3 b x
Now, Product = G1 ´ G 2 ´ G 3 ´ G 4 ´ G 5
5 5
y Example 71. AM between two numbers whose sum is
1 æ 1 ö 100 is to the GM as 5 : 4, find the numbers.
= ´ 1 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 3 = 9 3 = ( 3) 2 = ç ´ 9÷
3 è 3 ø Sol. Let the numbers be a and b.
é 1 ù Then, a + b = 100
= ê GM of and 9 5ú
ë 3 û or 2A = 100
Þ A = 50 …(i) (ii) Insert n-Harmonic Mean Between

A 5 50 5
and given, = Þ = [from Eq. (i)] Two Numbers
G 4 G 4
\ G = 40 …(ii)
Let a and b be two given numbers and H 1 , H 2 , H 3 ,K, H n
are n HM’s between them.
From important theorem a, b = A ± ( A + G ) ( A - G )
Then, a, H 1 , H 2 , H 3 , ..., H n , b will be in HP, if D be the
= 50 ± (50 + 40) (50 - 40) common difference of the corresponding AP.
= 50 ± 30 = 80, 20 \b = (n + 2 ) th term of HP.
\ a = 80, b = 20 1
=
or a = 20, b = 80 ( n + 2 )th term of corresponding AP
y Example 72. If a1 , a 2 , K, an are positive real numbers 1
=
1
whose product is a fixed number c , then find the + (n + 2 - 1) D
minimum value of a1 + a 2 + ... + an - 1 + 3an . a
Sol. Q AM ³ GM 1 1
-
a1 + a 2 + ... + an - 1 + 3an Þ D= b a [Remember]
\ ³ (a1a 2 ...an - 13an )1/n = (3c )1/n (n + 1)
n
Þ a1 + a 2 + ... + an - 1 + 3an ³ n (3c )1/n
1 1 1 1 1 1
\ = + D, = + 2 D , …, = + nD
H1 a H2 a Hn a
Hence, the minimum value of a1 + a 2 + ... + an - 1 + 3an is
1 1 (a - b ) 1 1 2 (a - b ) 1
n (3c )1/n . Þ = + , = + , ...,
H 1 a ab (n + 1) H 2 a ab (n + 1) Hn
1 n (a - b )
Harmonic Mean = +
a ab (n + 1)
If three terms are in HP, then the middle term is called the
Corollary The sum of reciprocals of n harmonic
Harmonic Mean (or shortly written as HM) between the
means between two given numbers is n times the
other two, so if a, b, c are in HP, then b is the HM of a and c.
reciprocal of single HM between them.
(i) Single HM of n Positive Numbers Let two numbers be a and b and H 1 , H 2 , H 3 , ..., H n are n
Let n positive numbers be a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n and H be the HM’s between them. Then, a, H 1 , H 2 , H 3 , ..., H n , b will be
HM of these numbers, then in HP.
n 1 1 1 1 næ 1 1 ö
H= \ + + + ... + = ç + ÷
æ 1 1 1 1ö H1 H2 H 3 Hn 2 è H1 Hn ø
ç + + + ... + ÷
é n ù
è 1
a a a a n ø
êëQS n = 2 (a + l )úû
2 3
n æ1 1 ö n æ 1 1ö
In particular Let a and b be two given numbers and H be = ç + D + - D÷ = ç + ÷
the HM between them a, H , b are in HP. 2 èa b ø 2 èa b ø
2 2ab n n
Hence, H = i.e., H = = =
1 1 (a + b ) æ ö [HM of a and b ]
+ ç 2 ÷
a b ç ÷
ç 1 + 1÷
Remark èa bø
3 3abc
HM of a, b, c is or .
1 1 1
+ + ab + bc + ca Aliter [This method is applicable only when n is even]
a b c 1 1 1 1 1 1
a +b + + + ... + + +
Caution The AM between two numbers a and b is . H1 H2 H 3 Hn -2 Hn -1 Hn
2
It does not follow that HM between the same numbers is æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö
1 1 =ç + ÷ +ç + ÷
+ è H1 Hn ø è H2 Hn -1 ø
2 a b 2ab
. The HM is the reciprocals of i.e., .
a +b 2 (a + b ) æ 1 1 ö n
+ç + ÷ + ... upto terms
è H 3 Hn -2 ø 2
æ1 1 ö æ1 1 ö and given h1, h 2 , h 3 , ..., h10 are in HP.

= ç + D + - D ÷ + ç + 2D + - 2D ÷ If D be common difference of corresponding AP.
èa b ø èa b ø
1 1 1 1
æ1 1 ö n - -
+ ç + 3 D + - 3 D ÷ + ...upto terms h10 h1 3 2 1
Then, D= = =-
èa b ø 2 9 9 54
æ 1 1ö æ 1 1ö æ 1 1ö n 1 1 1 6 1 1 7 18
= ç + ÷ + ç + ÷ + ç + ÷ + ... upto terms \ = + 6D = - = - = Þ h7 =
èa b ø èa b ø èa b ø 2 h 7 h1 2 54 2 9 18 7
7 18
n æ 1 1ö n n Hence, a 4 × h 7 = ´ =6
= ç + ÷= = 3 7
2 èa b ø æ ö ( HM of a and b )
ç 2 ÷ an + 1 + b n + 1
ç ÷ y Example 75. Find n, so that (a ¹ b ) be
ç 1 + 1÷ an + b n
èa bø
HM between a and b.
y Example 73. If H be the harmonic mean between x an + 1 + bn + 1 2ab
Sol. Q =
H+x H+y an + bn a+b
and y, then show that + =2
H-x H-y é æ a ön + 1 ù
bn + 1 ê ç ÷ + 1ú b 2 é2 æç a ö÷ ù
2xy
êë è b ø úû ê èb øú
Sol. We have, H = ë û
x +y Þ =
é æ a ö
n ù æ a ö
H 2y H 2x bn ê ç ÷ + 1ú b ç + 1÷
èb ø
\
x
=
x +y
and
y
=
x +y êë è b ø úû
n +1
By componendo and dividendo, we have æa ö æa ö
ç ÷ +1 2ç ÷
H + x 2y + x + y x + 3y èb ø èb ø
= = Þ =
H - x 2y - x - y y-x æa ö
n
æ ö
a
ç ÷ +1 ç ÷ +1
H + y 2x + x + y 3x + y èb ø èb ø
and = = a
H - y 2x - x - y x -y Let =l
b
H + x H + y x + 3y 3x + y
\ + = + ln +1 + 1 2l
H - x H -y y-x x -y Then, =
ln + 1 l +1
x + 3y - 3x - y 2 (y - x )
= = =2
y-x (y - x ) Þ ( l + 1) ( ln + 1 + 1) = 2 l ( ln + 1)
H + x H +y Þ ln + 2 + l + ln + 1 + 1 = 2 ln + 1 + 2l
Aliter + =2
H - x H -y
Þ ln + 2 - ln + 1 - l + 1 = 0
æH + x ö æ H +yö 2x -2y
Þç - 1÷ = ç1 - ÷ Þ = Þ ln + 1 ( l - 1) - 1 ( l - 1) = 0
è H - x ø è H - y ø H - x H -y
Þ ( l - 1)( ln + 1 - 1) = 0
i.e. Hx - xy = - Hy + xy Þ H ( x + y ) = 2xy
Þ l -1¹0 [Qa ¹ b ]
2xy
i.e. H = \ l n +1
-1=0
(x + y )
which is true as, x , H , y are in HP. Hence, the required Þ ln + 1 = 1 = l 0
result. Þ n + 1 = 0 or n = - 1
y Example 74. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a10 be in AP and y Example 76. Insert 6 harmonic means
h1 , h 2 , h 3 , ..., h10 be in HP. If a1 = h1 = 2 and 6
a10 = h10 = 3, then find the value of a 4 h 7 . between 3 and .
23
Sol. Q a1, a 2 , a 3 , ..., a10 are in AP. 6
Sol. Let H 1, H 2 , H 3 , H 4 , H 5 , H 6 be 6 HM’s between 3 and .
If d be the common difference, then 23
a - a1 3 - 2 1 6
d = 10 = = Then, 3, H 1, H 2 , H 3 , H 4 , H 5 , H 6 ,
are in HP.
9 9 9 23
3 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23
\ a 4 = a1 + 3d = 2 + = 2 + = …(i) Þ , , , , , , , are in AP.
9 3 3 3 H1 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 H 6 6
Let common difference of this AP be D. Remark

23 1 If a1, a2, a3, K, an are n positive numbers, then AM ³ GM ³ HM i.e.,
-
(23 - 2) 21 1 a1 + a2 + ... + an n
\ D= 6 3 = = = ³ (a1 a2 ...an )1 / n ³
7 7 ´6 7 ´6 2 n æ1 1 1ö
ç + + ... + ÷
1 1 1 1 5 è a1 a2 an ø
\ = +D= + =
H1 3 3 2 6 Sign of equality (AH = GM = HM) holds when numbers are equal
i.e., a1 = a2 = ... = an .
6 1
Þ H1 ==1
5 5 Important Theorem 2
1 1 1 4 3
= + 2D = + 1 = Þ H2 = If A, G , H are arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means
H2 3 3 3 4 of three given numbers a, b and c, then the equation
1 1 1 3 11 6 having a, b, c as its roots is
= + 3D = + = Þ H3 =
H3 3 3 2 6 11 3G 3
x 3 - 3Ax 2 + x - G3 = 0 [Remember]
1 1 1 7 3 H
= + 4D = + 2 = Þ H 4 =
H4 3 3 3 7 a +b +c
Proof QA = AM of a, b, c =
1 1 1 5 17 6 3
= + 5D = + = Þ H5 =
H5 3 3 2 6 17 i.e., a + b + c = 3 A…(i)
1 1 1 10 3 G = GM of a, b, c = (abc ) 1 / 3
and = + 6D = + 3 = Þ H6 =
H6 3 3 3 10 i.e. abc = G 3 …(ii)
1 3 6 3 6 3 and H = HM of a, b, c
\ HM’s are 1 , , , , , ×
5 4 11 7 17 10
3 3abc 3G 3
= = =
Important Theorem 1 1 1 1 ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
+ +
Let a and b be two real, positive and unequal numbers and a b c
A, G and H are arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means [from Eq. (ii)]
3
respectively between them, then 3G
i.e. ab + bc + ca = …(iii)
(i) A, G , H form a GP i.e., G 2 = AH [Remember] H
\a, b, c are the roots of the equation
(ii) A > G > H [Remember]
x 3 - (a + b + c ) x 2 + (ab + bc + ca ) x - abc = 0
Proof
a +b 2ab 3G 3
(i) Q A= , G = ab and H = i.e., x 3 - 3 Ax 2 +
x -G3 =0
2 a +b H
æ a + b ö æ 2ab ö 2 [from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)]
Now, AH = ç ÷ç ÷ = ab = G
è 2 ø èa +b ø Geometrical Proof of A > G > H
Therefore, G 2 = AH i.e. A, G , H are in GP. Let OA = a unit and OB = b unit and AB be a diameter of
semi-circle. Draw tangent OT to the circle and TM
Remark perpendicular to AB.
The result AH = G2 will be true for n numbers, if they are in GP.
T
(ii) Q A > G [from important theorem of GM] …(i) Y
A
or >1
G
X
G é A G 2 ù O A M C B
Þ >1 êëQ G = H Þ G = AH úû
H Let C be the centre of the semi-circle.
Þ G >H …(ii) OA + OB (OC - AC ) + (OC + CB )
Q =
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2 2
2 OC
A >G > H = = OC [Q AC = CB = radius of circle]
2
a +b Sol. Let the two numbers be a and b.

\ OC = [i.e. OC = arithmetic mean]
2 1
Given, G= H …(i)
a +b n
Þ A=
2 Now, G 2 = AH
Now, from geometry H2
Þ = AH [from Eq. (i)]
(OT ) 2 = OA ´ OB = ab = G 2 n2
\ OT = G , the geometric mean H
\ A= …(ii)
Now, from similar DOCT and DOMT, we have n2
Now, from important theorem of GM
OM OT (OT ) 2 ab 2ab
= or OM = = = H æH2 H2 ö
OT OC OC a +b a +b a, b = A ± ( A 2 - G 2 ) = ± ç 4 - 2÷
2
2 n èn n ø
\ OM = H , the harmonic mean H
= [1 ± (1 - n 2 )]
Also, it is clear from the figure, that n2
OC > OT > OM i.e. A > G > H H
[1 + (1 - n 2 )]
a n2
y Example 77. If A x = G y = H z , where A, G, H are AM, \ =
b H [1 - (1 - n 2 )]
GM and HM between two given quantities, then prove n2
that x , y , z are in HP. \ a : b = 1 + (1 - n 2 ) : 1 - (1 - n 2 )
x y z
Sol. Let A = G = H = k
Then, A = k 1/ x , G = k 1/ y , H = k 1/ z y Example 80. If three positive unequal quantities
a, b , c be in HP, then prove that a n + c n > 2b n , n Î N
Q G 2 = AH Þ (k 1/ y )2 = k 1/ x × k 1/ z
2 1 1 1 1 1 Sol. Q G > H
+ 1/ z
Þ k 2 / y = k 1/ x Þ = + Þ , , are in AP.
y x z x y z \ ac > b
n n n
Hence, x , y , z are in HP.
Þ (ac ) 2 > bn or a 2 c 2 > bn …(i)
y Example 78. The harmonic mean of two numbers is n n n n
4, their arithmetic mean A and geometric mean G Also, (a 2 - c 2 )2 > 0 Þ an + c n - 2a c > 0

2 2
satisfy the relation 2A + G 2 = 27. Find the numbers. n n

Þ an + c n > 2 a 2 c 2 > 2bn [from Eq. (i)]
Sol. Let the numbers be a and b. n n n
Given, H =4 \ a + c > 2b
Q G 2 = AH = 4 A …(i)
y Example 81.
2
and given 2A + G = 27 (i) If a , b , c , d be four distinct positive quantities in AP,
Þ 2A + 4 A = 27 [from Eq. (i)] then
\ A=
9 (a) bc > ad
2 (b) c -1d -1 + a -1b -1 > 2 (b -1d -1 + a -1c -1 - a -1d -1 )
2 9
From Eq. (i), G = 4 ´ = 18 (ii) If a , b , c , d be four distinct positive quantities in GP,
2
then
Now, from important theorem of GM
(a) a + d > b + c
9 æ 81 ö
a, b = A ± ( A 2 - G 2 ) = ± ç - 18÷ (b) c -1d -1 + a -1b -1 > 2 (b -1d -1 + a -1c -1 - a -1d -1 )
2 è4 ø
9 3
= ± = 6, 3 or 3, 6 (iii) If a , b , c , d be four distinct positive quantities in HP,
2 2 then
1 (a) a + d > b + c (b) ad > bc
y Example 79. If the geometric mean is times the
n Sol. (i) Q a, b, c , d are in AP.
harmonic mean between two numbers, then show that (a) Applying AM > GM
the ratio of the two numbers is For first three members, b > ac
1 + (1 - n 2 ) : 1 - (1 - n 2 ). Þ b 2 > ac …(i)
and for last three members, c > bd Þ ab + bc > 2ac …(vii)

Þ 2
c > bd 2bd
…(ii) For last three members, c >
b+d
Þ bc + cd > 2bd …(viii)
b 2c 2 > (ac ) (bd )
From Eqs. (vii) and (viii), we get
Hence, bc > ad
ab + bc + bc + cd > 2ac + 2bd
(b) Applying AM > HM
or ab + cd > 2 (ac + bd - bc )
For first three members,
2ac Dividing in each term by abcd, we get
b>
a+c c -1d -1 + a -1b -1 > 2 (b -1d -1 + a -1c -1 - a -1d -1 )
Þ ab + bc > 2ac …(iii) (iii) Qa, b, c , d are in HP.
2bd (a) Applying AM > HM
For last three members, c >
b+d For first three members,
bc + cd > 2bd …(iv) a+c
>b
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get 2
ab + bc + bc + cd > 2ac + 2bd Þ a + c > 2b …(ix)
or ab + cd > 2 (ac + bd - bc ) b+d
For last three members, >c
Dividing in each term by abcd, we get 2
c -1d -1 + a -1b -1 > 2 (b -1d -1 + a -1c -1 - a -1d -1 ) Þ b + d > 2c …(x)
(ii) Q a, b, c , d are in GP. From Eqs. (ix) and (x), we get
(a) Applying AM > GM a + c + b + d > 2b + 2c
For first three members, or a+d >b+c
a+c (b) Applying GM > HM
>b
2 For first three members, ac > b
Þ a + c > 2b …(v)
Þ ac > b 2 …(xi)
b+d
For last three members, >c For last three members,
2
Þ b + d > 2c …(vi) bd > c
From Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get Þ bd > c 2 …(xii)
a + c + b + d > 2b + 2c or a + d > b + c From Eqs. (xi) and (xii), we get
(b) Applying GM > HM (ac ) (bd ) > b 2c 2
2ac
For first three members, b > or ad > bc
a+c

1. If the AM of two positive numbers a and b (a > b ) is twice of their GM, then a : b is
(a) 2 + 3 :2 - 3 (b) 7 + 4 3 : 7 - 4 3
(c) 2 : 7 + 4 3 (d) 2 : 3
2. If A1, A2; G1, G2 and H1, H2 are two arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, respectively between two
quantities a and b , then which of the following is not the value of ab is?
(a) AH
1 2 (b) A2 H1
(c)G1G2 (d) None of these
3. The GM between - 9 and - 16, is

(a) 12 (b) - 12
(c) - 13 (d) None of these
4. Let n Î N, n > 25. If A, G and H denote the arithmetic mean, geometric mean and harmonic mean of 25 and n.
Then, the least value of n for which A, G, H Î {25, 26, ..., n}, is
(a) 49 (b) 81
(c) 169 (d) 225
6
5. If 9 harmonic means be inserted between 2 and 3, then the value of A + + 5 (where A is any of the AM’s and
H
H is the corresponding HM), is
(a) 8 (b) 9
H1 + a Hn + b
6. If H1, H2, ..., Hn be n harmonic means between a and b , then + is
H1 - a Hn - b
(a) n (b) n + 1
(c) 2n (d) 2n - 2
7. The AM of two given positive numbers is 2. If the larger number is increased by 1, the GM of the numbers
becomes equal to the AM to the given numbers. Then, the HM of the given numbers is
3 2
(a) (b)
2 3
1
(c) (d) 2
2
8. If a, a1, a 2, a 3, ..., a 2n, b are in AP and a, b1, b 2, b 3, K , b 2n, b are in GP and h is the HM of a and b , then
a1 + a 2n a 2 + a 2n - 1 an + an + 1
+ + ... + is equal to
b1b 2n b 2 b 2n - 1 bn bn + 1
2n
(a) (b) 2nh
h
n
(c) nh (d)
h
Session 6
Arithmetico-Geometric Series (AGS), Sigma (Σ)
Notation, Natural Numbers
Arithmetico-Geometric =a +
dr (1 - r n - 1 )
- [a + (n - 1) d ]r n
Series (AGS) (1 - r )
dr (1 - r n - 1 ) [a + (n - 1 ) d]r n
Definition \ Sn =
a
(1 - r )
+ -
(1 - r )
(1 - r ) 2
A series formed by multiplying the corresponding terms
of an AP and a GP is called Arithmetico - Geometric …(iii)
Series (or shortly written as AGS)
Remark
For example, 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + ... is an AP and
The above result (iii) is not used as standard formula in any
1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ... is a GP. examination. You should follow all steps as shown above.
Multiplying together the corresponding terms of these To Deduce the Sum upto Infinity from the Sum upto
series, we get n Terms of an Arithmetico - Geometric Series, when
1 + 4 x + 7 x 2 + 10 x 3 + ... which is an |r | < 1
Arithmetico-Geometric Series. From Eq. (iii), we have
Again, a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ... + [a + (n - 1)d ] is a typical a dr dr n [a + (n - 1) d ]r n
Sn = + - -
AP 1 - r (1 - r ) 2 (1 - r ) 2 (1 - r )
and 1 + r + r 2 + ... + r n - 1 is a typical GP. If | r | < 1, when n ® ¥, r n ® 0
Multiplying together the corresponding terms of these dr n [a + (n - 1) d ]r n
series, we get and and both ® 0
(1 - r ) 2 (1 - r )
a + (a + d ) r + (a + 2d ) r 2 + ... + [a + (n - 1)d ]r n - 1
a dr
which is called a standard Arithmetico-Geometric series. \ S¥ = +
(1 - r ) (1 - r ) 2
Sum of n Terms of an Independent method Let S ¥ denotes the sum to

infinity, then
Arithmetico-Geometric Series S ¥ = a + (a + d ) r + (a + 2d ) r 2 + (a + 3d ) r 3
Let the series be a + (a + d ) r + (a + 2d ) r 2 + ... + ... upto ¥ …(iv)
+ [a + (n - 1)d ]r n - 1
Let S n denotes the sum to n terms, then Multiplying both sides of Eq. (iv) by r, we get
S n = a + (a + d ) r + (a + 2d ) r 2 + ... + [a + (n - 2 ) d ] r n - 2 rS ¥ = ar + (a + d ) r 2 + (a + 2d ) r 3 + ... upto ¥ …(v)
+ [a + (n - 1) d ]r n - 1 …(i) Subtracting Eq. (v) from Eq. (iv), we get
Multiplying both sides of Eq. (i) by r, we get (1 - r ) S ¥ = a + (dr + dr 2 + dr 3 + ... upto ¥)
rS n = ar + (a + d ) r 2 + (a + 2d ) r 3 + ... dr
+ [a + (n - 2 ) d ]r n - 1 + [a + (n - 1) d ]r n …(ii) =a +
(1 - r )
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get a dr
(1 - r ) S n = a + (dr + dr 2 + K + dr n - 1 ) - [a + (n - 1) d ]r n \ S¥ = +
(1 - r ) (1 - r ) 2
ìï n - 1ü n
y Example 82. Find the sum of the series 3 æ1ö ï æ1ö
4 7 10 =1+ í1 - ç ÷ ý - ( 3n - 2) ç ÷
1+ + 2 + 3 +K 4 ïî è5ø ïþ è5ø
5 5 5 n - 1ù n -1
5 15 é æ1ö ( 3n - 2) æ 1 ö
(i) to n terms. (ii) to infinity. \ Sn = + ê 1 - ç ÷ ú - ç ÷
4 16 ê è5ø úû 4 è5ø
Sol. The given series can be written as ë
2 3 n -1
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö 35 (12n + 7 ) æ 1 ö
1+ 4 ç ÷ +7 ç ÷ + 10 ç ÷ + ... = - ç ÷
è5ø è5ø è5ø 16 16 è5ø
2 3
The series is an Arithmetico-Geometric series, since each æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö
term is formed by multiplying corresponding terms of the (ii) S ¥ = 1 + 4 ç ÷ + 7 ç ÷ + 10 ç ÷ + ... upto ¥ …(iii)
è5ø è5ø è5ø
series 1, 4, 7, ... which are in AP and
1
1 1 Multiplying both sides of Eq. (i) by , we get
1, , 2 , ... which are in GP. 5
5 5 2 3
2 ù 1 æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö
é 1 æ1ö S ¥ = ç ÷ + 4 ç ÷ + 7 ç ÷ + ... upto ¥ …(iv)
\ Tn = [n th term of 1, 4, 7, ...] ên th term of 1, , ç ÷ , ...ú 5 è5ø è5ø è5ø
ë 5 è5ø
ûú Subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get
n -1 n -1
æ1ö æ1ö æ 1ö éæ1ö æ1ö2 æ1ö3 ù
= [1 + (n - 1) 3] ´ 1 × ç ÷ = ( 3n - 2) ç ÷
è5ø è5ø ç1 - ÷ S ¥ = 1 + 3 ê ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ...upto ¥ ú
è 5ø è
êë 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø úû
n-2
æ1ö æ 1 ö
\ Tn -1 = (3n - 5) ç ÷
è5ø ç ÷ 3
= 1+3ç 5 ÷ = 1 +
(i) Let sum of n terms of the series is denoted by Sn . 1 4
ç1 - ÷
2 è 5ø
æ1ö æ1ö
Then, Sn = 1 + 4 ç ÷ + 7 ç ÷ + ... 4 7
è5ø è5ø Þ S¥ =
n-2 n -1 5 4
æ1ö æ1ö
+ ( 3n - 5) ç ÷ + ( 3n - 2) ç ÷ …(i) 35
è5ø è5ø \ S¥ =
16
1
Multiplying both the sides of Eq. (i) by , we get
5 y Example 83. If the sum to infinity of the series
2 3 n -1 35
\
1 1 æ1ö
Sn = + 4 ç ÷ + 7
æ1ö æ1ö
ç ÷ + ... + (3n - 5) ç ÷
1 + 4 x + 7 x 2 + 10x 3 + ... is , find x .
5 5 è5ø è5ø è5ø 16
n Sol. Let S ¥ = 1 + 4 x + 7 x 2 + 10x 3 + ... upto ¥ …(i)
æ1ö
+ (3n - 2) ç ÷ …(ii) Multiplying both sides of Eq. (i) by x we get
è5ø
x S ¥ = x + 4 x 2 + 7 x 3 + 10x 4 + ... upto ¥ …(ii)
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
é1 æ1ö2 æ1ö3 n - 1ù Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
æ 1ö æ1ö
ç 1 - ÷ n
S = 1 + 3 ê + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ... + ç ÷ ú (1 - x ) S ¥ = 1 + 3x + 3x 2 + 3x 3 + ... upto ¥
è 5ø êë 5 è 5 ø è5ø è5ø úû
n æ x ö ( 1 + 2x )
æ1ö = 1 + 3 ( x + x 2 + x 3 + ... upto ¥ ) = 1 + 3 ç ÷=
- ( 3n - 2) ç ÷ è 1 - x ø (1 - x )
è5ø
éæ1ö æ1ö2 æ1ö3 ù ( 1 + 2x ) 35 é 35 ù
4 \ S¥ = = êëQS ¥ = 16 úû
or Sn = 1 + 3 ê ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ +... + (n - 1) terms ú (1 - x ) 2
16
5 è5ø è5ø è5ø
ëê úû
n Þ 16 + 32x = 35 - 70x + 35x 2
æ1ö
- ( 3n - 2) ç ÷ Þ 35x 2 - 102x + 19 = 0
è5ø
ì1 é n - 1ùü Þ (7 x - 19 ) (5x - 1) = 0
æ1ö
ï ê1 - ç ÷ úï x¹
19
ï5 êë è5ø úû ï æ1ö
n
= 1 + 3í 7
ý - ( 3n - 2) ç ÷
1 è5ø [Q for infinity series common ratio - 1 < x < 1]
ï 1- ï
ï 5 ï 1
î þ Hence, x=
5
n n n
y Example 84. Find the sum of the series
1 + 2 2 x + 3 2 x 2 + 4 2 x 3 + ... up to ¥, | x | < 1.
2. å (Tr ± Tr¢ ) = åT r ± åTr¢
r =1 r =1 r =1
2 2 2 2
Sol. Here, the numbers 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , ... i.e. 1, 4, 9, 16, K are not [sigma operator is distributive over
in AP but 1, 4 - 1 = 3, 9 - 4 = 5, 16 - 9 = 7, K are in AP. addition and subtraction]
Let S ¥ = 1 + 22 x + 32 x 2 + 4 2 x 3 + ... upto ¥ n æ n ö æ n ö
2 3
= 1 + 4 x + 9 x + 16x + ... upto ¥ …(i)
3. åTrTr¢ ¹ çç åTr ÷÷ çç åTr¢ ÷÷
r =1 èr = 1 ø èr = 1 ø
Multiplying both sides of Eq. (i) by x, we get
[sigma operator is not distributive over multiplication]
xS ¥ = x + 4 x 2 + 9 x 3 + 16x 4 + ... upto ¥ …(ii)
æ n ö
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get ç åT r ÷
æT ö ç ÷
n
èr = 1 ø
(1 - x ) S ¥ = 1 + 3x + 5x 2 + 7 x 3 + ... upto ¥ …(iii) 4. å çç r ÷
¢÷
¹
æ n ¢ö
r = 1 è Tr ø
Again, multiplying both sides of Eq. (iii) by x, we get ç åT r ÷
ç ÷
x (1 - x ) S ¥ = x + 3x 2 + 5x 3 + 7 x 4 + ... upto ¥ …(iv) èr = 1 ø
Subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get [sigma operator is not distributive over division]
(1 - x ) (1 - x ) S ¥ = 1 + 2x + 2x 2 + 2x 3 + ... upto ¥ n n
= 1 + 2 ( x + x 2 + x 3 + ... upto ¥)
5. å aTr =a åT r [where a is constant]
r =1 r =1
æ x ö (1 + x ) n n æ n öæ n ö
=1+2ç ÷=
è 1 - x ø (1 - x ) 6. å å T i T j = ç åT i ÷ ç åT j ÷
ç ÷ç ÷
(1 + x ) j =1 i =1 èi = 1 ø è j = 1 ø
\ S¥ =
(1 - x )3 [where i and j are independent]
Sigma (S) Notation Examples on Sigma Notation

m
S is a letter of greek alphabets and it is called ‘sigma’. The (i) å a = a + a + a + K upto m times = am
symbol sigma ( S ) represents the sum of similar terms. i =1
Usually sum of n terms of any series is represented by
placing S the nth term of the series. But if we have to find
(ii) å a = a + a + a + ... upto n times = an
i.e. å 5 = 5n, å 3 = 3n
the sum of k terms of a series whose nth term is u n , this 5 5 5
k
(iii) å (i 2 - 3i ) = å i 2 - 3 å i
will be represented by åu n . i =1 i =1 i =1
n =1
n=9 9 = (12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 ) - 3 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 )
For example, å n, i.e. å n only means the sum of n similar = 55 - 45 = 10
n =1 1 3
æ r +1 ö æ 1+1 ö æ 2 +1 ö æ 3 +1 ö
terms when n varies from 1 to 9. (iv) å çè 2 r + 4 ÷ø = çè 2 × 1 + 4 ÷ø + çè 2 × 2 + 4 ÷ø + çè 2 × 3 + 4 ÷ø
9 r =1
Thus, å n = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 2 3 4 40 + 45 + 48 133 13
1
= + + = = =1
6 8 10 120 120 120
Remark
Shortly S is written in place of å.
n Important Theorems on
1 å (Sigma) Operator
n
Properties of Sigma Notation Theorem 1 å f ( r + 1) - f ( r ) = f (n + 1) - f (1)
n r =1
1. åT r = T1 + T2 + T 3 + ... + Tn , when Tn is the Theorem 2
n
r =1
general term of the series. å f (r + 2) - f (r ) = f (n + 2) + f (n + 1) - f (2) - f (1)
r =1
n n
Proof (Theorem 1) å f (r + 1) - f (r ) Taking å on both sides, we get
r =1 r=1
= [ f (2 ) - f (1)] + [ f (3 ) - f (2 )] n n n n
+ [ f ( 4 ) - f (3 )] + ... + [ f (n + 1) - f (n )] å r 3 - (r - 1) 3 = 3 år 2 - 3 år + å1
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
= f (n + 1) - f (1)
Þ n 3 - 0 3 = 3 å n2 - 3 å n + n …(i)
Proof (Theorem 2)
n n [from important Theorem 1]
å f (r + 2) - f (r ) = å[ f (r + 2) - f (r + 1)] Substituting the value of å n in Eq. (i), we get
r =1 r =1
+ [ f (r + 1) - f (r )] 3 × n (n + 1)
Þ n 3 = 3 å n2 - +n
n n 2
= å f (r + 2) - f (r + 1) + å f (r + 1) - f (r ) 3n (n + 1) n
r =1 r =1 Þ 3å n 2 = n 3 + - n = (2n 2 + 3n + 1)
2 2
= [ f (n + 2 ) - f (2 )] + [ f (n + 1) - f (1)] [from Theorem 1] n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
= f (n + 2 ) + f (n + 1) - f (2 ) - f (1) =
2
Remark n (n + 1 ) (2n + 1)
n k k Þ å n2 = 6
[Remember]
1. å f ( r + k ) - f ( r ) = å f ( n + m) - å f ( m), " k Î N
r =1 m=1 m=1 Independent Proof We know that,
n
2. åf (2r + 1) - f (2r - 1) = f (2n + 1) - f (1) (2 r + 1) 3 - (2 r - 1) 3 = 24 r 2 + 2
r =1 n
3.
n
å f (2r ) - f (2r - 2) = f (2n) - f (0 )
Taking å on both sides, we get
r =1 r =1
n n
å(2 r + 1) 3 - (2 r - 1) 3 = å(24 r 2 + 2)
Natural Numbers r =1
n n
r =1
The positive integers 1, 2, 3, ... are called natural numbers. Þ (2n + 1) 3 - 1 3 = 24 å r 2 + 2 å 1

These form an AP with first term and common difference, r =1 r =1
each equal to unity. [from points to consider-2]
(i) Sum of the First n Natural Numbers Þ (2n + 1) - 1 = 24 å n 2 + 2n
3
n (n + 1) Þ (2n + 1) 3 - (2n + 1) = 24 å n 2
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = = Sn
2 Þ (2n + 1) [(2n + 1) 2 - 1] = 24 å n 2
n (n + 1)
Þ Sn = [Remember] Þ (2n + 1) (2n + 1 + 1) (2n + 1 - 1) = 24 å n 2
2
n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
Þ å n2 = [Remember]
(ii) Sum of the First n Odd Natural 6
Numbers
n (iv) Sum of the Cubes of the First n
1 + 3 + 5 + ... upto n terms = [2 × 1 + (n - 1) × 2 ] = n 2 Natural Numbers
2
2
Þ å (2n - 1) = n 2 [Remember] ìn (n + 1) ü
1 3 + 2 3 + 3 3 + ... + n 3 = å n 3 = (å n) = í
2
ý
î 2 þ
(iii) Sum of the Squares of the First n Proof We know that,
Natural Numbers
r 4 - (r - 1) 4 = 4 r 3 - 6r 2 + 4 r - 1
n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = å n =
2 2 2 2 2
n
3 3 2
6 Taking å on both sides, we get
Proof We know that, r - (r - 1) = 3r - 3r + 1 r =1
n n n n n
Substituting the values of å n, å n 2 , å n 3 in Eq. (i), we get
å r 4 - (r - 1) 4 = 4 å r 3 - 6 å r 2 + 4 å r - å 1
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 10 n 2 (n + 1) 2
Þ n5 = 5 å n 4 -
Þ n 4 - 0 4 = 4 å n 3 - 6 å n2 + 4 å n - n …(i) 4
10 n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 5n (n + 1)
[from important theorem 1] + - +n
2 6 2
Substituting the values of ån and ån in Eq. (i), we get
ì 5n (n + 1) 2 5 (n + 1) (2n + 1)
6 n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 4n (n + 1) \ 5 å n 4 = n ín 4 + -
Þ n 4 = 4 ån 3 - + -n 2 3
6 2 î
Þ 4 å n 3 = n 4 + n (n + 1) (2n + 1) - 2n (n + 1) + n 5 (n + 1) ü
+ - 1ý
2 þ
= n [n 3 + (n + 1) (2n + 1) - 2 (n + 1) + 1]
n
= n (n 3 + 2n 2 + n ) {6n 4 + 15n (n 2 + 2n + 1) - 10 (2n 2 + 3n + 1)
=
6
= n 2 (n + 1) 2 + 15n + 15 - 6 }
n
ìn (n + 1) ü
2
Þ å n 4 = (6n 4 + 15n 3 + 10n 2 - 1)
\ ån 3 = í ý = (ån)
2
[Remember] 30
î 2 þ n (n + 1) (2n + 1) (3n 2 + 3n - 1)
=
Independent Proof We know that, 30
r 2 (r + 1) 2 - r 2 (r - 1) 2 = 4 r 3
n
Remark
If nth term of a sequence is given by Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d,
where a, b, c, d are constants.
r =1
Then, sum of n terms, Sn = STn = a Sn3 + b Sn2 + c Sn + d S1
n n
å r 2 (r + 1) 2 - r 2 (r - 1) 2 = 4 år 3 This can be evaluated using the above results.
r =1 r =1
y Example 85. Find the sum to n terms of the series
Þ n 2 (n + 1) 2 - 12 × 0 2 = 4 å n 3
1 2 + 3 2 + 5 2 + K upto n terms.
[from important Theorem 1] Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of this series, then
2
ìn (n + 1) ü Tn = [1 + (n - 1)2]2 = (2n - 1)2 = 4n 2 - 4n + 1
Þ ån 3 = í ý = (ån)
2
[Remember]
î 2 þ \ Sum of n terms Sn = STn = 4 Sn 2 - 4 Sn + S1
Corollary 1 3 + 2 3 + 3 3 + K + n 3 = (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n ) 2 =
4n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 4n (n + 1)
- +n
6 2
(v) Sum of the Powers Four of the n
= ( 4n 2 + 6n + 2 - 6n - 6 + 3)
First n Natural Numbers 3
1 + 2 4 + 3 4 + ... + n 4 = å n 4
4 n ( 4n 2 - 1)
=
3
n (n + 1) (2n + 1) (3n 2 + 3n - 1)
=
30 y Example 86. Find the sum to n terms of the series
Proof We know that, 1 × 2 2 + 2 × 3 2 + 3 × 4 2 + ... .
r 5 - (r - 1) 5 = 5r 4 - 10r 3 + 10r 2 - 5r + 1 Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of this series, then
n Tn = (n th term of 1, 2, 3, …) (nth term of 22 , 32 , 4 2 , ... )
= n (n + 1)2 = n 3 + 2n 2 + n
r =1
n n n n n n \ Sum of n terms Sn = STn
å r 5 - (r - 1) 5 = 5 å r 4 - 10 å r 3 + 10 å r 2 - 5 å r + å1 2 = S n 3 + 2 S n 2 + Sn
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 2
ì n ( n + 1) ü ì n (n + 1) (2n + 1)ü n (n + 1)
=í ý + 2í ý+
Þ n 5 - 0 5 = 5 å n 4 - 10 å n 3 + 10 å n 2 - 5 å n + n …(i) î 2 þ î 6 þ 2
[from important Theorem 1]
n (n + 1) ì n (n + 1) 2(2n + 1) ü y Example 89. Show that

= í + + 1ý
2 î 2 3 þ 1 × 2 2 + 2 × 3 2 + ... + n × (n + 1) 2 3n + 5
n ( n + 1) = .
= (3n 2 + 3n + 8n + 4 + 6) 2 2 2
1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + ... + n × (n + 1) 3n + 1
12
n (n + 1) (3n 2 + 11n + 10) n (n + 1) (n + 2) (3n + 5) Sol. Let Tn and Tn ¢ be the nth terms of the series in numerator
= =
12 12 and denominator of LHS. Then,
\ Tn = n (n + 1)2 and Tn ¢ = n 2 (n + 1)
y Example 87. Find the sum of n terms of the series
STn Sn (n + 1)2 S(n 3 + 2n 2 + n )
whose nth terms is (i) n (n - 1) (n + 1) (ii) n 2 + 3n . \ LHS = = =
STn¢ Sn (n + 1)
2
S(n 3 + n 2 )
Sol. (i) We have, Tn = n (n - 1) (n + 1) = n 3 - n
Sn 3 + 2 S n 2 + S n
\ Sum of n terms Sn = STn = Sn 3 - Sn =
Sn 3 + Sn 2
2
ì n ( n + 1) ü ì n ( n + 1) ü ì n ( n + 1) ü
2
ì n (n + 1) (2n + 1)ü ì n (n + 1)ü
=í ý -í ý
î 2 þ î 2 þ í ý + 2í ý+í ý
= î 2 þ î 6 þ î 2 þ
n ( n + 1) ì n ( n + 1) ü 2
= í - 1ý ì n ( n + 1) ü ì n (n + 1) (2n + 1)ü
2 î 2 þ í ý +í ý
î 2 þ î 6 þ
n ( n + 1) ( n - 1) ( n + 2)
= n (n + 1) ì n (n + 1) 2(2n + 1) ü
4 í + + 1ý
=
2 î 2 3 þ
(ii) We have, Tn = n 2 + 3n n (n + 1) ì n (n + 1) (2n + 1)ü
í + ý
\ Sum of n terms Sn = STn = Sn 2 + S3n 2 î 2 3 þ
= Sn 2 + (31 + 32 + 33 + ... + 3n ) 1
(3n 2 + 3n + 8n + 4 + 6)
= 6
n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 3 (3n - 1) 1
= + (3n 2 + 3n + 4n + 2)
6 ( 3 - 1) 6
n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 3 n (3n 2 + 11n + 10) (3n + 5) (n + 2) (3n + 5)
= + ( 3 - 1) = = = = RHS
6 2 (3n 2 + 7n + 2) (3n + 1) (n + 2) (3n + 1)
3 3
13 1 + 2 13 + 2 3 + 3 3 1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 + 3 × 4 × 5 + ... upto n terms.
+ + + ... upto n terms.
1 1+ 3 1+ 3+ 5 Sol. Here, Tn = {nth term of 1, 2, 3, ...}
Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of the given series. Then, ´ {nth term of 2, 3, 4, ...} ´ {nth term of 3, 4, 5, ...}
2
ì n ( n + 1) ü \ Tn = n (n + 1) (n + 2) = n 3 + 3n 2 + 2n
3 3 3 3 í ý \ Sn = Sum of n terms of the series
(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n )
=î þ
2
Tn =
(1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n - 1)) n (1 + 2n - 1) = STn = Sn 3 + 3Sn 2 + 2Sn
2 2
ì n ( n + 1) ü ì n (n + 1) (2n + 1)ü ì n ( n + 1) ü
( n + 1) 2 1 2 =í ý + 3í ý + 2í ý
= = (n + 2n + 1) î 2 þ î 6 þ î 2 þ
4 4
Let Sn denotes the sum of n terms of the given series. Then, n ( n + 1) ì n ( n + 1) ü
= í + (2n + 1) + 2ý
1 2 î 2 þ
Sn = STn = S(n 2 + 2n + 1) n ( n + 1) 2
4 = ( n + n + 4n + 2 + 4 )
1 2 4
= ( Sn + 2Sn + S1) n ( n + 1) ( n + 2) ( n + 3)
4 =
1 ì n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 2n (n + 1) ü 4
= í + + ný
4î 6 2 þ y Example 91. Find sum to n terms of the series
n 1 + (2 + 3) + (4 + 5 + 6 ) + ... .
= {2n 2 + 3n + 1 + 6n + 6 + 6}
24
Sol. Now, number of terms in first bracket is 1, in the second
n (2n 2 + 9n + 13) bracket is 2, in the third bracket is 3, etc. Therefore, the
Hence, Sn =
24 number of terms in the nth bracket will be n.
Let the sum of the given series of n terms = S y Example 93. Find the nth term and sum of n terms
n (n +1) of the series, 1 + 5 + 12 + 22 + 35 + ... .
\Number of terms in S = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
2 Sol. The sequence of differences between successive terms is 4,
Also, the first term of S is 1 and common difference is also 1. 7, 10, 13,... . Clearly, it is an AP with common difference
3. So, let the nth term of the given series be Tn and sum
ì n ( n + 1) ü
í ý of n terms be Sn .
é æ n ( n + 1) ö ù
S=î
2 þ
\ ê2 × 1 + çè - 1÷ × 1ú Then, Sn = 1 + 5 + 12 + 22 + 35 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn …(i)
2 ë 2 ø û
Sn = 1 + 5 + 12 + 22 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn …(ii)
n ( n + 1)
= ( 4 + n 2 + n - 2) Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
8 0 = 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + ... + (Tn - Tn - 1 ) - Tn
n ( n + 1) ( n 2 + n + 2) Þ Tn = 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + ... n terms
=
8 n 1
= {2 × 1 + (n - 1) 3} = (3n 2 - n )
2 2
y Example 92. Find the sum of the series 3 1
Hence, Tn = n 2 - n
1 × n + 2 × (n - 1) + 3 × (n - 2 ) + 4 × (n - 3 ) + ... + (n - 1) × 2 + n × 1 2 2
3 1
also, find the coefficient of x n - 1 in the expansion of \ Sum of n terms Sn = STn = Sn 2 - Sn
2 2
(1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + ... + nx n - 1 ) 2 . 3 æ n (n + 1) (2n + 1) ö 1 æ n (n + 1) ö
= ç ÷- ç ÷
2è 6 ø 2è 2 ø
Sol. The r th term of the given series is
n ( n + 1)
Tr = r × (n - r + 1) = (n + 1) r - r 2 = (2n + 1 - 1)
4
\Sum of the series 1 1
= n 2 ( n + 1) = ( n 3 + n 2 )
n n n 2 2
Sn = å T r = ( n + 1 ) å r - å r 2 = ( n + 1 ) Sn - Sn 2
r =1 r =1 r =1 y Example 94. Find the nth term and sum of n terms
n (n + 1) n (n + 1) (2n + 1) of the series, 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ... .
= ( n + 1) -
2 6 Sol. The sequence of differences between successive terms is 2,
n ( n + 1) n ( n + 1) ( n + 2) 4, 8, 16, ... . Clearly, it is a GP with common ratio 2. So, let
= (3n + 3 - 2n - 1) =
6 6 the nth term and sum of the series upto n terms of the
Now, series be Tn and Sn , respectively. Then,
(1 + 2x + 3x 2 + ... + nx n - 1 )2 = (1 + 2x + 3x 2 + ... + nx n - 1 ) Sn = 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn …(i)
´ (1 + 2x + 3x 2 + ... + nx n - 1 ) Sn = 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn …(ii)
\Coefficient of x n - 1 in (1 + 2x + 3x 2 + ... + nx n - 1 )2 Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
0 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + ... + (Tn - Tn - 1 ) - Tn
= 1 × n + 2 × (n - 1) + 3 × (n - 2) + ... + n × 1 Þ Tn = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + ... upto n terms
n ( n + 1) ( n + 2) 1 × (2n - 1)
= Sn = =
6 2-1
Hence, Tn = (2n - 1)
Method of Differences \ Sum of n terms Sn = STn = S(2n - 1) = S2n - S1
If the differences of the successive terms of a series are in = (2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2n ) - n
AP or GP, we can find the nth term of the series by the 2 × (2n - 1)
following steps. = - n = 2n + 1 - 2 - n
( 2 - 1)
Step I Denote the nth term and the sum of the series
upto n terms of the series by Tn and S n , y Example 95. Find the nth term of the series
respectively. 1 + 4 + 10 + 20 + 35 + ...
Step II Rewrite the given series with each term shifted
by one place to the right. Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 3, 6, 10,
Step III Then, subtract the second expression of S n from 15, ... and second consecutive differences is 3, 4, 5, ... .
the first expression to obtain Tn . Clearly, it is an AP with common difference 1. So, let the
nth term and sum of the series upto n terms of the series
be Tn and Sn , respectively.
Then,
Sn = 1 + 4 + 10 + 20 + 35 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn …(i)
Method of Differences (Shortcut)
Sn = 1 + 4 + 10 + 20 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn …(ii) to find nth term of a Series
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get The nth term of the series can be written directly on the
0 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ... + (Tn - Tn - 1 ) - Tn basis of successively differences, we use the following steps
to find the nth termTn of the given sequence.
Þ Tn = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ... upto n terms
Step I If the first consecutive differences of the given
or Tn = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ... + t n - 1 + t n …(iii)
sequence are in AP, then take
Tn = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + ... + t n - 1 + t n …(iv)
Tn = a (n - 1) (n - 2 ) + b (n - 1) + c , where a, b, c
Now, subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get
are constants. Determine a, b, c by putting
0 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... + (t n - t n - 1 ) - t n
n = 1, 2, 3 and putting the values of T1 , T2 , T 3 .
or t n = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ... upto n terms
Step II If the first consecutive differences of the given
n ( n + 1)
= Sn = sequence are in GP, then take
2
1 Tn = ar n - 1 + bn + c , where a, b, c are constants
\ T n = St n = ( Sn 2 + Sn )
2 and r is the common ratio of GP. Determine
1 æ n (n + 1) (2n + 1) n (n + 1) ö a, b, c by putting n = 1, 2, 3 and putting the values
= ç + ÷
2è 6 2 ø of T1 , T2 , T 3 .
1 n ( n + 1) 1 Step III If the differences of the differences computed in
= × (2n + 1 + 3) = n (n + 1) (n + 2)
2 6 6 Step I are in AP, then take
Tn = a (n - 1) (n - 2 ) (n - 3 ) + b (n - 1) (n - 2 )
y Example 96. Find the nth term of the series + c (n - 1) + d , where a, b, c , d are
1 + 5 + 18 + 58 + 179 + ... constants.Determine by putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and
Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 4, 13, 40, putting the values of T1 , T2 , T 3 , T 4 .
121, ... and second consecutive differences is 9, 27, 81, ... . Step IV If the differences of the differences computed in
Clearly, it is a GP with common ratio 3. So, let the nth Step I are in GP with common ratio r, then take
term and sum of the series upto n terms of the series be
Tn = ar n - 1 + bn 2 + cn + d , where a, b, c , d are
Tn and Sn , respectively. Then,
Sn = 1 + 5 + 18 + 58 + 179 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn …(i) constants. Determine by putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and
Sn = 1 + 5 + 18 + 58 + ... + Tn - 1 + Tn …(ii) putting the values of T1 , T2 , T 3 , T 4 .
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get y Example 97. Find the nth term and sum of n terms of
0 = 1 + 4 + 13 + 40 + 121 + ... + (Tn - Tn - 1 ) - Tn the series 2 + 4 + 7 + 11 + 16 + ... .
Þ Tn = 1 + 4 + 13 + 40 + 121 + ... upto n terms Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 2, 3, 4, 5,
or Tn = 1 + 4 + 13 + 40 + 121 + ... + t n - 1 + t n …(iii) ... . Clearly, it is an AP.
Then, nth term of the given series be
Tn = 1 + 4 + 13 + 40 + ... + t n - 1 + t n …(iv)
Tn = a ( n - 1 ) ( n - 2 ) + b ( n - 1 ) + c …(i)
Now, subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, we get
0 = 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + ... + (t n - t n - 1 ) - t n
2 = c Þ 4 = b + c Þ 7 = 2a + 2b + c
or t n = 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + ... upto n terms 1
After solving, we get a = , b = 2, c = 2
1 × (3n - 1) 1 n 2
= = ( 3 - 1)
( 3 - 1) 2 Putting the values of a, b, c in Eq. (i), we get
1 1 1
\ T n = St n = ( S3n - S1) Tn = ( n - 1 ) ( n - 2 ) + 2 ( n - 1 ) + 2 = ( n 2 + n + 2 )
2 2 2
1 2
1 Hence, sum of series Sn = STn = ( Sn + Sn + 2S1)
= {(3 + 32 + 33 + ... + 3n ) - n } 2
2
1 æ n (n + 1) (2n + 1) n (n + 1) ö
1 ì 3 (3n - 1) ü = ç + + 2n ÷
= í - ný 2è 6 2 ø
2 î ( 3 - 1) þ 1 2
= n (n + 3n + 8)
3 n 1 6
= ( 3 - 1) - n
4 2
y Example 98. Find the nth term and sum of n terms Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, we get
of the series 5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + ... . 2=a+b+c +d …(ii)
5 = 3a + 4b + 2c + d …(iii)
Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 2, 6, 18,
54, ... . Clearly, it is a GP with common ratio 3. Then, nth 12 = 9a + 9b + 3c + d …(iv)
term of the given series be 31 = 27a + 16b + 4c + d …(v)
Tn = a (3)n - 1 + bn + c …(i) After, solving these equations, we get
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, we get a = 1, b = 0, c = 1, d = 0
5=a+b+c …(ii) Putting the values of a, b, c , d in Eq. (i), we get
7 = 3a + 2b + c …(iii) Tn = 3n - 1 + n
13 = 9a + 3b + c …(iv)
Solving these equations, we get
a = 1, b = 0, c = 4 Method of Differences
Putting the values of a, b, c in Eq. (i), we get (Maha Shortcut)
Tn = 3n - 1 + 4
To find t 1 + t 2 + t 3 + ... + t n - 1 + t n
Hence, sum of the series
Let S n = t 1 + t 2 + t 3 + ... + t n - 1 + t n
Sn = STn = S(3n - 1 + 4 ) = S(3n - 1 ) + 4 S1
Then, Dt 1 , Dt 2 , Dt 3 ,..., Dt n - 1 [1st order differences]
= (1 + 3 + 32 + ... + 3n - 1 ) + 4n
D2t 1 , D2t 2 , D2t 3 ,..., D2t n - 1 [2nd order differences]
(3n - 1) 1
= 1× + 4n = (3n + 8n - 1) M M M
( 3 - 1) 2
n -1 n -1 n -1
\ tn = C 0 t1 + C 1 Dt 1 + C 2 D2 t 1 +...
y Example 99. Find the nth term of the series n -1
1 + 2 + 5 + 12 + 25 + 46 + ... . + C r - 1 Dr - 1 t 1
Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 1, 3, 7, 13, and S n = n C 1 t 1 + n C 2 Dt 1 + n C 3 D2 t 1 + ... + n C r Dr t 1

21, ... . The sequence of the second consecutive differences
is 2, 4, 6, 8, ... . Clearly, it is an AP. Then, nth term of the where, Dt 1 = t 2 - t 1 , Dt 2 = t 3 - t 2 , etc.
given series be D2t 1 = Dt 2 - Dt 1 , D3 t 1 = D2t 2 - D2t 1 , etc.
Tn = a ( n - 1 ) ( n - 2 ) ( n - 3 ) + b ( n - 1 ) ( n - 2 )
+ c (n - 1) + d …(i) y Example 101. Find the n th term and sum to n terms
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, we get of the series 12 + 40 + 90 + 168 + 280 + 432 + ... .
1=d …(ii) Sol. Let Sn = 12 + 40 + 90 + 168 + 280 + 432 + ..., then
2=c +d …(iii) 1st order differences are 28, 50, 78, 112, 152, ...
5 = 2b + 2c + d …(iv) (i.e. Dt 1, Dt 2 , Dt 3 , ...)
12 = 6a + 6b + 3c + d …(v) and 2nd order differences are
After, solving these equations, we get 22, 28, 34, 40, ... (i.e. D2t 1, D2t 2 , D2t 3 , ...)
1
a = , b = 1, c = 1, d = 1 and 3rd order differences are
3
6, 6, 6, 6,... (i.e. D3t 1, D3t 2 , D3t 3 , ...)
Putting the values of a, b, c , d in Eq. (i), we get
1 and 4th order differences are
Tn = (n 3 - 6n 2 + 11n - 6) + (n 2 - 3n + 2) + (n - 1) + 1 0, 0, 0, 0, ... (i.e. D4t 1, D4t 2 , D4t 3 , ...)
3
1 n
= (n 3 - 3n 2 + 5n ) = (n 2 - 3n + 5)
3 3 \ t n = 12 × n - 1C 0 + 28 × n - 1C 1 + 22 . n - 1C 2 + 6 × n - 1C 3
22(n - 1) (n - 2)
y Example 100. Find the nth term of the series = 12 + 28 (n - 1) +
2
2 + 5 + 12 + 31 + 86 + ... . 6 ( n - 1) ( n - 2) ( n - 3)
+
Sol. The sequence of first consecutive differences is 3, 7, 19, 1 ×2 ×3
55, ... . The sequence of the second consecutive differences = n 3 + 5n 2 + 6n
is 4, 12, 36, ... . Clearly, it is a GP with common ratio 3.
and Sn = 12 × n C 1 + 28 × n C 2 + 22 × n C 3 + 6 × n C 4
Then, nth term of the given series be
Tn = a (3)n - 1 + bn 2 + cn + d …(i)
28n (n - 1) 22n (n - 1) (n - 2) Corollary II

= 12n + +
2 1 ×2 ×3 1
6× n ( n - 1) ( n - 2) ( n - 3) (i) 1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + ... + n (n + 1) = {n (n + 1)
+ 3
n 1 ×2 ×3 × 4 n (n + 1) (n + 2 )
2
= (n + 1) (3n + 23n + 46) (n + 2 ) - 0 × 1 × 2 } =
12 3
(ii) 1 × 3 × 5 × 7 + 3 × 5 × 7 × 9 + ... + (2n - 1) × (2n + 1) (2n + 5 )
Vn Method 1
×(2n + 3 ) ×
= {(2n - 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 ) (2n + 7 )
To find the sum of the series of the forms 11 - ( -1) × 1 × 3 × 5 × 7 }
I. a 1 a 2 ... a r + a 2 a 3 ... a r + 1 + ... + a n a n + 1 ... a n + r - 1
1
1 1 1 = {(2n - 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 ) (2n + 7 ) + 105 }
II. + + ... + 11
a 1 a 2 ... a r a 2 a 3 ... a r + 1 a n a n + 1 ... a n + r - 1
Solution of form II Let d be the common difference of
where, a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n , ... are in AP. AP, then a n = a 1 + (n - 1) d
Solution of form I Let S n be the sum and Tn be the nth Let sum of the series and nth term are denoted by S n and
term of the series, then Tn , respectively. Then,
S n = a 1 a 2 ... a r + a 2 a 3 ... a r + 1 + ... 1 1 1
Sn = + + ... +
+ a n a n + 1 + ... + a n + r - 1 a 1 a 2 ... a r a 2 a 3 ... a r + 1 a n a n + 1 ... a n + r - 1
\ Tn = a n a n + 1 a n + 2 ... a n + r - 2 a n + r - 1 …(i) 1
\ Tn = …(i)
Let Vn = a n a n + 1 a n + 2 ... a n + r - 2 a n + r - 1 a n + r a n a n + 1a n + 2 ... a n + r - 2 a n + r - 1
[taking one extra factor in Tn for Vn ]
1
\ Vn - 1 = a n - 1 a n a n + 1 ... a n + r - 3 a n + r - 2 a n + r - 1 Let Vn = …(ii)
a n + 1 a n + 2 ... a n + r - 2 a n + r - 1
Þ Vn - Vn - 1 = a n a n + 1 a n + 2 ... a n + r - 1 (a n + r - a n - 1 )
= Tn (a n + r - a n - 1 ) [from Eq. (i)] …(ii) [leaving first factor from denominator of Tn ]
Let d be the common difference of AP, then 1
So, Vn - 1 =
a n = a 1 + (n - 1) d a n a n + 1 ... a n + r - 3 a n + r - 2
Then, from Eq. (ii) 1
Þ Vn - Vn - 1 =
Vn - Vn - 1 = Tn [{a 1 + (n + r - 1) d } an + 1 an + 2 ... a n + r - 2 a n + r - 1
- {a 1 + (n - 2 ) d }] = (r + 1) d Tn 1
1 -
Þ Tn = (Vn - Vn - 1 ) a n a n + 1 ... a n + r - 3 a n + r - 2
(r + 1) d
an - an + r - 1
n
1 n =
\ S n = ST n = å T n = å ( Vn - Vn - 1 ) anan + 1 an + 2 - an + r - 2 an + r - 1
n =1 (r + 1) d n =1
= Tn (a n - a n + r - 1 ) [from Eq. (i)]
1
= (Vn - V 0 ) = Tn [{a 1 + (n - 1) d } - {a 1 + (n + r - 2 ) d }]
(r + 1) d
= d (1 - r ) Tn
[from important Theorem 1 of S]
1 (Vn - Vn - 1 )
= (a n a n + 1 ... a n + r - a 0 a 1 ... a r ) \ Tn =
d (1 - r )
(r + 1) (a 2 - a 1 )
n (Vn - Vn - 1 ) 1
Corollary I If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n , ... are in AP, then
1
\ S n = ST n = å d (1 - r )
=
d (1 - r )
(Vn - V 0 )
n =1
(i) For r = 2, a 1 a 2 + a 2 a 3 + ... + a n a n + 1 =
3 (a 2 - a 1 ) [from important Theorem 1 of S]
(a n a n + 1 a n + 2 - a 0 a 1 a 2 ) ì
1 1
(ii) For r = 3, = í
1 (a 2 - a 1 ) (1 - r ) îa n + 1 a n + 2 ... a n + r - 2 a n + r - 1
a 1 a 2 a 3 + a 2 a 3 a 4 + ... + a n a n + 1 a n + 2 =
4 (a 2 - a 1 ) 1 ü
- ý
(a n a n + 1 a n + 2 a n + 3 - a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 ) a 1 a 2 ... a r - 2 a r - 1 þ
1 Tn = (3n - 2) (3n + 1) (3n + 4 ) (3n + 7 ) …(i)

Hence, the sum of n terms is S n =
(r - 1) (a 2 - a 1 ) \Vn = (3n - 2) (3n + 1) (3n + 4 ) (3n + 7 ) (3n + 10)
ì 1 1 ü Vn - 1 = (3n - 5) (3n - 2) (3n + 1) (3n + 4 ) (3n + 7 )
í - ý
îa 1 a 2 ... a r - 1 a n + 1 a n + 2 ... a n + r - 1 þ Þ Vn = ( 3n + 10) Tn [from Eq. (i)]
Corollary I If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n , ... are in AP, then and Vn - 1 = ( 3n - 5) Tn
(i) For r = 2, \ Vn - Vn - 1 = 15 Tn
1 1 1 1 1
+ + ... + = \ Tn = ( Vn - Vn - 1 ))
a 1a 2 a 2a 3 a n a n + 1 (a 2 - a 1 ) 15
ì1 1 ü 1 æ an + 1 - a1 ö n
1
í - ý= ç ÷ \ Sn = STn = å 15 (Vn - Vn - 1 )
îa 1 a n + 1 þ d è a 1 a n + 1 ø n =1
1 æ a + nd - a 1 ö n =
1
(Vn - V0 )
= ç 1 ÷=
d è a 1a n + 1 ø a 1 a n + 1 15
[from important Theorem 1 of S]
1 1 1
(ii) For r = 3, + + ... + 1
a 1a 2a 3 a 2a 3a 4 an an + 1 an + 2 = {(3n - 2) (3n + 1) (3n + 4 ) (3n + 7 ) (3n + 10)
15
1 ì 1 1 ü - ( -2)(1)( 4 )(7 )(10)}
= í - ý
2 (a 2 - a 1 ) îa 1 a 2 a n + 1 a n + 2 þ 1
= {(3n - 2)(3n + 1)(3n + 4 )(3n + 7 )(3n + 10) + 560}
15
(iii) For r = 4,
Shortcut Method
1 1 1
+ + ... + 1
a 1a 2a 3a 4 a 2a 3a 4a 5 a n a n + 1a n + 2a n + 3 Sn =
(last factor of III term - first factor of I term)
1 ì 1 1 ü (Taking one extra factor in Tn in last
= í - ý
3 (a 2 - a 1 ) îa 1 a 2 a 3 a n + 1 a n + 2 a n + 3 þ - Taking one extra factor in I term in start)
1
= {(3n - 2)(3n + 1)(3n + 4 )(3n + 7 )(3n + 10)
Corollary II (16 - 1)
1 1 1 1 n - ( -2) × 1 × 4 × 7 × 10}
(i) + + + ... + = 1
1× 2 2 × 3 3 × 4 n (n + 1) n + 1 = {(3n - 2)(3n + 1)(3n + 4 )(3n + 7 )(3n + 10) + 560}
15
1 1 1 1
(ii) + + + ... +
1× 2 × 3 2 × 3 × 4 3 × 4 × 5 n (n + 1) (n + 2 ) y Example 103. Find the sum to n terms of the series
1ì 1 1 ü 1 1 1 1 1
= í - ý= -
+ + + ... .
2 î1 × 2 (n + 1) (n + 2 ) þ 4 2 (n + 1) (n + 2 ) 1 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 9 3 × 5 × 7 × 9 × 11 5 × 7 × 9 × 11 × 13
Also, find the sum to infinity terms.
1 1
(iii) + Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of the given series.
1× 3 × 5 × 7 3 × 5 × 7 × 9
1
1 Then, Tn = …(i)
+ ... + (2n - 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)(2n + 5)(2n + 7 )
(2n - 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 )
1
\ Vn =
(2n + 1)(2n + 3)(2n + 5)(2n + 7 )
1ì 1 1 ü
= í - ý [leaving first factor from denominator of Tn ]
6 î1 × 3 × 5 (2n + 1) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 ) þ
1
1 1 Vn - 1 =
= - (2n - 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)(2n + 5)
90 6 (2n + 1) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 )
1
Þ Vn - Vn - 1 =
y Example 102. Find the sum upto n terms of the (2n + 1)(2n + 3)(2n + 5)(2n + 7 )
series 1 × 4 × 7 × 10 + 4 × 7 × 10 × 13 + 7 × 10 × 13 × 16 + ... 1
-
Sol. Let Tn be the nth term of the given series. (2n - 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)(2n + 5)
(2n - 1) - (2n + 7 )
\Tn = (n th term of 1, 4, 7, ...(nth term of 4, 7, 10, ...) =
(2n - 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)(2n + 5)(2n + 7 )
(nth term of 7, 10, 13, ...) (nth term of 10, 13, 16, ...)
= - 8 Tn [from Eq. (i)]
1
\ Tn = -
8
( Vn - Vn - 1 ) Maha Shortcut Method
n
1 n 1 1
\ Sn = STn = å Tn = - å ( Vn - Vn - 1 ) = - ( Vn - V0 ) Taking outside the bracket
n =1 8 n =1 8 8
æ 1 1 1 ö
[from Important Theorem 1 of S] ç i.e. = = = ...÷ and in bracket leaving last
1 è 9 - 1 11 - 3 13 - 5 ø
= (V0 - Vn )
8 factor of denominator of first term - leaving first factor of
1ì 1 1 ü denominator of last term
= í - ý
8 î 1 × 3 × 5 × 7 (2n + 1)(2n + 3)(2n + 5)(2n + 7 )þ 1æ 1 1 ö
i.e., S n = ç - ÷
1 1 8 è 1 × 3 × 5 × 7 (2n + 1) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 ) (2n + 7 ) ø
= -
840 8 (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) (2n + 7 )
1æ 1 ö 1
1 1 1 1 \ S¥ = ç - 0÷ =
and S ¥ = - = - 0= 8 è1× 3 × 5 × 7 ø 840
840 ¥ 840 840
Shortcut Method n
n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
1
+
1
+
1
+ ... y Example 104. If å Tr =
12
,
1 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 9 3 × 5 × 7 × 9 × 11 5 × 7 × 9 × 11 × 13 r =1
1
+ …(i) where Tr denotes the rth term of the series. Find
(2n - 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) (2n + 7 ) n
1
Now, in each term in denominator lim å .
r = 1 Tr
n ®¥
9 - 1 = 11 - 3 = 13 - 5 = ... = (2n + 7 ) - (2n - 1) = 8
Then, Eq. (i) can be written as n n -1
1ì 9 - 1 11 - 3 13 - 5 Sol. We have, Tn = å Tr - å Tr
= í + + + ... r =1 r =1
8 î 1 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 9 3 × 5 × 7 × 9 × 11 5 × 7 × 9 × 11 × 13
n ( n + 1) ( n + 2) ( n + 3) ( n - 1) n ( n + 1) ( n + 2)
(2n + 7 ) - (2n - 1) ü = -
+ ý 12 12
(2n - 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) (2n + 7 )þ n ( n + 1) ( n + 2)
= [(n + 3) - (n - 1)]
1ì 1 1 1 1 12
= í - + -
8 î 1 × 3 × 5 × 7 3 × 5 × 7 × 9 3 × 5 × 7 × 9 5 × 7 × 9 × 11 n ( n + 1) ( n + 2) 1 3
= =
1 1 3 Tn n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 )
+ - + ...
5 × 7 × 9 × 11 7 × 9 × 11 × 13 n
1 n
3
1 \ lim
n ®¥
åT = lim
n ®¥
å r ( r + 1) ( r + 2)
+ r =1 r r =1
(2n - 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) n
1
-
1 ü
ý
= 3 lim
n ®¥
å r ( r + 1) ( r + 2)
(2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) (2n + 7 )þ r =1
1ì 1 1 ü æ 1 1 1 1 ö
= - = 3 lim ç + + + ... + ÷
í ý n ® ¥ è 1 ×2 ×3 2 ×3 × 4 3 × 4 ×5 n ( n + 1) ( n + 2) ø
8 î 1 × 3 × 5 × 7 (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) (2n + 7 )þ
[middle terms are cancelled out] Maha Shortcut Method
1 1 1æ 1 1 ö
= - = Sn [say] = 3 lim ç - ÷
840 8 (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5) (2n + 7 ) n ® ¥2 è 1 × 2 ( n + 1) ( n + 2) ø
1 1
\ Sum to infinity terms = S ¥ = -0= 3 æ1 ö 3
840 840 = ç - 0÷ =
2 è2 ø 4

1 3 7 15
1. The sum of the first n terms of the series + + + + ... is
2 4 8 16
(a) 2n - n - 1 (b) 1 - 2-n (c) n + 2- n - 1 (d) 2n - 1
2. 21/ 4 × 41/ 8 × 81/ 16 × 161/ 32 ... is equal to

3 5
(a) 1 (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 2
3. 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + ... upto n terms equals

(a) 2n + 1 - n (b) 2n + 1 - n - 2 (c) 2n - n - 2 (d) None of these
4. 99th term of the series 2 + 7 + 14 + 23 + 34 + ... is

(a) 9998 (b) 9999 (c) 10000 (d) 100000
5. The sum of the series 1× 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 + 3 × 4 × 5 + ... upto n terms is

(a) n (n + 1) (n + 2) (b) (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
1 1
(c) n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) (d) (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
4 4
1 1 1 1
6. + + + ... + equals
1× 2 2 × 3 3 × 4 n (n + 1)
1 n
(a) (b)
n (n + 1) n+ 1
2n 2
(c) (d)
n+ 1 n (n + 1)
3 5 7
7. Sum of the n terms of the series 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 + ... is
1 1 +2 1 + 22 + 33
2n 4n
(a) (b)
n+ 1 n+ 1
6n 9n
(c) (d)
n+ 1 n+ 1
1 1 1 1 1
8. If t n = (n + 2) (n + 3) for n = 1, 2, 3, ... , then + + + ... + equals
4 t1 t 2 t 3 t 2003
4006 4003
(a) (b)
3006 3007
4006 4006
(c) (d)
3008 3009
1 1 1
9. The value of + + + ... upto ¥ is
(1 + a ) (2 + a ) (2 + a ) (3 + a ) (3 + a ) (4 + a )
(where, a is constant)
1 2
(a) (b)
1+ a 1+ a
(c) ¥ (d) None of these
n
10. If f ( x ) is a function satisfying f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f ( y ) for all x , y ÎN such that f (1) = 3 and å f ( x ) = 120. Then, the
x =1
value of n is
Session 7
Application to Problems of Maxima
and Minima (Without Calculus)
Application to Problems \ yz = zx = xy = 4
of Maxima and Minima Hence, greatest value of (yz ) (zx ) ( xy ) is 4 × 4 × 4

i.e., greatest value of x 2y 2z 2 is 64.
(Without Calculus) Hence, greatest value of xyz is 8.
Suppose that a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n are n positive variables and k
y Example 106. Find the greatest value of x 3y 4 , if
is constant, then
(i) If a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + . . . . . + a n = k (constant), the
2x + 3y = 7 and x ³ 0, y ³ 0.
value of a 1 a 2 a 3 . . . a n is greatest when Sol. To find the greatest value of x 3y 4 or
a 1 = a 2 = a 3 = . . . . = a n , so that the greatest ( x )( x )( x )(y )(y )(y )(y )
n Here, x repeats 3 times and y repeats 4 times.
ækö
value of a 1 a 2 a 3 . . . a n is ç ÷ . Given, 2x + 3y = 7,
èn ø
then multiplying and dividing coefficients of x and y by 3
Proof Q AM ³ GM and 4, respectively.
a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n æ 2x ö æ 3y ö
\ ³ (a 1 a 2 a 3 ... a n ) 1 /n Rewrite 3ç ÷ + 4 ç ÷ = 7
è 3 ø è4ø
n
k æ 2x ö æ 2x ö æ 2x ö æ 3y ö æ 3y ö æ 3y ö æ 3y ö
Þ ³ (a 1 a 2 a 3 ... a n ) 1 /n or ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ = 7
è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø è4ø è4ø è4ø è4ø
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n
æk ö Here, k = 7 and n = 7
or (a 1 a 2 a 3 ... a n ) £ ç ÷
ènø Hence, greatest value of
Here, a 1 = a 2 = a 3 = ... = a n 7
n æ 2x ö æ 2x ö æ 2x ö æ 3y ö æ 3y ö æ 3y ö æ 3y ö æ 7 ö
æk ö ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ is ç ÷ .
\ Greatest value of a 1 a 2 a 3 ... a n is ç ÷ . è 3 øè 3 ø è 3 ø è4ø è4ø è4ø è 4 ø è7 ø
ènø
23 × 34
or greatest value of x 3y 4 is 1.
y Example 105. Find the greatest value of xyz for 33 × 4 4
positive values of x , y , z subject to the condition 32
Thus, greatest value of x 3y 4 is .
yz + zx + xy = 12. 3
Sol. Given, yz + zx + xy = 12 (constant), the value of (ii) If a 1 a 2 a 3 . . . a n = k (constant), the value of
(yz ) (zx ) ( xy ) is greatest when yz = zx = xy a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + . . . + a n is least when
Here, n = 3 and k = 12 a 1 = a 2 = a 3 = . . . = a n , so that the least of
3
æ 12 ö a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + . . . + a n is n (k ) 1 /n .
Hence, greatest value of (yz )(zx )( xy ) is ç ÷ i.e. 64.
è3ø
Proof Q AM ³ GM
2 2 2
\ Greatest value of x y z is 64. a + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n
\ 1 ³ (a 1 a 2 a 3 ... a n ) 1 /n = (k )1 /n
Thus, greatest value of xyz is 8. n
Aliter a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n
Þ ³ (k ) 1 /n
Given yz + zx + xy = 12, the greatest value of (yz )(zx )( xy ) n
is greatest when
or a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n ³ n (k ) 1 /n
yz = zx = xy = c [say]
Since, yz + zx + xy = 12
Here, a 1 = a 2 = a 3 = ... = a n
\ c + c + c = 12 \ Least value of a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a n is n (k ) 1 /n
Þ 3c = 12 or c = 4
y Example 107. Find the least value of 3x + 4 y for y Example 109. If a, b , c be positive real numbers,
positive values of x and y, subject to the condition a b c 3
x 2 y 3 = 6. prove that + + ³ .
b + c c + a a+b 2
Sol. Given, x 2y 3 = 6
Sol. Arithmetic mean of ( -1) th powers
or ( x ) ( x ) (y ) (y ) (y ) = 6
³ ( - 1) th power of arithmetic mean
Here, x repeats 2 times and y repeats 3 times -1 -1 -1
æ b+c ö æ c +a ö æ a+b ö
æ 3x ö æ 4y ö ç ÷ +ç ÷ +ç ÷
\ 3x + 4y = 2 ç ÷ + 3 ç ÷ èa + b + c ø èa + b + c ø èa + b + c ø
è 2 ø è 3 ø
3
æ 3x ö æ 3x ö æ 4y ö æ 4y ö æ 4y ö -1
=ç ÷+ç ÷+ç ÷+ç ÷+ç ÷ æ b+c c +a a+b ö
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø ç + + ÷
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
1 2 3 4 5 ³ç ÷
ç 3 ÷
multiplying and dividing coefficient of x and y by 2 and 3 ç ÷
è ø
respectively and write x 2y 3 = 6 a +b +c a +b + c a + b + c
+ + -1
æ 3x ö æ 3x ö æ 4y ö æ 4y ö æ 4y ö 3
2
43 b+c c +a a+b æ2ö
Þ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ = 2 ´ 3 ´ 6 = 32 Þ ³ç ÷
è 2 øè 2 øè 3 øè 3 øè 3 ø 2 3 3 è3ø
a b c 9
Here, n = 5 and k = 32 Þ +1+ +1+ +1³
b+c c +a a+b 2
3x 3x 4y 4y 4y
Hence, least value of + + + + a b c 9
2 2 3 3 3 Þ + + ³ -3
1/ 5 b+c c +a a+b 2
= 5 (32) = 10 a b c 3
or + + ³
i.e. least value of 3x + 4y = 10 b+c c +a a+b 2
y Example 108. Find the minimum value of y Example 110. If a and b are positive and a + b = 1,
bcx + cay + abz , when xyz = abc . æ 1ö
2
æ 1ö
2
25
Sol. To find the minimum value of show that ç a + ÷ + çb + ÷ > .
è a ø è b ø 2
bcx + cay + abz , Sol. Since, AM of 2nd powers > 2nd power of AM
write, xyz = abc æ 1ö
2
æ 1ö
2 2
ç + ÷ + ç + ÷ æ 1 1ö
or (bcx ) (cay ) (abz ) = a 3b 3c 3 = k [constant] a b ç a+ +b+ ÷
è aø è bø a b
\ >ç ÷
Here, n =3 2 ç 2 ÷
Hence, minimum value of bcx + cay + abz = n (k )1/n è ø
1 -1 -1 2 1 -1 -1 2
= 3 (a 3b 3c 3 )1/ 3 = 3abc = (a + b + a + b ) = (1 + a + b ) [Qa + b = 1]
4 4
2 2
æ 1ö æ 1ö 1 -1 -1 2
\ ça + ÷ + çb + ÷ > ( 1 + a + b ) …(i)
An Important Result è aø è bø 2
-1 -1
a -1 + b -1 æ a + b ö æ1ö
If a i > 0, i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n which are not identical, then Again, >ç ÷ = ç ÷ =2
2 è 2 ø è2ø
m
a m + a 2m + ... + a nm æ a 1 + a 2 + ... + a n ö a -1 + b -1
(i) 1 >ç ÷ ; If m < 0 or >2
n è n ø 2
or m > 1 Þ a -1 + b -1 > 4
a 1m + a 2m + ... + a nm æ a + a 2 + ... + a n ö
m
\ (1 + a -1 + b -1 ) > 5 or (1 + a -1 + b -1 )2 > 25
(ii) <ç 1 ÷ ; 1 25
n è n ø Þ ( 1 + a -1 + b -1 ) 2 > …(ii)
2 2
If 0 < m < 1
2 2
Remark æ 1ö æ 1ö 25
ça + ÷ + çb + ÷ >
If a1 = a2 = .... = an , then use equal sign in inequalities. è aø è bø 2

1. The minimum value of 4x + 42 - x , x Î R is
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 8
2. If 0 < q < p, then the minimum value of sin3 q + cosec3 q + 2, is

(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 8
a b c d
3. If a, b , c and d are four real numbers of the same sign, then the value of + + + lies in the interval
b c d a
(a) [2, ¥) (b) [3, ¥)
(c) (4, ¥) (d) [4, ¥)
p
4. If 0 < x < , then the minimum value of 2 (sin x + cos x + cosec 2x )3 is
2
(a) 27 (b) 13.5
(c) 6.75 (d) 0
5. If a + b + c = 3 and a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, then the greatest value of a 2b 3c 2 is

34 × 210 310 × 24
(a) 7
(b)
7 77
32 × 212 312 × 22
(c) (d)
77 77
a a a
6. If x + y + z = a and the minimum value of + + is 81l , then the value of l is
1 x y z
(a) (b) 1
2
1
(c) (d) 2
4
1
7. a, b , c are three positive numbers and abc 2 has the greatest value , then
64
1 1 1
(a) a = b = ,c = (b) a = b = c =
2 4 3
1 1 1
(c) a = b = , c = (d) a = b = c =
4 2 4
Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember
1 If Tn = An + B, i.e. nth term of an AP is a linear expression 18 If a, b, c are in GP, then a + b, 2 b, b + c are in HP.
in n, where A, B are constants, then coefficient of n i.e., A 19 If a, b, c are in AP, then l a , l b, lc are in GP, where
is the common difference. l > 0, l ¹ 1.
2 If S n = Cn 2 + Dn is the sum of n terms of an AP, where C 20 If - 1 < r < 1, then GP is said to be convergent, if r < - 1or
and D are constants, then common difference of AP is 2C r > 1, then GP is said to be divergent and if r = -1, then
i.e., 2 times the coefficient of n 2 . series is oscillating.
3 (i) d = Tn - Tn - 1 [n ³ 2 ] (ii) Tn = S n - S n - 1 [n ³ 2 ] 21 If a, b, c , d are in GP, then
(iii) d = S n - 2 S n - 1 + S n - 2 [n ³ 3] (a ± b)n , (b ± c )n , (c ± d )n are in GP, " n Î I
4 If for two different AP’s 22 If a, b, c are in AP as well as in GP, then a = b = c .
Sn An 2 + Bn An + B 23 The equations a1 x + a2 y = a3 , a4 x + a5 y = a6 has a unique
= or
S n¢ Cn + Cn Cn + D
2 solution, if a1, a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 , a6 are in AP and common
difference ¹ 0.
Tn A (2 n - 1) + B
Then, = 24 For n positive quantities a1, a2 , a3 , ..., an
Tn¢ C (2 n - 1) + D
AM ³ GM ³ HM
5 If for two different AP’s
æ n + 1ö sign of equality (AM = GM = HM) holds when quantities
Aç ÷+B
Tn An + B Sn è 2 ø are equal
= , then =
Tn¢ Cn + D S n¢ C æç n + 1ö÷ + D i.e. a1 = a2 = a3 = ... = an .
è 2 ø
25 For two positive numbers a and b (AM) (HM)
6 If Tp = q and Tq = p, then Tp + q = 0, Tr = p + q - r = (GM) 2 , the result will be true for n numbers, if they are in
7 If pTp = qTq of an AP, then Tp + q = 0 GP.
8 If S p = Sq for an AP, then S p + q = 0 26 If odd numbers of (say 2 n + 1) AM’s, GM’s and HM’s be
9 If S p = q and Sq = p of an AP, then S p + q = - ( p + q ) inserted between two numbers, then their middle means
1/( p - q )
[i.e., (n + 1) th mean] are in GP.
é Pn - q ù
10 If Tp = P and Tq = Q for a GP, then Tn = ê n - p ú 27 If a2 , b2 , c 2 are in AP.
ëQ û 1 1 1
11 If Tm + n = p, Tm - n = q for a GP, then Þ , , are in AP.
m / 2n
b+c c + a a+ b
æq ö
Tm = pq , Tn = p ç ÷ 28 Coefficient of x n - 1 and x n - 2 in
è pø
( x - a1 ) ( x - a2 ) ( x - a3 ) ... ( x - an )
12 If Tm = n, Tn = m for a HP, then
are - (a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an ) and S a1a2 , respectively
mn mn
Tm + n = , Tmn = 1,Tp = (S a1 )2 - S a12
(m + n ) p where, S a1a2 = .
2
13 If Tp = qr , Tq = pr for a HP, then Tr = pq
29 1 + 3 + 5 + ... upto n terms = n 2
14 No term of HP can be zero and there is no formula to find
n (n + 1) (n + 2 )
S n for HP. 30 2 + 6 + 12 + 20 + K upto n terms =
a-b a a a 3
15 a, b, c are in AP, GP or HP as = or or .
b-c a b c n (n 2 + 2 )
31 1 + 3 + 7 + 13 + ... upto n terms =
3
16 If A, G, H be AM, GM and HM between a and b, then
n (n + 1)2 (n + 2 )
ì A, when n = 0 32 1 + 5 + 14 + 30 + K upto n terms =
an + 1 + bn + 1 ï 1 12
n n
= íG, when n = -
a +b ï 2 33 If a1, a2 , a3 , ..., an are the non-zero terms of a non-constant
î H, when n = - 1 AP, then
17 If A and G are the AM and GM between two numbers 1 1 1 1 (n - 1)
+ + + ... + =
a, b, then a, b are given by A ± ( A + G ) ( A - G ) a1a2 a2 a3 a3 a4 an - 1 an a1an
n This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. (1 - r 101 ) 1 125
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of = 100
= 100
´ [from Eq. (i)]
a1r (1 - r ) a1r a1
which ONLY ONE is correct.
125 125 125 1
= = = =
l Ex. 1 If b - c , 2b - l, b - a are in HP, then a -
l (a1r 50 )2 (a 51 )2 (25)2 5
,
2
l l l Ex. 3 If x =111 ...1 (20 digits), y = 333 ... 3 (10 digits) and
b - , c - are is
2 2 x -y 2
z = 222 ... 2 (10 digits), then equals
(a) AP (b) GP z
(c) HP (d) None of these 1
2(b - c )(b - a ) (a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
Sol. (b) (2b - l ) = 2
(b - c ) + (b - a ) 1 1
2
Sol. (b) Q x = (999...9 ) = (1020 - 1),
Þ (2b - l ) = (2b - (a + c )) = 2 [b - (a + c )b + ac ] 9 9
2 1 1
Þ 2b - 2bl + l(a + c ) - 2ac = 0 y = (999...9 ) = (1010 - 1)
3 3
l
Þ b 2 - bl + (a + c ) - ac = 0 2 2
2 and z = (999...9 ) = (1010 - 1) ]
2
9 9
æ lö l2 l 1 20 1
Þ çb - ÷ - + (a + c ) - ac = 0 (10 - 1) - (1010 - 1)2
è 2ø 4 2 x -y2 9 9
\ =
2 z 2 10
æ lö l2 l (10 - 1)
Þ çb - ÷ = - (a + c ) + ac 9
è 2ø 4 2
1010 + 1 - (1010 - 1)
æ lö æ
2
löæ lö = =1
Þ çb - ÷ = ça - ÷ çc - ÷ 2
è 2ø è 2øè 2ø
l l l l Ex. 4 Consider the sequence 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, …, where n
Hence, a - , b - , c - are in GP.
2 2 2 occurs n times. The number that occurs as 2011th terms is
(a) 61 (b) 62
l Ex. 2 Let a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a 10 are in GP with a 51 = 25 and (c) 63 (d) 64
101 101
æ1ö Sol. (c) The last 4 occurs as 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10th term. The last n
å a i = 125, then the value of å çè a i ÷ø equals æ n ( n + 1) ö
th
i =1 i =1 occurs as ç ÷ term, the last 62 occurs as
1 1 1 è 2 ø
(a)5 (b) (c) (d) th
5 25 125 æ 62 ´ 63 ö
ç ÷ = 1953 rd term and the last 63 occurs as
Sol. (b) Let 1st term be a and common ratio be r , then è 2 ø
101
1 th
å a = 125 æ 63 ´ 64 ö
ç ÷ = 2016 th term.
i =1 i è 2 ø
2 100
Þ (a1 + a1r + a1r + ...+ a1r ) = 125 \ 63 occurs from 1954th term to 2016th term.
101
a1(1 - r ) Hence, (2011)th term is 63.
Þ = 125 [let 0 < r < 1] …(i)
(1 - r )
117
é æ 1 ö101 ù 1
1
ê ç ÷ - 1ú
l Ex. 5 Let S = å , when[ × ] denotes the greatest
101 ai êë è r ø úû 2[ r ] + 1
r =1
1 1 1 1 1
\ åa = + +
ai ai r ai r 2
+...+ 100 =
ai r æ1 ö
p
integer function and if S = , when p and q are co-primes,
i =1 i
ç - 1÷ q
èr ø
é 1 ù the value of p + q is
ê here r > 1ú (a) 20 (b) 76 (c) 19 (d) 69
ë û
117
1 Ex. 9 Let l be the greatest integer for which
å 2[
l
Sol. (b) Q S=
r =1 r ]+ 1 5 p 2 - 16, 2 pl, l2 are distinct consecutive terms of an AP,
=
3
+
5
+
7
+ ... +
19
+
18 where p ÎR . If the common difference of the AP is
2 ×1 + 1 2 ×2 + 1 2 ×3 + 1 2 × 9 + 1 2 × 10 + 1 æmö
ç ÷ , m, n Î N and m, n are relative prime, the value of m + n
18
=9+ =9+ =
6 69 ènø
21 7 7 is
\ p = 69 and q = 7 Þ p + q = 69 + 7 = 76 (a) 133 (b) 138 (c) 143 (d) 148
2 2
Sol. (c) Q5p - 16, 2pl, l are in AP, then
l Ex. 6 If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers, then the mini-
mum value of the expression 4 pl = 5p 2 - 16 + l2
(a 8 + 4a 4 + 1)(b 4 + 3b 2 + 1)(c 2 + 2c + 2 ) Þ 5p 2 - 4 pl + l2 - 16 = 0 …(i)
equals
a 4b 2 \ B - 4 AC ³ 0 [Q p Î R ]
(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 30 (d) 60 Þ 2 2
16l - 4 × 5 × ( l - 16) ³ 0
(a 8 + 4a 4 + 1)(b 4 + 3b 2 + 1)(c 2 + 2c + 2)
Sol. (c) Let P = Þ - l2 + 80 ³ 0 or l2 ³ 80
a 4b 2
æ 1 öæ 1ö Þ - 80 £ l £ 80
= ça 4 + 4 + 4 ÷ çb 2 + 3 + 2 ÷ {(c + 1)2 + 1)} \ l =8 [greatest integer]
è a øè b ø
2
1 1 From Eq. (i), 5p - 32p + 48 = 0
Q = a4 + 4 + ³ 6, b 2 + 3 + ³ 5 and (c + 1)2 + 1 ³ 1
a 4
b 2 Þ ( p - 4 )(5p - 12) = 0
é 1 ù
êQx + x ³ 2 for x > 0ú
12
\ p = 4, p =
ë û 5
\ P ³ 6 × 5 × 1 = 30 Þ P ³ 30
12
Hence, the required minimum value is 30. Þ p= ,p ¹4
5
[for p = 4 all terms are equal]
l Ex. 7 If the sum of m consecutive odd integers is m 4 , then
the first integer is Now, common difference = l2 - 2pl
12 æ 3 ö 128 m
(a) m 3 + m + 1 (b) m 3 + m - 1 = 64 - 16 ´ = 64 ç1 - ÷ = = [given]
5 è 5ø 5 n
(c) m 3 - m - 1 (d) m 3 - m + 1
\ m = 128 and n = 5
Sol. (d) Let 2a + 1, 2a + 3, 2a + 5, ... be the AP, then
m 4 = (2a + 1) + (2a + 3) + (2a + 5) + ... upto m terms Hence, m + n = 143
m
= {2(2a + 1) + (m - 1) ×2} = m(2a + 1 + m - 1) l Ex. 10 If 2l, l and [ l2 - 14 ], l Î R - {0 } and [.] denotes
2
the greatest integer function are the first three terms of a GP
Þ m 3 = (2a + 1) + m - 1 in order, then the 51th term of the sequence,
\ 2a + 1 = m 3 - m + 1 1, 3 l, 6 l, 10 l, . . . is
¥
( 4r + 5 ) 5 -r (a) 5104 (b) 5304
l Ex. 8 The value of å is (c) 5504 (d) 5704
r = 1 r (5r + 5 )
Sol. (b) Q2l, l, [ l2 - 14 ] are in GP, then
1 2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 25 125 l2 = 2l [ l2 - 14 ]
¥
( 4r + 5)5-r n
æ (5r + 5) - r ö 1 l
Sol. (a) å = lim å ç ÷× r Þ = [ l2 - 14 ]
r =1 r (5r + 5) r = 1 è r (5r + 5) ø 5
n ®¥ 2
n
æ1 1 ö1 \ l must be an even integer
= lim
n ®¥
å çè r - 5r + 5 ÷ø 5r Hence, l=4
r =1
n æ 1 ö Now, required sequence 1,12, 24, 40, ...
1
= lim
n ®¥
å ç -r -
è r ×5 r +1
(r + 1)5 ø
÷ or 1, 4(1 + 2), 4(1 + 2 + 3), 4(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ), ...
r =1
\ 51th term = 4(1 + 2 + 3 +... + 51)
næ1 1 ö 1 1
= lim
n ®¥
å ç -
è 5 ( n + 1 )5n + 1
÷ = -0 =
ø 5 5
51
= 4 × (1 + 51) = 4 × 51 × 26 = 5304
r =1 2

n This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each 3 1 1 1 l l
Þ Sn = + Sn + Sn - - n +n 2 - n +n 1
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which 4 4 2 4 2 2
more than one may be correct. 1 1 ln ln l l
Þ Sn = - n + 2 - n + 1 Þ Sn = 2 - n n+ 1 - n n- 1 < 2
l Ex. 11 The first three terms of a sequence are 3, - 1, -1. 4 2 2 2 2 2
The next terms are
5 5 l Ex. 14 If Sr = r + r + r + ... ¥ , r > 0 then which the
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) - (d) -
27 9 following is/are correct.
Sol. (b, d) The given sequence is not an AP or GP or HP. It is (a) Sr ,S 6 , S12 , S 20 are in AP
an AGP, 3, (3 + d )r ,(3 + 2d )r 2 ,... (b) S 4 ,S 9 , S16 are irrational
Þ (3 + d )r = -1, (3 + 2d )r 2 = -1 (c) ( 2S 4 - 1 )2 ,( 2S 5 - 1 )2 ( 2S 6 - 1 )2 are in AP
Eliminating r, we get (3 + d )2 = - (3 + 2d ) (d) S 2 ,S12 , S 56 are in GP
Þ 2
d + 8d + 12 = 0 Þ d = -2, - 6, Sol. (a, b, c, d)
1 QSr = r + r + + ... ¥ = r + Sr
then r = -1,
3 Þ
2
Sr - Sr - r = 0
5
\ Next term is (3 + 3d )r 3 = 3, - 1 + ( 1 + 4r )
9 \ Sr = [Qr > 0]
2
l Ex. 12 There are two numbers a and b whose product is Alternate (a) S 2 ,S 6 , S12 , S 20 i.e., 2, 3, 4, 5 are in AP.
192 and the quotient of AM by HM of their greatest common 1 + 17 1 + 37 1 + 65
Alternate (b) S 4 ,S 9 , S16 i.e., , , are
2 2 2
divisor and least common multiple is 169 . The smaller of a irrationals.
48
and b is Alternate (c)(2S 4 - 1 )2 , (2S 5 - 1 )2 , (2S 6 - 1 )2 i.e., 17, 21, 25 are in AP
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 12 Alternate (d) S 2 , S12 , S 56 i.e., 2, 4, 8 are in GP.
Sol. (b, d) If G = GED of a and b, L = LCM of a and b, we
have GL = ab = 192
1 1 1
…(i) l Ex. 15 If , , are in AP and a, b, -2c are in GP, where
AM æ G + L ö æ G + L ö 169
a b c
of G and L is ç ÷ç ÷= a, b, c are non-zero, then
HM è 2 ø è 2GL ø 48
(a) a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc (b) -2a,b , - 2c are in AP
169
2 169
Þ (G + L ) = GL = ´ 192 = 132 × 4 2 (c) -2a,b , - 2c are in GP (d) a 2 ,b 2 , 4c 2 are in GP
12 12
Þ G + L = 52 but GL = 192 Sol. (a, b, d)
Þ G = 4, L = 48 Þ a = 4, b = 48 or a = 12, b = 16 Q
1 1 1
, , are in AP Þ a, b, c are in HP
a b c
1 1 2 3 5 ln 2ab
l Ex. 13 Consider a series + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +...+ n . \ b= …(i)
2 2 2 2 2 2 a +c
If Sn denotes its sum to n terms, then Sn cannot be and a, b, - 2c are in GP, then b 2 = -2ac …(ii)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Sol. (a, b, c, d)
-b 2
1 1 2 3 5 l b= Þ a +b +c = 0 [Qb ¹ 0]
Q Sn = + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +... + nn a +c
2 2 2 2 2 2
\ a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc and a, b, -2c are in GP
3 1 æ1 1 2 3 5 l ö
= + ç + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +... + nn ÷ Þ a 2 , b 2 , 4c 2 are also in GP and a + b + c = 0
4 4 è2 2 2 2 2 2 ø
1 æ1 1 2 l ö 1 l l Þ 2b = -2a - 2c
+ ç + 2 + 3 + ... + nn ÷ - - n +n 2 - n n+ 1 \ -2a,b, - 2c are in AP.
2 è2 2 2 2 ø 4 2 2

n This section contains 3 solved passages based upon each Aliter By inspection, first common term to both the series
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be is 23, second common term is 51, third common term is 79
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b), and so on. These numbers form an AP 23, 51, 79, ...
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. Since, T14 = 23 + 13 (28) = 387 < 407
Passage I and T15 = 23 + 14 (28) = 415 > 407
(Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) Hence, number of common terms = 14
Consider a sequence whose sum to n terms is given by the 20. The 10th common term between the series 3 + 7 + 11 + ...
quadratic function S n = 3n 2 + 5n. and 1 + 6 + 11 + ... is
(a) 189 (b) 191 (c) 211 (d) 213
16. The nature of the given series is
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) AGP Sol. (b) Series 3 + 7 + 11 + ... has common difference = 4 and
series 1 + 6 + 11 + ... has common difference = 5
Sol. (a) Q Sn = 3n 2 + 5n
Hence, the series with common terms has common
\ Tn = Sn - Sn - 1 difference LCM of 4 and 5 which is 20.
= (3n 2 + 5n ) - [3(n - 1)2 + 5(n - 1)] The first common terms is 11.
= 3(2n - 1) + 5 = 6n + 2 Hence, the series is 11 + 31 + 51 + 71 + ...
The nth term is a linear function in n. Hence, sequence \ t 10 = 11 + (10 - 1) (20) = 191
must be an AP.
Aliter t n for 3 + 7 + 11 + ... = 3 + (n - 1) ( 4 ) = 4n - 1
17. For the given sequence, the number 5456 is the and t m for 1 + 6 + 11 + ... = 1 + (m - 1) (5) = 5m - 4
(a) 153 th term (b) 932 th term For a common term, 4n - 1 = 5m - 4 i.e., 4n = 5m - 3
(c) 707 th term (d) 909 th term For m = 3, n = 3 gives the first common term i.e., 11.
Sol. (d) Given, Tn = 5456 For m = 7, n = 8 gives the second common term i.e., 31.
Þ 6n + 2 = 5456 Þ 6n = 5454 For m = 11, n = 13 gives the third common term i.e., 51.
\ n = 909 Hence, the common term series is 11 + 31 + 51 + ...
\ The number 5456 is the 909 th term. \ t 10 = 11 + (10 - 1) 20 = 191
18. Sum of the squares of the first 3 terms of the given
21. The value of largest term common to the sequences 1,
series is
11, 21, 31, ... upto 100 terms and 31, 36, 41, 46, ... upto
(a) 1100 (b) 660 (c) 799 (d) 1000
100 terms, is
Sol. (b) T12 + T 22 + T 32 2 2 2
= 8 + 14 + 20 = 64 + 196 + 400 = 660
(a) 281 (b) 381 (c) 471 (d) 521
Passage II Sol. (d) Sequence 1, 11, 21, 31, ... has common difference = 10
and sequence 31, 36, 41, 46, ... has common difference = 5.
(Ex. Nos. 19 to 21)
Hence, the sequence with common terms has common
Let r be the number of identical terms in the two AP’s. difference LCM of 10 and 5 which is 10.
Form the sequence of identical terms, it will be an AP, then The first common term is 31.
the rth term of this AP make t r £ the smaller of the last Hence, the sequence is 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, ... …(i)
term of the two AP’s. Now, t 100 of first sequence = 1 + (100 - 1) 10 = 991
19. The number of terms common to two AP’s 3, 7, 11, …, and t 100 of second sequence = 31 + (100 - 1) 5 = 526
407 and 2, 9, 16, …, 709 is Value of largest common term < 526
(a) 14 (b) 21 (c) 28 (d) 35 \t n of Eq. (i) is 31 + (n - 1) 10 = 10n + 21
Sol. (a) Sequence 3, 7, 11, ... , 407 has common difference = 4
t 50 = 10 ´ 50 + 21 = 521
and sequence 2, 9, 16, ... , 709 has common difference = 7.
is the value of largest common term.
Hence, the sequence with common terms has common
difference LCM of 4 and 7 which is 28. Aliter Let mth term of the first sequence be equal to the
nth term of the second sequence, then
The first common term is 23.
Hence, the sequence is 23, 51, 79, ... , 387 which has 14 terms. 1 + (m - 1) 10 = 31 + (n - 1) 5
Þ 10m - 9 = 5n + 26 Þ 10m - 35 = 5n Þ
x
+
y
+
z
³ 06
.
Þ 2m - 7 = n £ 100 Þ 2m £ 107 2- x 2-y 2-z
1 x y z
Þ m £ 53 Thus, minimum value of + + is 0.6.
2 2- x 2-y 2-z
\ Largest value of m = 53 n
\ Value of largest term = 1 + (53 - 1) 10 = 521

23. If å a i2 = l, " a i ³ 0 and if greatest and least values of
i =1
2
Passage III æ n ö
ç å a i ÷ are l1 and l 2 respectively, then ( l1 - l 2 ) is
(Ex. Nos. 22 to 24) ç ÷
èi = 1 ø
We are giving the concept of arithmetic mean of mth
(a) n l (b) (n - 1) l
power. Let a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n be n positive real numbers (not
(c) (n + 2) l (d) (n + 1) l
all equal) and m be a real number. Then,
m
Sol. (b) Q AM of 2nd powers ³ 2nd power of AM
a1m + am2 + am3 + ... + anm æ a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + an ö
>ç ÷ , a12 + a 22 + a 32 + ... + an2 æ a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + an ö
2
n è n ø \ ³ç ÷
n è n ø
if m Î R ~ [0, 1]
2
However, if m Î(0, 1), then æ n ö
ç å ai ÷ 2
m
l çi = 1 ÷ æ n ö
<ç Þ ³ \ çç å ai ÷÷ £ n l …(i)
n è n
÷
ø n ç n ÷ èi = 1 ø
ç ÷
ç ÷
Obviously, if m = {0, 1}, then è ø
m Also, (a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + an )2 = a12 + a 22 + a 32 +
=ç ÷ . ... + an2 + 2 å a1 a 2
n è n ø
= l + 2 å a1a 2 ³ l
22. If x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 and x + y + z =1, the minimum 2
æ n ö
x y z \ ç å ai ÷ ³ l …(ii)
value of + + , is ç ÷
2 - x 2 -y 2 - z èi = 1 ø
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.4 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(c) 0.6 (d) 0.8 2
æ n ö
Sol. (c) Since, AM of ( -1) th powers ³ ( -1) th powers of AM l £ çç å ai ÷÷ £ n l
-1 èi = 1 ø
( 2 - x ) -1 + ( 2 - y ) -1 + ( 2 - z ) -1 æ 2 - x + 2 - y + 2 - z ö
\ ³ç ÷ \ l1 = n l and l 2 = l
3 è 3 ø
-1 -1 Then, l1 - l 2 = ( n - 1 ) l
é6 - (x + y + z )ù æ6 - 1ö 3
=ê ú =ç ÷ = [Q x + y + z = 1] 24. If sum of the mth powers of first n odd numbers is l,
ë 3 û è 3 ø 5
" m > 1, then
( 2 - x ) -1 + ( 2 - y ) -1 + ( 2 - z ) -1 3
Þ ³ (a) l < n m (b) l > n m (c) l < n m + 1 (d) l > n m + 1
3 5
Sol. (d) Qm > 1
1é 1 1 1 ù 3
or ê + + ú³
3 ë2 - x 2 - y 2 - z û 5 1m + 3m + 5m + ... + (2n - 1)m
\
1 1 1 9 n
Þ + + ³ æ 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n - 1) ö
m
2- x 2-y 2-z 5 >ç ÷
è n ø
2 2 2 18
or + + ³ m
2- x 2-y 2-z 5 æn ö
ç (1 + 2n - 1) ÷
x y z 18 =ç 2 ÷ = nm
or 1+ +1+ +1+ ³ ç n ÷
2- x 2-y 2-z 5
è ø
x y z 18
or + + ³ -3 \ 1m + 3m + 5m + ... + (2n - 1)m > n m + 1
2- x 2-y 2-z 5
x y z 3 Hence, l > nm + 1
Hence, + + ³ = 06
.
2- x 2-y 2-z 5

n This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each 3 ( 1 + A1 ) 3 ( 1 + A1 ) ( 3 + 2 A1 )
A1 > , >
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9 ( 3 + A1 ) ( 3 + A1 ) ( 2 + A1 )
(both inclusive).
Þ A12 > 3 or A1 > 3
l Ex. 25 A sequence of positive terms A1 , A 2 , A3 , ..., An \ A1 = 2 [least integral value of A1]
3 (1 + An )
satisfies the relation An + 1 = . Least integral value
(3 + An ) l Ex. 26 When the ninth term of an AP is divided by its
of A1 for which the sequence is decreasing can be second term we get 5 as the quotient, when the thirteenth
3 ( 1 + An ) 3 ( 1 + A1 ) term is divided by sixth term the quotient is 2 and the
Sol. (2) Q An + 1 = . For n = 1, A 2 =
( 3 + An ) ( 3 + A1 ) remainder is 5, then the second term is
3 (1 + A 2 ) Sol. (7) Let a be the first term and d be the common difference,
For n = 2, A 3 =
(3 + A 2 ) then T 9 = 5 T 2
æ 3 ( 1 + A1 ) ö Þ (a + 8d ) = 5 (a + d )
3 ç1 + ÷
è ( 3 + A1 ) ø 6 + 4 A1 3 + 2 A1 \ 4a = 3d …(i)
= = =
3 ( 1 + A1 ) 4 + 2 A1 2 + A1 and T13 = T 6 ´ 2 + 5
3+
( 3 + A1 ) Þ a + 12d = 2 (a + 5d ) + 5
Q Given, sequence can be written as Þ 2d = a + 5 …(ii)
3 ( 1 + A1 ) ( 3 + 2 A1 ) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
A1, , , ...
( 3 + A1 ) ( 2 + A1 ) a = 3 and d = 4
Given, A1 > 0 and sequence is decreasing, then \ T2 = a + d = 7

n
This section contains 2 examples. Examples 27 has three (A)Qa1, a 2 , a 3 , ... are in AP.
statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and four \ a1 + a 30 = a 6 + a 25 = a10 + a 21 = l [say]
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II example 28 has
Q a1 + a 6 + a10 + a 21 + a 25 + a 30 = 120
four statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and
five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in Column II. Any given \ 3l = 120
statement in Column I can have correct matching with Þ l = 40
one or more statement(s) given in Column II. 30
30
l Ex. 27
Then, åai = 2
(a1 + a 30 ) = 15 ´ l = 15 ´ 40 = 600
i =1
Column I Column II (B)Qa1, a 2 , a 3 , ... are in AP.

(A) If a1 , a2 , a3 , ... are in AP and a1 + a6 + a10 + a21 \ a1 + a 25 = a 5 + a 21
30 (p) 400
+ a25 + a30 = 120, then å ai is = a 9 + a17 = a13 + a13 = l [say]
i=1
Q a1 + a 5 + a 9 + a13 + a17 + a 21 + a 25 = 112
(B) If a1 , a2 , a3 , ... are in AP and a1 + a5 + a9
l
25
(q) 600 \ 3l + = 112
+ a13 + a17 + a21 + a25 = 112, then å ai is 2
i=1
7l
(C) If a1 , a2 , a3 , ... are in AP and Þ = 112
a1 + a4 + a7 + a10 + a13 (r) 800 2
16
Þ l = 32
+ a16 = 375, then å ai is
i=1 25
25 25
(s) 1000 Then, åai = 2
(a1 + a 25 ) =
2
´ 32 = 400
i =1
Sol. (A) ® (q); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (s)
(C)Qa1, a 2 , a 3 , .... are in AP. For c , a, we get

\ a1 + a16 = a 4 + a13 = a 7 + a10 = l [say] (c + a )
³ ca
Q a1 + a 4 + a 7 + a10 + a13 + a16 = 375 2
\ 3l = 375 \ l = 125 Þ (c + a ) ³ 2 ca …(ii)
16
16 and for a, b, we get
Then, åai = 2
(a1 + a16 ) (a + b )
i =1 ³ ab
2
= 8 ´ l = 8 ´ 125 = 1000
Þ (a + b ) ³ 2 ab …(iii)
l Ex. 28
On multiplying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
Column I Column II
(b + c ) (c + a ) (a + b ) ³ 8abc
(A) If a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 and the minimum value (p) Þ (1 - a ) (1 - b ) (1 - c ) ³ 8abc [Qa + b + c = 1]
of a (b2 + c2 ) + b (c2 + a2 ) + c (a2 + b2 ) is 2 æ1 ö æ1 ö æ1 ö
l abc, then l is Þ ç - 1÷ ç - 1÷ ç - 1÷ ³ 8
èa ø èb ø èc ø
(B) If a, b, c are positive, a + b + c = 1and the (q) \ l =8
æ1 ö æ1 ö æ1 ö
minimum value of ç - 1÷ ç - 1÷ ç - 1÷ is 4 (C)Q AM ³ HM
èa ø èb ø èc ø
l, then l is (s - a ) + (s - b ) + (s - c ) 3
³
3 1 1 1
(C) If a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, s = a + b + c and the (r) + +
s -a s -b s -c
2s 2s 2s
minimum value of + + is 6 3s - (a + b + c ) 3
s-a s-b s-c Þ ³
3 1 1 1
(l - 1), then l is + +
s -a s -b s -c
(D) If a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, a, b, c are in GP and the (s) 3s - s 3
æ aö
l
æ cö
l Þ ³
the minimum value of ç ÷ + ç ÷ is 2, 8 3 æ 1 1 1 ö
è bø è bø ç + + ÷
ès - a s - b s - c ø
then l is
2s 2s 2s
(t) 10 Þ + + ³9
s -a s -b s -c
Sol. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (t); (D) ® (p, q, r, s, t) Here, l -1=9
(A)Q AM ³ GM \ l = 10
(D) If a, b, c are in GP.
ab 2 + ac 2 + bc 2 + ba 2 + ca 2 + cb 2
\ Then, a l , b l , c l are also in GP.
6
³ (ab 2 × ac 2 × bc 2 × ba 2 × ca 2 × cb 2 )1/ 6 = abc Then, AM ³ GM
a + cl
l
³ bl
\ a (b 2 + c 2 ) + b (c 2 + a 2 ) + c (a 2 + b 2 ) ³ 6 abc 2
Þ l =6 Þ a l + c l ³ 2b l
l l
(B)Q AM ³ GM æa ö æc ö
Þ ç ÷ + ç ÷ ³2
(b + c ) èb ø èb ø
For b, c , we get ³ bc
2 \ l ÎR
Þ (b + c ) ³ 2 bc …(i) Hence, l = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

n Directions Example numbers 29 to 32 are l Ex. 31 Consider an AP with a as the first term and d is
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples the common difference such that Sn denotes the sum to
contains two statements: n terms and a n denotes the nth term of the AP. Given that for
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason)
S m2
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices, some m, n Î N , m = (m ¹ n ).
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select Sn n2
the correct choice as given below. Statement 1 d = 2a because
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 a 2m + 1
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 Statement 2 m =
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 an 2n + 1
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 Sm m 2
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false Sol. (c) Q = 2
Sn n
Let Sm = m 2k , Sn = n 2k
l Ex. 29. Statement 1 The sum of first n terms of the series
n ( n + 1) \ am = Sm - Sm - 1 = m 2k - (m - 1)2 k
12 - 22 + 32 - 4 2 + 52 -... can be = ± .
2 n (n +1) Þ am = (2m - 1) k
Statement 2 Sum of first n natural numbers is . am 2m - 1
2 Similarly, an = (2n - 1) k \ =
Sol. (a) Clearly, nth term of the given series is negative or an 2n - 1
positive according as n is even or odd, respectively.
Statement-2 is false.
Case I When n is even, in this case the given series is
Also, Q a1 = k , a 2 = 3k , a 3 = 5k , …
12 - 22 + 32 - 4 2 + 52 - 62 + ... + (n - 1)2 - n 2
Given, a1 = a = k
= (12 - 22 ) + (32 - 4 2 ) + (52 - 62 ) + ...+ [(n - 1)2 - n 2 ]
\ a1 = a, a 2 = 3a, a 3 = 5a, …
= (1 - 2) (1 + 2) + (3 - 4 ) (3 + 4 ) + (5 - 6) (5 + 6) + ...
\ Common difference d = a 2 - a1 = a 3 - a 2 = ...
+ (n - 1 - n ) (n - 1 + n )
n ( n + 1) Þ d = 2a
= - (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + ... + (n - 1) + n ) =
2 \ Statement-1 is true.
Case II When n is odd, in this case the given series is
12 - 22 + 32 - 4 2 + 52 - 62 + ... + (n - 2)2 - (n - 1)2 + n 2
l Ex. 32 Statement-1 1, 2, 4, 8, … is a GP, 4, 8, 16, 32, …
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 is a GP and 1 + 4, 2 + 8, 4 + 16, 8 + 32, ... is also a GP.
= (1 - 2 ) + (3 - 4 ) + (5 - 6 )+... + [(n - 2) - (n - 1) ] + n
= (1 - 2) (1 + 2) + (3 - 4 ) (3 + 4 ) + (5 - 6) (5 + 6) + ...
Statement-2 Let general term of a GP with common ratio r
be Tk + 1 and general term of another GP with common ratio r
+ [(n - 2) - (n - 1)] [(n - 2) + (n - 1)] + n 2
be Tk¢ + 1 , then the series whose general term
= - [1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + ... + (n - 2) + (n - 1)] + n 2
( n - 1) ( n - 1 + 1) n ( n + 1) Tk¢¢+ 1 = Tk + 1 + Tk¢ + 1 is also a GP with common ratio r.
=- + n2 =
2 2 Sol. (a) 1, 2, 4, 8, …
It is clear that Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Common ratio r = 2
Statement-2 is correct explanation for Statement-1.
\ Tk + 1 = 1 × (2)k + 1 - 1 = 2k
l Ex. 30 Statement 1 If a , b, c are three positive numbers and 4, 8, 16, 32, ...
æa +b +c ö æ 3abc ö 2 /3 Common ratio, r = 2
in GP, then ç ÷ç ÷ = (abc ) .
è 3 ø è ab + bc + ca ø \ Tk¢ + 1 = 4 × (2)k + 1 - 1 = 4 × 2k
Statement-2 (AM) (HM) =(GM) 2 is true for positive numbers. Then, Tk + 1 + Tk¢ + 1 = 5 × 2k = Tk¢¢+ 1
Sol. (c) If a, b be two real, positive and unequal numbers, then
a+b 2ab 5 × 2k
AM = , GM = ab and HM = Common ratio of Tk¢¢+ 1 = = 2, which is true.
2 a+b 5 × 2k - 1
\ AM) (HM) = (GM) 2
Hence, Statement-1 and Statement-2 both are true and
This result will be true for n numbers, if they are in GP. Statement-2 is the correct explanation of Statement-1.
Hence, Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false.
Subjective Type Examples

n In this section, there are 24 subjective solved examples. 2 (2n - 1)
Þ 2a × = 16 (2n - 1)
( 2 - 1)
l Ex. 33 In a set of four numbers, the first three are in GP
and the last three are in AP with a common difference of 6. If Þ 2a + 1 = 16 = 24
the first number is same as the fourth, then find the four Þ a+1= 4
numbers. \ a=3
Sol. Let the last three numbers in AP, be a, a + 6, a + 12.
[Q 6 is the common difference] l Ex. 35 If n is a root of x 2 (1 - ac ) - x (a 2 + c 2 )
If first number is b, then four numbers are - (1 + ac ) = 0 and if n harmonic means are inserted between
b, a, a + 6, a + 12 a and c , find the difference between the first and the last
But given, b = a + 12 means.
\ Four numbers are a + 12, a, a + 6, a + 12 …(i) Sol. Let H 1, H 2 , H 3 , ..., H n , are n harmonic means, then
Since, first three numbers are in GP. a, H 1, H 2 , H 3 , ..., H n ,b are in HP.
Then, a 2 = (a + 12) (a + 6)
1 1 1 1 1 1
\ , , , , ..., , are in AP.
Þ a 2 = a 2 + 18a + 72 a H1 H 2 H 3 Hn b
Þ 18a + 72 = 0 1 1
\ a=-4 [from Eq. (i)] If d be the common difference, then = + ( n + 2 - 1) d
c a
Hence, four numbers are 8, - 4, 2, 8. (a - c )
\ d= …(i)
n ac (n + 1)
l Ex. 34 Find the natural number a for which å f (a + k ) 1 1 1 1
k =1 Þ = + d and = -d
n h1 a hn c
= 16 ( 2 - 1), where the function f satisfies
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f (y ) for all natural numbers x , y and a c a c
\ h1 - hn = - = -
further f (1) = 2. 1 + ad 1 - cd 1 + ( a - c ) ( a - c)
1-
Sol. Given, f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f (y ) …(i) c ( n + 1) a ( n + 1)
and f ( 1) = 2 …(ii) ac (n + 1) ac (n + 1) æ 1 1 ö
= - = ac (n + 1) ç - ÷
On putting x = y = 1 in Eq. (i), we get cn + a an + c è cn + a an + c ø
f ( 1 + 1) = f ( 1) f ( 1) = 2 × 2
æ an + c - cn - a ö
\ f ( 2) = 22 …(iii) = ac (n + 1) ç 2 2 2
÷
è acn + (a + c )n + ac ø
Now, on putting x = 1, y = 2 in Eq. (i), we get
ac (a - c ) (n 2 - 1)
f (1 + 2) = f (1) f (2) = 2 × 22 [from Eqs. (ii) and (iii)] = …(ii)
3
acn 2 + (a 2 + c 2 ) n + ac
\ f ( 3) = 2
But given n is a root of
On putting x = y = 2 in Eq. (i), we get
x 2 (1 - ac ) - x (a 2 + c 2 ) - (1 + ac ) = 0.
f ( 2 + 2) = f ( 2) f ( 2) = 22 × 22 [from Eq. (iii)]
Then, n 2 (1 - ac ) - n (a 2 + c 2 ) - (1 + ac ) = 0
\ f ( 4 ) = 24
M M M or acn 2 + (a 2 + c 2 )n + ac = n 2 - 1,
Similarly, f ( l ) = 2l , l Î N ac (a - c ) (n 2 - 1)
then from Eq. (ii), h1 - hn = = ac (a - c )
\ f (a + k ) = 2a + k , a + k Î N ( n 2 - 1)
n n
Q å f (a + k ) = 16 (2n - 1) Þ å2a + k = 16 (2n - 1) l Ex. 36 A number consists of three-digits which are in GP
k =1 k =1
n
the sum of the right hand and left hand digits exceeds twice
Þ 2a å2k = 16 (2n - 1) the middle digit by 1 and the sum of the left hand and
k =1 middle digits is two third of the sum of the middle and right
Þ 2a (21 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2n ) = 16 (2n - 1) hand digits. Find the number.
Sol. Let the three digits be a, ar and ar 2 , then number is or

20
+ 20r = 50
100a + 10ar + ar 2
…(i) r
2 or 2 + 2r 2 = 5r or 2r 2 - 5r + 2 = 0
Given, a + ar = 2ar + 1
1
or a(r 2 - 2r + 1) = 1 or (r - 2) (2r - 1) = 0 \ r = 2 or
2
or a ( r - 1) 2 = 1 …(ii)
Hence, the three numbers are 10, 20, 40 or 40, 20, 10.
2
Also, given a + ar = (ar + ar 2 ) Þ 3 + 3r = 2r + 2r 2
3 l Ex. 39 If the sum of m terms of an AP is equal to the sum
or 2r 2 - r - 3 = 0 or (r + 1) (2r - 3) = 0 of either the next n terms or the next p terms, then prove that
3 æ 1 1ö
\ r = - 1, æ 1 1ö
2 (m + n ) ç - ÷ = (m + p ) ç - ÷ .
èm pø èm nø
1 1
For r = - 1, a = = ÏI
( r - 1) 2
4 Sol. Let the AP be a, a + d , a + 2d , ...
\ r ¹ -1 Given, T1 + T 2 + ... + Tm = Tm + 1 + Tm + 2 + ... + Tm + n …(i)
3 1 On adding T1 + T 2 + ... + Tm both sides in Eq. (i), we get
For r = ,a = 2
=4 [from Eq. (ii)]
2 æ3 ö 2 (T1 + T 2 + ... + Tm ) = T1 + T 2 + ... + Tm + Tm + 1
ç - 1÷ + ... + Tm + n
è2 ø
3 9 Þ 2Sm = Sm + n
From Eq. (i), number is 400 + 10 × 4 × + 4 × = 469
2 4 m m +n
\ 2 × [ 2a + (m - 1) d ] = [ 2a + (m + n - 1) d ]
n i j 2 2
l Ex. 37 Find the value of the expression å å å1. Let 2a + (m - 1) d = x
i =1 j =1 k =1 m +n
Þ mx = { x + nd }
j
n i n i n
i ( i + 1) 2
Sol. å å å1 = å å j = å 2 Þ (m - n ) x = ( m + n ) nd …(ii)
i =1 j =1 k =1 i =1 j =1 i =1
Again, T1 + T 2 + ... + Tm = Tm + 1 + Tm + 2 + ... + Tm + p
1é n 2 n ù
= ê åi + åi ú =
2 êë i = 1 i =1 ú
1
2
[
ån 2 + ån ] Similarly, (m - p ) x = (m + p ) pd …(iii)
û On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (iii), we get
1 é n (n + 1) (2n + 1) n (n + 1) ù m - n (m + n ) n
= ê + ú =
2ë 6 2 û m - p (m + p ) p
n ( n + 1) n ( n + 1) ( n + 2) Þ (m - n ) (m + p ) p = (m - p ) (m + n ) n
= [ 2n + 1 + 3] =
12 6 On dividing both sides by mnp, we get
l Ex. 38 Three numbers are in GP whose sum is 70. If the æ1 1 ö æ1 1ö
(m + p ) ç - ÷ = (m + n ) ç - ÷
extremes be each multiplied by 4 and the mean by 5, then èn m ø èp mø
they will be in AP. Find the numbers. æ1 1ö æ 1 1ö
a Hence, (m + n ) ç - ÷ = (m + p ) ç - ÷
Sol. Let the three numbers in GP be , a, ar . èm p ø èm n ø
r
a
Given, + a + ar = 70 …(i) l Ex. 40 Find the sum of the products of every pair of the
r
4a first n natural numbers.
and , 5a, 4ar are in AP. Sol. We find that
r
4a 10a a S = 1 × 2 + 1 × 3 + 1 × 4 + ... + 2 × 3 + 2 × 4 + ... + 3 × 4
\ 10a = + 4ar or = + ar + 3 × 5 + ... + (n - 1) × n …(i)
r 4 r
5a [1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n - 1) + n ]2 = 12 + 22 + 32 +
or = 70 - a [from Eq. (i)] Q
2 ... + (n - 1)2 + n 2
or 5a = 140 - 2a or 7a = 140
\ a = 20 + 2 [1 × 2 + 1 × 3 + 1 × 4 + ... + 2 × 3 + 2 × 4 +... + 3 × 4 + 3 × 5
From Eq. (i), we get + ... + (n - 1) × n ]
20 ( å n )2 = å n 2 + 2S [from Eq. (i)]
+ 20 + 20r = 70
r
( å n )2 - å n 2 Let a, ar , ar 2 , K be a GP with common ratio | r | < 1 [Q given

Þ S=
2 infinitely GP]
2
ì n ( n + 1) ü n (n + 1) (2n + 1) and also given S ¥ = 27
í ý -
a
=î þ
2 6
so, = 27 …(i)
2 1-r
n 2 (n + 1)2 n (n + 1) (2n + 1) and a - ar = f ¢(0)
-
= 4 6 Þ a (1 - r ) = f ¢(0) = 3 [Q f ¢ (0) = 3]
2 \ a (1 - r ) = 3 …(ii)
n ( n + 1) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= [3n (n + 1) - 2 (2n + 1)] 1 1
24 (1 - r )2 = Þ 1-r = ±
n (n + 1) (3n 2 - n - 2) 9 3
= 1
24 \ r =1±
(n - 1) n (n + 1) (3n + 2) 3
Hence, S= 4 2 4
24 So, r = , Þ r ¹ [Q | r | < 1]
3 3 3
p /4 2
l Ex. 41 If I n = ò tan n x dx , show that Hence, r =
0 3
1 1 1 1
, , , ,Kform an AP. Find its l Ex. 43 Solve the following equations for x and y
I 2 + I 4 I3 + I 5 I 4 + I 6 I 5 + I7
1 1
common difference. log10 x + log10 x + log10 x + ... = y
2 4
Sol. We have,
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + ( 2y - 1) 20
p/ 4
(tann x + tann + 2 x ) dx and = .
In + In + 2 =ò0 4 + 7 + 10 + ... + (3y + 1) 7 log 10 x
p/ 4
= ò tann x (1 + tan 2 x ) dx Sol. From the first equation
0
p/ 4 ì 1 1 ü
p/ 4 é tann + 1 x ù 1 log10 x í1 + + + ... + ¥ý = y
ò0
n 2
= tan x × sec x dx = ê ú = î 2 4 þ
êë n + 1 úû 0 n +1 ì ü
1 ï 1 ï
Hence, =n +1 Þ log10 x í ý=y
In + In + 2 ï1 - ï
1
On putting n = 2, 3, 4, 5, ... î 2þ
1 1 1 1 Þ 2 log10 x = y …(i)
\ = 3, = 4, = 5, = 6, ...
I2 + I4 I3 + I5 I4 + I6 I5 + I7 From the second equation
1 1 1 1 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2y - 1) 20
Hence, , , , , K are in AP with =
I2 + I4 I3 + I5 I4 + I6 I5 + I7 4 + 7 + 10 + ... + (3y + 1) 7 log10 x
common difference 1. y
(1 + 2y - 1)
2 20
Þ =
y
( 4 + 3y + 1) 7 log10 x
l Ex. 42 If the sum of the terms of an infinitely decreasing
GP is equal to the greatest value of the function 2

f ( x ) = x 3 + 3 x - 9 on the interval [ -5, 3 ] and the difference 2y 20
Þ =
3y + 5 7 log10 x
between the first and second terms is f ¢ (0 ), then show that
2 Þ 7y (2 log10 x ) = 60y + 100
the common ratio of the progression is . Þ 7y (y ) = 60y + 100 [from Eq. (i)]
3 Þ 7y 2 - 60y - 100 = 0
Sol. Given, f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x - 9
\ (y - 10) (7y + 10) = 0
\ f ¢( x ) = 3x 2 + 3 -10
\ y = 10, y ¹
7
Hence, f ¢( x ) > 0 in [ - 5, 3], then f ( x ) is an increasing
[because y being the number of terms in series Þ y Î N ]
function on [ -5, 3] and therefore, f ( x ) will have greatest
From Eq. (i), we have
value at x = 3.
2 log10 x = 10 Þ log10 x = 5
Thus, greatest value of f ( x ) is
\ x = 10 5
f ( x ) = 33 + 3 × 3 - 9 = 27
Hence, required solution is x = 10 5, y = 10
p Sol. Let 1st term of the r th group be Tr and the 1st terms of
l Ex. 44 If 0 < x < , successive rows are 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., respectively.
2
-1 -1
exp [(sin x + sin x + sin 6 x + ... + ¥) log e 2 ] satisfies the
2 4 Tr = 1 × 2r = 2r
quadratic equation x 2 - 9 x + 8 = 0, find the value of Hence, the sum of the numbers in the r th group is
sin x - cos x 2r -1
-1 -1
. = {2 × 2r + (2r - 1) × 1}
sin x + cos x 2
-1
p [Q number of terms in r th group is 2r ]
Sol. 0< x <
2 =2 r -2 r
{2 + 2 r -1
- 1}
\ 0 < sin 2 x < 1
Hence, sum of the numbers in the nth group is
Then, sin 2 x + sin 4 x + sin 6 x + K + ¥ 2n - 2 [2n + 2n - 1 - 1].
sin 2 x
= = tan 2 x
1 - sin x 2 l Ex. 46 If a , b, c are in HP, then prove that
a +b c +b
\ exp [(sin 2 x + sin 4 x + sin 6 x + ... + ¥ ) loge 2] + > 4.
2 2a - b 2c - b
= exp (tan 2 x × loge 2) = exp (loge 2tan x
)
tan 2 x 2
Sol. Since, a, b, c are in HP.
loge 2
=e = 2tan x
2 1 1
tan 2 x
\ = + …(i)
Let y =2 b a c
Because y satisfies the quadratic equation. a+b c +b
and let P= +
Then, y 2 - 9y + 8 = 0 2a - b 2c - b
So, y = 1, 8
2 2ac 2ac
if y = 1 = 2tan x a+ c +
a+c a+c
Þ
2
2tan x = 20 = + [from Eq. (i)]
2ac 2ac
Þ tan 2 x = 0 2a - 2c -
a+c a+c
\ x =0 [impossible] [Q x > 0]
a + 3c 3a + c 3 æc a ö
Now, if y =8=2 tan 2 x = + =1+ ç + ÷ …(ii)
2a 2c 2 èa c ø
2
Þ 2tan x
= 23 Q AM > GM [Qa ¹ c ]
2
Þ tan x = 3 æc a ö
\ ç + ÷ >2
\ tan x = 3 èa c ø
sin x - cos x tan x - 1 3 -1 3 -1 3 æc a ö

\ = = ´ Þ ç + ÷ >3
sin x + cos x tan x + 1 3 +1 3 -1 2 èa c ø
( 3 - 1) 2 3 + 1 - 2 3 3 æc a ö
= = or 1+ ç + ÷ > 1 + 3 or P > 4
3-1 2 2 èa c ø
sin x - cos x a+b c +b
Hence, =2- 3 Hence, + >4
sin x + cos x 2a - b 2c - b
l Ex. 45 The natural numbers are arranged in the form

l Ex. 47 Find the sum of n terms of the series
given below 1 2 3
1
2 4
+ 2 4
+ + ... .
2 3 1+ 1 + 1 1+ 2 + 2 1 + 3 + 34
2
4 5 6 7 n
Sol. The n th term of the given series is Tn =
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (1 + n 2 + n 4 )
.................................................................................. n
..................................................................................
\Sum of n terms = Sn = å Tn = å ( 1 + n 2 + n 4 )
The rth group containing 2r - 1 numbers. Prove that sum =
n
å (1 + n + n 2 ) (1 - n + n 2 )
of the numbers in the nth group is 2n - 2 [2n + 2n - 1 - 1].
1 æ 1 1 ö l Ex. 49 Find the sum of the first n terms of the series

=
2
å çè 1 - n + n 2 - ÷
1+n +n ø 2
1 + 3 × 2 2 + 3 3 + 3 × 4 2 + 5 3 + 3 × 6 2 + ...
3
1æ 1 1 ö If (i) n is even, (ii) n is odd.

= ç - ÷ [ by property]
2 è1 - 1 + 1 1 + n + n ø
2
Sol. Case I If n is even.
2
(n + n ) n ( n + 1) Let n = 2m
= =
2 (1 + n + n ) 2 2
2 ( n + n + 1) \ S = 13 + 3 × 22 + 33 + 3 × 4 2 + 53 + 3 × 62 +
... + (2m - 1)3 + 3 (2m )2
l Ex. 48 The value of xyz is 55 or
343
according as the = {13 + 33 + 53 + ... + (2m - 1)3 } + 3 {22 + 4 2 + 62
55
+ ... + (2m )2 }
series a , x , y , z , b is an AP or HP. Find the values of a and b
m m
given that they are positive integers. = å(2r - 1)3 + 3 × 4 år 2
Sol. If a, x , y , z , b are in AP. r =1 r =1
m m
Then, b = Fifth term = a + (5 - 1) d = å {8r 3 2
- 12r + 6r - 1} + 12 år 2
where, d is common difference] r =1 r =1
b-a
\ d= m m m m m
4 =8 år 3 - 12 år 2 + 6 år - å1 + 12 år 2
\ x × y × z = (a + d ) (a + 2d ) (a + 3d ) = 55 [given] r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
æ b + 3a ö æ 2a + 2b ö æ a + 3b ö m m m
Þ ÷ = 55
ç ÷ç
è 4 øè 4 ø è 4 ø
÷ç =8 år 3 + 6 år - å1
r =1 r =1 r =1
Þ (a + 3b ) (a + b ) (3a + b ) = 55 ´ 32 …(i) m ( m + 1) 2
2
m ( m + 1)
If they are in HP. = 8× +6 -m
4 2
1 æ1 1ö
The common difference of the associated AP is ç - ÷. = 2m 2 (m + 1)2 + 3m (m + 1) - m
4 èb a ø
(a - b ) = m [ 2m 3 + 4m 2 + 5m + 2]
i.e.
4ab
n é æn ö ù é
3 2
æn ö æn ö nù
1 1 (a - b ) = ê2 ç ÷ + 4 ç ÷ + 5 ç ÷ + 2ú êQm = ú
\ = + 2 ê è2ø è2ø è2ø ú ë 2û
x a 4ab ë û
4ab n
Þ x= Hence, S = (n 3 + 4n 2 + 10n + 8) …(i)
a + 3b 8
1 1 2 (a - b ) Case II If n is odd.
\ = + Then, (n + 1) is even in the case
y a 4ab
4ab 2ab Sum of first n terms = Sum of first (n +1) terms - (n + 1) th
Þ y= = term
2a + 2b a + b
( n + 1)
1 1 3 (a - b ) = [(n + 1)3 + 4 (n + 1)2 + 10 (n + 1) + 8] - 3 (n + 1)2
and = + 8
z a 4ab
1
4ab = (n + 1) [n 3 + 3n 2 + 3n + 1 + 4n 2 + 8n + 4 + 10n
Þ z= 8
3a + b
+ 10 + 8 - 24n - 24 ]
4ab 2ab 4ab
\ xyz = × × = 343 [given] 1
(a + 3b ) (a + b ) (3a + b ) Hence, S = (n + 1) [n 3 + 7n 2 - 3n - 1]
8
32 a 3b 3 343
Þ = [from Eq. (i)]
55 ´ 32 55 l Ex. 50 Find out the largest term of the sequence
1 4 9 16
or a 3b 3 = 343 , , , , ... .
503 524 581 692
Þ ab = 7
n2
Hence, a = 7, b = 1 Sol. General term can be written as Tn =
500 + 3n 3
or a = 1, b = 7
1 500 n n
Let Un =
Tn
= 2 + 3n
n
=- å r - å 1 + ( n + 1) 2 f ( n + 1) - 12 f ( 1)
r =1 r =1
dU n 1000 n ( n + 1)
Then, =- +3 =- - n + ( n + 1) 2 f ( n + 1) - f ( 1)
dn n 2
d 2U n 3000 n ( n + 3)
and 2
= = ( n + 1) 2 f ( n + 1) - -1 [Q f (1) = 1]
dn n4 2
For maxima or minima of U n , we have (n 2 + 3n + 2)
dU n 1000 = ( n + 1) 2 f ( n + 1) -
= 0 Þ n3 = 2
dn 3 Hence, this is the required result.
1/ 3 1/ 3
æ 1000 ö æ 1000 ö
Þ n=ç ÷ (not an integer) and 6< ç ÷ <7
è 3 ø è 3 ø l Ex. 52 If the equation x 4 - 4 x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 1 = 0 has
But n is an integer, therefore for the maxima or minima of four positive roots, find the values of a and b.
æ 1000 ö
1/ 3 Sol. Let x 1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 are the roots of the equation
U n we will take n as the nearest integer to ç ÷ .
è 3 ø x 4 - 4 x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 1 = 0 …(i)
1/ 3 \ x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 = 4 and x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = 1
æ 1000 ö
Since, ç ÷ is more close to 7 than to 6. Thus, we take x + x2 + x3 + x4 4
è 3 ø Q AM = 1 = =1
4 4
n = 7.
1/ 4 1/ 4
and GM = ( x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 ) = (1) = 1
d 2U n
Further = + ve , then U n will be minimum and i.e., AM = GM
dn 2
therefore, Tn will be maximum for n = 7. which is true only when x 1 = x 2 = x 3 = x 4 = 1
Hence, T 7 is largest term. So, largest term in the given Hence, given equation has all roots identical, equal to 1 i.e.,
49 equation have form
sequence is .
1529 ( x - 1) 4 = 0
Þ x 4 - 4 x 3 + 6x 2 - 4 x + 1 = 0 …(ii)
1 1 1
l Ex. 51 If f (r ) = 1 + + + ... + and f (0 ) = 0, find On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 3 r
n a = 6, b = - 4
å ( 2r + 1) f (r ). ¥ ¥
r =1 m 2n
n
l Ex. 53 Evaluate å å m
(n × 3 m + m × 3 n )
.
m = 1 n = 13
Sol. Since, å(2r + 1) f (r ) ¥ ¥
r =1 m 2n
n n Sol. Let S = å å 3m (n × 3m + m × 3n )
= å(r 2 + 2r + 1 - r 2 ) f (r ) = å {(r + 1)2 - r 2 } f (r ) m =1 n =1
r =1 r =1 ¥ ¥
1
=
n
å {(r + 1) f (r ) - (r + 1) f (r + 1) + (r + 1)
2 2 2 = å å æ 3 ö æ 3m 3n ö
m
m =1 n =1
r =1 ç ÷ç + ÷
f (r + 1) - r 2 f (r )} èm øèm nø
n n
3m 3n
= å( r + 1)2 { f (r ) - f (r + 1)} + å {(r + 1)2 Now, let am =
m
and an =
n
r =1 r =1
¥ ¥
f (r + 1) - r 2 f (r )} 1
( r + 1)
n 2 n -1
Then, S= å åa (am + an )
…(i)
=- å (r + 1) + å(r + 1)2 f (r + 1) + (n + 1)2 m =1 n =1 m
r =1 r =1 By interchanging m and n, then

n
é 1 ù ¥ ¥
f ( n + 1) - å r 2 f ( r ) êQ f (r + 1) - f (r ) = 1
r =1 ë r +
ú
1û S= å åa (an + am )
…(ii)
m =1 n =1 n
n
=- å(r + 1) + {22 f (2) + 32 f (3) + ... + n 2 f (n )} On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
r =1 ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥
+ (n + 1)2 f (n + 1) - {12 f (1) + 22 f (2) 1 mn
2S = å åa = å å m n
+ 32 f (3) + ... + n 2 f (n )} m =1 n =1 m an m =1 n =1 3 3
2 2 ¥ ¥ ¥
æ ¥ nö é æ1ö 2 3 ù 1 æ3 1ö 3 1 1
æ1ö æ1ö
= çç å n ÷÷ = ê1 ç ÷ + 2 ç ÷ + 3 ç ÷ + ...ú
= å 32 i çè 2 - 3i ÷ø = å 2 × 32 i - å 33i
è3ø è3ø è3ø i =0 i =0 i =0
èn = 13 ø ëê ûú
3 9 27 135
= (S ¢ )2 …(iii) = × - =
2 8 26 208
2 3
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö Hence required sum, S = S1 - S 2 - 3 S 3
where, S ¢ = 1 ç ÷ + 2 ç ÷ + 3 ç ÷ + ... + ¥
è3ø è3ø è3ø 27 27 æ 135 ö 27 ´ 26 - 27 ´ 8 - 3 ´ 135 81
= - -3ç ÷= =
1 æ1ö æ1ö
2 3 8 26 è 208 ø 208 208
S¢ = 1ç ÷ +2ç ÷ + ... + ¥
3 è3ø è3ø
– – – l Ex. 55 Let Sn , n =1, 2, 3, K be the sum of infinite geomet-
1 æ1ö
2 3 1
2 ¢ æ1ö ric series, whose first term is n and the common ratio is .
S = +ç ÷ +ç ÷ + ... + ¥ n +1
3 3 è3ø è3ø
1 Evaluate
= 3 =
1 S1Sn + S 2 Sn - 1 + S3 Sn - 2 + ... + Sn S1
1 2
lim .
1- n ®¥ S12 + S 22 + ... + Sn2
3
3 n
\ S¢= Sol. Q Sn = Þ Sn = n + 1
1
4 1-
2 n +1
æ3ö
From Eq. (iii), we get 2S = ç ÷ \ S1 Sn + S 2 Sn - 1 + S 3 Sn - 2 + ... + Sn S1
è4ø
n n
\ S=
9 = åSr Sn - r + 1 = å(r + 1) (n - r + 2)
r =1 r =1
32
n
¥ ¥ ¥
1
= å [(n + 1) r - r 2 + (n + 2)]
l Ex. 54 Find the value of å å å 3i 3 j 3k
r =1
n n n
i=0 j=0 k =0
(i ¹ j ¹ k )
= ( n + 1) å r - å r 2 + ( n + 2) å 1
r =1 r =1 r =1
¥ ¥ ¥
1
Sol. Let S = å å å [i ¹ j ¹ k ] = ( n + 1) å n - ån 2
+ ( n + 2) × n
i =0 j =0 k =0 3i 3 j 3k
(n + 1) n (n + 1) n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
We will first of all find the sum without any restriction on = - + ( n + 2) n
2 6
i, j , k .
n
¥ ¥ ¥ æ ¥ 1ö
3 = (n 2 + 9n + 14 ) …(i)
1 6
Let S1 = å å å i j k
= çç å ÷÷
i n n n
3 3 3 èi = 0 3 ø
i =0 j =0 k =0
and S12 + S 22 + ... + Sn2 = åSr2 = å( r + 1)2 = å( r + 1)2 - 12
3 r =1 r =1 r =0
æ3ö 27
=ç ÷ = (n + 1) (n + 2)( 2n + 3)
è2ø 8 = -1
6
Case I If i = j = k n
¥ ¥ ¥
= (2n 2 + 9n + 13) …(ii)
1 6
Let S2 = å å å 3 i 3 j 3k From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
i =0 j =0 k =0
S1 Sn + S 2 Sn - 1 + S 3 Sn - 2 + ... + Sn S1
¥ lim
1 1 1 1 27
= å 33i =1+
3 3
+
3 6
+ ... =
1
=
26
n ®¥ S12 + S 22 + ... + Sn2
i =0 1- æ 9 14 ö
33 n 2
(n + 9n + 14 ) ç1 + + ÷
è n n2 ø
Case II If i = j ¹ k = lim 6 = lim
n ®¥ n n ®¥ æ 9 13 ö
¥ ¥ ¥ æ ¥ 1 öæ ¥ 1ö (2n 2 + 9n + 13) ç2 + + ÷
1 è n n2 ø
Let S3 = å å å i
= çç å 2 i ÷÷ çç å k ÷÷
j k
6
1+0+0 1
i =0 j =0 k =0 3 3 3 èi = 0 3 ø èk = 0 3 ø
= =
[Qk ¹ i ] 2+0+0 2
l Ex. 56 The nth term of a series is given by n ( n + 1) 1 æ 1 ö

= + ç 2 - 1÷ [ by property]
n 5 + n3 2 2 èn + n + 1 ø
tn = and if sum of its n terms can be expressed as
n 4 + n 2 +1 n2 n 1 1
= + - + 2
1 2 2 2 2n + 2n + 2
Sn = a n2 + a + , where a n and bn are the nth terms of
2 2
bn + b æn 1 ö 1 1 1
=ç + ÷ - - +
some arithmetic progressions and a , b are some constants, è 2 2 2ø 8 2 æ 1 ö
2
3
ç n 2 + ÷ +
b è 2ø 2
prove that n is a constant.
an 2
æn 1 ö 5 1
n5 + n3 =ç + ÷ - +
Sol. Since, tn = è 2 2 2ø 8 æ 1 ö
2
3
n + n2 + 1
4 çn 2 + ÷ +
è 2 ø 2
n
=n- 1
n + n2 + 1
4 but given, Sn = an2 + a +
bn2 +b
1 1
=n + - On comparing, we get
2 ( n 2 + n + 1) 2 ( n 2 - n + 1)
n 1 5 æ 1 ö 3
an = + , a = - , bn = çn 2 + ÷, b =
Sum of n terms Sn = åt n 2 2 2 8 è 2ø 2
1ì æ 1 1 öü
= ån + í å ç 2 - ÷ý \
bn
= 2 , which is constant.
2 èn + n + 1 n2 - n + 1ø
î þ an
#L Sequences and Series Exercise 1 :
n This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. 1 3 7 15
6. Sum of the first n terms of the series + + + + ...
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of 2 4 8 16
which ONLY ONE is correct is equal to
yz xz (a) 2n - n - 1 (b) 1 - 2 -n
1. If the numbers x , y, z are in HP, then , , -n
y + z x + z (c) n + 2 -1 (d) 2n - 1
xy 7. If in a DPQR, sin P, sin Q, sin R are in AP, then

are in
x + y (a) the altitudes are in AP (b) the altitudes are in HP
(a) AP (b) GP (c) the medians are in GP (d) the medians are in AP
(c) HP (d) None of these 8. Let a1 , a 2 , ..., a10 be in AP and h 1 , h 2 , ..., h 10 be in HP. If
n
a1 = h 1 = 2 and a10 = h 10 = 3, then a 4 h 7 is
2. If a1 , a 2 , ... are in HP and f k = å ar - ak , then (a) 2 (b) 3
r =1
(c) 5 (d) 6
2 a1 , 2 a2 , 2 a3 , 2 a4 , ... are in p1 - sin 2nx
ì a1 a2 a ü 9. If I n = ò dx , then I 1 , I 2 , I 3 ,... are in
í wherea 1 = , a 2 = , a 3 = 3 , Ký 0 1 - cos 2x
î f1 f2 f3 þ (a) AP (b) GP
(c) HP (d) None of these
10. If a (b - c ) x 2 + b (c - a ) xy + c (a - b ) y 2 is a perfect
3. ABC is a right angled triangle in which ÐB = 90° and square, the quantities a, b, c are in
BC = a. If n points L 1 , L 2 , ..., L n on AB are such that AB (a) AP (b) GP
is divided in n + 1 equal parts and (c) HP (d) None of these
L 1 M 1 , L 2 M 2 , K , L n M n are line segments parallel to BC 11. The sum to infinity of the series,
and M 1 , M 2 , K , M n are on AC, the sum of the lengths of 2
æ 1ö æ 1ö
L 1 M 1 , L 2 M 2 , ..., L n M n is 1 + 2 ç1 - ÷ + 3 ç1 - ÷ + ... is
a (n + 1 ) a (n - 1 ) è nø è nø
(a) (b)
2 2 (a) n 2 (b) n (n + 1 )
an 2
(c) æ 1ö
2 (c) n ç1 + ÷ (d) None of these
è nø
(d) impossible to find from the given data
12. If log 3 2, log 3 (2 x - 5) and log 3 æç2 x - ö÷ are in AP, x is
7
4. Let S n (1 £ n £ 9 ) denotes the sum of n terms of the series
è ø 2
1 + 22 + 333 + ... + 999... 9, then for 2 £ n £ 9
123 equal to
9 times
(a) 2 (b) 3
1 n
(a) Sn - Sn - 1 = (10 - n 2 + n ) (c) 4 (d) 2, 3
9
1 n 13. Let a, b, c be three positive prime numbers. The
(b) Sn = (10 - n 2 + 2n - 2 )
9 progression in which a , b , c can be three terms (not
(c) 9 (Sn - Sn - 1 ) = n (10n - 1 ) necessarily consecutive), is
(d) None of the above (a) AP (b) GP
5. If a, b, c are in GP, then the equations ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0
d e f 14. If n is an odd integer greater than or equal to 1, the value
and dx 2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root, if , ,
a b c of n 3 - (n - 1) 3 + (n - 2) 3 - ... + ( - 1)n - 1 1 3 is
are in (n + 1 ) 2 (2n - 1 ) (n - 1 ) 2 (2n - 1 )
(a) AP (b) GP (a) (b)
4 4
(n + 1 ) 2 (2n + 1 )
(c) (d) None of these
4
15. If the sides of a right angled triangle form an AP, the 22. If a, b, c and d are four positive real numbers such that
sines of the acute angles are abcd = 1, the minimum value of
3 4 1 (1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + d ) is
(a) , (b) 3,
5 5 3 (a) 1 (b) 4
5 -1 5+1 3 1 (c) 16 (d) 64
(c) , (d) ,
2 2 2 2 23. If a, b, c are in AP and (a + 2b - c ) (2b + c - a ) (c + a - b )
16. The sixth term of an AP is equal to 2. The value of the = l abc , then l is
common difference of the AP which makes the product (a) 1 (b) 2
a1 a 4 a 5 least, is given by (c) 4 (d) None of these
8 5
(a) (b) 24. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... are in GP with first term a and common
5 4
2 ratio r, then
(c) (d) None of these
3 a1a 2 a2 a3 a 3a 4 an - 1 an
+ + + ... + is equal
17. If the arithmetic progression whose common difference a12 - a 22 a 22 - a 32 a 32 - a 42 an2 - 1 - an2
is non-zero, the sum of first 3n terms is equal to the sum
of the next n terms. The ratio of the sum of the first 2n to
nr (n - 1 ) r nr (n - 1 ) r
terms to the next 2n terms is (a) (b) (c) (d)
1 2 1 - r2 1 - r2 1 -r 1 -r
(a) (b)
5 3 25. The sum of the first ten terms of an AP is four times the
3
(c) (d) None of these sum of the first five terms, the ratio of the first term to
4
the common difference is
18. The coefficient of x n - 2 in the polynomial (a)
1
(b) 2 (c)
1
(d) 4
( x - 1) ( x - 2) ( x - 3) ... ( x - n ), is 2 4
n (n 2 + 2 ) (3n + 1 ) 26. If cos ( x - y ), cos x and cos ( x + y ) are in HP, the
(a)
24 æy ö
cos x sec ç ÷ is equal to
n (n 2 - 1 ) (3n + 2 ) è2ø
(b)
24 1
(a) ± 2 (b)
n (n 2 + 1 ) (3n + 4 ) 2
(c)
24 1
(c) - (d) None of these
(d) None of the above 2
19. Consider the pattern shown below: 27. If 11 AM’s are inserted between 28 and 10, the number
of integral AM’s is
Row 1 1
(a) 5 (b) 6
Row 2 3 5 (c) 7 (d) 8
Row 3 7 9 11 28. If x , y, z are in GP ( x , y, z > 1), then
Row 4 13 15 17, 19, etc. 1 1 1
, , are in
The number at the end of row 60 is 2x + ln x 4 x + ln y 6x + ln z
(a) 3659 (b) 3519 (a) AP (b) GP
(c) 3681 (d) 3731 (c) HP (d) None of these
100
29. The minimum value of the quantity
20. Let an be the nth term of an AP. If å a 2r = a and
(a 2 + 3a + 1) (b 2 + 3b + 1) (c 2 + 3c + 1)
r =1
,
100 abc
å a 2r - 1 = b, the common difference of the AP is where a, b, c Î R +, is
r =1
11 3
(a) a - b (b) b - a (a) (b) 125
a -b 23
(c) (d) None of these (c) 25 (d) 27
2
21. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5 are in HP, then 30. Let a1 , a 2 , ... be in AP and q 1 , q 2 , ... be in GP. If
a1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + a 3 a 4 + a 4 a 5 is equal to a1 = q 1 = 2 and a10 = q 10 = 3, then
(a) 2 a1a 5 (b) 3a1a 5 (a) a 7 q19 is not an integer (b) a19 q 7 is an integer
(c) 4a1a 5 (d) 6a1a 5 (c) a 7 q19 = a19 q10 (d) None of these

n This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. (a) 7th term is 16 (b) 7th term is 18
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of 505 405
(c) sum of first 10 terms is (d) sum of first 10 terms is
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct. 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
31. If a(n ) = 1 + + + + ... + n , then 40. Let E = + + + ..., then
2 3 4 2 -1 1 2
2 2
32
(a) a (100 ) < 100 (b) a (100 ) > 100 3
(a) E < 3 (b) E > (c) E < 2 (d) E > 2
(c) a (200 ) > 100 (d) a (200 ) < 100 2
32. If the first and (2n - 1) th term of an AP, GP and HP are 41. Let S n (n ³ 1) be a sequence of sets defined by
equal and their nth terms are a, b and c respectively, then ì 3 5ü ì 8 11 14 ü
S 1 = {0}, S 2 = í , ý, S 3 = í , , ý,
(a) a = b = c (b) a ³ b ³ c î 2 2þ î3 3 3 þ
(c) a + c = b (d) ac - b 2 = 0 ì 15 19 23 27 ü
¥ ¥ S 4 = í , , , ý, ..., then
p î4 4 4 4þ
33. For 0 < f < , if x =
2
å cos 2n f, y = å sin 2n f and
439
n=0 n=0
¥ (a) third element in S 20 is
20
z= å cos 2n
f sin 2n
f, then
431
n=0 (b) third element in S 20 is
20
(a) xyz = xz + y (b) xyz = xy + z
(c) sum of the elements in S 20 is 589
(c) xyz = x + y + z (d) xyz = yz + x
(d) sum of the elements in S 20 is 609
34. If a, b, c are in AP and a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in HP, then which of
the following could hold true?
42. Which of the following sequences are unbounded?
2
n n
a æ 1ö æ 2n + 1 ö æ 1ö
(a) - , b, c are in GP (b) a = b = c (a) ç1 + ÷ (b) ç ÷ (c) ç1 + ÷ (d) tann
2 è nø èn+2ø è nø
3 3 3
(c) a , b , c are in GP (d) None of these
43. Let a sequence {an } be defined by
35. The next term of the GP x , x 2 + 2, x 3 + 10 is 1 1 1 1
an = + + + ... + , then
729 n +1 n +2 n +3 3n
(a) 0 (b) 6 (c) (d) 54
16 11 19
(a) a 2 = (b) a 2 =
36. If the sum of n consecutive odd numbers is 25 2 - 11 2 , then 12 20
(9n + 5 )
(a) n = 14 (b) n = 16 (c) an + 1 - an =
(3n + 1 ) (3n + 2 ) (3n + 3 )
(c) first odd number is 23 (d) last odd number is 49
-2
37. The GM of two positive numbers is 6. Their AM is A and (d) an + 1 - an =
3 (n + 1 )
HM is H satisfy the equation 90A + 5H = 918, then A
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
may be equal to 44. Let S n ( x ) = ç x n - 1 + n -1 ÷
+ 2 ç x n - 2 + n - 2 ÷ + ...
(a)
1
(b) 5 (c)
5
(d) 10
èx ø è x ø
5 2 æ 1ö
+ (n - 1) ç x + ÷ + n, then
38. If the sum to n terms of the series è xø
1
1 1 1 1 l (a) S1( x ) = 1 (b) S1( x ) = x +
+ + + ... is - , then x
1 × 3 × 5 × 7 3 × 5 × 7 × 9 5 × 7 × 9 × 11 90 f (n ) 2 2
1 æ x100 - 1 ö 1 æ x100 - 1 ö
(a) f ( 0 ) = 15 (b) f (1 ) = 105 (c) S100( x ) = ç ÷ (d) S100 ( x ) = ç ÷
640 1 x 99 è x - 1 ø x100 è x - 1 ø
(c) f ( l ) = (d) l =
27 3
45. All the terms of an AP are natural numbers and the sum
39. For the series, of the first 20 terms is greater than 1072 and less than
1 1 1162. If the sixth term is 32, then
S =1+ (1 + 2) 2 + (1 + 2 + 3) 2
(1 + 3) (1 + 3 + 5) (a) first term is 7 (b) first term is 12
1
+ (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) 2 + ... (c) common difference is 4 (d) common difference is 5
(1 + 3 + 5 + 7 )

n This section contains 8 passages. Based upon each of the Passage IV
passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), (b),
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. There are two sets A and B each of which consists of three
numbers in GP whose product is 64 and R and r are the
Passage I p 3
(Q. Nos. 46 to 48) common ratios such that R = r + 2. If = , where p and q
q 2
8 16 24
S n be the sum of n terms of the series + + + ... are sum of numbers taken two at a time respectively in the
5 65 325 two sets.
46. The value of lim S n is
n ®¥ 55. The value of p is
1 (a) 66 (b) 72 (c) 78 (d) 84
(a) 0 (b) (c) 2 (d) 4
2
56. The value of q is
47. The seventh term of the series is (a) 54 (b) 56 (c) 58 (d) 60
56 56 56 56
(a) (b) (c) (d) 57. The value of r R + R r is
2505 6505 5185 9605
(a) 5392 (b) 368 (c) 32 (d) 4
48. The value of S 8 , is
(a)
288
(b)
1088
(c)
81
(d)
107 Passage V
145 545 41 245 (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
Passage II The numbers 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, ... are called triangular
(Q. Nos. 49 to 51) numbers. Let t n denotes the nth triangular number such
Two consecutive numbers from 1, 2, 3, ..., n are removed. that t n = t n - 1 + n, " n ³ 2.
105 58. The value of t 50 is
The arithmetic mean of the remaining numbers is .
4 (a) 1075 (b) 1175 (c) 1275 (d) 1375
49. The value of n lies in 59. The number of positive integers lying between t 100 and
(a) (41, 51) (b) (52, 62) (c) (63, 73) (d) (74, 84) t 101 are
50. The removed numbers (a) 99 (b) 100 (c) 101 (d) 102
(a) are less than 10 (b) lies between 10 to 30 60. If (m + 1) is the nth triangular number, then (n - m) is
(c) lies between 30 to 70 (d) greater than 70
(a) 1 + (m 2 + 2m ) (b) 1 + (m 2 + 2 )
51. Sum of all numbers is
(a) less than 1000 (b) lies between 1200 to 1500 (c) 1 + (m 2 + m ) (d) None of these
(c) greater than 1500 (d) None of these
Passage III Passage VI

(Q. Nos. 52 to 54) (Q. Nos. 61 to 63)
There are two sets A and B each of which consists of three Let A1 , A2 , A3 , ..., Am be arithmetic means between - 3
numbers in AP whose sum is 15 and where D and d are the and 828 and G1 , G2 , G3 , ..., Gn be geometric means
common differences such that D = 1 + d, d > 0. If between 1 and 2187. Product of geometric means is 3 35
p = 7 ( q - p), where p and q are the product of the and sum of arithmetic means is 14025.
numbers respectively in the two series. 61. The value of n is
52. The value of p is (a) 45 (b) 30 (c) 25 (d) 10
(a) 105 (b) 140 (c) 175 (d) 210 62. The value of m is
(a) 17 (b) 34 (c) 51 (d) 68
(a) 200 (b) 160 (c) 120 (d) 80 63. The value of G 1 + G 2 + G 3 + ... + G n is
(a) 2044 (b) 1022
54. The value of 7 D + 8d is
(a) 37 (b) 22 (c) 67 (d) 52
Passage VII Passage VIII (Q. Nos. 67 to 69)

(Q. Nos. 64 to 66) Suppose p is the first of n ( n >1) arithmetic means between
2
Suppose a, b are roots of ax + bx + c = 0 and g, d are roots two positive numbers a and b and q the first of n harmonic
means between the same two numbers.
of Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0.
67. The value of p is
64. If a , b, g , d are in AP, then common difference of AP is na + b nb + a na - b nb - a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 æb B ö 1 æb B ö n+1 n+1 n+1 n+1
(a) ç - ÷ (b) ç - ÷
4 èa A ø 3 èa A ø
1 æc B ö 1 æc C ö
(c) ç - ÷ (d) ç - ÷ (n - 1 ) ab (n + 1 ) ab (n + 1 ) ab (n - 1 ) ab
2 èa A ø 3 èa A ø (a) (b) (c) (d)
nb + a nb + a na + b na + b
65. If a, b, c are in GP as well as a , b, g , d are in GP, then
69. Final conclusion is
A, B, C are in 2
æn + 1ö
(a) AP only (b) GP only (a) q lies between p and ç ÷ p
è n -1 ø
(c) AP and GP (d) None of these
æn + 1ö
(b) q lies between p and ç ÷p
66. If a , b, g , d are in GP, then common ratio of GP is è n -1 ø
2
æ bA ö æ aB ö æn + 1ö
(a) ç ÷ (b) ç ÷ (c) q does not lie between p and ç ÷ p
è aB ø è bA ø è n -1 ø
æ bC ö æ cB ö æn + 1ö
(c) ç ÷ (d) ç ÷ (d) q does not lie between p and ç ÷p
è cB ø è bC ø è n -1 ø

n
This section contains 10 questions. The answer to each 75. The sequence a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... is a geometric sequence with
question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9 common ratio r. The sequence b1 , b 2 , b 3 , ... is also a
(both inclusive).
geometric sequence. If b1 = 1, b 2 = 4 7 - 4 28 + 1, a1 = 4 28
70. Let a, b, c , d be positive real numbers with a < b < c < d . ¥
1 ¥
Given that a, b, c , d are the first four terms of an AP and and å = å bn , then the value of (1 + r 2 + r 4 ) is
n = 1 an n =1
ad p
a, b, d are in GP. The value of is , where p and q are 76. Let (a1 , b1 ) and (a 2 , b 2 ) are the pair of real numbers such
bc q
prime numbers, then the value of q is that 10, a, b, ab constitute an arithmetic progression.
æ 2a a + b1b 2 ö
110
Then, the value of ç 1 2 ÷ is
71. If the coefficient of x in the expansion of Õ (1 + rx ) is è 10 ø
r =1
l (1 + 10) (1 + 10 + 10 2 ), then the value of l is 77. If one root of Ax 3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D = 0, A ¹ 0, is the
arithmetic mean of the other two roots, then the relation
72. A 3-digit palindrome is a 3-digit number (not starting
2B 3 + lABC + mA 2 D = 0 holds good. Then, the value of
with zero) which reads the same backwards as forwards
For example, 242. The sum of all even 3-digit palindromes 2l + m is
1 2 22
is 2n 1 × 3n 2 × 5n 3 × 7 n 4 × 11n 5 , alue of n 1 + n 2 + n 3 + n 4 + n 5 is 78. If | x | > 1, then sum of the series + +
1+ x 1+ x2 1+ x4
73. If n is a positive integer satisfying the equation 23 1
+ + ... upto ¥ is , then the value of l is
2 + (6 × 2 2 - 4 × 2) + (6 × 3 2 - 4 × 3) + ... + (6 × n 2 - 4 × n ) = 140, 1+ x8 x-l
then the value of n is 79. Three non-zero real numbers form an AP and the
2 3 4 5 6 7 squares of these numbers taken in same order form a
74. Let S( x ) = 1 + x - x - x + x + x - x - x GP. If the possible common ratios are (3 ± k ) where
2 +1 ék 8 ù
+ ... + ¥, where 0 < x < 1. If S( x ) = , then the value k Î N , then the value of ê - ú is (where [ ] denotes
2 ë8 k û
of ( x + 1) 2 is the greatest integer function).

n This section contains 4 questions. Questions 80, 81 and 82 have three statements (A, B and C) and question 83 has four
statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and questions 80 and 81 have four statements (p, q, r and s), question 82
has five statements (p, q, r, s and t) and question 83 has three statements (p, q and r) in Column II, respectively. Any
given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II.
80. Column I Column II 82. Column I Column II
(A) a, b, c, d are in AP, then (p) a+ d > b+ c (B) If a1 , a2 , a3 , ... are in AP and (q) a + 2b = 260
a1 + a5 + a10 + a15 + a20 + a24
(B) a, b, c, d are in GP, then (q) ad > bc = 195,
a = a2 + a7 + a18 + a23 and
(C) a, b, c, d are in HP, then (r) 1 1 1 1 b = 2 (a3 + a22 ) - (a8 + a17 ),
+ > +
a d b c then
(s) ad < bc (C) If a1 , a2 , a3 , ... are in AP and (r) a + 2b = 220
a1 + a7 + a10 + a21 +
a24 + a30 = 225,
81. Column I Column II a = a2 + a7 + a24 + a29 and
b = 2 (a10 + a21 ) - (a3 + a28 ),
(A) For an AP a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , K; (p) 9
5 then
a1 = ; a10 = 16. If a1 + a2
2 (s) a - b = 5l , l Î I
+ ... + an = 110, then ‘n’ equals
(t) a + b =15m , m ÎI
(B) The interior angles of a convex (q) 10
non-equiangular polygon of 9 sides 83. Column I Column II
are in AP. The least positive integer
that limits the upper value of the (A) If 4 a2 + 9b2 + 16 c2 (p) AP
common difference between the = 2 (3ab + 6bc + 4 ca), where a, b, c
measures of the angles in degrees is are non-zero numbers, then a, b, c are
in
(C) For an increasing GP, (r) 11
a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an , K; (B) If 17a2 + 13b2 + 5 c2 (q) GP
a6 = 4 a4; a9 - a7 = 192, = (3ab + 15bc + 5 ca), where
if a4 + a5 + a6 + ... + an = 1016, then a, b, c are non-zero numbers, then
n equals a, b, c are in
(s) 12 2 2 2
(C) If a + 9b + 25 c (r) HP
æ 15 5 3 ö
= abc ç + + ÷ ,where a, b, c are
82. Column I Column II è a b cø
non-zero numbers, then a, b, c are in
(A) If a1 , a2 , a3 , ... are in AP and (p) a = 2b
a1 + a4 + a7 + a14 + a17 + (D) If (a2 + b2 + c2 ) p2 - 2p (ab + bc + ca)
a20 = 165, + (a2 + b2 + c2 ) £ 0, where a, b, c, p
a = a2 + a6 + a15 + a19 and
b = 2 (a9 + a12 ) - (a3 + a18 ), are non-zero numbers, then a, b, c are
then in

n Directions (Q. Nos. 84 to 90) are Assertion-Reason type Statement 2 The sum of products of numbers a1 , a 2 , a 3 ,
questions. Each of these questions contains two ..., an taken two at a time is denoted by å å ai a j .
statements: 1£i < j £n
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) 87. Statement 1 a + b + c = 18 (a, b, c > 0), then the
Each of these questions also has four alternative choices,
maximum value of abc is 216.
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select
the correct choice as given below. Statement 2 Maximum value occurs when a = b = c
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 88. Statement 1 If 4a 2 + 9b 2 + 16c 2 = 2 (3ab + 6bc + 4ca ),
is a correct explanation for Statement-1
where a, b, c are non-zero real numbers, then a, b, c are in
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
GP.
Statement-2 If (a1 - a 2 ) 2 + (a 2 - a 3 ) 2 + (a 3 - a1 ) 2 = 0,
(c) Statement1 is true, Statement-2 is false
then a1 = a 2 = a 3 , " a1 , a 2 , a 3 Î R .
84. Statement 1 4, 8, 16 are in GP and 12, 16, 24 are in HP. 89. Statement 1 If a and b be two positive numbers, where
Statement 2 If middle term is added in three a > b and 4 ´ GM = 5 ´ HM for the numbers. Then, a = 4b.
consecutive terms of a GP, resultant will be in HP. Statement 2 (AM) (HM) = (GM) 2 is true for positive
85. Statement 1 If the nth term of a series is 2n 3 + 3n 2 - 4, numbers.
then the second order differences must be an AP. 90. Statement1 The difference between the sum of the first
Statement 2 Ifnth term of a series is a polynomial of 100 even natural numbers and the sum of the first 100
degreem, thenmth order differences of series are constant. odd natural numbers is 100.
86. Statement 1 The sum of the products of numbers Statement 2 The difference between the sum of the
n
± a1 , ± a 2 , ± a 3 , K , ± an taken two at a time is - å ai2 . first n even natural numbers and sum of the first n odd
i =1
natural numbers is n.

Subjective Type Questions
n
In this section, there are 24 subjective questions. 1 1 1
(ii) 1 - 2
+ 2
- + K upto ¥
91. The p th, (2p ) th and ( 4p ) th terms of an AP, are in GP, 2 3 42
then find the common ratio of GP. 97. If the arithmetic mean of a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., an is a and
92. Find the sum of n terms of the series b1 , b 2 , b 3 , ..., bn have the arithmetic mean b and
(a + b ) + (a 2 + ab + b 2 ) + (a 3 + a 2 b + ab 2 + b 3 ) + ..., ai + bi = 1 for i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n, prove that
where a ¹ 1, b ¹ 1 and a ¹ b. n n
93. The sequence of odd natural numbers is divided into
groups 1; 3, 5; 7, 9, 11; ... and so on. Show that the sum of
å (ai - a )2 + å ai bi = nab
i =1 i =1
the numbers in nth group is n 3 .
94. Let a, b, c are respectively the sums of the first n terms, 98. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... is an arithmetic progression with common
the next n terms and the next n terms of a GP. Show that difference 1 and a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... + a 98 = 137, then find
a, b, c are in GP. the value of a 2 + a 4 + a 6 + ... + a 98 .
n
95. If the first four terms of an arithmetic sequence are
a, 2a, b and (a - 6 - b ) for some numbers a and b, find the
99. If t 1 = 1, t r - t r - 1 = 2r - 1 , r ³ 2, find åt r .
r =1
sum of the first 100 terms of the sequence.
1 1 1 p2 100. Prove that I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , ... form an AP, if
96. If 2 + 2 + 2 + ... upto ¥ = , find 2
1 2 3 6 p sin 2nx p æ sin nx ö
1 1 1 (i) I n = ò dx (ii) I n = ò ç ÷ dx
(i) 2 + 2 + 2 + ... upto ¥ 0 sin x 0 è sin x ø
1 3 5
101. Consider the sequence S = 7 + 13 + 21 + 31 + ... + T n , find 108. Show that,

n
the value of T 70 . (1 + 5 -1 ) (1 + 5 -2 ) (1 + 5 -4 ) (1 + 5 -8 ) ... (1 + 5 -2 )
3 3 3 5 n+1
1 æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
102. Find value of æç x + ö÷ + ç x 2 + 2 ÷ +...+ ç x n + n ÷ . = (1 - 5 - 2 )
è ø èx ø è ø 4
x x
n
2n
103. If am be the mth term of an AP, show that 109. Evaluate S = å n
(where a > 1).
n n=0 (a 2 + 1)
a12 - a 22 + a 32 - a 42 + ... + a 22n - 1 - a 22n = (a12 - a 22n ).
(2n - 1) 110. Find the sum to infinite terms of the series
104. If three unequal numbers are in HP and their squares are æ1ö æ2ö æ 2n - 1 ö
tan -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ + ... + tan -1 ç ÷ + ...
in AP, show that they are in the ratio è3ø è9 ø è 1 + 2 2n - 1 ø
1 + 3 : - 2 : 1 - 3 or 1 - 3 : - 2 : 1 + 3.
111. Find the sum to n terms, whose nth term is
105. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., an are in AP with a1 = 0, prove that tan [ a + (n - 1) b ] tan (a + nb ).
a3 a4 a æ1 1 1 ö n
n n
1
+ + ... + n - a 2 çç + + ... + ÷ 112. If åTr = (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3), find å .
a2 a3 an - 1 èa2 a3 an - 2 ÷ø 8 T
r =1 r =1 r
an - 1 a
= + 2
a2 an - 1 113. If S 1 , S 2 , S 3 denote the sum of n terms of 3 arithmetic
series whose first terms are unity and their common
106. Balls are arranged in rows to form an equilateral triangle.
difference are in HP, prove that
The first row consists of one ball, the second row of two
balls and so on. If 669 more balls are added, then all the 2S 3 S 1 - S 1S 2 - S 2 S 3
n= .
balls can be arranged in the shape of a square and each of S1 - 2 S 2 + S 3
the sides, then contains 8 balls less than each side of the
triangle. Determine the initial number of balls.
114. Three friends whose ages form a GP divide a certain
sum of money in proportion to their ages. If they do that
107. If q 1 , q 2 , q 3 , ..., q n are in AP whose common difference three years later, when the youngest is half the age of
is d, then show that the oldest, then he will receive ` 105 more than he gets
sin d {sec q 1 sec q 2 + sec q 2 sec q 3 + ... now and the middle friend will get ` 15 more than he
+ sec q n - 1 sec q n } = tan q n - tan q 1 . gets now. Find the ages of the friends.

Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year’s Exam
n
This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, 117. Let a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... be terms are in AP, if
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 to a1 + a 2 + ... + a p p2 a6
year 2017. = , p ¹ q , then equals
a1 + a 2 + ... + aq q 2 a 21
115. If a, b, c are in AP and | a |, | b |, | c | < 1 and
[AIEEE 2006, 4.5M]
x = 1 + a + a 2 + ... + ¥ 41 7
(a) (b)
y = 1 + b + b 2 + ... + ¥ 11 2
2 11
(c) (d)
z = 1 + c + c 2 + ... + ¥ 7 41
Then, x , y, z will be in [AIEEE 2005, 3M] 118. If a1 , a 2 , ..., an are in HP, then the expression
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP a1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + ... + an - 1an is equal to [AIEEE 2006, 6M]
(d) None of these
(a) n (a1 - an )
2 3 n
116. If an = - æç ö÷ + æç ö÷ - ... + ( -1)n - 1 æç ö÷ and (b) (n - 1 ) (a1 - an )
3 3 3 3
4 è4ø è4ø è4ø (c) na1an
bn = 1 - an , then find the least natural number n 0 such (d) (n - 1 ) a1an
that bn > an , " n ³ n 0 . [IIT-JEE 2006, 6M]
119. Let Vr denotes the sum of the first r terms of an 122. Suppose four distinct positive numbers a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 are
arithmetic progression whose first term is r and the in GP. Let b1 = a1 , b 2 = b1 + a 2 , b 3 = b 2 + a 3
common difference is (2 r - 1). Let T r = Vr + 1 - Vr - 2 and and b 4 = b 3 + a 4 .
Q r = T r + 1 - T r for r = 1, 2, K [IIT-JEE 2007, 4+4+4M] Statement 1 The numbers b1 , b 2 , b 3 , b 4 are neither in
(i) The sum V1 + V2 + ... + Vn is AP nor in GP.
1
(a) n (n + 1 ) (3n 2 - n + 1 ) Statement 2 The numbers b1 , b 2 , b 3 , b 4 are in HP.
12 [IIT-JEE 2008, 3M]
1
(b) n (n + 1 ) (3n 2 + n + 2 ) (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
12 correct explanation for Statement-1
1
(c) n (2n 2 - n + 1 ) (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
2 not a correct explanation for Statement-1
1 (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) (2n 3 - 2n + 3 )
3 (d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(ii) Tr is always
123. The first two terms of a geometric progression add upto
(a) an odd number (b) an even number
12 the sum of the third and the fourth terms is 48, if the
(c) a prime number (d) a composite number
terms of the geometric progression are alternately
(iii) Which one of the following is a correct statement? positive and negative, then the first term is
(a) Q1, Q2, Q3, K are in AP with common difference 5 [AIEEE 2008, 3M]
(b) Q1, Q2, Q3, K are in AP with common difference 6 (a) - 12 (b) 12 (c) 4 (d) -4
(c) Q1, Q2, Q3, K are in AP with common difference 11
124. If the sum of first n terms of an AP is cn 2 , then the sum
(d) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = ...
of squares of these n terms is [IIT-JEE 2009, 3M]
120. Let A 1 , G 1 , H 1 denote the arithmetic, geometric and n ( 4n 2 - 1 )c 2 n ( 4n 2 + 1 ) c 2

(a) (b)
harmonic means respectively, of two distinct positive 6 3
numbers. For n ³ 2, let A n - 1 , G n - 1 and H n - 1 has n ( 4n 2 - 1 )c 2 n ( 4n 2 + 1 ) c 2
(c) (d)
arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means as 3 6
A n , G n , H n , respectively. [IIT-JEE 2007, 4+4+4M] 125. The sum to infinity of the series
2 6 10 14
(i) Which one of the following statement is correct? 1+ + + + + ... is [AIEEE 2009, 4M]
3 32 33 34
(a) G1 > G2 > G3 > ... (b) G1 < G2 < G3 < K
(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) G1 = G2 = G3 = ...
126. Let S k , k = 1, 2, ..., 100, denote the sum of the infinite
(d) G1 < G3 < G5 < ... and G2 > G4 > G6 > ... k -1
(ii) Which of the following statement is correct? geometric series whose first term is and common
k!
(a) A1 > A2 > A3 > K 1 100 2 100
(b) A1 < A2 < A3 < K ratio is . Then, the value of + å | (k 2 - 3k + 1) S k | is
k 100 ! k = 2
(c) A1 > A3 > A5 > ... and A2 < A4 < A6 < ... [IIT-JEE 2010, 3M]
(d) A1 < A3 < A5 < K and A2 > A4 > A6 > K 127. Let a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a11 be real numbers satisfying
(iii) Which of the following statement is correct?
a1 = 15, 27 - 2a 2 > 0 and ak = 2ak - 1 - ak - 2 for
(a) H1 > H 2 > H 3 > ...
a 2 + a 22 + ... + a11
2
(b) H1 < H 2 < H 3 < ... k = 3, 4, K , 11. If 1 = 90 , then the value
11
(c) H1 > H 3 > H 5 > ... and H 2 < H 4 < H 6 < K a + a 2 + ... + a11
(d) H1 < H 3 < H 5 < K and H 2 > H 4 > H 6 > ... of 1 is equal to
11 [IIT-JEE 2010, 3M]
121. If a geometric progression consisting of positive terms, 128. A person is to count 4500 currency notes. Let an denotes
each term equals the sum of the next two terms, then the number of notes he counts in the nth minute. If
the common ratio of this progression equals a1 = a 2 = ... = a10 = 150 and a10 , a11 , ... are in AP with
[AIEEE 2007, 3M]
1 1 common difference - 2, then the time taken by him to
(a) (1 - 5 ) (b) 5 count all notes is [AIEEE 2010, 8M]
2 2
1 (a) 34 min (b) 125 min
(c) 5 (d) ( 5 - 1 )
2 (c) 135 min (d) 24 min
k (k + 1)
129. The minimum value of the sum of real numbers 4n
-5
a ,a -4
, 3a -3 8
, 1, a and a 10
with a > 0 is [IIT-JEE 2011, 4M]
137. Let S n = å ( -1) 2 × k 2 , then S n can take value(s)
k =1 [JEE Advanced 2013, 4M]
130. A man saves ` 200 in each of the first three months of (a) 1056 (b) 1088 (c) 1120 (d) 1332
his service. In each of the subsequent months his saving 138. A pack contains n cards numbered from 1 to n. Two
increases by ` 40 more than the saving of immediately consecutive numbered cards are removed from the pack
previous month. His total saving from the start of and the sum of the numbers on the remaining cards is
service will be ` 11040 after [AIEEE 2011, 4M (Paper I)]
1224. If the smaller of the numbers on the removed cards
(a) 19 months (b) 20 months is k, then k - 20 is equal to [JEE Advanced 2013, 4M]
(c) 21 months (d) 18 months
100 139. If (10) 9 + 2 (11)1 (10) 8 + 3 (11) 2 (10) 7 + K+ (10)(11) 9
131. Let an be the nth term of an AP, if å a 2r = a and = k (10) 9 , then k is equal to [JEE Main 2014, 4M]
r =1
100 121 441
å a 2r - 1 = b, then the common difference of the AP is (a) 100 (b) 110 (c)
10
(d)
100
r =1 [AIEEE 2011, 4M (Paper II)]
a -b 140. Three positive numbers form an increasing GP. If the
(a) (b) a - b middle terms in this GP is doubled, the new numbers are
200
a -b in AP. Then, the common ratio of the GP is
(c) (d) b - a [JEE Main 2014, 4M]
100
(a) 2 - 3 (b) 2 + 3 (c) 2 + 3 (d) 3 + 2
132. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 ,…be in harmonic progression with a1 = 5 and b
a 20 = 25 . The least positive integer n for which an < 0 is 141. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that is an integer. If
a
(a) 22 (b) 23 [IIT-JEE 2012, 3M] a, b, c are in geometric progression and the arithmetic
(c) 24 (d) 25 a 2 + a - 14
mean of a, b, c is b + 2, the value of is
133. Statement 1 The sum of the series a +1
1 + (1 + 2 + 4 ) + ( 4 + 6 + 9 ) + (9 + 12 + 16) [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
+ K + (361 + 380 + 400) is 8000. 142. The sum of first 9 terms of the series
n
Statement 2 å (k 3 3 3
- (k - 1) ) = n for any natural 13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
+ + + ... is
k =1 1 1+3 1+3+5 [JEE Main 2015, 4M]
number n. [AIEEE 2012, 4M] (a) 192 (b) 71 (c) 96 (d) 142
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
143. If m is the AM of two distinct real numbers l and n
correct explanation for Statement-1
(l , n > 1) and G 1 , G 2 and G 3 are three geometric means
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
not a correct explanation for Statement-1 between l and n, then G 14 + 2G 24 + G 34 equals
[JEE Main 2015, 4M]
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(a) 4 l 2m 2n 2 (b) 4 l 2mn
(c) 4 lm 2n (d) 4 lmn 2
134. If 100 times the 100th term of an AP with non-zero
common difference equals the 50 times its 50th term, 144. Suppose that all the terms of an arithmetic progression
then the 150th term of this AP is [AIEEE 2012, 4M] (AP) are natural numbers. If the ratio of the sum of the first
(a) 150 times its 50th term (b) 150 seven terms to the sum of the first eleven terms is6 : 11 and
(c) zero (d) -150 the seventh term lies between 130 and 140, then the
common difference of this AP is [JEE Main 2015, 4M]
135. If x, y, z are in AP and tan -1 x , tan -1 y , tan -1 z are also
in AP, then [JEE Main 2013, 4M]
145. If the 2nd, 5th and 9th terms of a non-eustant AP are in
GP, then the common ratio of this GP is
(a) 2 x = 3y = 6z (b) 6 x = 3y = 2z [JEE Main 2016, 4M]
(c) 6 x = 4y = 3z (d) x = y = z 7 8 4
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
4 5 3
136. The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence 0.7, 0.77, 0.777, …,
is [JEE Main 2013, 4M]
146. If the sum of the first ten terms of the series
2 2 2 2
7 7 æ 3ö æ 2ö æ 1ö æ 4ö 16
(a) (99 - 10 -20 ) (b) (179 + 10 -20 ) 2
ç1 ÷ + ç2 ÷ + ç3 ÷ + 4 + ç 4 ÷ + K is m, then
9 81 è 5ø è 5ø è 5ø è 5ø 5
7 7 m equal to [JEE Main 2016, 4M]
(c) (99 + 10 -20 ) (d) (179 - 10 -20 )
9 81 (a) 100 (b) 99 (c) 102 (d) 101
147. Let bi > 1 for i = 1, 2, ..., 101. Suppose loge b1 , loge b 2 , 148. For any three positive real numbers a, b and c ,
loge b 3 , ..., loge b101 are in Arithmetic Progression (AP)
with the common difference loge 2. Suppose 9 (25a 2 + b 2 ) + 25 (c 2 - 3ac ) = 15b (3a + c ). Then
[JEE Main 2017, 4M]
a1 , a 2 , a 3 , K , a101 are in AP. Such that, a1 = b1 and
(a) a, b and c are in GP
a 51 = b 51 . If t = b1 + b 2 + K + b 51 and
(b) b, c and a are in GP
s = a1 + a 2 + K + a 51 , then [JEE Advanced 2016, 3M] (c) b, c and a are in AP
(a) s > t and a101 > b101 (b) s > t and a101 < b101 (d) a, b and c are in AP
(c) s < t and a101 > b101 (d) s < t and a101 < b101
Answers
Exercise for Session 1
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 31. (a,c) 32. (b,d) 33. (b,c) 34. (a,b) 35. (c,d) 36. (a,c,d)
37. (a,d) 38. (a,b,c) 39. (a,c) 40. (b,c) 41. (a,c) 42. (c,d)
Exercise for Session 2 43. (b,c) 44. (a,c) 45. (a,d)
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (a) 51. (b)
52. (a) 53. (c) 54. (b) 55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (c)
Exercise for Session 3 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (d) 61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (d)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (c)
70. (3) 71. (5) 72. (8) 73. (4) 74. (2) 75. (7)
Exercise for Session 4
76. (3) 77. (9) 78. (1) 79. (0)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a)
80. (A) ® (r, s); (B) ® (p, r); (C) ® (p, q)
Exercise for Session 5 81. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (q)
82. (A) ® (p,r,s,t); (B) ® (p,q,s,t); (C) ® (p,s,t)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b)
7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b) 83. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (r); (D) ® (q)
84. (a) 85. (a) 86. (b) 87. (a) 88. (d) 89. (c)
Exercise for Session 6 90. (a)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 1 ìï a2 (1 - an ) b2 (1 - bn ) üï
91. 2. 92. í - ý
7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c) (a - b) îï (1 - a) (1 - b) þï
p2 p2
Exercise for Session 7 95. - 5050 96. (i) (ii) 98. 93
8 12
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) n+ 1
99. 2 -n-2 101. 5113
7. (a) 8. (a)
x (1 - x 3n )
3
(1 - x 3n ) 3x (1 - x n ) 3 (1 - x n )
102. + + + n
Exercise for Session 8 1- x 3
(1 - x )
x 3n 3
(1 - x) x (1 - x)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) 1
106. 1540 109.
7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a) a-1
sin nb
Exercise for Session 9 - n tan b
p cos (a + nb ) cos a
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 110. 111.
4 tan b
7. (c)
n (n + 3 )
112. 114. 12, 18, 27 115. (c)
Chapter Exercises 2 (n + 1) (n + 2)
116. (7) 117. (d) 118. (d) 119. (i) (b), (ii) (d), (iii) (b)
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c)
120. (i) (c), (ii) (a), (iii) (b) 121. (d) 122. (c) 123. (a) 124. (c)
7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (b) 125. (c) 126. (3) 127. (0) 128. (a) 129. (8) 130. (c)
13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 131. (c) 132. (d) 133. (a) 134. (c) 135. (d) 136. (b)
19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (b) 137. (a,d) 138. (5) 139. (a) 140. (b) 141. (4) 142. (c)
25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c) 143. (c) 144. (a) 145. (d) 146. (d) 147. (b) 148. (c)
AL1 L1M1 a
3. Q = Þ L1M1 =
Solutions
AB BC n+1
2a
Similarly, L2M2 = A
n+1
3a
L3M3 = M1
n+1 L1
1. Q x, y , z are in HP. L2 M2
M M M L3 M3
1 1 1
\ , , are in AP. na
x y z Ln Mn =
1 1 1 1 n+1
\ - = - …(i) Ln Mn
x y y z L1M1 + L2M2 + ¼ + Ln Mn
B a C
a
yz 1 = (1 + 2 + 3 + ¼ + n )
= =a [say] (n + 1 )
y + z 1
+
1
a n (n + 1 ) na
y z = × =
(n + 1 ) 2 2
zx 1
= =b [say] 4. Q Sn = 1 + 22 + 333 + ¼ + nnnn
x + z 1 1 142¼ 3n
4
+ n terms
z x
\ Sn - Sn - 1 = nnnn ¼ n = n (111 ¼ 1 )
xy 1 1424 3 14243
and = =c [say] n times n times
x + y 1
+
1
n (10n - 1 )
x y = n (10n - 1 + 10n - 2 + ¼ + 10 + 1 ) =
1 1 10 - 1
-
1 1 1 1 1 1 \ 9 (Sn - Sn - 1 ) = n (10n - 1 )
+ + -
a -b y z z x x y a 5. Given that a, b, c are in GP.
Q = = =
b -c 1
-
1 1 1 a
-
1 1 1 1 Then, b 2 = ac …(i)
+ + y z
2
z x x y and equations ax + 2bx + c = 0
[from Eq. (i)] anddx 2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root. …(A)
2
yz zx xy Now, ax + 2bx + c = 0
Hence, , , are in AP.
y + z z + x x + y Þ ax 2 + 2 ac x + c = 0 [ by Eq. (i)]
2. Qa1, a 2, a 3, ¼are in HP. Þ 2
( ax + c ) = 0 Þ ax + c = 0
1 1 1 c
Þ , , , ¼are in AP. …(i) Þ x=- [repeated]
a1 a 2 a 3 a
n
Q fk = å ar - ak æ
By the condition (A), ç -
cö 2
÷ be the root of dx - 2ex + f = 0
r =1 è aø
n
Þ ak + fk = å ar = l [say] So, it satisfy the equation
r =1 2
æ cö æ cö
Þ a1 + f1 = a 2 + f 2 = a 3 + f 3 = ¼ = l d ç- ÷ + 2e ç - ÷+ f =0
è aø è aø
l l l
From Eq. (i), , , , ¼are also in AP. dc c d 2e f
a1 a 2 a 3 Þ - 2e + f =0 Þ - + =0
a a a ac c
a + f1 a 2 + f 2 a 3 + f 3
Þ 1 , , , ¼ are also in AP. d 2e f d f æe ö
a1 a2 a3 Þ - + = 0 Þ + =2 ç ÷
a b c a c èb ø
Subtracting from each term by 1, we get
d e f
f1 f 2 f 3 So, , , are in AP.
, , , ¼are also in AP. a b c
a1 a 2 a 3
1 3 7 15
1 1 1 6. Q Sn = + + + + ¼ n up to terms
Þ , , , ¼are in AP. 2 4 8 16
a1 a 2 a 3
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö
\ a1, a 2, a 3, ¼are in HP. = ç1 - ÷ + ç1 - ÷ + ç1 - ÷ + ¼ n up to terms
è 2ø è 4ø è 8ø
\ 2 a1 , 2 a 2 , 2 a 3 , ¼are not in AP/GP/HP.
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö
= ç1 - ÷ + ç1 - 2 ÷ + ç1 - 3 ÷ + ¼ + ç1 - n ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
1 æ 1 1 1 ö 1
-
1 1 1
=n - ç1 + + 2 + ¼ + n - 1 ÷ -
2 è 2 2 2 ø h10 h1 3 2 -1 -1
D= = = -
é 10 - 1 9 9 ´ 6 54
æ1ö ù
n
1 ê1 - ç ÷ ú 1 1 1 1 æ -1 ö 1 1
ê è2ø ú = + 6D Þ = + 6ç ÷ = -
=n - + ë û
1 So,
h7 h1 l7 2 è 54 ø 2 9
2 æ 1ö
ç1 - ÷ 1 7 18
è 2ø = Þ h7 =
h7 18 7
é a (1 - r n ) ù
ê by sum GP ,Sn = , if 0 < r < 1 ú 7 18
a 4h7 = ´ =6
ë 1 - r û
So,
3 7
1 p 1 - sin 2nx p 1 - sin 2nx
=n -1 + = n - 1 + 2 -n 9. Q I n = ò dx Þ I n = ò dx
2n 0 1 - cos 2 x 0 2 sin 2 x
7. Let triangle be the area of DPQR. Þ I n + 1 + I n - 1 - 2I n

P [1 - sin 2 (n + 1 ) x + 1 - sin 2 (n - 1 ) x - 2
1 p + 2 sin 2nx ]
r h1
q
=
2 ò0 sin 2 x
dx
h2
1 p [sin 2nx - sin 2 (n + 1 ) x ] + [sin 2nx - sin 2 (n - 1 ) x ]
h3 =
2 ò0 sin 2 x
dx
Q R
p 1 p - 2 cos (2n + 1 ) x sin ( x ) + 2 cos (2n - 1 ) x sin x
=
2 ò0 sin 2 x
dx
1 p sin x [cos (2n - 1 ) x - cos (2n + 1 ) x ]
\ D= ´ p ´ h1 [h1, h2, h3 are altitudes]
2 =ò dx
0 sin 2 x
2D
Þ h1 = …(i) p 2 sin 2nx sin x p 2
p =ò dx = 2 ò sin 2nx dx = [ - cos 2nx ]p0
0 sin x 0 2n
2D
Similarly, h2 = …(ii) 1
q = - (1 - 1 ) = 0
n
2D
and h3 = …(iii) \ I n + 1 + I n - 1 = 2I n
r
Þ I n - 1 + I n , I n + 1 are in AP.
According to the question, sin P , sin Q, sin R are in AP.
\ I 1, I 2, I 3,¼are in AP.
Then, kp, kq, kr are in AP [by sine rule]
10. Given that,
Þ p, q, r are in AP.
2D 2D 2D a (b - c ) x 2 + b (c - a ) xy + c (a - b ) y 2 is perfect square.
Þ , , are in AP. [ by Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)]
h1 h2 h3 \ b 2 (c - a ) 2 = 4a (b - c ) × c (a - b )
Þ
1 1 1
, , are in AP. Þ b 2 (c - a ) 2 = 4ac (a - b ) (b - c )
h1 h2 h3 Þ [a (b - c ) + c (a - b )]2 = 4ac (a - b ) (b - c )
Þ h1, h2, h3 are in HP. [Q a (b - c ) + b (c - a ) + c (a - b ) = 0 ]
Þ Altitudes are in HP.
Þ [a (b - c ) - c (a - b )]2 = 0
8. Given that, a1, a 2, ¼, a10 be in AP.
Þ a (b - c ) - c (a - b ) = 0
Let d be the common difference of AP. Þ ab - ac - ca + bc = 0 Þ b (a + c ) = 2ac
a - a1
\ d = 10 Þ b=
2ac
10 - 1 a+b
3 -2
d = [given that, a1 = h1 = 2 and a10 = h10 = 3] Þ a, b, c are in HP.
9 2
æ 1ö æ 1ö
1 11. Let S = 1 + 2 ç1 - ÷ + 3 ç1 - ÷ + ¼ + ¥
d = è nø è nø
9
3 1 7 æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö
\ a 4 = a1 + 3d = 2 + = 2 + = ç1 - ÷ S = ç1 - ÷ + 2 ç1 - ÷ + ¼ + ¥
9 3 3 è nø è nø è nø
Now, h1, h2, ¼, h10 be in HP. - - -
So, common difference of respective AP. æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö
2
S ç1 - 1 + ÷ = 1 + ç1 - ÷ + ç1 - ÷ + ¼ + ¥
è nø è nø è nø
2
S 1 é a ù é n - 1 æn - 1 öù
Þ = êS ¥ = by GP ú
é n (n + 1 ) ù
2 ê 2 çè 2 + 1 ÷ø ú
n æ 1ö ë 1 -r û =ê
1 - ç1 - ÷
è nø ë 2 úû - 16 × ê 2
ú
ê ú
n êë úû
Þ S= 2 2 2 2
1 n (n + 1 ) 4 (n - 1 ) (n + 1 ) (n + 1 ) 2 2
= - = [n - (n - 1 ) 2 ]
n 4 16 4
Þ S = n2 (n - 1 ) 2 (2n - 1 ) (n + 1 ) 2
= × (2n - 1 ) (1 ) =
æ 7ö 4 4
12. Q log 3 2, log 3 (2 x - 5) and log 3 ç2 x - ÷ are in AP. …(i)
è 2ø 15. Let the sides of right angled triangle be
7 (a - d ), a, (a + d ) (a > d ).
For defined, 2 x - 5 > 0 and 2 x - >0 A
2
\ 2x > 5 …(ii)
x x7 (a + b )
From Eq. (i), 2, 2 - 5, 2 - are in GP. (a – d )
2
æ 7ö
\ (2 x - 5 ) 2 = 2 × ç2 x - ÷
è 2ø C
B
a
Þ 2 2x - 12 × 2 x + 32 = 0
By Pythagoras theorem,
Þ (2 x - 8 ) (2 x - 4 ) = 0
(a + d ) 2 = a 2 + (a - d ) 2
\ 2 x = 8, 4 a 2 + d 2 + 2ad = a 2 + a 2 + d 2 - 2ad
x 3 x
Þ 2 =8 =2 ,2 ¹ 4 [fromEq. (ii)] a 2 = 4ad
\ x =3 a = 4d [since a ¹ 0] …(i)
13. Qa, b, c are positive prime numbers. a 4d 4
According to the question, sin A = = =
Let a , b , c are 3 terms of AP. [not necessarily consecutive] a + d 5d 5
a - d 3d 3
Then, a = A + (p - 1) D …(i) sin C = = =
a + d 5d 5
b = A + (q - 1 ) D …(ii)
16. T6 = 2
c = A + (r - 1 ) D …(iii) Let d be common difference of AP and a be the first term of
[A and D be the first term and common difference of AP] AP.
a - b = (p - q ) D …(iv) T6 = 2
Þ a + 5d = 2 …(i)
b - c = (q - r ) D …(v)
Let A = a1a 4a 5
c - a = (r - p ) D …(vi) A = a (a + 3d ) (a + 4d )
On dividing Eq. (iv) by Eq. (v), we get [using Tn = a + (n - 1 ) d and from Eq. (i) a = 2 - 5d ]
A = (2 - 5d ) (2 - 2d ) (2 - d )
a - b p -q
= …(vii) A = 8 - 32d + 34d 2 - 10d 3
b - c q -r
dA
Since, p, q, r are natural numbers and a, b, c are positive prime For max and min values of A, =0
numbers, so dd
Eq. (vii) does not hold. - 30d 2 + 68d - 32 = 0 Þ 15d 2 - 34d + 16 = 0
So, a , b and c cannot be the 3 terms of AP. 15d 2 - ( 24d + 10d ) + 16 = 0
[not necessarily consecutive]
15d 2 - 24d - 10d + 16 = 0
Similarly, we can show that a , b , c cannot be any 3 terms
3d ( 5d - 8 ) - 2 ( 5d - 8 ) = 0
of GP and HP. [not necessarily, consecutive]
( 5d - 8 ) ( 3d - 2 ) = 0
14. Given that n is an odd integer greater than or equal to 1.
8 2
Sn = n 3 - (n - 1 ) 3 + (n - 2 ) 3 - ¼ + ( - 1 )n - 11 3 d = or d =
5 3
= 1 3 - 2 3 + ¼ + (n - 2 ) 3 - (n - 1 ) 3 + n 3 2 d 2A
For d = , >0
[Qn is odd integer, so (n - 1 ) is even integer] 3 dd 2
æ n -1 ö 2
= (1 3 + 2 3 + ¼ + n 3 ) - 2 × 2 3 ç1 3 + 2 3 + ¼ + terms÷ So, A is least for d = .
è 2 ø 3
17. Given, common difference ¹ 0 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
S 3n = S 4n - S 3n (a 2 - a1 ) + (a 4 - a 3 ) + ¼ + (a 200 - a199 ) = a - b
Þ 2 × S 3n = S 4n [ let Sn = Pn 2 + Qn] d + d + ¼ up to 100 terms = a - b
Þ 2 × [ P (3n ) 2 + Q(3n )] = P ( 4n ) 2 + Q( 4n ) [beacause an be the nth term of AP with common difference d ]
100 d = a - b
Þ 2 Pn 2 + 2 Qn = 0
a -b
or Q = - nP …(i) d =
100
2
S 2n P (2n ) + Q(2n ) 21. Given that, a1, a 2, a 3, a 4 , a 5 are in HP.
\ =
S 4n - S 2n [ P ( 4n ) 2 + Q( 4n )] - [ P (2n ) 2 + Q(2n )] 1 1 1 1 1
\ , , , , are in AP.
2n (2nP + Q ) 2nP + Q a1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5
= = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
12 Pn 2 + 2nQ 6nP + Q Þ - = - = - = - =d [say]
a 2 a1 a 3 a 2 a 4 a 3 a 5 a 4
2nP - nP 1
= = [from Eq. (i)] \ a1 - a 2 = a1a 2 d Þ a 2 - a 3 = a 2 a 3d
6nP - nP 5
a 3 - a 4 = a 3a 4d Þ a 4 - a 5 = a 4 a 5d
18. Let f ( x ) = ( x - 1) ( x - 2) ( x - 3) ¼ ( x - n ) On adding all, we get
= xn - S1xn - 1 + S 2 xn - 2 - ¼ + ( - 1 )n (1 × 2 × 3 ¼ n ) æ 1 1ö
a1 - a 5 ç - ÷
a a
So, coefficient of xn - 2 in f ( x ) = S 2 = (1 × 2 + 1 × 3 + ¼) a1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + a 3a 4 + a4 a 5 = = a1a 5 ç 5 1÷
= 4 a1a 5
d ç d ÷
ç ÷
= Sum of product of first n natural number taken 2 at time è ø
1 22. Q(1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + d )
= [(1 + 2 + ¼ + n ) 2 - (1 2 + 2 2 + ¼ + n 2 )]
2 = 1 + a + b + c + d + ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd
1éì n (n + 1 )ü 2 n (n + 1 ) (2n + 1 ) ù + abc + abd + cda + cdb + abcd [16 terms]
= êí ý - ú
2êëî 2 þ 6 úû \ AM ³ GM
(1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + d )
1 n (n + 1 ) é n (n + 1 ) 2n + 1 ù ³ (a 8b 8c 8d 8 )1/16
= × êë - 16
2 2 2 3 úû
= (abcd )1/2 = (1 )1/2 = 1 [Q abcd = 1 ]
1 n (n + 1 ) é 3n 2 + 3n - 4n - 2 ù (1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + d )
= × ê ú Þ ³1
2 2 ë 6 û 16
n (n + 1 ) (3n 2 - n - 2 ) n (n + 1 ) (3n + 2 )(n - 1 ) Þ (1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + d ) ³ 16
= =
24 24 \Minimum value of (1 + a ) (1 + b ) (1 + c ) (1 + d ) is 16.
n (n 2 - 1 ) (3n + 2 ) 23. Qa, b, c are in AP.
=
24 \ 2b = a + c …(i)
19. If last term of nth row is Tn , then Now, (a + 2b - c ) (2b + c - a ) (c + a - b )
Let S = 1 + 5 + 11 + 19 + ¼ + Tn = (a + a + c - c ) (a + c + c - a ) (2b - b ) [from Eq. (i)]
S = 1 + 5 + 11 + ¼ + Tn - 1 + Tn = (2a ) (2c ) (b ) = 4abc
- - - - - - \ l=4
0 = 1 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ¼ + n terms - Tn 24. a1, a 2,¼, an are in GP with first term a and common ratio r.
aa aa an - 1 an
Tn = 1 + 2 ( 2 + 3 + 4 + ¼+ (n - 1 ) terms) Sn = 2 1 2 2 + 2 2 3 2 + ¼ + 2 …(i)
(n - 1 ) a1 - a 2 a 2 - a 3 an - 1 - an2
=1 + 2 [2 × 2 + (n - 2 ) × 1] 144444424444443
2 (n - 1) times
= 1 + (n - 1 ) (n + 2 ) an - 1 an an - 1 an
Tn = =
= 1 + n2 + n - 2 an2 - 1 - an2 (an - 1 - an ) (an - 1 + an )
2
Þ Tn = n + n - 1 1
=
\ T60 = (60 ) 2 + 60 - 1 = 3600 + 59 = 3659 æ a öæ an - 1 ö
ç1 - n ÷ ç1 + ÷
100 è a n -1 ø è an ø
20. Given that, å a 2r = a
1 r
r =1 = = [ by GP]
Þ a 2 + a 4 + ¼ + a 200 = a …(i) æ 1 ö (r + 1 ) (1 - r )
(1 - r ) ç1 + ÷
100 è rø
and å a 2r - 1 = b n n
r (n - 1 ) r
r =1 \ Sn = åTn = å 2
=
(1 - r ) (1 - r 2 )
Þ a1 + a 3 + ¼ + a199 = b n=2 n =2
25. According to the question, for AP 1 1

a+³2 Þ a + + 3 ³5
S10 = 4 S 5 a b
10 5 é n ù 1 1
(2a + 9d ) = 4 × (2a + 4d ) ê by Sn = [2a + (n - 1 ) d ]ú Similarly, b + ³ 2 Þ b + + 3 ³ 5
2 2 ë 2 û b b
1 1
10a + 45d = 20a + 40d and c + ³2 Þ c + + 3 ³5
c c
a 1
Þ 10a = 5d Þ = æ 1 öæ 1 öæ 1 ö
d 2 \ ça + + 3 ÷ çb + + 3 ÷ çc + + 3 ÷ ³ 125
è a øè b øè c ø
26. Q cos ( x - y ), cos x, cos ( x + y ) are in HP.
So, A ³ 5 × 5 × 5 Þ A ³ 125
2 cos ( x - y ) cos ( x + y ) Minimum value of A is 125.
\ cos x =
cos ( x - y ) + cos ( x + y )
30. a1, a 2,¼are
, in AP and q1, q 2, ¼ are in GP.
2 (cos2 x - sin 2 y ) a1 = q1 = 2 and a10 = q10 = 3
Þ cos x =
2 cos x cos y Let d be the common diference of AP
Þ cos2 x cos y = cos2 x - sin 2 y 3 -2 1
i.e., d = =
9 9
Þ cos2 x (1 - cos y ) = sin 2 y
1 8
= (1 + cos y ) (1 - cos y ) Then, a 7 = a1 + 6d = 2 + 6d = 2 + 6 ´ =
9 3
Þ cos2 x = (1 + cos y ) [Q1 - cos y ¹ 0] a19 = a1 + 18d = 2 + 18d
y 1 36
Þ cos2 x = 2 cos2 = 2 + 18 ´ = =4
2 9 9
1/ 9
æy ö æ3ö
Þ cos2 x sec 2 ç ÷ = 2 Let r be the common ratio of GP i.e., r = ç ÷
è2ø è2ø
æy ö Then, q 7 = q1r 6 = 2r 6
\ cos x sec ç ÷ = ± 2
è2ø 6´
1
2 /3
æ3ö 9 æ3ö
27. Let 11 AM’s are A1, A2, A 3,¼, A 11. = 2× ç ÷ =2 ç ÷
è2ø è2ø
Given, 28, A1, A2, A3, ¼, A11, 10 are in AP. 9´
1
æ3ö 9
10 - 28 3 q10 = q1r 9 = 2r 9 = 2 × ç ÷ =3
\ d = =- è2ø
12 2
q19 = q1 × r 18 = 2 × r 18
3
\ A i = 28 + id = 28 - i 18 ´
1
18 / 9
2 æ3ö 9 æ3ö 9
= 2× ç ÷ = 2ç ÷ =
It is clear that A2, A4 , A6, A8, A10 are integral AM’s. è2ø è2ø 2
Hence, number of integral AM’s are 5. 8 9
(a) a 7q19 = ´ = 12, which is an integer.
28. Q x, y , z are in GP [ x, y , z > 1 ] 3 2
2 /3 2 /3
\ ln x, ln y , ln z are in AP æ3ö æ3ö
(b) a19q 7 = 4 ´ 2 ´ ç ÷ =8 ç ÷ ,
è2ø è2ø
and 2 x, 4 x, 6 x are also in AP. [ x > 1]
By property, which is not an integer.
2 x + ln x, 4 x + ln y , 6 x + ln z are also in AP. 8 9
(c) a 7q19 = ´ = 12; a19q10 = 4 ´ 3 = 12
1 1 1 3 2
\ , , are in HP. 1 1 1
2 x + ln x 4 x + ln y 6 x + ln z 31. Qa(n ) = 1 + + + ¼ + n
2 3 2 -1
(a 2 + 3a + 1 ) (b 2 + 3b + 1 ) (c 2 + 3c + 1 ) æ1 1ö æ 1 1 1 1ö
29. Let A = =1 + ç + ÷ + ç + + + ÷
abc è2 3ø è 4 5 6 7ø
æ a 2 + 3a + 1 ö æ b 2 + 3b + 1 ö æ c 2 + 3c + 1 ö æ1 1ö 1
=ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ + ç + ¼+ ÷ + ¼+ n
è a øè b øè c ø è8 15 ø 2 -1
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ1 1 ö æ1 1 1 1 ö 1
= ça + 3 + ÷ çb + 3 + ÷ çc + 3 + ÷, =1+ ç + 2 ÷+ç + + + ÷ + ¼+ n
è aø è bø è cø è 2 2 - 1 ø è 22 5 6 23 - 1 ø 2 -1
where a, b, c Î R + . \ a(n ) < 1 + 1 + ¼+ n terms
1 Þ a(n ) < n
Applying AM ³ GM on a and ,
a Þ a (100 ) < 100
1 æ1 1 ö æ1 1 1 1ö 1 xy
Also, a(n ) = 1 + + ç + ÷ + ç + + + ÷+ ¼ + n Þ z=
2 è3 4ø è5 6 7 8ø 2 -1 xy - 1
Þ xyz = z + xy
1 æ 1 1ö æ 1 1 1 1ö xyz = z + x + y
=1 + +ç + ÷+ç + + + ÷ and [from Eq. (iii)]
2 è 21 + 1 2 2 ø è 2 2 + 1 6 7 2 3 ø a+c
34. Qa, b, c are in AP Þ b = …(i)
æ 2
1 1ö 1
+ ¼ + ç n -1 + ¼+ n ÷ - n anda 2, b 2, c 2 are in HP.
è2 +1 2 ø 2
2a 2c 2
1 2 4 2n - 1 1 Þ b2 = …(ii)
a(n ) > 1 + + + + ¼ + n - n a2 + c2
2 4 8 2 2
Þ b 2 {a 2 + c 2 } = 2a 2c 2
æ 1ö n n
a(n ) > ç1 - n ÷ + Þ a(n ) > Þ b 2 {(a + c ) 2 - 2ac } = 2a 2c 2 [from Eq. (i)]
è 2 ø 2 2
2 2 2 2
\ a (200 ) > 100 Þ b ( 4b - 2ac ) = 2a c
32. Þ 2b - ac (b 2 ) - a 2c 2 = 0
4
1 n 2n – 1 Þ (b 2 - ac ) (2b 2 + ac ) = 0
middle term
If b 2 - ac = 0
In a AP of (2n - 1 ) terms, nth term = a a, b, c are in GP.
In a GP of (2n - 1 ) terms, nth term = b But given a, b, c are in AP.
In a HP of (2n - 1 ) terms, nth term = c \ a =b =c
a, b, c will be arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic and if 2
2b + ac = 0
mean, respectively.
-a
So, a ³ b ³ c and b 2 = ac then , b, c are in GP.
2
p
33. Q 0 < f < 35. According to the question, x, x 2 + 2 and x 3 + 10 are in GP.
2
So, ( x 2 + 2 ) 2 = x ( x 3 + 10 )
\ 0 < sin f < 1 and 0 < cos f < 1
¥ Þ x 4 + 4 + 4 x 2 - x 4 - 10 x = 0
\ x= å cos 2n 2 4
f = 1 + cos f + cos f + ¼ + ¥
Þ 4 x 2 -10 x + 4 = 0
n=0
1 1 Þ 2x 2 - 5x + 2 = 0
= =
1 - cos f sin 2 f
2
Þ 2x 2 - 4x - x + 2 = 0
1 Þ 2x (x - 2) - 1 (x - 2) = 0
or sin 2 f = …(i)
x Þ ( x - 2 ) (2 x - 1 ) = 0
¥
1
and y = å sin 2n f = 1 + sin 2 f + sin 4 f + ... + ¥ Þ x = 2 or x =
n =0 2
1 1 For x = 2, first 3 terms are 2, 6, 18.
= = So, 4th term of GP = 2 × (3 ) 3 = 54
1 - sin 2 f cos2 f
1 1 1 9 81
or cos2 f = …(ii) For x = , first 3 terms are , , .
y 2 2 4 8
3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), 1 æ9ö 1 729 729
So, T4 = ç ÷ = ´ =
1 1 2 è2ø 2 8 16
sin 2 f + cos2 f = +
x y 36. Let n consecutive odd numbers be
1 1 2k + 1, 2k + 3, 2k + 5, ..., 2k + 2n - 1
1= +
x y According to question, sum of these n numbers
n
\ xy = x + y …(iii) = [ 2k + 1 + 2k + 2n - 1 ] = n (2k + n )
¥ 2
and z= å cos2n f sin2n f = n 2 +2kn = (n + k ) 2 - k 2
n=0
Given that, (n + k ) 2 - k 2 = 25 2 - 11 2
= 1 + cos2 f sin 2 f + cos4 f sin 4 f + ...
Þ n + k = 25 and k = 11 Þ n = 14 and k = 11
1 1
= = [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] So, first term = 2k + 1 = 23
1 - sin 2 f cos2 f 1 - 1
Last term = 2k + 2n - 1 = 22 + 28 - 1 = 22 + 27 = 49
xy
37. QG = 6 and G 2 = AH 1 1 1
40. E= + + + ...
36 12 22 32
Þ H = 1 1
A E <1 + + + ...
Given, 90 A + 5 H = 918 (1 ) (2 ) (2 ) (3 )
36 10 æ 1ö æ1 1ö
Þ 90 A + 5 ´ = 918 Þ 5 A + = 51 E < 1 + ç1 - ÷ + ç - ÷ + ...
A A è 2ø è2 3ø
Þ 5 A 2 - 51 A + 10 = 0 Þ( A - 10 ) ( 5 A - 1 ) = 0 E <2 …(i)
1 1 1
\ A = 10, E >1 + + + ...
5 (2 ) (3 ) (3 ) ( 4 )
1 æ1 1ö æ1 1 ö
38. Q Tn = E > 1 + ç - ÷ + ç - ÷ + ...
(2n -1 ) (2n + 1 ) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 ) è2 3ø è3 4ø
n 1 3
\ Sn = å Tn a E >1 + ; E >
2 2
n =1
41. QS1 = { 0}
1 n (2n + 5 ) - (2n - 1 )
Sn = å
6 n = 1 (2n - 1 ) (2n + 1 ) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 )
ì 3 5ü
S2 = í , ý
î 2 2þ
1 n æ 1
= åç
6 n = 1 è (2n - 1 ) (2n + 1 ) (2n + 3 )
ì 8 11 14ü
S3 = í , , ý
î3 3 3 þ
1 ö ì 15 19 23 27ü
- ÷ S4 = í , , , ý
(2n + 1 ) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 ) ø î 4 4 4 4þ
1æ 1 1 ö M M M
= ç - ÷
6 è 1 × 3 × 5 (2n +1 ) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 ) ø Let S = 3 + 8 + 15 + ... + T19
1 S = 3 + 8 + ... + T18 + T19
1 - - - - -
= - 6
90 (2n + 1 ) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 ) 0 = 3 + 5 + 7 + ... + 19 terms - T19
1 T19 = 3 + 5 + 7 + ... + 19 terms
\ l= 19 19
6 \ T19 = (6 + 18 ´ 2 ) = ´ 42 = 399
2 2
and f (n ) = (2n + 1 ) (2n + 3 ) (2n + 5 )
ì 399 419 439 ü
\ f ( 0 ) = 15 S 20 = í , , , ...ý
f (1 ) = 105 î 20 20 20 þ
439
æ1ö æ1 ö æ1 ö æ1 ö 640 \ Third element of S 20 =
and f ( l ) = f ç ÷ = ç + 1 ÷ ç + 3 ÷ ç + 5 ÷ = 20
è6ø è3 ø è3 ø è3 ø 27
20 1
1 1 Sum of elements of S 20 = ´ [ 2 ´ 399 + 19 ´ 20 ]
39. QS = 1 + (1 + 2 ) 2 + (1 + 2 + 3 ) 2 + ... 2 2
(1 + 3 ) (1 + 3 + 5 )
= 399 + 190 = 589
1
Tn = × (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... n terms) 2 æ 1ö
n
(1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ...n terms) 42. (a) QS = ç1 + ÷
è nø
2
1 æ n (n + 1 ) ö (n + 1 ) 2 2 3
= ×ç ÷ = æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö
n
én ù è 2 ø 4 S = 1 + nC1 ç ÷ + nC 2 ç ÷ + nC 3 ç ÷ + ... + nCn ç ÷
êë 2 [2 × 1 + (n - 1 ) × 2 ]ú èn ø èn ø èn ø ènø
û
1 n (n - 1 ) æ 1 ö n (n - 1 ) (n - 2 ) æ 1 ö
(7 +1 ) 2 64 S = 1 + n× + ç 2÷ + ç 3÷
(a) T7 = = = 16 n 2! èn ø 3! èn ø
4 4
n (n - 1 ) ... 1 æ 1 ö
10
æn + 1ö 1
2 10
+ ... + ç n÷
(b) S10 = å ç ÷ = å (n + 2n + 1 )
2
n! èn ø
n =1
è 2 ø 4 n =1
1 æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö æ 2ö
S =1 +1 + ç1 - ÷ + ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ + ...
1 æ 10 10 10 ö 2! è n ø 3! è nø è nø
= ç å n 2 + 2 å n + å 1÷
4 ç ÷ 1 æ 1ö æ 2ö æ n - 1ö
èn = 1 n =1 n =1 ø
ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ ... ç1 -
+ ÷
n! è n ø è n ø è n ø
1 æ 10 ´ 11 ´ 21 2 ´ 10 ´ 11 ö
= ç + + 10 ÷ 1 1 1
4è 6 2 ø S < 1 + 1 + + + ... +
1 505 2! 3! n!
= ( 385 + 110 + 10 ) =
4 4
1 1 1 4
S <1 + 1 + + + ... + 1 1 1 1 1 20 + 15 + 12 + 10
1 ×2 1 ×2 ×3 1 × 2 × 3 ... n
a2 = å = + + + =
a =1 2 + a 3 4 5 6 60
1 1 1
S <1 + 1 + + + ... + =
57 19
=
2 2 ×2 2 × 2 ... 2 60 20
1 æ 1 1 ö
1- n Now, an + 1 - an = ç +
1
+ ... +
2 Þ S < 1 + 2 æç1 - 1 ö÷ ÷
S <1 + èn + 2 n + 3 3n + 3 ø
1 è 2n ø
1-
2 æ 1 1 1ö
1 -ç + + ... + ÷
S < 3 - n - 1 \S < 3, " n èn + 1 n + 2 3n ø
2 1 1 1 1
= + + -
1 æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö æ 2ö 3n + 1 3n + 2 3n + 3 n + 1
Also, S = 1 + 1 + ç1 - ÷ + ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ + ...
2! è n ø 3! è nø è nø 1 1 2
= + -
1 æ 1ö æ 2ö æ n - 1ö 3n + 1 3n + 2 3 (n + 1 )
+ ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ ... ç1 - ÷
n! è n ø è n ø è n ø
9n 2 + 15n + 6 + 9n 2 + 12n + 3 - 18n 2 - 18n - 4
S > 1 + 1; S > 2 =
(3n + 1 ) (3n + 2 ) (3n + 3 )
\ S is bounded.
2n + 1 9n + 5
(b) Q an = =
n+2 (3n + 1 ) (3n + 2 ) (3n + 3 )
æ 1 ö æ n-2 1 ö
3
For n1 = 1, a1 = = 1, 44. Sn ( x ) = ç xn - 1 + ÷ + 2 çx + n -2÷
3 è xn - 1 ø è x ø
5 æ 1ö
for n = 2 , a 2 = = 1.25 + ... + (n - 1 ) ç x + ÷ + n
è xø
4
M M M Let S ¢ = xn - 1 + 2 xn - 2 + 3 xn - 3 + ... + (n - 1 ) x
Now, an + 1 - an > 0 Þ an + 1 > an S¢
= xn - 2 + 2 xn - 3 + ... + (n - 2 ) x + (n - 1 )
\ an represents the increasing sequence x
æ 1ö - - - - - -
n ç2 + ÷
2n + 1 è nø 2 æ 1ö
lim an = lim = lim = =2 S ¢ ç1 - ÷ = xn - 1 + xn - 2 + xn - 3 + ... + x - (n - 1 )
n®¥ n®¥ n + 2 n®¥ æ 2ö 1 è xø
n ç1 + ÷
è nø
(x - 1) x × (xn - 1 - 1)
\ {an } is bounded sequence. S¢ = - (n - 1 )
x (x - 1)
n2
æ 1ö x2 (n - 1 ) x
(c) Q an = ç1 + ÷ Þ S¢ = (xn - 1 - 1) -
è nø (x - 1)
(x - 1)2
For n = 1, a1 = 2, 1 2 (n - 1 )
4 4 S ¢¢ = n - 1 + n - 2 + ... +
æ 1ö æ3ö 3 4 81 x x x
for n = 2, a 2 = ç1 + ÷ =ç ÷ = 4 = = 5.06
è 2 ø è 2 ø 2 16 1
Þ S ¢¢ = n [ x + 2 x + ... + (n - 1 ) xn - 1 ]
2
[approximate] x
1
æ 1ö
n2 lim ´ n2 lim n 1 [(n - 1 ) xn - nxn - 1 + 1 ]
lim ç1 + ÷ = en ®¥ n = en ® ¥ = e¥ = ¥ = n [similarly as above]
n®¥è nø x (x - 1)2
\ {an } represents unbounded sequence. \ Sn ( x ) = S ¢ + S ¢¢ + n
2
(d) Qan = tan n 1 æ xn - 1 ö
Þ Sn ( x ) = ç ÷ …(i)
n3 2 x (n - 1) è x -1 ø
an = n + + n 5 + ... + ¥
3 15
For n = 1, S1 ( x ) = 1
and we know that - ¥ < tan n < ¥ 2
So, {an } is unbounded sequence. 1 æ x100 - 1 ö
S100 ( x ) = ç ÷
1 1 1 1 x 99 è x -1 ø
43. Q an = + + + ... +
n+1 n+2 n+3 3n 45. Let the AP start with n and common difference d, then
1 1 1 1 according to question,
an = + + + ... +
n+1 n+2 n+3 n + 2n n + 5d = 32
2n n = 32 - 5d …(i)
1
an = å n+a
and1072 < n + (n + d ) + ... + (n + 19d ) < 1162
a =1
19 ´ 20 Þ 1 £ 16t 2 - 95t + 1 < 8t + 2

1072 < 20n + d < 1162
2 Þ t = 6 Þn = 50 and p = 7
1072 < 640 - 100d + 190d < 1162
49. Hence, the value of n lies in ( 41,51).
432 < 90d < 522
50. Hence, removed numbers are 7 and 8.
4.8 < d < 5.8
50 (50 + 1 )
Let d is natural number, so d = 5 51. Sum of all numbers = = 1275
2
\ n = 32 - 5 ´ 5 = 7
Sol. (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
First term is 7 and common difference is 5.
Let A = { A - D, A, A + D }; B = {a - d , a, a + d }
Sol. (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) According to the question,
8 16 24 A - D + A + A + D = 15
Let Sn = + + + ...
5 65 325 Þ 3 A = 15
8r 8r Þ A =5 ...(i)
Tr = 4 =
4r + 1 (2r 2 + 2r + 1 ) (2r 2 - 2r + 1 ) and a - d + a + a + d = 15
é (2r 2 + 2r + 1 ) - (2r 2 - 2r + 1 ) ù Þ a =5 …(ii)
=2 ê ú
2 2
ë (2r + 2r + 1 ) (2r - 2r + 1 ) û and D =1 + d …(iii)
p = (A - D ) A (A + D )
é 1 1 ù
=2 ê 2 - 2 ú p = A (A 2 - D 2 ) …(iv)
ë 2r - 2 r + 1 2 r + 2 r + 1 û 2
p = 5 (25 - D ) …(v)
n
46. lim Sn = lim
n®¥ n®¥
å Tr Similarly, q = 5 (25 - d ) 2
r =1
Given that, p = 7 (q - p )
æn
1 1 ö 8 p = 7q
= lim å 2 ç 2 - 2 ÷
r = 1 è 2r - 2r + 1 2r + 2r + 1 ø
n®¥
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
æ 1 ö 8 ´ 5 (25 - D 2 ) = 7 ´ 5 (25 - d 2 )
= 2 lim ç1 - 2 ÷ = 2 (1 - 0 ) = 2
n®¥è 2n + 2n + 1 ø 200 - 8 D 2 = 175 - 7d 2
8 ´7 56 25 = 8 D 2 - 7d 2
47. T7 = =
4 ´ 7 4 + 1 9605 25 = 8 (1 + d ) 2 - 7d 2 [from Eq. (iii)]
8 8 æ 1 1 ö 25 = 8 + 8d + 16d - 7d 2
2
48. S 8 = å Tr = 2 å ç 2 - 2 ÷
r =1 r =1 è2 r - 2 r + 1 2 r + 2 r + 1ø 17 - d 2 - 16d = 0
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö 288 d 2 + 16d -17 = 0
= 2 ç1 - ÷ = 2 ç1 - ÷=
è 2 (8 ) 2 + 2 (8 ) + 1 ø è 145 ø 145 (d + 17 ) (d - 1 ) = 0
Sol. (Q. Nos. 4-6) d = - 17 or d = 1
Let p and ( p + 1 ) be removed numbers from 1, 2, 3, ... n, then Þ d =1 [Q d > 0]
Sum of the remaining numbers Þ D =2
n (n + 1 ) 52. p = 5 (25 - D 2 ) = 5 (25 - 4) = 5 (21) = 105
= - (2 p + 1 )
2
53. q = 5 (25 - d 2 ) = 5 (25 - 1) = 120
From given condition,
n (n + 1 ) 54. 7D + 8d = 14 + 8 = 22
- (2 p + 1 )
105 2 Sol. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
=
4 (n - 2 ) ìA ü
Let A = í , A, ARý
Þ 2n 2 - 103n - 8 p + 206 = 0 îR þ
Since, n and p are integers, so n must be even. ìa ü
B = í , a, ar ý
Let n = 2r, we get îr þ
4r 2 + 103 (1 - r ) A
According to the question, × A × AR = 64
p=
4 R
Since, p is an integer, then (1 - r ) must be divisible by 4. Þ A 3 = 64 Þ A = 4 …(i)
Let r = 1 + 4t , we get a
× a × ar = 64 Þ a 3 = 64 Þa = 4 …(ii)
n = 2 + 8t and p = 16t 2 - 95t + 1 r
and R =r + 2 …(iii)
Now, 1 £ p <n
p=
A
× A + A × AR + AR ×
A 60. According to the question, (m + 1) is the nth triangular number,
R R then
A2 16 n (n + 1 )
= + A 2R + A 2 = + 16 R + 16 =m + 1
R R 2
a a n 2 + n - 2 (m + 1 ) = 0
q = × a + a × ar + ar ×
r r - 1 ± 1 + 8 (m + 1 )
n=
a2 2 2 16 2
= +ar +a = + 16r + 16
r r - 1 + (8m + 9 )
=
p 3 2
Given that, =
q 2 - 1 + 8m + 9 - 2m
\ n -m =
(16 + 16 R 2 + 16 R ) r 3 2
So, =
(16 + 16r 2 +16r ) R 2 Sol. (Q. Nos. 61 to 63)
2
(1 + R + R ) r 3 A1, A2, A3, ..., Am are arithmetic means between - 3 and 828.
= (a + b )
(1 + r 2 + r ) R 2 So, A1 + A2 + ... + Am = m
2
From Eq. (iii), R =r + 2
æ 3 + 288 ö
-
(1 + r 2 + 4 + 4r + r + 2 ) r 3 Þ A1 + A2 + ... + Am = m ç ÷
Þ = è 2 ø
(1 + r + r 2 ) (r + 2 ) 2
æ 825 ö
Þ 14025 = m ç ÷
r 3 + 5r 2 + 7r 3 è 2 ø
Þ =
r + 3r 2 + 3r + 2 2
3
[given that sum of AM’s = 14025]
Þ r 3 - r 2 - 5r + 6 = 0 Þ m = 17 ´ 2
Þ (r - 2 ) (r 2 + r - 3 ) = 0 \ m = 34 …(i)
Now, G1, G2, ..., Gn be the GM’s between 1 and 2187.
- 1 ± 13
Þ r = 2 or r = \ G1G2 G3 ... Gn = (ab )n / 2
2
So, R=4 Þ 3 35 = (1 ´ 2187 )n / 2 Þ 3 35 = 3 7n / 2
æ1 ö æ1 ö 16 35 =
7n
55. p = 16 ç + R + 1÷ = 16 ç + 4 + 1÷ = (21) = 84 So,
èR ø è4 ø 4 2
æ1 ö æ1 ö 16 Þ n = 10 …(ii)
56. q = 16 ç + r + 1÷ = 16 ç + 2 + 1÷ = ´ 7 = 8 ´ 7 = 56
èr ø è2 ø 2 61. n = 10 [by Eq. (ii)]
57. r R + Rr = ( 4) 2 + (2) 4 = 16 + 16 = 32 62. m = 34 [by Eq. (i)]
2 3 n
Sol. (Q. Nos. 58 to 60) 63. G1 + G2 + ... + Gn = r + r + r + ... + r
Given sequence, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, ... (1 - r 10 )
where tn = tn - 1 + n, " n ³ 2 = r + r 2 + r 3 + ... + r 10 = r
1 -r
So, tn = [tn - 2 + (n - 1 )] + n é 1/n + 1 1/11 ù
æl ö æ 2187 ö
= tn - 3 + (n - 2 ) + (n - 1 ) + n êQ r = ç ÷ =ç ÷ = 3 7/11 ú
êë èa ø è 1 ø úû
M M M
tn = t1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (n - 1 ) + n (1 - 3 70 /11 )
= 3 7 /11
tn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n (1 - 3 7/11 )
n (n + 1 )
tn = …(i) Solution (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
2
50 ´ 51 b c b 2 - 4ac
58. t 50 = = 25 ´ 51 = 1275 Q a + b = - , ab = , a - b =
2 a a a
100 ´ 101 B C B 2 - 4 AC
59. t100 = = 5050 and g + d=- , gd = , g - d =
2 A A A
101 ´ 102
t101 = = 101 ´ 51 = 5151 64. Since, a, b, g are in AP.
2
Let b = a + D , g = a + 2D and d = a + 3D
Number of positive integers lying between t100 and t101
-b b
= 5151 - 5050 - 1 Q a+b= Þa+ a+ D=-
a a
= 101 - 1 = 100
b
or 2a + D = - …(i)
a
B B p æ an + b ö é a + bn ù
and g + d=- Þ 2 a + 5D = - …(ii) 69. Again, =ç ÷´
A A q è n + 1 ø êë ab (n + 1 ) úû
a 2n + abn 2 + b 2n + ab
æ B bö 1 æb B ö =
4D = ç - + ÷ or D = ç - ÷ ab (n + 1 ) 2
è A aø 4 èa A ø
æa b ö
65. Since, a, b, g, d, ... are in GP. n ç + ÷ + (n 2 + 1 )
èb a ø
b g d =
\ = = (n + 1 ) 2
a b g 2
b d a b æa b ö æ a bö
Þ = Þ = n ç + - 2÷ n ç - ÷
a g g d p èb a ø è b aø
Þ -1 = =
a+b ab q (n + 1 ) 2 (n + 1 ) 2
Þ = p p
g+d gd So, -1 > 0 Þ >1 Þ p >q …(iii)
q q
b c
-
a a b 2A 2 c A From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Þ = Þ = 2
B C a 2B 2 aC æn + 1ö
- q<p<ç ÷ p
A A èn - 1ø
2
ac A cA
Þ = Þ B 2 = AC 70. a, b, c, d are positive real numbers with
aB 2 C
a <b <c <d …(A)
Hence, A, B, C are in GP.
According to the question, a, b, c, d are in AP.
66. Since, a, b, g, d, ... are in GP.
Þ b = a + a, c = a + 2 a and d = a + 3 a …(i)
b g d
\ r= = = a be the common difference
a b g
and a, b, d are in GP.
b
Þ a + b = a + ar = - Þ b 2 = ad …(ii)
a
b From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Þ a (1 + r ) = - …(i) (a + a ) 2 = a (a + 3 a )
a
B Þ a 2 + a 2 + 2aa = a 2 + 3aa
and g + d = ar 2 + ar 3 = -
A Þ a 2 = aa
B
Þ ar 2 (1 + r ) = - …(ii) Þ a (a - a ) = 0
A
Þ a = 0 or a = a
a ¹ 0 by (A), so a = a
Ba
r2 = From Eq. (i), b = 2a, c = 3a and d = 4a
bA
ad a × 4a 2 æ p ö
aB = = =ç ÷
\ r= bc 2a × 3a 3 è q ø
bA
Sol. (Q. Nos. 67 to 69) where, p and q are prime numbers.
For n > 1, we have n + 1 > n - 1 So, q =3
110
2
n+1 æn + 1ö 71. Q å (1 + rx ) = (1 + x ) (1 + 2x ) (1 + 3x )...(1 + 110x )
Þ >1 Þ p ç ÷ >p [Q p > 0] …(i) r =1
n -1 èn - 1ø
Now, p =a + d = 1110 + ( x + 2 x + 3 x + ... + 110 x ) 1109 + ...
Since, a, p, b, are in AP. So, coefficient of x in
b -a 110
110 ´ 111
And d =
n+1 å (1 + rx ) = (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 110 ) =
2
= 55 ´ 111
r =1
(b - a ) na + b = 6105
67. p =a + =
n+1 n+1 2
Now, l (1 + 10 ) (1 + 10 + 10 ) = l (11 ) (111 )
1 1
- Þ l (111 ) (11 ) = 6105 Þ l = 5
1 1 1
68. = +D= + b a 72. Let number of the form palindrome be aba.
q a a n+1
ab (n + 1 ) Now, If aba is even, then a may be 2, 4, 6, 8 and b take values
Þ q= 0, 1, 2, ..., 9 .
a + bn
So, total number of palindrome (even) = 10 ´ 4 = 40
To find the sum of all even 3 digit plaindrome 1

Þ ( 2 + 1) x 2 - 2x + =0
So, sum of number start with 2 2+1
= (200 + 2 ) ´ 10 + ( 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 9 ) ´ 10 Þ [( 2 + 1 ) x ]2 - 2 ( 2 + 1 ) x + 1 = 0
= 2020 + 450 = 2470
Þ [( 2 + 1 ) x - 1 ]2 = 0
Sum of number start with 4 = ( 404 ) ´ 10 + 450
1
Similarly, sum of number start with 6 = (606 ) ´ 10 + 450 Þ x= [repeated]
2+1
Similarly, sum of number start with 8 = (808 ) ´ 10 + 450
\Total sum = (202 + 404 + 606 + 808 ) ´ 10 + 450 ´ 4 So, x = 2 -1
= 20200 + 1800 = 22000 \ (x + 1)2 = 2
= 2 4 ´ 5 3 ´ 11 75. a1, a 2, a 3, ... are in GP with common ratio r
On comparing 2 4 ´ 5 3 ´ 111 with and b1, b2, b3, ... is also a GP i.e. b1 = 1
2n1
´3 n2
´5 n3
´7 n4 n5
´ 11 , b2 = 4 7 - 4 28 + 1, a1 = 4 28
¥ ¥
n1 = 4, n2 = 3, n3 = 0, n4 = 0, n5 = 1 1
Now, n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 = 8
and å an = åbn
n =1 n =1
73. Q2 + ( 6 × 2 2 - 4 × 2) + ( 6 × 3 2 - 4 × 3) 1 1 1
+ ... + (6 × n 2 - 4 × n ) = 140 + + + ... + ¥ = b1 + b2 + b3 + ... + ¥
a1 a 2 a 3
Þ 2 + 6 (2 2 + 3 2 + ... + n 2 ) - 4 × (2 + 3 + ... + n ) = 140 1 1 1
Þ 4 + 4 + 4 + ... + ¥
æ n (n + 1 ) (2n - 1 ) ö 28 28 r 28 r 2
Þ 2+6ç - 1÷ - 4
è 6 ø
= 1 + ( 4 7 - 4 28 + 1 ) + ( 4 7 - 4 28 + 1 ) 2 + ... + ¥
æ n (n + 1 ) ö 1
ç - 1 ÷ = 140
è 2 ø 4 1
Þ 28 =
Þ 2 + n (n + 1 ) (2n + 1 ) - 6 - 2n (n + 1 ) + 4 = 140 1 1 - 4 7 + 4 28 - 1
1-
Þ n (n + 1 ) (2n + 1 ) - 2n (n + 1 ) - 140 = 0 r
Þ 2n 3 + 3n 2 + n - 2n 2 - 2n - 140 = 0 Þ
r
=
1
Þ 2n 3 + n 2 - n - 140 = 0 (r - 1 ) 4 28 4 7 ( 4 4 - 1 )
r 1 1
Þ (n - 4 ) (2n 2 + 9n + 35 ) = 0 Þ =
(r - 1 ) 4 4 ( 4 4 - 1 )
Þ n = 4 or 2n 2 + 9n + 35 = 0
Let 4
4 = a, we get
Þ 2n 2 + 9n + 35 = 0
r 1
- 9 ± 81 - 280 Þ =
Þ n= (r - 1 ) a a - 1
4
Þ ra - r = r a - a Þ r = a
9 ± - 199
\ n= [complex values] Þ r =44
4
Only positive integer value of n is 4. Now, 1 + r 2 + r 4 = 1 + (4 4 )2 + (4 4 )4
74. S ( x ) = 1 + x - x 2 - x 3 + x 4 + x 5 - x 6 - x 7+ ... + ¥ = 1 + 41/2 + 4 = 1 + 2 + 4 = 7
where x Î( 0, 1 ) 76. Let a = 10 + D …(i)
S ( x ) = (1 + x ) - x 2 (1 + x ) + x 4 (1 + x ) - x 6 (1 + x ) + ... + ¥ b = 10 + 2 D …(ii)
2 4
Þ S ( x ) = (1 + x ) [1 - x + x - x + ... + ¥ ] 6 ab = 10 + 3 D …(iii)
On substituting the values of a and b in Eq. (iii), we get
æ 1 ö é a ù
Þ S ( x ) = (1 + x ) ç ÷ êQ S ¥ = 1 - r for GP ú (10 + D ) (10 + 2 D ) = (10 + 3 D )
è1 + x2 ø ë û Þ 2 D 2 + 27 D + 90 = 0
2+1 15
According to the question, S ( x ) = \ D = -6,D = -
2 2
1+x 2+1 \ a1 = 10 - 6 = 4 ,
So, =
1 + x2 2 15 5
a 2 = 10 - =
Þ 2 + 2x = ( 2 + 1)x 2 + 2 + 1 2 2
and b1 = 10 - 12 = - 2 , b2 = 10 - 15 = - 5
Þ ( 2 + 1) x 2 - 2x - 2 + 2 + 1 = 0
æ 2a1a 2 + b1b2 ö æ 2 ´ 10 + 10 ö
Þ ( 2 + 1) x 2 - 2x + 2 - 1 = 0 Now, ç ÷=ç ÷ =3
è 10 ø è 10 ø
77. Given equation, Ax 3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D = 0 …(i) (a + d ) 2

\ r2 =
where, A¹0 (a - d ) 2
a+g a 2 + d 2 + 2ad
Let roots are a, b, g, then b = …(ii) Þ r2 =
2 a 2 + d 2 - 2ad
Given relation, 2 B 3 + l ABC + m A 2D = 0 …(iii)
2d 2 + d 2 + 2 2d 2
b Þ r2 =
From Eq. (i), a + b + g = - 2d 2 + d 2 - 2 2 d 2
A
[from Eq. (i) for a = 2 d ]
B
Þ 3b = - [from Eq. (ii)]
A (3 + 2 2 ) d 2
Þ r2 =
B (3 - 2 2 ) d 2
Þ b= -
3A (3 + 2 2 ) (3 + 2 2 )
Þ r2 =
Now, b satisfy Eq. (i), so 9 -8
3 2
æ- Bö æ- Bö æ- Bö Þ r 2 = (3 + 2 2 ) 2
Aç ÷ +Bç ÷ +C ç ÷+D=0
è 3A ø è 3A ø è 3A ø
Þ r 2 = (3 + 8 ) 2
- B3 B3 BC
Þ 2
+ 2
- +D=0 \ r = ± (3 + 8 )
27 A 9A 3 A
Þ r =3 + 8 [Q r is positive]
2 B 3 BC
Þ - +D=0 Similarly, for a = - 2 d , we get
27 A 2 3 A
Þ 2 B 3 - 9 ABC + 27 DA 2 = 0 r = ± (3 - 8 )
Compare with Eq. (iii), we get Þ r = (3 - 8 ) [Q r is positive]
l = - 9 , m = 27 Compare r with 3 ± k, we get
2 l + m = - 18 + 27 = 9 k =8
æ 1 2 22 ö ék 8 ù é8 8ù
78. Let P = lim ç + + + ... upto n terms÷ \ êë 8 - k úû = êë 8 - 8 úû
n ® ¥ è1 + x 1+x 2
1 + x4 ø
n æ ö = [1 - 1 ] = [ 0 ] = 0
2r 2r 2r
= lim
n®¥
å çç r
+ r
- r
÷
÷ 80. (A) a, b, c, d are in AP [a, b, c, d are positive real numbers]
r =0 è 1 + x2 1 - x2 1 - x2 ø
By AM > GM, for a, b, c
n æ 2r + 1 2r ö b > ac
= lim å ç - ÷
n®¥ ç 2 r+1 r ÷
r =0 è 1 - x 1 - x2 ø Þ b 2 > ac …(i)
æ 2 n+1
1 ö÷ Now, applying for b, c, d
= lim ç - c > bd Þ c 2 > bd
n®¥ç 2n + 1 1 - x ÷ø …(ii)
è1 - x
2n +1
n+1 b 2c 2 > (ac ) (bd ) Þ bc > ad
x2 1 1
= lim - =0- Again, applying AM > HM for a,b, c
n®¥ 1
-1 1 -x 1-x
n+1 2 1 1 2
x2 b> Þ + > …(iii)
1 1 a c b
1 1 +
= = [given] a c
x -1 x - l
For last 3 terms b, c, d
\ l =1 2 1 1 2
c> Þ + > …(iv)
79. Let number of AP are (a - d ), a, (a + d ) . 1 1
+ b d c
According to the question, (a - d ) 2, a 2, (a + d ) 2 are in GP. b d
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
\ (a 2 ) 2 = (a - d ) 2 (a + d ) 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
+ + + > +
Þ a 4 = (a 2 - d 2 ) 2 a c b d b c
Þ a 4 = a 4 + d 4 - 2a 2d 2 1 1 1 1
Þ + > +
a d b c
Þ a 2 (a 2 - 2d 2 ) = 0
(B) a, b, c, d are in GP.
Þ a ¹ 0, so a 2 = 2d 2 For a, b, c applying AM > GM,
Þ a = ± 2d …(i) a+c
Þ > b Þ a + c > 2b …(i)
Let common ratio of GP is r. 2
Similarly, for b, c, d 3
Þ 5n + (n 2 - n ) = 220
b + d > 2c ...(ii) 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Þ 3n 2 + 7n - 440 = 0
a + b + c + d > 2 b + 2c Þ a + d > b + c Þ 3n 2 + 40n - 33n - 440 = 0
Now, applying GM > HM for a, b c
Þ n (3n + 40 ) - 11 (3n + 40 ) = 0
2 ac
b> Þ (3n + 40 ) (n - 11 ) = 0
a+c
40
1 1 2 So, n=- or n = 11
Þ + > …(iii) 3
c a c \ n = 11 [n Î N ]
Similarly, for b, c, d , we get (B) Let first angle = a [in degrees]
1 1 2
+ > …(iv) Common difference = d [in degrees]
d b c
Number of sides n = 9
On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
\Sum of interior angles = (n - 2 ) ´ 180°
1 1 1 1 æ 1 1ö
+ + + >2 ç + ÷ Þ
n
[ 2a + (n - 1 ) d ] = (n - 2 ) ´ 180°
a b c d èb c ø
2
1 1 1 1 9
Þ + > + Þ ( 2 a + 8d ) = 7 ´ 180°
a d b c 2
(C) a, b, c, d are in HP. Þ a + 4d = 140°
Applying AM > HM for a, b, c and largest angle T9 = a + 8d < 180°
a+c Þ 4d < 40
>b
2 Þ d < 10
Þ a + c > 2b …(i) \ d =9
Similarly, for last 3 terms b, c, d (C) Given increasing GP,
Þ b + d > 2c …(ii) a1, a 2, ..., an , ...
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get where a 6 = 4a 4
a + b + c + d > 2b + 2c a1r 5 = 4a1r 3 [r is the common ratio]
Þ a + d >b + c Þ r2 = 4
Again, applying GM > HM for a, b, c
Þ r =2 [Q increasing GP]
ac > b
and a 9 - a 7 = 192
Þ ac > b 2 …(iii) a1 (r 8 - r 6 ) = 192
Similarly, for b, c, d a1 (256 - 64 ) = 192
Þ bd > c 2 …(iv) 192
a1 =
On multiplying Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get 192
abcd > b 2c 2 a1 = 1
ad > bc Then, a 2 = 2 , a 3 = 4 and a 4 + a 5 + ... + an = 1016
(a1 + a 2 + ... + an ) - (a1 + a 2 + a 3 ) = 1016
81. (A) a1, a 2, a 3,..., an , ... are in AP
1 (2n - 1 )
5 = 1016 + 7
and a1 = , a10 = 16 2 -1
2
\ a1 + a 2 + ... + an = 110 2n = 1023 + 1 = 1024 = 210
n \ n = 10
Þ (a1 + an ) = 110
2 82. (A) a1, a 2, ... are in AP.
n é5 5 ù a1 + a 4 + a 7 + a14 + a17 + a 20 = 165 [In an AP, sum of the
Þ + + (n - 1 ) d ú = 110 …(i)
2 êë 2 2 û terms equidistant from the 1st and last is equal to sum of
5 1st and last terms]
16 -
a - a1 2 = 27 = 3 Þ 3 (a1 + a 20 ) = 165
Now, d = 10 = …(ii)
10 - 1 9 9 ´2 2 Þ a1 + a1 +19d = 55
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get d is the common difference of AP.
né 3ù 2a1 + 19d = 55 …(i)
5 + (n - 1 ) ú = 110
2 êë 2û Now, a = a 2 + a 6 + a15 + a19
a = 2 (a 2 + a19 )
a = 2 (a1 + d + a1 + 18d ) and 3b = 4c and 4c = 2a

a = 2 (2a1 + 19d ) …(ii) Þ
3 4
a = b and b = c and c = a
1
and b = 2 (a 9 + a12 ) - (a 3 + a18 ) 2 3 2
b = 2 (a1 + 8d + a1 + 11d ) - (a1 + 2d + a1 + 17d ) 3 4 3
Þ a = b and b = c and c = b
b = 2 (2a1 + 19d ) - (2a1 + 19d ) 2 3 4
b = 2a1 + 19d …(iii) 3 3
So, a, b, c are b, b, b
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get 2 4
a = 2b 2 1 4
Reciprocal of the terms , , ,
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 3b b 3b
a + 2 b = 4 (2a1 +19d ) = 4(55 ) = 220 [from Eq.(i)] which is in AP.
a + b = 3 (2a1 + 19d ) So, these a, b, c are in HP.
= 3 ´ 55 = 165 = 15 ´ 11 = 15m, where m Î I (B) 17a 2 + 13b 2 + 5c 2 = 3ab + 15bc + 5ca
a - b = 2a1 + 19d Þ 34a 2 + 26a 2 + 10c 2 - 6ab - 30bc - 10ca = 0
= 55 = 5 ´ 11 = 5l, where l Î I Þ (3a - b ) 2 + (5b - 3c ) 2 + (c - 5a ) 2 = 0
(B) a1, a 2, ... are in AP.
Þ 3a - b = 0 and 5b - 3c = 0 and c - 5a = 0
a1 + a 5+ a10 + a15 + a 20 + a 24 = 195 a b c
3 (a1 + a 24 ) = 195 Þ = = =l [say]
1 3 5
Þ a1 + a 24 = 65 ...(i) \ a = l, b = 3 l, c = 5 l
Þ 2a1 + 23d = 65 Hence, a, b, c are in AP.
Now, a = a 2 + a 7 + a18 + a 23 æ 15 5 3 ö
= 2 (a 2 + a 23 ) = 2 (2a1 + 23d ) (C) a 2 + 9b 2 + 25c 2 = abc ç + + ÷
èa b cø
a = 130 [from Eq. (i)]
Þ (a ) 2 + (3b ) 2 + (5c ) 2 -15bc - 5ac - 3ab = 0
b = 2 (a 2 + a 22 ) - (a 8 + a17 )
1
= 2 (2a1 + 23d ) - (2a1 + 23d ) Þ {(a - 3b ) 2 + (3b - 5c ) 2 + (5c - a ) 2 } = 0
2
= 130 - 65 = 65
Þ a - 3b = 0 and 3b - 5c = 0 and 5c - a = 0
Then, a = 2 b
Þ a = 3b and 3b = 5c and 5c = a
a + 2 b = 130 + 130 = 260
5 a
a + b = 195 = 15 ´ 13 = 15 m, where m = 13 Þ a = 3b and b = c and c =
3 5
and a - b = 130 - 65 = 65
5 3
= 5 ´ 13 = 5l, where l = 13 Þ a = 3b and b = c and c = b
3 5
(C) a1, a 2,... are in AP.
3b
a1 + a 7 + a10 + a 21 + a 24 + a 30 = 225 So, a,b, c are of the form 3b, b, .
5
3 (a1 + a 30 ) = 225 3b 1 1 5
2a1 + 29d = 75 …(i) Reciprocal of 3b, b, are , , , which are in AP.
5 3b b 3b
Now, a = a 2 + a 7 + a 24 + a 29 é 1 1 2 5 1 2ù
a = 4a1 + 58d = 2 (2a1 + 29d ) êëQ b - 3b = 3b and 3b - b = 3b úû
= 2 ´ 75 = 150
(D) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) p 2 - 2 p (ab + bc + ca ) + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 £ 0
a = 150 …(ii)
and b = 2 (a10 + a 21 ) - (a 3 + a 28 ) Þ (a 2p 2 + b 2 - 2abp ) + (b 2p 2 + c 2 - 2 pbc )
= 2 (2a1 + 29d ) - (2a1 + 29d ) = 150 - 75 + (c 2p 2 + a 2 - 2acp ) £ 0
b = 75 …(iii) Þ (ap - b ) 2 + (bp - c ) 2 + (cp - a ) 2 £ 0
Then, a = 2b Þ (ap - b ) 2 + (bp - c ) 2 + (cp - a ) 2 = 0
a + 2b = 150 + 150 = 300 and a - b = 150 - 75 = 75
Þ ap - b = 0 and bp - c = 0 and cp - a = 0
= 5 ´ 15 = 5l, where l = 15 b c a
and a + b = 150 + 75 = 225 = 15 ´ 15 = 15m, where m = 15 Þ p = and p = and p =
a b c
83. (A) 4a 2 + 9b 2 + 16c 2 = 2 (3ab + 6bc + 4ca ) b c a
Þ = =
(2a ) 2 + (3b ) 2 + ( 4c ) 2 - (2a ) (3b ) ( 4c ) - (2a ) ( 4c ) = 0 a b c
1 Þa, b, c are in GP.
{(2a - 3b ) 2 + (3b - 4c ) 2 + ( 4c - 2a ) 2 } = 0
2 84. If a, b, c are in GP.
Þ 2a - 3b = 0 and 3b - 4c = 0 Then, b 2 = ac
and 4c - 2a = 0 Þ2a = 3b
If middle term is added, then a + b, 2b and c + b are in GP.
I - II a + b - 2b Statement-2 If
= [here, I = a + b, II = 2b, III = c + b]
II - III 2b - (c + b ) (a1 - a 2 ) 2 + (a 2 - a 3 ) 2 + (a 3 - a1 ) 2 = 0
a - b ab - b 2 ab - ac Þ a1 - a 2 = 0 and a 2 - a 3 = 0 and a 3 - a1 = 0
= = = [Q b 2 = ac ]
b - c b 2 - bc ac - bc Þ a1 = a 2 = a 3, " a1, a 2, a 3 Î R
a (b - c ) (a + b ) (b + c ) So, Statement-2 is true.
= a+b 2ab
c (a - b ) (a + b ) (b + c ) 89. Q A = , G = ab and H =
2 a+b
a (b 2 - c 2 ) (a + b )
= Given, 4G = 5 H …(i)
c (a 2 - b 2 ) (b + c )
and G 2 = AH
a (ac - c 2 ) (a + b ) a + b I
= ; = G2
c (a 2 - ac ) (b + c ) b + c III \ H = …(ii)
A
Hence, a + b, 2b, b + c are in HP. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is correct
5G 2
explanation for Statement-1. 4G = Þ 4 A = 5G
A
85. QTn = 2n 3 + 3n 2 - 4
Þ 2 (a + b ) = 5 ab
Sequence is 1, 24, 77, 172, 321, ...
First order difference 23, 53, 95, 149, ... Þ 4 (a 2 + b 2 + 2ab ) = 25ab
Second order difference 30, 42, 54, ... Þ 4a 2 - 17ab + 4b 2 = 0
which are in AP. Þ (a - 4b ) ( 4a - b ) = 0
\Statenemt-1 is true. a = 4b, 4a - b ¹ 0 [Q a > b]
QTn is of three degree and third order difference will be constant. \Statement-1 is true.
Statement-2 is true, which is correct explanation for Statement-2 is true only for two numbers, if numbers more
Statement-1. than two, then this formula (AM) (HM) = (GM) 2 is true, if
86. Statement-1 Let S be the required sum of product of numbers. numbers are in GP.
2 Statement-2 is false for positive numbers.
æ n ö n
ç å xi ÷ = å xi2 + 2 å å xi x j 90. Statement-1 Sum of first 100 even natural numbers
ç ÷
è i =1 ø i =1 1 £i < j £n 2 (100 ´ 101 )
n
E1 = 2 + 4 + ... + 200 = = 10100
2
\ (a1 - a1 + a 2 - a 2 + ... + an - an ) 2 = 2 åai2 + 2S
i =1
Sum of 100 odd natural numbers = 1 + 3 + ... + 199
100
n O= (1 + 199 ) = 10000
\ S = - åai2 2
i =1 \ E - O = 100
\Statement-1 is true. So, Statement-1 is true.
Statement-2 is true but not correct explanation for Statement-2 Sum of first n natural even numbers
Statement-1. 2n (n + 1 )
E = 2 + 4 + ... + 2n = = n2 + n
87. Statement-1 a + b + c = 18, a, b, c > 0 2
Sum of first n odd natural numbers
Applying AM ³ GM for a, b, c
a+b+c 3 O = 1 + 3 + ... + (2n - 1 )
³ abc Þ 3 abc £ 6 Þ abc £ 216 n
3 = [1 + 2n - 1 ] = n 2
2
Maximum value of abc is 216 which occurs at a = b = c .
Statement-2 is the correct explanation for Statement-1. So, E - O = n2 + n - n2 = n
88. Statement-1 Statement-2 is true and correct explanation for Statement-1.
4a 2 + 9b 2 + 16c 2 - 2 (3ab + 6bc + 4ca ) = 0 91. Let Tn = An + B
Þ (2a ) 2 + (3b ) 2 + ( 4c ) 2 - (2a ) (3b ) - (3b ) ( 4c ) - (2a ) ( 4c ) = 0 \ Tp = Ap + B,
1 T2p = 2 Ap + B, T4 p = 4 Ap + B
Þ {(2a - 3b ) 2 + (3b - 4c ) 2 + ( 4c - 2a ) 2 } = 0 \ Tp , T2p , T4 p are in G P.
2
Þ 2a - 3b = 0 and 3b - 4c = 0 and 4c - 2a = 0 \ (2 Ap + B ) 2 = ( Ap + B ) ( 4 Ap + B )
4c a 3b 4c 3b Þ ABp = 0
Þ and b = and c = Þ a = and b = and c =
3 2 2 3 4 \ B = 0, A ¹ 0, p ¹ 0
3b 3b T2p 2 Ap + 0
Then, a, b, c are of the form , b, , which are in HP. Þ Common ratio, r = = =2
2 4 Tp Ap + 0
So, Statement-1 is false.
92. a ¹ 1, b ¹ 0 and a ¹ b p2 1 p2 3 p2 p2
= - = ´ =
Let S = (a + b ) + (a 2 + ab + b 2 ) + (a 3 + a 2b + ab 2 + b 3 ) + ¼+ n 6 4 6 4 6 8
terms 1 1 1 æ1 1 ö
(ii) 1 - 2 + 2 - 2 + ¼ + ¥ = ç 2 _ 3 + ¼÷
1 2 3 4 è 1 3 ø
= [(a 2 - b 2 ) + (a 3 - b 3 ) + (a 4 - b 4 ) + ¼+ n terms]
(a - b ) 1 æ1 1 ö
- 2 ç 2 - 2 + ¼ + ¥÷
1 2 è1 2 ø
= [a 2(1 + a + ¼ + n terms)
(a - b ) p2 1 p2 p2
- b 2 (1 + b + b 2 + ¼ + n terms)] = - ´ = [by part (i)]
8 4 6 12
1 é 2 1 × (an - 1 ) 1 × (bn - 1 ) ù 97. Saibi = Sai (1 - ai ) = na - Sai2
= êa × - b2 × ú
(a - b )
ë (a - 1 ) (b - 1 ) û = na - S(ai - a + a ) 2
1 é 2 (1 - an ) (1 - bn ) ù = na - S[(ai - a ) 2 + a 2 + 2a (ai - a )]
= êa - b2 ú
(a - b ) ë (1 - a ) (1 - b ) û = na - S[(ai - a ) 2 - Sa 2 - 2aS(ai - a )
93. Sequence of natural number is divided into group. \ Saibi + S(ai - a ) 2 = na - na 2 - 2a (na - na )
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, … éQ Sbi = S1 - Sai ù
\nth row contains n elements ê \ nb = n - na ú
= na (1 - a ) = nab
1st element of nth row = n 2 - (n - 1 ) ê ú
êë or a + b = 1 úû
Least element of nth row = n 2 + (n - 1 )
98. a1 + a 2 + ¼ + a 98 = 137
\Sum of the element in the nth row 98
n n (a1 + a 98 ) = 137
= (a + l ) = [n 2 - (n - 1 ) + n 2 + (n - 1 )] 2
2 2 137 137
n 2 n a1 + a 2 + 97 = ; 2a1 + 97 =
= [n - n + 1 + n 2 + n - 1 ] = [ 2n 2 ] = n 3 49 49
2 2
137 1 (137 - 4753
a (r n - 1 ) 2a1 = - 97; a1 =
94. a = Sn = …(i) 49 2 49
r -1 4616 2308
a1 = - ; a1 = …(i)
a(r 2n - 1 ) a (r n - 1 ) a (r n - 1 ) n 2 ´ 49 49
b = S 2n - Sn = - = (r ) …(ii)
(r - 1 ) (r - 1 ) (r - 1 ) Now, a 2 + a 4 +¼ + a 98 = (a1 + 1 ) + (a1 + 3 ) + ¼ + (a1 + 97 )
a (r 3n - 1 ) a (r 2n - 1 ) [Q d = 1 ]
c = S 3n - S 2n = -
(r - 1 ) (r - 1 ) = 49a1 + (1 + 3 + ¼+ 97 )
2308 49
a (r n - 1 ) 2n a (r n - 1 ) n 2 = - 49 ´ + (1 + 97 )
= (r + r n + 1 - r n - 1 ) = × (r ) 49 2
(r - 1 ) (r - 1 )
= - 2308 + 49 2
…(iii)
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), b 2 = ac , so a, b, c are in GP. = - 2308 + 2401 = 93
r -1
99. t1 = 1 and tr - tr - 1 =2 ,r ³2
95. First four terms of an AP are a, 2a, b and (a - 6 - b ).
t 2 - t1 = 2
So, 2a - a = a - 6 - b - b
Þ a = a - 6 - 2b t3 - t2 = 22
Þ - 2b = 6 Þb = - 3 t4 - t3 = 23
and 2a - a = b - 2a M M M
Þ b = 3a Þ a = - 1 tn - tn - 1 = 2n - 1
\First terms a = - 1 and d = a = - 1
Addiing columnwise, we get
100
S100 = [ 2a + (100 - 1 ) d ] tn - t1 = 2 + 2 2 + ¼ + 2n - 1
2
= 50 [ - 2 + 99 ( - 1 )] tn = 1 + 2 + 2 2 + ¼ + 2n - 1
= 50 ( - 2 - 99 ) = 50 ( - 101 ) = - 5050 1 × (2n - 1 )
tn = Þ tn = 2n - 1
1 1 1 p2 2 -1
96. (i) 2 + 2 + 2 + ¼+ ¥ = ...(i) n
1 2 3
1 1 1
6 So, åtr = t1 + t2 + ¼ + tn = (2 - 1) + (22 - 1) + ¼ + (2n - 1)
r =1
\ 2
+ 2 + 2 + ¼+ ¥ 2 × (2n - 1 )
1 3 5 = (2 + 2 2 + ¼ + 2n ) - n = - n = 2n + 1 - 2 - n
æ1 1 1 1 ö æ1 1 1 ö (2 - 1 )
= ç 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ¼+ ¥ ÷ - ç 2 + 2 + 2 + ¼ + ¥ ÷ = 2n + 1 - n - 2
è1 2 3 4 ø è2 4 6 ø
p sin 2nx p sin 2n ( p - x)

100. (i) I n = ò dx = ò dx x 3 (1 - x 3n ) (1 - x 3n ) 3 x (1 - xn ) 3 (1 - xn )
0 sin x 0 sin x = + + + n
(1 - x 3 ) x 3n (1 - x 3 ) (1 - x ) x (1 - x )
p sin (2np
- 2nx )
=ò dx 103. Let d be the common difference of AP.
0 sin x
LHS = a12 - a 22 + a 32 - a 42 + ¼ + a 22n - 1 - a 22n
p sin 2nx
In = - ò dx (a1 - a 2 ) (a1 + a 2 ) + (a 3 - a 4 ) (a 3 + a 4 )
0 sin x
+ ¼ + (a 2n - 1 - a 2n ) (a 2n - 1 + a 2n )
I n = - I n Þ 2I n = 0 Þ I n = 0 = - d (a1 + a 2 + ¼ + a 2n - 1 + a 2n )
\ I1 = I 2 = I 3 = ¼ = 0 = - d [(a1 + a 2n ) + (a 2 + a 2n - 1 ) + ¼ + (an + an + 1 )]
which is a constant series. = - dn (a1 + a 2n )
\ This series is AP with common difference 0 and first 2
(a 2 - a 22n ) -dn (a1 - a 2n )
2
term o. = - dn 1 = [Q a 2n = a1 + (2n - 1 ) d ]
(a1 - a 2n ) (1 - 2n ) d
p sin 2 nx
(ii) I n = ò dx n
0 sin 2 x = (a12 - a 22n )
2n - 1
sin 2 nx
Let f (x ) = 104. Let a, b, c (unequal number) are in HP
sin 2 x
Hence, f ( p - x ) = f ( x ) 2ac
\ b=
p/ 2 sin 2 nx a+c
So, In = 2 ò dx
0 sin 2 x b ac
Þ = =l [say]
Now, I n + 1 + I n - 1 - 2 I n 2 a+c
p/ 2 ì (sin 2(n + 1 ) x - sin 2 nx ) Þ b = 2l and ac = l (a + c ) …(i)
= 2ò í
0 sin 2 x Now, a 2, b 2, c 2 are in AP
î
(sin 2(n - 1 ) x - sin 2 nx )ü a2 + c2
+ ý dx So, b2 = Þ2b 2 = a 2 + c 2
sin 2 x þ 2
p/ 2 sin (2n + 1 ) x sin x - sin (2n - 1 ) x sin x Þ 2(2 l ) 2 = (a + c ) 2 - 2ac
=2 ò dx
0 sin 2 x Þ (a + c ) 2 - 2 l (a + c ) - 8 l2 = 0
p/ 2 sin (2n + 1 ) x - sin (2n - 1 ) x
=2 ò dx Þ (a + c - 4 l ) (a + c + 2 l ) = 0
0 sin x Þ a + c = 4l or a + c = - 2l
p/ 2 2 cos 2nx sin x
=2 ò dx Case I If a + c = 4l
0 sin x \ ac = 4 l2 [from Eq. (i)]
p /2 4 2
= 4 ò cos 2nx dx = [sin 2nx ]p0 /2 = × 0 = 0 Þ 2 2
(a - c ) = (a + c ) - 4ac
0 2n n
\ I n + 1 + I n - 1 = 2 I n \I 1, I 2, I 3, ¼are in A P. Þ (a - c ) 2 = 16 l2 - 16 l2
101. S = 7 + 13 + 21 + 31 + ¼ + Tn Þ (a - c ) 2 = 0 Þa = c
S= 7 + 13 + 21 + ¼ + Tn -1 + Tn Let given that a, b, c are distinct, so a + c = 4l is not valid.
- - - - - - - Case II If a + c = - 2l
0 = 7 + 6 + 8 + 10 + ¼+ n terms - Tn
Þ ac = - 2 l2 [from Eq. (i)]
Tn = 7 + 6 + 8 + 10 + ¼+ n terms
\ (a - c ) 2 = (a + c ) 2 - 4ac
Tn = 7 + {6 + 8 + 10 + ¼ + (n - 1 ) terms}
(n - 1 ) Þ (a - c ) 2 = 4 l2 + 8 l2 Þ (a - c ) = ± 2 3l ...(ii)
Tn = 7 + (12 + (n - 2 ) 2 )
2 If a - c = 2 3l, ...(iii)
(n - 1 ) a + c = 2l
Tn = 7 + (8 + 2n ) then
2 From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Tn = 7 + (n - 1 ) ( 4 + n )
a = ( 3 - 1 ) l and c = - (1 + 3 ) l
T70 = 7 + 69 ´ 74 = 7 + 5106 = 5113
3 3 n 3 3 \ a : b : c = ( 3 - 1)l : 2l : - ( 3 + 1)l
æ 1ö æ 2 1 ö æ n 1 ö æ n 1 ö
102. ç x + ÷ + çx + 2 ÷ + ¼ + çx + n ÷ = å çx + n ÷ a : b : c = ( 3 - 1) : 2 : - ( 3 + 1)
è xø è x ø è x ø n =1 è x ø
n Þ a : b : c = (1 - 3 ) : - 2 : ( 3 + 1 )
æ 1 æ 1 öö
= å çè x 3n + x 3n + 3 ç xn + n ÷ ÷
è x øø If a - c = - 2 3l, …(iv)
n =1
n n
1 n n
1 then a + c = - 2l …(v)
= å x 3n + å x 3n +3 å xn + 3 å xn
n =1 n =1 n =1 n =1
n
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get 108. LHS = (1 + 5 - 1 ) (1 + 5 -2 ) (1 + 5 - 4 ) ¼ (1 + 5 - 2 )
a = - ( 3 + 1 ) l and c = ( 3 - 1 ) l æ 1ö æ 1öæ 1ö æ 1 ö
= ç1 + ÷ ç1 + 2 ÷ ç1 + 4 ÷ ¼ ç1 + n ÷
\ a : b : c = - ( 3 + 1) l : 2l : ( 3 - 1)l è 5ø è 5 øè 5 ø è 52 ø
Þ a : b : c = (1 + 3 ) : - 2 : (1 - 3 ) æ 1ö
ç1 - ÷
105. a1, a 2, a,¼, an are in AP with a1 = 0 and common difference d è 5ø æ 1ö æ 1öæ 1ö æ 1 ö
= ç1 + ÷ ç1 + 2 ÷ ç1 + 4 ÷ ¼ ç1 + n ÷
æ 1ö è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø è 52 ø
[d ¹ 0 ] ç1 - ÷
è 5ø
\ a 2 = d , a 3 = 2d , ¼, an = (n - 1 ) d
éæ
5 1öæ 1öæ 1ö æ 1 öù
a3 a4 a5 a æ1 1 1 ö = ê çè1 + 2 ÷ø çè1 + 2 ÷ø çè1 + 4 ÷ø ¼ ç1 + 2 n ÷ ú
LHS = + + + ¼ + n - a2 ç + +¼+ ÷ 4
ë 5 5 5 è 5 øû
a2 a3 a4 an - 1 è a2 a3 an - 2 ø
M M M
1 1 (an - 1 - a 2 ) a 5 æ 1 ö 5 n+1
= (a 3 - a 2 ) + (a 4 - a 2 ) + ¼ + + n = ç1 - n + 1 ÷ = (1 - 5- 2 ) = RHS
a2 a3 an - 2 an - 1 4è 2 ø 4
5
1 1 [(n - 2 ) d - d ] (n - 1 ) d ¥
= (2d - d ) + (3d - d ) + ... + + 2n
d 2d (n - 3 ) d (n - 2 ) d 109. S = å n
, (a > 1 )
n=0 a2 + 1
n-1
= [1 + 1 + ¼ + (n - 3 ) times ] + n
2n
n-2 Sn = å n
(n - 1 ) (n - 2 ) + 1 a2 + 1
n =0
= (n - 3 ) + = (n - 3 ) +
n -2 (n - 2 ) 1 2 4 8 2n
= + 2 + 4 + 8 + ¼+ n
1 1 a+1 a +1 a +1 a +1 a2 + 1
= (n - 3 ) + 1 + =n -2 +
n -2 n -2 1 2 4 8 2n
= + + + + ¼ +
a (n - 2 ) d d an - 1 a 1 + a 1 + a2 1 + a4 1 + a8 1 + a2
n
= + = + 2 = RHS
d (n - 2 ) d a2 an - 1 æ 1 1 ö 1 2 4 2n
= ç- + ÷+ + + + ¼+
106. Let one side of equilateral triangle contains n balls. Then è 1 -a 1 -aø 1 + a 1 + a 2
1+a 4
1 + a2
n
n (n + 1 )
Number of balls (initially) = 1 + 2 + 3 + ¼ + n = 1 æ 1 1 ö 2 4 2n
2 = +ç + ÷+ + + ¼+
n (n + 1 ) a - 1 è1 -a 1 + a ø 1 + a 2
1+a 4
1 + a2
n
According to the question, + 669 = (n - 8 ) 2

2 1 æ 2 2 ö 4 2n
Þ n 2 + n + 1338 = 2n 2 - 32n + 128 = +ç + ÷+ + ¼+
a - 1 è1 - a 2 2
1+a ø 1+a 4
1 + a2
n
Þ n 2 - 33n - 1210 = 0 M M M M
Þ (n - 55 ) (n + 22 ) = 0 Þ n = 55 or n = - 22 1 2n + 1
Sn = +
which is not possible a - 1 1 - a2n + 1
\ n = 55 æ 1
n (n + 1 ) 55 ´ 56 2n + 1 ö÷
So, = = 55 ´ 28 = 1540 S = lim Sn = lim ç +
n ® ¥ ça - 1
n+1 ÷
n®¥
2 2 è 1 - a2 ø
n+1
107. q1, q2, q3, ¼, qn are in AP. æ 2 ö
ç 2n + 1 ÷
q2 - q1 = q3 - q2 = ¼ = qn - qn - 1 = d 1 a ÷= 1 + 0 = 1
So, = lim ç +
n ® ¥ ça - 1
- 1 ÷÷ a - 1 0 - 1 a - 1
\LHS = sin d [sec q1 sec q2 + sec q2 sec q3 + ¼ 1
ç n+1
+ sec qn - 1 sec qn ] è a2 ø
é 1 1 æ 2n - 1 ö æ 2n -1 ö
= sin d ê + 110. Tn = tan - 1 ç ÷ = tan - 1 ç ÷
ë cos q1 cos q2 cos q2 cos q3 è1 + 2 2n - 1
ø è 1 + 2 n ×2 n - 1 ø
ù
1
+ ¼+ ú æ 2n - 2n -1 ö
cos qn - 1 cos qn û = tan - 1 ç ÷ = tan - 1 2 n - tan - 1 2 n - 1
è 1 + 2 n ×2 n - 1 ø
sin d sin d sin d
= + + ¼+ Sn = T1 + T2 + ¼ + Tn
cos q1 cos q2 cos q2 cos q3 cos qn - 1 cos qn
= (tan - 1 21 - tan - 1 2 0 ) + (tan - 1 2 2 - tan - 1 21 ) + ¼
sin ( q2 - q1 ) sin ( q3 - q2 ) sin ( qn - qn - 1 )
= + + ¼+ + (tan - 1 2n - tan - 1 2n - 1 )
cos q1 cos q2 cos q2 cos q3 cos qn -1 cos qn = (tan - 1 2n - tan - 1 1 )
= (tan q2 - tan q1 ) + (tan q3 - tan q2 ) p
Sn = tan - 1 2n -
+ ¼ + (tan qn - tan qn - 1 ) 4
= tan qn - tan q1 = RHS æ pö p p p
S = lim Sn = lim ç tan - 1 2n - ÷ = - =
n®¥ n®¥è 4ø 2 4 4
111. Tn = tan [ a + (n - 1) b} tan ( a + nb) 2 1 1

\ = +
tan b = tan [( a + nb ) - { a + (n - 1 ) b }] d 2 d1 d 3
2 1 1
tan ( a + nb ) - tan ( a + (n - 1 ) b }] Þ = +
tan b = 2 (S 2 - n ) 2 (S1 - n ) 2 (S 3 - n )
1 + tan ( a + nb ) tan { a + (n - 1) b }]
n (n - 1 ) n (n - 1 ) n (n - 1 )
\1 + Tn = cot b [tan ( a + nb ) - tan { a + (n - 1 ) b }]
2 1 1
Tn = cot b [tan ( a + nb ) - tan { a + (n - 1 ) b }] - 1 Þ = +
S 2 - n S1 - n S 3 - n
For n = 1,
2 S + S1 - 2n
T1 = cot b [tan ( a + b ) - tan a ] - 1 Þ = 3
S 2 - n (S1 - n ) (S 3 - n )
For n = 2,
T2 = cot b [tan ( a + 2b ) - tan ( a + b )] - 1 Þ2 [S1S 3 - (S1 + S 3 ) n + n 2 ] = (S 2 - n ) (S1 + S 3 - 2n )
For n = 3, Þ2S1S 3 - 2(S1 + S 3 ) n + 2n 2
T3 = cot b [tan ( a + 3b ) - tan ( a + 2b )] - 1 = S1S 2 + S 2 S 3 - 2nS 2 - n (S1 + S 3 ) + 2n 2
M M M M Þ 2S1S 3 - S 2 S 3 - S1S 2 = n (S1 + S 3 - 2S 2 )
For n = n, (2S S - S 2 S 3 - S1S 2 )
Þ n= 1 3
Tn = cot b [tan ( a + nb ) - tan ( a + (n - 1 ) b }] - 1 (S1 - 2S 2 + S 3 )
Sum columnwise, 2
114. Let their ages be a, ar , ar .
Sn = T1 + T2 + T3 + ...+ Tn = cot b [tan ( a + nb ) - tan a ] - n
After 3 yr, their ages will be a + 3, ar + 3, ar 2 + 3.
sin ( a + nb ) sin a sin ( a + nb - a )
+ Given, 2 (a + 3 ) = ar 2 + 3 …(i)
cos ( a + nb ) cos a cos a cos ( a + nb )
= -n= -n Let x rupees be the sum of the money divided.
tan b tan b
sin nb And let y = a + ar + ar 2 …(ii)
= - n tan b
cos ( a + nb ) cos a Then, y + 9 = a + 3 + (ar + 3 ) + (ar 2 + 3 )
tan b x (a + 3 ) x a
We have, = + 105
n (y + 9 ) y
n (n + 1 ) (n + 2 ) (n + 3 )
112. Sn = å Tr = æa + 3 a ö
r =1 8 Þ xç - ÷ = 105 …(iii)
èy + 9 y ø
r (r + 1 ) (r + 2 ) (r + 3 ) (r - 1 ) r (r + 1 ) (r + 2 )
Tr = Sr - Sr - 1 = - x (ar + 3 ) xar
8 8 Also, = + 15
r (r + 1 ) (r + 2 ) (y + 9 ) y
=
2 é ar + 3 ar ù
æ 1 ö Þ xê - ú = 15 …(iv)
1 2 (r + 2 ) - r 1
= = =ç - ÷ ëy +9 y û
Tr r (r + 1 )(r + 2 ) r (r + 1 ) (r + 2 ) è r (r + 1 ) (r + 1 )(r + 2 ) ø
On dividing Eq. (iii) by Eq. (iv), we get
n
1 n
æ 1 1 ö y (a + 3 ) - a (y + 9 ) y - 3a
å Tr = å çè r (r + 1) - (r + 1) (r + 2) ÷ø y (ar + 3 ) - ar (y + 9 )
=7 Þ
y - 3ar
=7
r =1 r =1
n ì a (7r - 1 )
æ1 1 ö æ 1 1 öü Þ 6y = 21ar - 3a Þ y =
= å íç - ÷-ç - ÷ý 2
r =1 î è r r + 1 ø è r + 1 r + 2 øþ
From Eq. (ii),
æ1 1 ö æ1 1 ö a(7r - 1 )
=ç - ÷-ç - ÷ = a + ar + ar 2
è1 n + 1ø è2 n + 2ø 2
1 1 1 n (n + 3 ) Þ 5ar = 3a + 2ar 2 …(v)
= + - =
2 n + 2 n + 1 2 (n + 1 ) (n + 2 ) From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
3
113. Let d1, d 2 and d 3 be the common differences of the 3 arithmetic a = 12, r =
2 2
progressions. 3 æ3ö
n Let ages of these friends are 12, 12 ´ , 12 ´ ç ÷ i.e. 12, 18, 27.
\ Si = [2 ´ a + (n - 1 ) di ], " i = 1, 2, 3 2 è2ø
2
1 1 1
n 115. Clearly, x = ,y = and z = .
Þ Si = [2 + (n - 1 ) di ] 1 -a 1 -b 1 -c
2
n (n - 1 ) 2 (Si - n ) Since, a, b, c are in AP.
Þ Si = n + di Þ di = Þ 1 - a, 1 - b, 1 - c are also in AP.
2 n (n - 1 )
1 1 1
Given that d1, d 2, d 3 are in HP. Þ , , are in HP.
1 1 1 1 -a 1 -b 1 -c
\ , , are in AP.
d1 d 2 d 3 \x, y , z are in HP.
1
1 é æ n (n + 1 ) ö
2
116. Q Bn = 1 - An > An Þ An < n (n + 1 ) (2n + 1 ) n (n + 1 ) ù
2 = ê2 ç ÷ - + úû
2 êë è 2 ø 6 2
æ 3ö ö
n
çç1 - æç -
3
÷ ÷ 1
4è è 4 ø ÷ø
1 æ 3ö
n
1 = n (n + 1 ) (3n 2 + n + 2 )
Now, An = < Þ ç- ÷ > - 12
3 2 è 4ø 6 1 1
1+ (ii) Vr + 1 - Vr = (r + 1 ) 3 - r 3 - [(r + 1 ) 2 - r 2 ] + ( 1 )
4 2 2
Obviously, it is true for all even values of n. = 3r 2 + 2r + 1
3 1 \ Tr = 3r 2 + 2r - 1
But for n = 1, - < -
4 6 = (r + 1 )(3r - 1 ), which is a composite number.
æ 3ö
3
27 1 (iii) Since, Tr = 3r 2 + 2r - 1
n = 3 ç- ÷ = - <- \ Tr + 1 = 3 (r + 1 ) 2 + 2 (r + 1 ) - 1
è 4ø 24 6
5 \ Qr = Tr + 1 - Tr = 3 [2r + 1 ] + 2[1 ]
æ 3ö 243 1
n = 5, ç - ÷ = - >- Þ Qr = 6r + 5
è 4ø 1024 6 Þ Qr + 1 = 6(r + 1 ) + 5
which is true for n = 7 obviously, n0 = 7 Common difference = Qr + 1 - Qr = 6
Aliter Bn = 1 - An > An a+b 2ab
æ
120. (i) A 1 = ; G 1 = ab ; H1 =
3 ö
n
a+b
çç1 - æç - ö÷ ÷÷
2
1 3 è è 4ø ø 1 æ 3ö
n
1 An - 1 + Hn - 1 2 An - 1Hn - 1
Þ An < Þ < Þ ç- ÷ > - An = , Gn = An - 1Hn - 1 and Hn =
2 4 3 2 è 4ø 6 2 An - 1 + Hn - 1
1+
4 Clearly, G1 = G2 = G3 = ¼ = ab
Obviously, it is true for all even values of n.
3 1 (ii) A2 is AM of A1 and H1 and A1 > H1
But for n = 1, - < - Þ A1 > A2 > H1
4 6
3 A3 is AM of A2 and H 2 and A2 > H 2
æ 3ö 27 1
n = 3, ç - ÷ = - <- Þ A2 > A3 > H 2
è 4ø 64 6
5 \ A1 > A2 > A3 > ¼
æ 3ö 243 1
(iii) As above A1 > H 2 > H1, A1 > H 3 > H 2
n = 5, ç - ÷ = - <-
è 4ø 1024 6
\ H1 < H 2 < H 3 < ¼
7
æ 3ö 2187 1 121. Let geometric progression is a, ar , ar 2,¼, [a, r > 0 ]
and for n = 7 Þ ç- ÷ =- >-
è 4ø 12288 6 2
Q a = ar + ar
Hence, minimum natural number n0 = 7. 2 -1 ± 5
p Þ r + r -1 = 0 Þ r=
[2a1 + ( p - 1 ) d ] 2
2 p2 5 -1
117. Q = 2 \ r=
q 2
[2a1 + (q - 1 ) d ] q
2
æ p - 1ö 122. b1 = a1, b2 = b1 + a 2 = a1 + a 2, b3 = b2 + a 3 = a1 + a 2 + a 3
a1 + ç ÷d and b4 = b3 + a 4 = a1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4
2a1 + ( p - 1 ) d p è 2 ø p
Þ = Þ =
2a1 + (q - 1 ) d q æ q - 1 ö q Hence, b1, b2, b3, b4 are neither in AP nor in GP and nor in HP
a1 + ç ÷d
è 2 ø 123. Let a, ar , ar 2, ¼
a a 6 11
For 6 , p = 11 and q = 41 Þ = a + ar = 12 …(i)
a 21 a 21 41
and ar 2 + ar 3 = 48 …(ii)
1 1 1 1 1 1
118. - = - =¼= - =d [say] On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
a 2 a1 a 3 a 2 an an - 1
an - 1 - an r 2 = 4, if r ¹ - 1
a - a2 a - a3
Then, a1a 2 = 1 , a 2a 3 = 2 , ¼, an - 1an = \ r = -2
d d d
a1 - an [Q terms are alternatively positive and negative]
\ a1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + ¼ + an - 1an =
d Now, from Eq. (i), a = - 12
1 1 a1 - an 124. Q Sn = cn 2
Also, = + (n - 1 ) d Þ = (n - 1 ) a1an
an a1 d
\ tn = Sn - Sn - 1 = c (2n - 1 )
\ a1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + ¼ + an - 1an = (n - 1 ) a1an
Stn2 = c 2 S(2n - 1 ) 2
r 1
119. (i) Vr = [(2 r + (r - 1 ) (2 r - 1 )] = (2r 3 - r 2 + r )
2 2 = c 2 S ( 4n 2 - 4n + 1 ) = c 2 { 4 Sn 2 - 4 Sn + S1}
n é n n n ù ì 4n (n + 1 ) (2n + 1 ) 4n (n + 1 ) ü
1
\ åVr = ê2 år 3 - år 3 + år ú = c2 í - + ný
2 êë r = 1 î 6 2 þ
r =1 r =1 r =1 úû
ì2 ü Þ (7d + 9 ) (d + 3 ) = 0
= c 2n í ( 2n 2 + 3n + 1 ) - 2n - 2 + 1ý 9
î3 þ \ d = - 3, d ¹ - [Q 27 - 2a 2 > 0 ]
7
c 2n n ( 4n 2 - 1 ) c 2
= ( 4n 2 - 1 ) = 11
{2a1 + (11 - 1 ) d }
3 3 a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ¼ + a11
2 6 10 14 \ = 2
125. Let S = 1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + ¼ …(i) 11 11
3 3 3 3 = a1 + 5d = 15 - 15 = 0
1 1 2 6 10 128. Till 10th minute, number of counted notes = 1500
\ S= + + 3 + 4 +¼ …(ii)
3 3 32 3 3 n
\3000 = {2 ´ 148 + (n - 1 ) ´ - 2 } = n (148 - n + 1 )
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get 2
2 1 4 4 4 Þ n 2 - 149n + 3000 = 0
S =1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + ¼
3 3 3 3 3 Þ (n - 125 ) (n - 24 ) = 0
ì 1 ü \ n = 125, 24
4 æ1 1 1 ö 4 ï 2 ï 4 2 n = 125 is not possible.
= + 4 ç 2 + 3 + 4 + ¼÷ = + 4 í 3 ý= + = 2
3 è3 ø 3 1 \ n = 24
3 3 ï1 - ï 3 3
î 3þ \Total time = 10 + 24 = 34 min
\ S =3
k -1 129. Q AM ³ GM
a k 1 a - 5 + a - 4 + a - 3 + a - 3 + a - 3 + 1 + a 8 + a10
126. Sk = = k! = = \
1 - r 1 - 1 k ! (k - 1 )! 8
k ³ (a - 5 × a - 4 × a - 3 × a - 3 × a - 3 × 1 × a 8 × a10 )1/8 = (1 )1/8 = 1
100 100
1 a - 5 + a - 4 + 3a - 3 + 1 + a 8 + a10
Now, å |(k 2 - 3k + 1 ) Sk | = å | (k 2 - 3k + 1 ) × | Þ ³1
k=2 k=2 (k - 1 )! 8
\ a - 5 + a - 4 + 3a - 3 + 1 + a 8 + a10 ³ 8
100
(k - 1 ) k Þ Required minimum value = 8
=å =
k=2 (k - 2 ) (k - 1 )! 130. Let the time taken to save ` 11040 be (n + 3) months.
1 2 2 3 3 4 99 100 For first 3 months, he saves ` 200 each month.
= - + - + - + ¼+ - \In (n + 3 ) month,
0! 1! 1! 2! 2! 3! 98 ! 99 !
n
3 ´ 200 + [2 (240 ) + (n - 1 ) ´ 40 ] = 11040
æ2 1 ö æ2 3ö æ3 4ö æ 99 100 ö 2
= ç - ÷ + ç - ÷ + ç - ÷ + ¼+ ç - ÷
è 1! 0!ø è 1! 2!ø è 2! 3!ø è 98 ! 99 ! ø n
Þ 600 + [ 40 (12 + n - 1 )] = 11040
100 (100 ) 2 2
=3 - =3 - Þ 600 + 20n (n + 11 ) = 11040
99! 100 !
Þ n 2 + 11n - 522 = 0
(100 ) 2 100 Þ (n - 18 ) (n + 29 ) = 0
\ + å |(k 2 - 3k + 1 ) Sk | = 3
100 ! k = 2 \ n = 18, neglecting n = - 29
ak - 2 + ak \Total time = n + 3 = 21 months
127. Q ak = 2ak - 1 - ak - 2 or ak - 1 = 131. Given, a 2 + a 4 + a 6 + ¼ + a 200 = a …(i)
2
\ a1, a 2, a 3, ¼are in AP. and a1 + a 3 + a 5 + ¼ + a199 = b …(ii)
11
a 2 + a 22 + a 32 + ¼ + a11
2 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
Q 1
11
= 90 Þ å ai2 = 11 ´ 90 (a 2 - a1 ) + (a 4 - a 3 ) + (a 6 - a 5 ) + ¼+
k =1
11 (a 200 - a199 ) = a - b
Þ å (a1 + (i - 1 ) d ) 2 = 11 ´ 90 Þ d + d + d +¼+ d = a - b Þ 100d = a - b
k =1
( a - b)
11 \ d =
Þ å {a12 + 2a1d (i - 1) + d 2 (i - 1)2 } = 11 ´ 90 100
k =1 132. Qa1, a 2, a 3, ¼are in HP.
Þ 11 ´ a12 + 2a1d ( 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ¼ + 10 ) \
1 1 1
, , , ¼are in AP.
+ d 2 ( 0 2 + 1 2 + 2 2 + ¼ + 10 2 ) = 11 ´ 90 a1 a 2 a 3
æ 10 × 11 ö Let D be the common difference of this AP, then
2 æ 10 × 11 × 21 ö
Þ 11 ´ 15 2 + 2 ´ 15 ´ d × ç ÷ +d ×ç ÷ 1 1
è 2 ø è 6 ø = + (20 - 1 ) D
a 20 a1
= 11 ´ 90
1 1
Þ 385d 2 + 1650d + 1485 = 0 [Q a1 = 15 ] -
25 5 =- 4
Þ 2
7d + 30d + 27 = 0 Þ D=
19 25 ´ 19
1 1 1 4 (n - 1 ) æ 95 - 4n + 4 ö \x, y , z are in GP. ...(iii)

and = + (n - 1 ) D = - =ç ÷
an a1 5 25 ´ 19 è 25 ´ 19 ø From Eqs. (i) and (ii) x, y , z are in AP and also in GP, then
x = y = z.
æ 99 - 4n ö
=ç ÷<0 [Q an < 0 ] 136. S = 0.7 + 0.77 + 0.777 + K upto 20 terms
è 25 ´ 19 ø
7
Þ 99 - 4n < 0 Þ n > 24 .75 = (0.9 + 0.99 + 0.999 + K upto 20 terms)
9
Hence, the least positive integer is n = 25. 7
= [(1 - 0.1 ) + (1 - 0.01 ) + (1 - 0.001 ) + K upto 20 terms]
133. Q (1 ) = (1 - 0 ) (1 2 + 1 × 0 + 0 2 ) = 1 3 - 0 3 9
7
(1 + 2 + 4 ) = (2 - 1 ) (2 2 + 2 × 1 + 1 2 ) = 2 3 - 1 3 = [(1 + 1 + 1 + ¼ upto 20 times)
9
( 4 + 6 + 9 ) = (3 - 2 ) (3 2 + 3 × 2 + 2 2 ) = 3 3 - 2 3 æ1 1 1 öù
- ç + 2 + 3 + ¼ upto 20 terms÷ ú
M M M è 10 10 10 øû
é 1 æ
20 ö ù
ç 1 - æç ö÷ ÷÷ ú
(361 + 380 + 400 ) = (20 - 19 ) (20 2 + 20 × 19 + 19 2 ) = 20 3 - 19 3 1
ê
7ê 10 çè è 10 ø ø ú 7 é 180 - 1 + 10 -20 ù
Required sum = ê 20 -
9 1 ú = 9ê 9
ú
= (1 3 - 0 3 ) + (2 3 - 1 3 ) + (3 3 - 2 3 ) +¼ + (20 2 - 19 3 ) = 20 3 = 8000 ê 1 - ú ë û
n n ê 10 ú
Also, åk 3 - (k - 1 ) 3 = ë û
å {k - (k - 1)} {k 2 + k(k - 1) + (k - 1)2 } =
7
(179 + 10 - 20 )
k =1 k =1
n
81
= å(3k 2 - 3k + 1) = 3 Sn 2 - 3 Sn + S1 137. Sn = - 1 2 - 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 - 5 2 - 6 2 + 7 2 + 8 2 -¼
k =1
+ ( 4n - 1 ) 2 + ( 4n ) 2
3n(n + 1 ) (2n + 1 ) 3n (n + 1 )
= - +n = (3 2 - 1 2 ) + ( 4 2 - 2 2 ) + (7 2 - 5 2 ) + (8 2 - 6 2 ) + ¼
6 2
n + [{( 4n - 1 ) 2 - ( 4n - 3 ) 2 } + {( 4n ) 2 - ( 4n - 2 ) 2 }]
= (2n 2 + 3n + 1 - 3n - 3 + 2 ) = n 3
2 = 4 [2 + 3 + 6 + 7 + 10 + 11 + ¼ + ( 4n - 2 ) + ( 4n - 1 )]
Both statements are correct and Statement-2 is the correct = 8 {(1 + 3 + 5 + ¼ + (2n - 1 )} + 4 {3 + 7 + 11
explanation of Statement-1. + ¼ + ( 4n - 1 )}
134. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference. Then, = 16n 2 + 4n = 4n ( 4n + 1 ), n Î N
100 T100 = 50 T50 Satisfied by (a) and (d), where n = 8, 9, respectively.
Þ 100 (a + 99d ) = 50 (a + 49d ) 138. Let two consecutive numbers are k and k + 1 such that
Þ 2 (a + 99d ) = (a + 49d ) Þ a + 149 d = 0 1 £ k £ n - 1, then
\ T150 = 0 (1 + 2 + 3 + ¼ + n ) - (k + k + 1 ) = 1224
135. Q x, y , z are in AP. n (n + 1 ) n 2 + n - 2450
Þ - (2k + 1 ) = 1224 or k =
Let x = y - d , z = y + d ...(i) 2 4
Also, given tan - 1 x, tan - 1 y , tan - 1 z are in AP. n 2 + n - 2450
Now, 1£ £ n - 1 Þ 49 < n < 51
\ 2 tan - 1 y = tan - 1 x + tan - 1 z 4
\ n = 50 Þ k = 25
æ 2y ö æx+z ö
Þ tan - 1 ç ÷ = tan - 1 ç ÷ Hence, k - 20 = 25 - 20 = 5
è1 - y 2 ø è 1 - xz ø 139. The given series can be written as
2y x+z 2y 2y 2 8 9
Þ = Þ = æ 11 ö æ 11 ö æ 11 ö æ 11 ö
1 -y 2
1 - xz 1 -y 2
1 - (y 2 - d 2 ) k = 1 + 2 ç ÷ + 3 ç ÷ + ¼ + 9 ç ÷ + 10 ç ÷ …(i)
è 10 ø è 10 ø è 10 ø è 10 ø
2 2 2
Þ y =y -d [from Eq. (i)] æ 11 ö
On multiplying both sides by ç ÷ , then
\ d =0 è 10 ø
From Eq. (i), x = y and z = y 11k æ 11 ö
2 3 9 10
æ 11 ö æ 11 ö æ 11 ö æ 11 ö
\ x =y =z = ç ÷ + 2 ç ÷ + 3 ç ÷ + ¼ + 9 ç ÷ + 10 ç ÷ …(ii)
10 è 10 ø è 10 ø è 10 ø è 10 ø è 10 ø
Aliter
Q x, y , z are in AP. ...(i) Now, on subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), then
\ 2y = x + z ...(ii) 2 2 10
k æ 11 ö æ 11 ö æ 11 ö æ 11 ö
Also, tan - 1 x, tan - 1 y , tan - 1 z are in AP. - = 1 + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ¼ + ç ÷ - 10 ç ÷
10 è 10 ø è 10 ø è 10 ø è 10 ø
\ 2 tan - 1 y = tan - 1 x + tan - 1 z 1444442444443
10 times
æ 2y ö æx+z ö
Þ tan - 1 ç ÷ = tan - 1 ç ÷ ìï æ 11 ö10 üï
è1 - y 2 ø è 1 - xz ø 1 × í ç ÷ - 1ý
è
ï 10 ø ïþ æ 11 ö
10
2y x+z 2y = î - 10 ç ÷
Þ = = [from Eq. (ii)] æ 11 ö è 10 ø
1 -y 2
1 - xz 1 - xz ç - 1÷
è 10 ø
Þ y 2 = zx
ìï æ 11 ö 10 üï æ 11 ö
10
or a = 9d and 130 < a 7 < 140
Þ k = - 100 × í ç ÷ - 1ý + 100 ç ÷ = 100
ïî è 10 ø ïþ è 10 ø
Þ 130 < a1 + 6d < 140 Þ 130 < 15d < 140
140. Let a, ar , ar 2 are in GP. Q GP is increasing. 2 1
\ 8 <d <9 Þ d =9 (Qa, d Î N )
\ r >1 3 3
New numbers a, 2ar , ar 2 are in AP. 145. Q a + d , a + 4d , a + 8d are in GP (d ¹ 0)
\ 4ar = a + ar 2 Þ r 2 - 4r + 1 = 0 \ (a + 4d ) 2 = (a + d ) (a + 8d )
4 ± (16 - 4 )
Hence, r= =2 + 3 [Qr > 1] Þ a = 8d
2 a + 4d 8d + 4d 4
b c \Common ratio = = = (Qa = 8d )
141. Let = =r a+d 8d + d 3
a b
\ b = ar , c = ar 2 Aliter
a+b+c b c æb ö 6 Let the GP be a, ar , ar 2 and terms of AP and A + d , A + 4d ,
Given, =b + 2 Þ 1 + + =3 ç ÷ +
3 a a èa ø a A + 8d , then
6 ar 2 - ar ( A + 8d ) - ( A + 4d ) 4
Þ 1 + r + r 2 = 3r + r= = =
a ar - a ( A + 4d ) - ( A + d ) 3
Now, for a = 6, only we get r = 0, 2 [rational] 2 2 2 2 2
æ8ö æ 12 ö æ 16 ö æ 20 ö æ 44 ö
So, r =2 146. ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ +K+ ç ÷
è5ø è5ø è5ø è5ø è5ø
Þ (a, b, c ) = (6, 12, 24 )
16 2
a 2 + a - 14 36 + 6 - 14 = (2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 + K 11 2 )
\ = =4 25
a+1 6+1 2
æ n (n + 1 ) ö 16 æ 11 . (11 + 1 ) . (22 + 1 ) ö
ç ÷ = ç - 1÷
3 3
1 + 2 + 3 + ¼+ n3 3
è 2 ø (n + 1 ) 2 25 è 6 ø
142. Tn = = =
1 + 3 + 5 + ¼ + (2n - 1 ) n (1 + 2n - 1 ) 4 16 16 16
1 2 = ´ 505 = ´ 101 = m (given)
= (n 2 + 2n + 1 ) 25 5 5
4 \m = 101
1 1 é n (n + 1 )(2n + 1 ) 2n(n + 1 ) ù
\ Sn = ( Sn 2 + 2 Sn + S1 ) = ê + + nú 147. Q loge b1, loge b2, loge b3, ..., loge b101 are in AP.
4 4ë 6 2 û
1 Þ b1, b2, b3, K, b101 are in GP with common ratio 2.
S 9 = [285 + 90 + 9 ] = 96 (Q common difference = loge 2)
4
l +n Also, a1, a 2, a 3, K a101 are in AP.
143. Given, m = Þl + n = 2m …(i)
2 where, a1 = b1 and a 51 = b51
and l , G1, G2, G3, n are in GP. \ b2, b3, K, b50 are GM’s and a 2, a 3, ...., a 50 are AM’s between b1
G1 G2 G3 n and b51.
\ = = =
l G1 G2 G3 GM < AM
Q
Þ G1G3 = ln, G12 = lG2, G22 = G3G1, G32 = nG2 …(ii) Þ b2 < a 2, b3 < a 3, K, b50 < a 50
Now, G14 + 2 G24 + G34 =l 2
G22 + 2 G24 +n 2
G22 \ b1 + b2 + b3 + K + b51 < a1 + a 2 + a 3 + K + a 51
= G22 (l +2
2G22 +n ) 2
[from Eq. (ii)] Þ t <s
Also, a1, a 2, a 3, K, a101 are in AP and b1, b2, b3, .... b101 are in GP.
= G3G1 (l 2 + 2G3G1 + n 2 ) [from Eq. (ii)]
Q a1 = b1 and a 51 = b51
= ln (l 2 + 2 ln + n 2 ) [from Eq. (ii)]
\ b101 > a101
= ln (l + n ) 2 = ln (2m ) 2 [from Eq. (i)] = 4lm 2n
148. (15a ) 2 + (3b ) 2 + (5c ) 2 - 45ab - 15bc - 75ac = 0
144. Let first term = a and common difference = d 1
sum of seven terms 6 Þ {(15a - 3b ) 2 + (3b - 5c ) 2 + (5c - 15a ) 2 } = 0
Q = 2
sum of eleven terms 11 Þ (15a - 3b ) 2 + (3b - 5c ) 2 + (5c - 15a ) 2 = 0
7 7
(a1 + a 7 ) (2a + 6d ) or 15a - 3b = 0, 3b - 5c = 0, 5c - 15a = 0
2 6 6
Þ = Þ 2 = b = 5a, c = 3a
11 11 11 11 Q
(a1 + a11 ) (2a + 10d )
2 2 Þ 5a, 3a, a are in AP i.e. b, c, a are in AP.

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CHAPTER

● Linear Equation ● Quadratic Equations

● Standard Quadratic Equation

● Wavy Curve Method

● Condition for Resolution into Linear Factors

● Location of Roots (Interval in which Roots Lie)

● Rational Algebraic Inequalities

● Roots of Equation with the Help of Graphs

Arihant on Your Mobile !

6. Roots of an Equation y Example 1. If equation

x ( 3x - 1) x A root of the quadratic Eq. (i) is a complex number a, such

(i) Sum of roots (vii) a 5 + b5 = (a 2 + b2 ) (a 3 + b 3 ) - a 2 b2 (a + b)

y Example 14. If a + b + c = 0 and a, b , c are rational. y Example 16. If a is a root of 4 x 2 + 2x - 1 = 0.

y Example 18. If a , b are the roots of the equation = ( a + b ) (a - b )2 {(a + b )2 - ab }

Now, (a 2 - b 2 ) (a 3 - b 3 ) \ Required equation is x 2 - Sx + P = 0

#L Exercise for Session 1

2. The roots of the equation x 2 + 2 3x + 3 = 0 are

3. Ifa, b , c Î Q, then roots of the equation (b + c - 2a ) x 2 + (c + a - 2b ) x + (a + b - 2c ) = 0 are

4. If P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c and Q( x ) = - ax 2 + dx + c, where ac ¹ 0, then P ( x ) Q ( x ) = 0 has atleast

5. If roots of the equation (q - r ) x 2 + (r - p ) x + ( p - q ) = 0 are equal, then p, q , r are in

1- x y Example 22. For what values of m, the

#L Exercise for Session 2

3. The equation formed by decreasing each root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 by 1 is 2x 2 + 8x + 2 = 0, then

6. If both roots of the equation x 2 - (m - 3) x + m = 0 (m Î R ) are positive, then

(b) m Îæç - , ¥ö÷ (c) m Î æç -1, - ö÷

8. If both the roots of l (6x 2 + 3) + rx + 2x 2 - 1 = 0 and 6l (2x 2 + 1) + px + 4x 2 - 2 = 0 are common, then 2r - p is

Quadratic Expression 4. Intersection with axes

(ii) Intersection with Y-axis

b D 3. a > 0 and D = 0. So, f ( x ) ³ 0 for all x Î R,

a>0 4. a < 0 and D = 0. So, f ( x ) £ 0 for all x Î R,

We use the following methods: Important Results

æ 1ù For real values of x , discriminant ³ 0

Condition for Resolution y Example 34. Find the linear factors of

ax 2 + by 2 + cz 2 + 2ayz + 2bzx + 2cxy …(i)

2. Conditions for a Number k 3. Conditions for a Number k

Hence, the values of m satisfying Eqs. (i) and (ii) at the

(i) Consider D > 0 i.e., (m - 1) (m - 9 ) ³ 0

y Example 41. Let x 2 - (m - 3)x + m = 0 (m ÎR ) be a i.e. (m - 1)(m - 9 ) ³ 0

X-axis i.e. 4 - 2(m - 3) + m < 0

\ m Î (10, ¥ ) …(ii) 1 < x -coordinate of vertex < 2

i.e., (m - 1)(m - 9 ) > 0

#L Exercise for Session 3

3. If x be real, then the minimum value of x 2 - 8x + 17, is

8. If c > 0 and 4a + c < 2b , then ax 2 - bx + c = 0 has a root in the interval

9. If the roots of the equation x 2 - 2ax + a 2 + a - 3 = 0 are less than 3 then

Equations of Higher Degree and abg = ( - 1) 3

3r On comparing coefficients of x 3 , x 2 , x and constant on

B (µ, f (µ)) Þ f (b) > 0

1 y Example 53. Solve the equation

Thus, the original equation is equivalent to the collection of ìP ( x ) > 0, Q ( x ) > 0

P(x ) P(x ) i.e., x Î( - 6, 2) …(i)

From Wavy curve method, x Î (1, ¥ ) È {0}.

é 1 199 ù Graph of y = ( x ) = éxù

Sol. The given expression can be written as sin (–1)

\Given equation convert in y Example 67. If { x } and [ x ] represent fractional and

greater than or equal to x . { x } 2000 {x }

3. Fractional Part x, | x |, [x], (x), {x}

y Example 74. Solve the equation x 3 - 3x - a = 0 for

#L Exercise for Session 4

2. If r , s, t are the roots of the equation 8x 3+ 1001x + 2008 = 0. The value of

3. If a, b, g, d are the roots of equation x 4 + 4x 3 - 6x 2 + 7x - 9 = 0, the value of Õ (1 + a 2 ) is

5. If x 2 + px + 1 is a factor of the expression ax 3 + bx + c then