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CHAPTER 2
POLYNOMIALS
Points to Remember :
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1. A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a constant. For e.g. 9 , , , 2 etc.
3
2. A symbol which may take different numerical values is known as a variable. We usually denotes variable
by x, y, z etc.
3. A combination of constants and variables which are connected by basic mathematical operations, is
known as Algebraic Expression. For e.g. x2 – 7x + 2, xy2 – 3 etc.
4. An algebraic expression in which variable have only whole numbers as a power is called a Polynomial.
5. Highest power of the variable is called the degree of the polynomial. For e.g. 7x3 – 9x2 + 7x – 3 is a
polynomial in x of degree 3.
6. A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial. For e.g. 7x + 3 is a linear polynomial in x.
7. A polynomial of degree 2 is called a Quadratic Polynomial. For e.g. 3y2 – 7y + 11 is a Quadratic polyno-
mial in y.
8. A polynomial of degree 3 is called a Cubic Polynomial. For e.g. 3t3 – 7t2 + t – 3 is a cubic polynomial in
t.
9. According to number of terms, a polynomial having one non-zero term is a monomial, a polynomial
having two non-zero terms is a bionomial and a polynomial have three non-zero terms is a trinomial.
10. Remainder Theorem : Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree n 1 and let a be any real number. If f(x) is
divided by linear polynomial (x – a), then the remainder is f(a).
11. Factor Theorem : Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree n > 1 and a be any real number.
(i) If f(a) = 0, then x – a is a factor of f(x).
(ii) If (x – a) is a factor of f(x) then f(a) = 0.
12. Algebraic Identities :
(i) (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 (ii) (x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2
2 2
(iii) x – y = (x – y) (x + y) (iv) (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2xz
3 3 3
(v) (x + y) = x + y + 3xy (x + y) (vi) (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy (x – y)
3 3 2 2
(vii) x – y = (x – y) (x + xy + y ) (viii) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)
(ix) x + y + z – 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – xz)
3 3 3 2
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. Which of the following expressions are Polynomials? In case of a polynomial, give degree of
polynomial.
(i) x4 – 3x3 + 7x2 + 3 (ii) 3 y 3 7 y 6 (iii) x 3
1 2
(iv) x (v) 7 (vi) x 2 / 3
x x
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1 2 1
(vii) p(x) = 3x2 – 1, x , (viii) p(x) = 2x + 1, x –NCERT
3 3 2
Solution. (i) We have, p(x) = 3x + 1
1 1 1
At x , p 3 1 1 1 0
3 3 3
1
is a zero of p(x).
3
(ii) We have, p(x) = 5x –
4 4 4
At x , p 5 4 0
5 5 5
4
is not a zero of p(x).
5
(iii) We have, p( x) x 2 1
At x = 1, p(1) = (1)2 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
also, at x = – 1, p(–1) = (–1)2 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
1, – 1 both are zeros of p(x).
(iv) We have, p(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2)
At x = – 1, p(–1) = (–1 + 1) (–1 –2) = 0 × (–3) = 0
also, at x = 2, p(2) = (2 + 1) (2 – 2) = 3 × 0 = 0
–1, 2 both are zeros of p(x).
(v) We have, p(x) = x2
At x = 0, p(0) = 02 = 0
0 is a zero of p(x).
(vi) We have, p(x) = lx + m
m m m
At, x , p l m m m 0
l l l
m
is a zero of p(x).
l
(vii) We have, p(x) = 3x2 – 1
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1 1 1 1
At, x , p 3 1 3 1 1 1 0
3 3 3
3
2
2 2 2 4
and at, x , p 3 1 3 1 4 1 3 0
3 3 3 3
1 2
is a zero of p(x), but is not a zero of p(x).
3 3
(viii) We have p(x) = 2x + 1
1 1 1
At x , p 2 1 1 1 2 0
2 2 2
1
is not a zero of p(x).
2
Example 3. Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases :
(i) p(x) = x + 5 (ii) p(x) = x – 5 (iii) p(x) = 2x + 5
(iv) p(x) = 3x – 2 (v) p(x) = 3x (vi) p(x) = ax ; a 0
(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c 0, c, d are real numbers. —NCERT
Solution. We know, finding a zero of p(x), is the same as solving the equation p(x) = 0.
(i) p(x) = 0 x + 5 = 0 x = – 5
–5 is a zero of p(x).
(ii) p(x) = 0 x – 5 = 0 x = 5
5 is a zero of p(x).
5
(iii) p(x) = 0 2x + 5 = 0 2x = – 5 x
2
5
is a zero of p(x).
2
2
(iv) p(x) = 0 3x – 2 = 0 3x = 2 x
3
2
is a zero of p(x).
3
(v) p(x) = 0 3x = 0 x = 0
0 is a zero of p(x).
(vi) p(x) = 0 ax = 0 x = 0 ( Given a 0)
0 is a zero of p(x).
d
(vii) p(x) = 0 cx + d = 0 cx = – d x
c
d
is a zero of p(x).
c
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Example 4. Using remainder theorem, find the remainder when p(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 + 9x – 8 is divided by (x – 3).
Solution. Remainder = p(3)
= 2(3)3 – 5(3)2 + 9 (3) – 8
= 54 – 45 + 27 – 8 = 81 – 53 = 28 Ans.
Example 5. Find the remainder when x 3 3x 2 3x 1 is divided by :
1
(i) x + 1 (ii) x (iii) x (iv) x + (v) 5 + 2x —NCERT
2
Solution. (i) x + 1 = 0 x = – 1
by remainder theorem, the required remainder is p (–1).
Now, p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
p(–1) = (–1)3 + 3(–1)2 + 3(–1) + 1
= –1 + 3 – 3 + 1 = 0
Remainder = 0
1 1
(ii) x 0x .
2 2
1
by remainder theorem, the required remainder is p .
2
3 2
1 1 1 1
Now, p 3 3 1
2 2 2 2
1 3 3 1 6 12 8 27
1
8 4 2 8 8
27
Remainder
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(iii) x = 0 by remainder theorem, the required remainder is p(0).
Now, p(0) = (0)3 + 3(0)2 + 3(0) + 1 = 1
Remainder = 1
(iv) x + = 0 x = –
by remainder theorem, the required remainder is p(–).
Now, p(–) = (–)3 + 3(–)2 + 3 (–) + 1
= –3 + 32 – 3 + 1
Remainder = –3 + 32 – 3 + 1.
5
(v) 5 + 2x = 0 2x = – 5 x =
2
5
By remainder theorem, the required remainder is p .
2
3 2
5 5 5 5
Now, p 3 3 1
2 2 2 2
125 75 15
1
8 4 2
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x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = 0
x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz. Hence shown.
Example 17. Give possible expressions for the length and breadth of each of the following rectangles, in which
their areas are given :
(i) Area : 25a2 – 35a + 12 (ii) 35y2 + 13y – 12 —NCERT
Solution. (i) Given, Area of rectangle = 25a2 – 35a + 12
= 25a2 – 15a – 20a + 12
= 5a (5a – 3) – 4 (5a – 3)
= (5a – 3) (5a – 4)
Possible length and breadth are (5a – 3) and (5a – 4) units.
(ii) Area of given rectangle = 35y2 + 13y – 12
= 35y2 + 28y – 15y – 12
= 7y (5y + 4) – 3 (5y + 4)
= (5y + 4) (7y – 3).
Possible length and breadth are (5y + 4) and (7y – 3) units.
Example 18. What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of the cuboid whose volumes are given
below:
(i) Volume : 3x2 – 12x (ii) Volume : 12ky2 + 8 ky – 20 k —NCERT
2
Solution. (i) Volume : 3x – 12x = 3x (x – 4) = 3 × x × (x – 4)
Possible dimensions of cuboid are 3, x and (x – 4) units.
(ii) Volume = 12ky2 + 8ky – 20k
= 4 k (3y2 + 2y – 5)
= 4k (3y2 – 3y + 5y – 5)
= 4k [3y (y – 1) + 5 (y – 1)]
= 4k (y – 1) (3y + 5)
Possible dimensions of a cuboid are 4k, (y – 1) and (3y + 5) units.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable?
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(i) 3x2 – x3 + 7x + 1 (ii) x (iii) 2 y2 7 y 2
x
(iv) y 3 / 2 y 2 1 (v) 2x4 – 7x3 + 3
2. Write degree of each the following polynomial:
(i) 7x4 – 9x3 + 2x + 4 (ii) 7 – y2 + y3 (iii) 5t 3 7t 2 1
(iv) 10 (v) 3x2 – 7x + 4
3. Classify each of the following as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial:
(i) 3x3 – 7x (ii) 4 y2 + 3y – 1 (iii) 7r
2 3
(iv) x 3x (v) y y
3 2
4. Find the value of p(x) = 5x – x + 3x + 4 at
(i) x = 0 (ii) x = 2 (iii) x = – 1
5. Find the value of p(0), p(2) and p(–3) where p(x) = x3 – x2 + x – 1.
6. Verify whether the following are zeros of the polynomial, indicated against them:
3
(i) p ( x ) 2 x 3; x (ii) p(x) = (x + 3) (x – 4) ; x = – 3, 4
2
(iii) p(x) = x2 + x – 6; x = 3, –2 (iv) p(x) = x – x3 ; x = 0, 1, –1
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2 5 2 5
(iii) (2x + 3) (3x – 2) (iv) t t
2 2
28. Evaluate the following products without multiplying directly:
(i) 87 × 93 (ii) 106 × 94
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PRACTICE TEST
MM : 30 Time : 1 hour
General Instructions :
Q. 1-4 carry 2 marks, Q. 5-8 carry 3 marks and Q. 9-10 carry 5 marks each.
1. Find the remainder when 3x3 – 8x2 + 9x – 10 is divided by x – 3.
2. Find the value of a for which x3 + ax2 – 3x + 14 is exactly divisible by x + 2.
3. Factorize : 64a3 – 27b3 – 144a2b + 108ab2
4. Evaluate : (103)3 , using suitable identity.
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33. (i) (2x + y – 3z) (2x + y – 3z) (ii) (4a – 3b) (4a – 3b) (4a – 3b) (iii) (x + 2y) (x + 2y) (x + 2y)
(iv) (2x + 5) (4x2 – 10x + 25) (v) (3a – 4b) (9a2 + 12ab + 16b2)
(vi) (3a + 2b + c) (9a2 + 4b2 + c2 – 6ab – 2bc – 3ac)
34. (i) –2016 (ii) 5016
38. (i) (1 + a + b) (1 – a – b) (ii) (x2 + x + 3) (x2 – x + 3) (iii) ( 5 x 2) (5 x 4 5 )
(iv) (x + 7y) (x + 7y) (v) (x – y) (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2) (x2 + xy + y2)
2 2 4 2 2 4
(vi) (x + y ) (x – x y + y )
39. (i) 3xyz (y – z) (z – x) (x – y) (ii) 3 (a – 4b) (4b – 3c) (3c – a)
x3 x2 y
6. (i) x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 4xy + 12yz – 6xz (ii) y3 xy 2
27 3
7. 4500 8. (x – 4y – 2z) (x2 + 16y2 + 4z2 + 4xy – 8yz + 2xz)
9. (x + 2) (2x + 5) (3x – 1)
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