Theory of Equations Part-1 Key Concepts

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Theory of Equations Part-1
1. Every nth degree equation has exactly n roots real or imaginary.
2. Relation between, roots and coefficients of an equation.
(i) If α , β , γ are the roots of x3 + p1 x 2 + p2 x + p3 = 0 the sum of the roots
s1 = α + β + γ = − p1.
Sum of the products of two roots taken at a time s2 = αβ + βγ + γα = − p2 .
Product of all the roots, s3 = αβγ = − p3 .
(ii) If α , β , γ , δ are the roots of x 4 + p1 x3 + p2 x 2 + p3 x + p4 = 0 then
Sum of the roots s1 = α + β + γ + δ = − p1.
s2 = αβ + αγ + αδ + β + βδ + γδ = p2 .
Sum of the products of roots taken three at a time
s3 = αβγ + βγδ + γδα + δαβ = − p3 .
Product of the roots, s4 = αβγδ = p4 .
3. For the equation x n + p1 x n −1 + p 2 x n−2 + . . . + p n = 0
i) ∑α2 = p12 – 2p2 ii) ∑α3 = − p13 + 3p1p 2 − 3p 3
iii) ∑α4 = p14 − 4p1

2
p 2 + 2p 2 2 + 4p1p3 − 4p 4 iv) ∑α2β = 3p3 – p1p2
v) ∑α2βγ = p1p 3 − 4p 4
Note: For the equation x 3 + p1x 2 + p 2 x + p 3 = 0 ∑α2β2 = p 2 2 − 2p1p 3
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4. To remove the second term from a nth degree equation, the roots must be diminished by
− a1
and the resultant equation will not contain the term with xn-1.
na 0
5. If α1 , α2 , .....αn are the roots of f(x) = 0, the equation
1 1 1 1
i) Whose roots are , .... is f   = 0 .
α1 α 2 α n x
x
ii) Whose roots are kα1 , kα2,...,kαn is f   = 0 .
k
iii) Whose roots are α1 − h, α 2 − h, ....α n − h is f(x+h) = 0.
iv) Whose roots are α1 + h, α2 + h, .....αn + h is f(x-h) = 0.
v) Whose roots are α12, α22.... αn2 is f ( y) = 0
6. In any equation with rational coefficients, irrational roots occur in conjugate pairs.
7 . In any equation with real coefficients, complex roots occur in conjugate pairs.
8. If α is r - multiple root of f(x) = 0, then α is a (r-1) - multiple root of f1(x)=0 and
(r-2) - Multiple root of f11(x) = 0 and non multiple root of f r-1(x) =0.
9. i) If f(x) = xn + p1xn-1 +.......+pn-1x + pn and f(a) and f(b) are of opposite sign, then at least
one real root of f(x) =0 lies between a and b.
10. (a) For a cubic equation, when the roots are
(i) In A.P., then they are taken as a − d , a , a + d
a
(ii) In G.P., then are taken as , a, ar
r
1 1 1
(iii) In H.P., then they are taken as , ,
a−d a a+d
11. (b) For a bi quadratic equation, if the roots are
(i) In A.P., then they are taken as a − 3d , a + d , a + 3d .
a a
(ii) In G.P., then they are taken as 3
, , ad , ad 3
d d
1 1 1 1
(iii) In H.P., then they are taken as , , , .
a − 3d a − d a + d a + 3d
1
12. (i) If an equation is unaltered by changing x into , then it is a reciprocal equation.
x
(ii) A reciprocal equation f ( x ) = p0 xn + p1 xn−1 + ......... + pn = 0 is said to be a reciprocal
equation of first class pi = pn −i for all i.
(iii) A reciprocal equation f ( x ) = p0 xn + p1 xn−1 + ....... + pn = 0 is said to be a reciprocal
equation of second class pi = pn −i for all i.
(iv) For an odd degree reciprocal equation of class one, −1 is a root and for an odd degree
reciprocal equation of class two, 1 is a root.
(v) For an even degree reciprocal equation of class two, 1 and −1 are roots.
13. If f ( x ) = 0 is an equation of degree ‘n’ then to eliminate rth term, f ( x ) = 0 can be
transformed to f ( x + h) = 0 where h is a constant such that f ( n− r +1) ( h ) = 0 i.e., ( n − r + 1)

th
derivative of f ( h ) is zero.
Very Short Answer Questions
1. Form polynomial equations of the lowest degree, with roots as given below.
(i) 1, − 1, 3
Equations having roots α , β , γ is ( x − α )( x − β )( x − γ ) = 0
Sol: Required equation is
( x −1)( x + 1)( x − 3) = 0
⇒ ( x 2 − 1) ( x − 3) = 0
⇒ x3 − 3x2 − x + 3 = 0
(ii) 1 ± 2i , 4, 2
In an equation imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
Sol: Equation having roots α , β , γ , δ is ( x − α )( x − β )( x − γ )( x − δ ) = 0
Required equation is
 x − (1 + 2i )   x − (1 − 2i )  ( x − 4 )( x − 2 ) = 0
 x − (1 + 2i )   x − (1 − 2i ) 
= ( x − 1) − 2i  ( x − 1) + 2i 
= ( x − 1) − 4i 2
2
= ( x − 1) + 4
2
= x2 − 2x + 1 + 4
= x2 − 2x + 5
( x − 4)( x − 2) = x2 − 4x − 2x + 8
= x2 − 6x + 8
Required equation is
(x 2
− 2 x + 5)( x 2 − 6 x + 8) = 0
⇒ x 4 − 2 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 6 x 3 + 12 x 2 − 30 x + 8 x 2 − 16 x + 40 = 0
⇒ x 4 − 8 x 3 + 25 x 2 − 46 x + 40 = 0
(iii) 2 ± 3,1 ± 2i
Sol: Required Equation is
( )
x − 2 + 3  x − 2 − 3 
   ( )
 x − (1 + 2i )   x − (1 − 2i )  = 0 ....... (1)
( )
x − 2 + 3  x − 2 − 3 
   ( )
= ( x − 2 ) − 3  ( x − 2 ) + 3 
= ( x − 2) − 3
2
= x2 − 4x + 4 − 3
= x2 − 4x + 1
 x − (1 + 2i )   x − (1 − 2i ) 
= ( x − 1) − 2i  ( x − 1) + 2i 
= ( x − 1) − 4i 2
2
= ( x2 − 2 x + 1 + 4)
= x2 − 2x + 5
Substituting in (1), required equation is
(x 2
− 4 x + 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 5) = 0
⇒ x 4 − 4 x 3 + x 2 − 2 x 3 + 8 x 2 − 2 x + 5 x 2 − 20 x + 5 = 0
⇒ x 4 − 6 x 3 + 14 x 2 − 22 x + 5 = 0
(iv) 0, 0, 2, 2, −2, −2
( x − 0)( x − 0)( x − 2)( x − 2) = 0
⇒ x2 ( x + 2 )( x + 2) = 0
⇒ x2 ( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 ) = 0
2 2
⇒ x2 ( x2 − 4) = 0
2
⇒ x 2 ( x 4 − 8 x 2 + 16 ) = 0
⇒ x 6 − 8 x 4 + 16 x 2 = 0
(v) 1 ± 3, 2, 5
 (  ) (
 )
 x − 1 + 3   x − 1 − 3  ( x − 2)( x − 5)  = 0
 − − − − (1)
 (  ) (
  )
 x − 1 + 3   x − 1 − 3  = ( x − 1) − 3  ( x − 1) + 3 
 
= ( x − 1) − 3 = x 2 − 2 x + 1 − 3
2
= x2 − 2x − 2
( x − 2)( x − 5) = x2 − 2 x − 5x + 10
= x 2 − 7 x + 10
Substituting in (i) required equation is
(x 2
− 2 x − 2 )( x 2 − 7 x + 10 ) = 0
⇒ x 4 − 2 x 3 − 7 x 3 + 14 x 2 + 14 x + 10 x 2 − 20 x − 20 = 0
⇒ x 4 − 9 x 3 + 22 x 2 − 6 x − 20 = 0
3 5
(vi) 0,1, − , −
2 2
 3  5
x ( x − 1)  x +  x +  = 0 ......... (1)
 2  2
x ( x − 1) = x2 − x
 3  5 3 5 15
 x +  x +  = x + x + x +
2
 2  2 2 2 4
15
= x2 + 4x +
4
Substituting in (i), required equation is
 15 
⇒ ( x2 − x )  x2 + 4 x +  = 0
 4
15 2 15 x
⇒ x 4 − x3 + 4 x3 − 4 x 2 + x − =0
4 4
1 15
⇒ x 4 + 3x 3 − x 2 − x = 0
4 4
Or ⇒ 4 x 4 + 12 x 3 − x 2 − 15 x = 0
2. If α , β , γ are the roots of 4 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 7 x + 3 = 0, then find the value of αβ + βγ + γα .
Sol: α , β , γ are the roots of 4 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 7 x + 3 = 0
a1 6
α + β +γ = − =
a0 4
a2 7
αβ + βγ + γα = =
a0 4
a3 3
αβγ = − =−
a0 4
7
∴αβ + βγ + γα =
4
3. If 1,1, α are the roots of x3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x − 4 = 0, then find α
Sol: 1,1, α are roots of x 3 − 6 x 2 − 9 x − 4 = 0
Sum = 1 +1 + α = 6
α = 6−2 = 4
4. If − 1, 2 and α are the roots of 2 x3 + x 2 − 7 x − 6 = 0, then find α
Sol: − 1, 2, α are roots of 2 x 3 + x 2 − 7 x − 6 = 0
1
Sum = −1 + 2 + α = −
2
1 3
α = − −1 = −
2 2
5. If 1, − 2 and 3 are roots of x3 − 2 x 2 + ax + 6 = 0, then find a.
Sol: 1, − 2 and 3 are roots of
x 3 − 2 x 2 + ax + 6 = 0
⇒ 1( −2) + ( −2) 3 + 3.1 = a
i.e., a = −2 − 6 + 3 = −5
6). If the product of the roots of 4 x 3 + 16 x 2 − 9 x − a = 0 is 9, then find a.
Sol: α , β , γ are the roots of 4 x 3 + 16 x 2 − 9 x − a = 0
a
αβγ = = 9 ⇒ a = 36
4
7. Find the values of S1 , S 2 , S3 and S 4 for each of the following equations.
(i) x 4 − 16 x 3 + 86 x 2 − 176 x + 105 = 0
Sol: Given equation is
x 4 − 16 x 3 + 86 x 2 − 176 x + 105 = 0
a1 16
We know that s1 = − = = 16
a0 1
a2 86
s2 = = = 86
a0 1
a3 176
s3 = − = = 176
a0 1
a4 105
s4 = = = 105
a0 1
(ii) 8 x 4 − 2 x 3 − 27 x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 0
Sol: Equation is 8 x 4 − 2 x 3 − 27 x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 0
a1 2 1
s1 = − = =
a0 8 4
a2 27
s2 = =
a0 8
a3 6 3
s3 = − =− =−
a0 8 4
a4 9
s4 = =
a0 8
8. Solve x3 − 3x 2 − 16 x + 48 = 0, given that the sum of two roots is zero.
Sol: Let α , β , γ are the roots of
x 3 − 3 x 2 − 16 x + 48 = 0
α + β +γ = 3
Given α + β = 0 (∵ Sum of two roots is zero)
∴γ = 3
i.e. x − 3 is a factor of
x 3 − 3 x 2 − 16 x + 48 = 0
3 1 -3 -16 48
- 3 0 -48
1 0 -16 0
x 2 − 16 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = 16
⇒ x = ±4
∴ The roots are − 4, 4, 3
9. Find the condition that x3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0 may have the sum of its roots zero.
Sol: Let α , β , γ be the roots of x3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0
α + β +γ = p (1)
αβ + βα + γα = q ( 2)
αβγ ( 3)
Given α + β = 0
(∵ Sum of two roots is zero)
From (1), γ = p
∵γ is a root of x3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0
γ 3 − pγ 2 + qγ − r = 0
But γ = p
⇒ p3 − p ( p 2 ) + q ( p ) − r = 0
⇒ p 3 − p 3 + qp − r = 0
∴qp = r is the required condition.
10. Given that the roots of x3 + 3 px 2 + 3 px + r = 0 are in
(i) A.P., show that 2 p 2 − 3qp + r = 0
(ii) G.P., show that p3r = q3
(iii) H.P., show that 2q3 = r ( 3 pq − r )
Sol: Given equation is x3 + 3 px 2 + 3 px + r = 0
(i) The roots are in A.P.
Suppose a − d , a , a + d = − 3 p
3a = −3 p ⇒ a = − p (1)
∵ ' a ' x + 3 px + 3qx + r = 0

3 2
⇒ a 3 + 3 pa 2 + 3qa + r = 0
But a = − p
⇒ − p3 + 3 p ( − p ) + 3q ( − p ) + r = 0
2
⇒ 2 p 3 − 3 pq + r = 0 is the required condition
(ii) The roots are in G.P.
a
Suppose the roots be , a, aR
R
a
Given   ( a )( aR ) = −r
R
⇒ a3 = −r
⇒ a = ( −r )
1/ 3
∵ ’a’ is a root of x3 + 3 px 2 + 3qx + r = 0
⇒ ( − r1/ 3 ) + 3 p ( −r 1/ 3 ) + 3q ( −r 1/ 3 ) + r = 0
3 2
⇒ − r + 3 pr 2 / 3 − 3qr 1/ 3 + r = 0
pr 2 / 3 = qr1/ 3
⇒ pr 1/ 3 = q
⇒ p 3 r = q is the required condition
(iii) The roots of x3 + 3 px2 + 3qx + r = 0 (1) are in H.P.
1 1 3 p 3q
Let y = so that 3 + 2 + + r = 0 ( 2 ) are in A.P.
x y y y
Suppose a − d , a , a + d be the roots of (2)
3q
Sum = a − d , a, a + d = −
r
3q
3a = −
r
q
a=− (1)
r
∵ ‘a’ is root of ry 3 + 3qy 2 + 3 py + 1 = 0
⇒ ra 3 + 3qa 2 + 3 pa + 1 = 0
q
But a = −
r
3 2
 q  q  q
⇒ r  −  + 3q  −  + 3 p  −  + 1 = 0
 r  r  r
− q 3 3q 3 3 pq
+ 2 − +1 = 0
r2 r r
⇒ − q 3 + 3q 3 − 3 pqr + r 2 = 0
⇒ 2q3 = r ( 3 pq − r ) is the required condition.
11. Find the condition that x3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0 may have the roots in G.P.
a
Sol: Let , a, aR be the roots of x3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0
R
Then product of the roots
a
= , a, aR = a 3 = r
R
⇒ a = r 1/ 3
∵ a is a root of x3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0
⇒ a 3 − pa 2 + qa − r = 0
But a = r 1/ 3
⇒ ( r1/ 3 ) − pa 2 + qa − r = 0
3
But a = r 1/ 3
⇒ ( r 1/ 3 ) − p ( r1/ 3 ) + q ( r1/ 3 ) − r = 0
3 2
⇒ r − p. r 2 / 3 + q.r 1/ 3 − r = 0
⇒ p.r 2 / 3 = q r1/ 3
By cubing on both sides
⇒ p 3 r 2 = q 3r
⇒ p 3 r = q 3 is the required condition
12. Form the polynomial equation whose roots are
(i) 2 + 3i , 2 − 3i, 1 + i, 1 − i
Sol: The required equation is
 x − ( 2 − 3i )   x − ( 2 − 3i ) 
 x −(1 + i )   x − (1 − i )  = 0
⇒ ( x− 2) − 9i 2  ( x − 1) − i 2  = 0
2 2
  
( )(
⇒ x2 − 4 x + 4 − 9 x2 − 2 x + 1 + 1 = 0 )
( )(
⇒ x 2 − 4 x + 13 x 2 − 2 x + 2 = 0 )
⇒ x3 − 4 x3 + 13 x 2 − 2 x 3 + 8 x 2 − 26 x + 2 x 2 − 8 x + 26 = 0
⇒ x 4 − 6 x3 + 23 x 2 − 34 x + 26 = 0
(ii) 3, 2, 1 + i, 1 – i
( x − 3)( x − 2)  x − (1 + i )   x − (1 − i )  = 0
( )
⇒ x 2 − 5 x + 6 ( x − 1) − i  ( x − 1) + i  = 0
(  )
⇒ x2 − 5x + 6 ( x − 1) − i 2  = 0
2
( )(
⇒ x2− 5x + 6 x2 − 2 x + 1 + 1 = 0 )
(
⇒ x2 − 5x + 6 )(x 2
)
− 2x + 2 = 0
⇒ x 4 − 5 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 2 x3 + 10 x 2 − 12 x + 2 x 2 − 10 x + 12 = 0
⇒ x 4 − 7 x3 + 18 x 2 − 22 x + 12 = 0
(iii) 1 + i , 1 − i, − 1 + i, − 1 − i
Sol: Required equation is  x − (1 + i )  x − (1 − i ) 
 x − ( −1 + i )   x − ( −1 − i )  = 0
⇒ ( x − 1) − i  ( x − 1) + i 
( x + 1) − i  ( x + 1) + I  = 0
⇒ ( x − 1) − i 2  ( x + 1) − i 2  = 0
2 2
  
( )(
⇒ x2 − 2 x + 1 + 1 x2 + 2 x + 1 + 1 = 0 )
( )(
⇒ x2 − 2 x + 2 x2 + 2 x + 2 = 0 )
⇒ x 4 − 2 x 3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 4 x + 2 x 2 − 4 x + 4 = 0
⇒ x4 + 4 = 0
(iv) 1 + i , 1 − i, 1 + i , 1 − i
Sol: Required equation is  x − (1 + i )  x − (1 − i ) 
 x − (1 + i )   x − (1 − i )  = 0
⇒ ( x − 1) − i  ( x − 1) + i  = 0
2 2
⇒ ( x − 1) − i 2  = 0
2
 
( )
2
⇒ x2 − 2 x + 1 + =0
⇒ x4 + 4 x2 + 4 − 4 x3 + 4 x2 − 8 x = 0
⇒ x4 − 4 x3 + 8 x2 − 8x + 4 = 0
14. Form the polynomial equation with rational coefficients whose roots are
(i) 4 3, 5 + 2i
Sol: For the polynomial equation with rational coefficients. The roots are conjugate surds and
conjugate complex numbers
(i) 4 3, 5 + 2i
Let α = 4 3 then β = − 4 3 , and
γ + 5 + 2i then δ = 5 − 2i
α , β , γ , δ are the roots
α + β = 0, αβ = − 48
γ + δ = 10, γδ = 25 + 4 = 29
The required equations is,
 x 2 − (α + β ) x + αβ   x 2 = ( γ + δ ) x + γδ  = 0
( )(
⇒ x 2 − 48 x 2 − 10 x + 29 = 0 )
⇒ x 4 − 10 x 3 + 29 x 2 − 48 x 2 + 480 x − 132 = 0
i.e., x 4 − 10 x3 − 19 x 2 + 480 x − 1932 = 0
(ii) 1 + 5i , 5 − i
conjugate complex numbers.
Let α = 1 + 5i then β = 1 = 5i ,
And γ = 5 + i then δ = 5 − i ,
α + β = 2, αβ = 26
γ + δ = 10, γδ = 26
The required equation is
 x 2 − (α + β ) x + αβ   x 2 − ( γ + δ ) x + γδ  = 0
( )(
⇒ x 2 − 2 x + 26 x 2 − 10 x + 26 = 0 )
⇒ x 4 − 12 x3 + 72 x 2 − 312 x + 676 = 0
(iii) i− 5
conjugate complex numbers.
Let α = i − 5, β = i + 5
γ = i − 5, δ = − i + 5 are the roots
α + β = 2i, αβ = − 6
γ + δ = − 2i , γδ = − 6
 x 2 − (α + β ) x + αβ   x 2 − ( γ + δ ) x + γδ  = 0
( )(
⇒ x 2 − 2ix − 6 x 2 + 2ix − 6 = 0 )
( ) ( )
⇒  x 2 − 6 − 2ix   x 2 − 6 + 2ix  = 0
( )
2
⇒ x2 − 6 + 4 x2 = 0
⇒ x 4 + 36 − 12 x 2 + 4 x 2 = 0
⇒ x 4 − 8 x 2 + 36 = 0
(iv) − 3+i 2
Sol: Let α = − 3 + i 2, β = − 3 − i 2
γ = 3 − i 2, δ = 3 + i 2
( ) ( )
2 2
α + β = − 2 3, αβ = − 3 − i 2
= 3 = i 2 ( 2) = 5
γ + δ = 2 3, γδ = 5
( x − (α + β ) x + αβ ) ( x − (γ + δ ) x + γδ ) = 0
2 2
(
⇒ x2 + 2 3x + 5 ) (x 2
− 2 3x + 5 = 0 )
( ) ( )
2 2
⇒ x2 + 5 − 2 3x =0
⇒ x 4 + 25 + 10 x 2 − 12 x 2 = 0
⇒ x 4 − 2 x 2 + 25 = 0
15. Find the algebraic equation whose roots are 3 times the roots of x3 + 2 x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0
Sol: Given equation is f ( x ) = x3 + 2 x2 − 4 x + 1 = 0
We require an equation whose roots are 3 times the roots of f ( x ) = 0
 x
i.e., Required equation is f   = 0
3
3 2
 x x 4x
  + 2  − +1= 0
3 3 3
x3 2 2 4
+ x − x +1= 0
27 9 3
Multiplying with 27, required equation is x3— 36x+27=0
16. Find the algebraic equation whose roots are 2 times the roots of
x5 − 2 x 4 + 3x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 = 0
f ( x ) = x 5 − 2 x 4 + 3x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 = 0
We require an equation whose roots are 2 times the roots of f ( x ) = 0
 x
Required equation is f   = 0
2
5 4 2
x  x x  x x
⇒   − 2  + 3  − 2  + 4  + 3 = 0
2 2 2 2 2
x5 x4 x3 x2 x
⇒ − 2 + 3. − 2. + 4. + 3 = 0
32 16 8 4 2
Multiplying with 32, required equation is
⇒ x 2 − 4 x 4 + 12 x3 − 16 x 2 + 64 x + 96 = 0
17. Find the transformed equation whose roots are the negative of the roots of
x 4 + 5 x3 + 11x + 3 = 0
Sol: Given f ( x ) = x4 + 5x3 + 11x + 3 = 0
We want an equation whose roots are
−α1 , − α 2 , − α 3 , − α 4
Required equation f ( − x ) = 0
⇒ ( − x ) + 5 ( − x ) + 11( − x ) + 3 = 0
4 3
⇒ x 4 − 5 x 3 − 11x + 3 = 0
18. Find the transformed equation whose roots are the negative of the roots of
x 7 + 3x5 + x3 − x 2 + 7 x + 2 = 0
Sol: Given f ( x ) = x7 + 3x5 + x3 − x2 + 7 x + 2 = 0
We want an equation whose roots are
−α1 , − α 2 ,....... − α n
Required equation is f ( − x ) = 0
( −x) + 3( − x ) + ( −x ) − ( − x ) + 7 ( −x ) + 2 = 0
7 5 3 2
⇒ − x 7 + − 3x3 − x 2 − 7 x + 2 = 0
⇒ x 7 + 3x5 + x3 + x 2 + 7 x − 2 = 0
19. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of
x 4 − 3x 3 + 7 x 2 + 5 x − 2 = 0
Sol: Given equation is f ( x )
x5 + 11x 4 + x3 + 4 x 2 − 13 x + 6 + 0
1
Required equation is f   = 0
 x
1 11 1 4 13
5
+ 4 + 3 + 2 − +6=0
x x x x x
Multiplying by x 5
⇒ 1 + 11x + x 2 + 4 x 3 − 13 x 4 + 6 x 5 = 0
i.e., 6 x 5 − 13x 4 + 4 x3 + x 2 + 11x + 1 = 0
20. Form the polynomial equation of degree 3 whose roots are 2, 3 and 6.
Sol: The required polynomial equation is
( x − )( x − 3) ( x − 6) = 0
⇒ x 3 − 11x 2 + 36 x − 36 = 0
21. Find the relation between the roots and the coefficient of the cubic equation
3 x 2 − 10 x 2 + 7 x + 10 = 0
Sol; 3 x3 − 10 x 2 + 7 x + 10 = 0 --------- (1)
On comparing (1) with
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0
We have
−b − ( −10 ) 10
∑α= a
=
3
=
3
c 7
∑ αβ = =
a 3
−d −10
And αβγ = =
a 3
22. Write down the relations between the roots and the coefficients of the bi-quadratic
equation x 4 − 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 6 x − 21 = 0
x 4 − 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 6 x − 21 = 0 -------- (1)
On comparing (1) with
ax 3 + bx3 + cx 2 + dx + c = 0
We have
a = 1, b = − 2, c = 4,d = 6, e = − 21
−b − ( −2 )
∑ α= a
=
1
=2
c 4
∑ αβ = = =4
a 1
−d
∑ αβγ =
a
= −6
e
And αβγδ = = − 21
a
23. If 1, 2, 3 and 4 are the roots of x 4 + ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 , then find the values of
a , b, c and d
Sol: Given that the roots of the given equation are 1, 2, 3 and 4 then
x 4 + ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
= ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)( x − 4) = 0
(
= x 4 − 10 x3 + 35 x 2 − 50 x + 24 = 0 )
On equating the coefficients of like of powers of x, we obtain
a = − 10, b = 35, c = − 50, d = 24
1 1 1
24. If a, b, c are the roots of x 3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0 and r ≠ 0 , then find 2
+ 2+ 2
a b c
Sol: Given that a, b, c are the roots of
x 3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0 , then
a + b + c = p , ab + bc + ca = q , abc = r
1 1 1 b 2 c 2 + a 2 c 2 + a 2b 2
Now + + =
a2 b2 c2 a 2b 2c 2
( ab + bc + ca ) − 2abc ( a + b + c )
2
= 2 2 2
abc
q 2 − 2 pr
=
r2
25. If α , β , γ are roots of the equations x3 − 10 x 2 + 6 x − 8 = 0 find α 2 + β 2 + γ 2
Sol: Given α , β , γ are the roots of the equation x3 − 10 x 2 + 6 x − 8 = 0
α + β + γ = 10, αβ + βγ + γα = 6, αβγ = 8
Now α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 = (α + β + γ ) = − 2 (αβ + βγ + γα )
2
= 100 − 12
∴α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 = 88
26. Find the sum of the squares and the sum of the cubes of the roots of the equation
x 3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0
Sol: Let α , β , γ be the roots of the given equation then α + β + γ = p , αβ + βγ + γα = q , αβγ = r
Sum of the squares of the roots is α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 = (α + β + γ ) − 2 (αβ + βγ + γα ) = p 2 − 2q

2
Sum of the cubes of the roots is

α 3+ β 3 + γ 3 = (α + β + γ ) (α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 − αβ − βγ − γα ) + 3αβγ
(
= p p 2 − 2q − q + 3r )
(
= p p 2 − 3q + 3r )
27. Obtain the cubic equation, whose roots are the squares of the roots of the equations,
x3 + p1 x 2 + p2 x + p3 = 0
Sol: The required equation is f ( x )=0
( x) ( x) ( x) + p
3 2
⇒ + p1 + p2 3 =0
⇒ x x + p1 x + p2 ( x) + p 3 =0
⇒ x ( x + p2 ) = − ( p1 x + p3 )
Squaring on both sides
⇒ x ( x + p2 ) = ( p1 x + p3 )
2 2
( )
⇒ x x 2 + p22 + 2 p2 x = p12 x 2 + p3 + 2 p1 p3 x
2
⇒ x3 + p2 x + 2 p2 x2 − p1 x2 − p3 − 2 p1 p3 x = 0
2 2 2
( ) (
∴ x 2 + 2 p2 − p12 x 2 + p22 − 2 p1 p3 x − p32 = 0 )
28. Let α , β , γ be the roots of x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0 . Then find the following, α + β + γ = − p ,

αβ + βγ + γα = q , αβγ = − r
(i) ∑α 2
Sol: ∑α 2
=α2 + β2 + γ 2
= (α + β + γ ) − 2 (αβ + βγ + γα )
2
= p 2 − 2q
1
(ii) ∑ α
1 1 1 βγ + γα + αβ −q
Sol: + + = =
α β γ αβγ r
(iii) ∑α 3
Sol: ∑α 3
=α3 + β3 + γ 3
(
= (α + β + γ ) α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 − αβ − γα + 3αβ )
(
= ( − p ) p 2 − 2q − q − 3r )
(
= − p p 2 − 3q − 3r )
∴ ∑ α 3 = − p3 + 3 pq − 3r = 3 pq − p3 − 3r
(iv) ∑ β 2γ 2
Sol: ∑βγ 2 2
= β 2γ 2 + γ 2α 2 + α 2 β 2
= ( βγ + γα + αβ ) − 2αβγ (α + β + γ )
2
= q 2 − 2 ( −r ) ( − p )
= q 2 − 2 pr
(v) (α + β ) ( β + γ )(γ + α )
Sol: We know α + β + γ = − p
⇒γ +α = − p − β
∴(α + β )( β + γ ) ( γ + α )
= ( − p − γ ) ( − p − α ) ( − p, − β )
= − p3 − p 2 (α + β + γ ) − p (αβ + βγ + γα ) − αβγ
= − p 3 + p 3 − pq + r = r − pq
29. Let α , β , γ be the roots of x3 + ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then find ∑αβγ

2 2 2
+ ∑ αβ 2
Sol: Since α , β , γ are roots of the given equation, we have
α + β + γ = − a , αβ + βγ + γα = b , αβγ = − c
Now ∑ α β + ∑ αβ = ∑ αβ (α + β )
2 2
= ∑ αβ ( −a − γ )
= − a∑ αβ − ∑ αβγ
= − a (αβ + βγ + γα ) − 3αβγ
= − a ( + b ) + 3c
= 3c − ab
∴ ∑ α 2 β + ∑ αβ 2 = 3c − ab
30. Form the polynomial equation of degree 4 whose roots we 4 + 3, 4 − 3, 2 + i and 2 − i
Sol: The equation having roots 4 + 3, 4 − 3 is
x 2 − 8 x + 13 = 0
The equation having roots 2 + i , 2 − i is
x2 − 4 x + 5 = 0
(x 2
)( )
− 8 x + 13 x 2 − 4 x + 5 = 0
∴ x 4 − 12 x 3 + 50 x 2 − 92 x + 65 = 0
Short Answer Questions
1. If α , β and 1 are the roots of x3 − 2 x 2 − 5 x + 6 = 0, then find α and β
Sol: α , β and 1 are the roots of
x3 − 2 x 2 − 5 x + 6 = 0
Sum α + β + 1 = 2 ⇒ α + β = 1
Product = αβ = − 6
(α − β ) = (α + β ) − 4αβ
2 2
= 1 + 24 = 25
α −β =5
α + β =1
Adding 2α = 6 ⇒ α = 3
α + β = 1 ⇒ β = 1 − α = 1 − 3 = −2
∴ α = 3 and β = −2
2. If α , β and γ are the roots of x3 − 2 x 2 + 3 x − 4 = 0, then find
(i) ∑α 2
β2 (ii) ∑α β + ∑αβ
2 2
Sol: Since α , β , γ are the roots of
x 3 − 2 x 2 + 3 x − 4 = 0 then α + β + γ = 2
αβ + βγ + γα = 3
αβγ = 4
(i) ∑α β2 2
= α 2 β 2 + β 2γ 2 + γ 2α 2
= (αβ + βγ + γα ) − 2αβγ (α + β + γ )
2
= 9 − 2.2.4 = 9 −16 = −7
(ii) ∑α β = α β + β γ + γ α + αβ
2 2 2 2 2
+ βγ 2 + γα 2
= (αβ + βγ + γα )(α + β + γ ) − 3αβγ
2.3 − 3.4 = 6 −12 = −6.
3. If α , β and γ are the roots of x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0, then find the following.
Sol: α , β and γ are the roots of x3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0.
α + β + γ = − p.
αβ + βγ + γα = q
αβγ = − r
1
(i) ∑α 2
β2
1 1 1 1
Sol: ∑α 2
β 2
=
α β
2 2
+
β γ 2 2
+
γ α2
2
α2 + β2 + γ 2
α2 + β2 + γ 2
(α + β + γ ) − 2 (αβ + βγ + γα )
2
=
(αβγ )
2
( − p ) − 2q =
2
p 2 − 2q
=
( −r )
2
r2
β 2 +γ 2 γ 2 +α2 α 2 + β 2 β2 +γ 2
(ii)
βγ
+
γα
+
αβ
or ∑ βγ
β 2 +γ 2 β 2 +γ 2 γ 2 +α2 α 2 + β 2
Sol: ∑ βγ
=
βγ
+
γα
+
αβ
αβ 2 + αγ 2 + γ 2 β + α 2 β + α 2γ + β 2γ
=
αβγ
=
(αβ + βγ + γα )(α + β + γ ) − 3αβγ
αβγ
− pq + 3r pq − 3r
= =
−r r
(iii) ( β + γ − 3α )( γ + α − 3β )(α + β − 3γ )
Sol: ( β + γ − 3α )( γ + α − 3β )(α + β − 3γ )
= (α + β + γ − 4α )(α + β + γ − 4β )(α + β + γ − 4γ )
= ( − p − 4α )( − p − 4β )( − p − 4γ )
= − ( p + 4α )( p + 4β )( p + 4γ )
= − ( p3 + 4 p 2 ) (α + β + γ ) + 16 p (αβ + βγ + γα ) + ( 64αβγ )
= − ( p3 − 4 p3 + 16 pq − 64r )
= 3 p 3 − 16 pq + 64r
(iv) ∑α β
3 3
Sol: ∑α β 3 3
= α 3 β 3 + β 3γ 3 + γ 3α 3
(αβ + βγ + γα ) = α 2 β 2 + β 2γ 2 + γ 2α 2 + 2αβγ (α + β + γ )
2
q 2 = α 2 β 2 + β 2γ 2 + γ 2α 2 + 2 pr
α 2 β 2 + β 2γ 2 + γ 2α 2 = q 2 − 2 pr
∴α 3 β 3 + β 3γ 3 + γ 3α 3 = (α 2 β 2 + β 2γ 2 + γ 2α 2 ) (αβ + βγ + γα ) − αβγ ∑ α 2 β
= ( q 2 − 2 pr ) .q + r (αβ + βγ + γα )(α + β + γ ) − 3αβγ 
= q3 − 2 pqr + r ( − pq + 3r )
= q 3 − 2 pqr − pqr + 3r 2 = q 3 − 3 pqr + 3r 2
4. Solve 9 x 3 − 15 x 2 + 7 x − 1 = 0, given that two of its roots are equal.
Sol: Suppose α , β , γ are the roots of
9 x 3 − 15 x 2 + 7 x − 1 = 0
15 5
α + β +γ = =
9 3
7
αβ + βγ + γα =
9
1
αβγ =
9
Given α = β (∵ two its roots are equal)
5 5
2α + γ = ⇒ γ = − 2α
3 3
7
α 2 + 2αγ =
9
5  7
⇒ α 2 + 2α  − 2α  =
3  9
2α ( 5 − 6α ) 7
⇒α2 + =
3 9
⇒ 9α 2 + 6α ( 5 − 6α ) = 7
9α 2 + 30α − 36α 2 = 7
⇒ 27α 2 − 30α + 7 = 0
⇒ ( 3α −1)( 9α − 7 ) = 0
1 7
⇒α = or
3 9
1
Case (i) α =
3
5 5 2
γ = − 2α = − = 1
3 3 3
1 1
The roots are , ,1
3 3
7
Case (ii) α =
9
5 5 14 1
γ = − 2α = − =
3 3 9 9
7 7 1 1
αβγ = . . ≠ ⇒ Does not satisfy the given equation.
9 9 9 9
1 1
The roots are , ,1
3 3
5.Given that one root of 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 8 x + 3 = 0 is double of another root, find the roots of the
equation.
Sol: Suppose α , β , γ are the roots of 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 8 x + 3 = 0
3
α + β +γ = − (1)
2
αβ + βγ + γα = −4 (1)
3
αβγ = −
2
Given α = 2 β (∵ one root is double the other substituting in (1)
3 3
3β + γ = − ⇒ γ = − − 3β ( 4)
2 2
Substituting in (2)
αβ + γ (α + β ) = −4
⇒ 2 β 2 + 3βγ = −4
 3 
⇒ 2β 2 + 3β  − − 3β  = −4
 2 
3β ( 3 + 6 β )
⇒ 2β 2 − = −4
2
⇒ 4 β 2 − 9 β − 18β 2 = −8
⇒ 14 β 2 + 9 β − 8 = 0
⇒ ( 2β −1)( 7β + 8) = 0
⇒ 2 β − 1 = 0 or 7 β + 8 = 0
1 8
⇒β = or β = −
2 7
1
Case (i) β =
2
1
α = 2β = 2 × = 1
2
3 3 3
γ = − − 3β = − − = −3
2 2 2
1 3
αβγ = 1  ( −3) = −   is satisfied
2 2
1
The roots are 1, , − 3
2
8
Case (ii) β = −
7
16
α = 2β = −
7
3 3 48 75
γ = − − 3β = − + =
2 2 7 14
3
αβγ = − is not satisfied.
2
1
∴ The roots are ,1 and −3
2
6. Solve x 3 − 9 x 2 + 14 x + 24 = 0 given that two of the roots are in the ratio 3: 2.
Sol: Suppose α , β , γ are the roots of x 3 − 9 x 2 + 14 x + 24 = 0
∴α + β + γ = 9 (1)
∴αβ + βγ + γα = 14 (1)
αβγ = −24 (1)
∵ two roots are in the ratio 3: 2
2α
Let α : β = 3 : 2 ⇒ β =
3
Substituting in (1)
5α 5α
+γ = 9 ⇒γ = 9− ( 4)
3 3
Substituting in (2)
2
⇒ α 2 + γ (α + β ) = 14
3
2  5α  5α
⇒ α 2 + 9 − . = 14
3  3  3
 5α 
⇒ 2α 2 + 5α  9 −  = 42
 3 
⇒ 6α 2 + 135α − 25α 2 = 126
⇒ 19α 2 − 135α + 126 = 0
⇒ 19α 2 − 114α − 21α + 126 = 0
⇒ 19α (α − 6 ) − 21(α − 6 ) = 0
⇒ (19α − 21)(α − 6) = 0
⇒ 19α − 21 = 0 or α − 6 = 0
21
α= or α = 6
19
Case (i) α = 6
2α 2
β= = .6 = 4
3 3
5α 5
γ = 9− = 9 − .6 = 9 − 10 = −1
3 3
α = 6, β = 4, γ = − 1 Satisfy αβγ = −24
∴ The roots are 6, 4, − 1
21
Case (ii) α =
19
2 21 14
β= × =
3 19 19
5α 5 21
γ = 9− = 9− .
3 3 19
35 171 − 35 136
= 9− = =
19 19 19
These values do not satisfy αβγ = −24
∴ The roots are 6, 4, − 1
7. Solve the following equations, given that the roots of each are in A.P.
(i) 8 x 3 − 36 x 2 − 18 x + 81 = 0
Sol: Given the roots of 8 x 3 − 36 x 2 − 18 x + 81 = 0 are in A.P.
Let the roots be a − d , a , a + d
Sum of the roots = a − d , a , a + d
36 9
= =
8 2
9 3
i.e.,3a = ⇒a=
2 2
 3
∴ x −  is a factor of 8 x 3 − 36 x 2 − 14 x + 81 = 0
 2
3/2 8 -36 -18 81

- 12 -36 -81
8 -24 -54 0
⇒ 8 x 2 − 24 x − 54 = 0
⇒ 4 x 2 − 12 x − 27 = 0
⇒ 4 x 2 − 18 x + 6 x − 27 = 0
⇒ 2 x ( 2 x − 9) + 3 ( 2 x − 9) = 0
⇒ ( 2 x + 3)( 2 x − 9 ) = 0
3 9
⇒x=− ,
2 2
3 3 9
The roots are − , ,
2 2 2
(ii) x 3 − 3 x 2 − 6 x + 8 = 0
Sol: The roots of x 3 − 3 x 2 − 6 x + 8 = 0 are in A.P.
Suppose a − d , a , a + d be the roots
Sum = a − d + a + a + d = 3
3a = 3
⇒ a =1
∴( x − 1) is a factor of x 3 − 3 x 2 − 6 x + 8 = 0
1 1 -3 -6 8
- 1 -2 -8
1 -2 -8 0
⇒ x2 − 2x − 8 = 0
⇒ x2 − 4x + 2x − 8 = 0
⇒ x ( x − 4 ) + 2 ( x − 4) = 0
⇒ ( x − 4 )( x + 2) = 0.
⇒ x = 4, − 2
∴ The roots are −2,1, 4.
8. Solve the following equations, given that the roots each are in G.P.
(i) 3 x 2 − 26 x 2 + 52 x − 24 = 0
Sol: Given equation is 3 x 3 − 26 x 2 + 52 x − 24 = 0
The roots are in G.P.
a
Suppose , a, ar are the roots
r
a
Product = .a.ar are the roots.
r
a  24 
Product .a.ar =  − 
r  3 
a3 = 8 ⇒ a = 2
∴( x − 2 ) is a factor of 3 x 3 − 26 x 2 + 52 x − 24
2 3 -26 52 -24
0 6 -40 -24
3 -20 12 0
H int : 3 ×12
= 3× 6 × 2
= (18 )( −2 )
⇒ 3 x 2 − 20 x + 12 = 0
⇒ 3 x 2 − 18 x − 2 x + 12 = 0
⇒ 3x ( x − 6) − 2 ( x − 6) = 0
⇒ ( 3x − 2 )( x − 6 ) = 0
2
⇒ x = ,6
3
2
∴ The roots are , 2, 6.
3
(ii) 54 x 3 − 39 x 2 − 26 x + 16 = 0
Sol: Given equation is 54 x 2 − 39 x 2 − 26 x + 16 = 0
The roots are in G.P.
a
Suppose , a, ar be the roots
r
a 16
Product = , a, ar = −
r 54
−8  2 
3
2
a =
3
= −  ⇒ a = −
27  3  3
2
∴x + is a factor of 54 x 3 − 39 x 2 + 26 x + 16
3
-2/3 54 -39 -26 16

0 -36 50 -16
54 -36 24 0
H int :18 × 8
= 9× 2×8
= ( −9 )( −16 )
⇒ 54 x 2 − 75 x + 24 = 0
⇒ 18 x 2 − 25 x + 8 = 0
⇒ 18 x 2 − 9 x − 16 x + 8 = 0
⇒ 9 x ( 2 x − 1) − 8 ( 2 x − 1) = 0
⇒ ( 9 x − 8)( 2 x − 1) = 0
8 1
⇒x= ,
9 2
8 2 1
∴ The roots are ,− ,
9 3 2
9. Solve the following equations, given that the roots of each are in H.P.
(i) 6 x 3 − 11x 2 + 6 x − 1 = 0
Sol: Given equation is 6 x3 − 11x 2 + 6 x − 1 = 0 − − − (1)
1 6 11 6
Put y = so that 3 − 2 + − 1 = 0
x y y y
6 − 11 y + 6 y 2 − y 3 = 0
y3 − 6 y 2 + 11y − 6 = 0 − − − − ( 2)
Roots of (1) are in H.P.
⇒ Roots of (2) are in A.P.
Let a − d , a , a + d be the roots of (2)
Sum = a − d + a + a + d = 6
3a = 6 ⇒ a = 2
Product = a ( a 2 − d 2 ) = 6
2(4 − d 2 ) = 6
4−d2 = 3
⇒ d 2 = 1, d = 1
a − d = 2 − 1 = 1, a = 2, a + d = 2 + 1 = 3
The roots of (2) are 1, 2, 3
1 1
The roots of (1) are 1, ,
2 3
(ii) 15 x 3 − 23 x 2 + 9 x − 1 = 0
Sol: Given equation is 15x3 − 23x2 + 9 x − 1 = 0 − − − − (1)
1 15 23 9
Put y = so that 3 − 2 + − 1 = 0
x y y y
15 − 23 y + 9 y 2 − y 3 = 0
(or) y3 − 9 y 2 + 23 y − 15 = 0 − − − ( 2)
Roots of (i) are in H.P. So that roots of (2) are in A.P.
Let a − d , a , a + d be the roots of (2)
Sum = a − d + a + a + d = 9
3a = 9
a =3
Product = a ( a 2 − d 2 ) = 15
3 ( 9 − d 2 ) = 15
9−d2 = 5
d2 = 4⇒ d = 2
a − d = 3 − 2 = 1, a = 3
a + d = 3+ 2 = 5
Roots of (2) are 1, 3, 5
1 1
Hence roots of (1) are 1, ,
3 5
10. Solve the following equations, given that they have multiple roots.
(i) x 4 − 6 x 3 + 13 x 2 − 24 x + 36 = 0 (ii) 3 x 4 + 16 x 3 + 24 x 2 − 16 = 0
Sol: (i) Let f ( x ) = x4 − 6 x3 + 13x2 − 24x + 36
⇒ f ' ( x ) = 4 x3 − 18x2 + 26x − 24
⇒ f ' ( 3) = 4 ( 27 ) −18 ( 9) + 26 ( 3) − 24
= 108 −162 + 78 − 24 = 0
f ( 3) = 81 − 162 + 117 − 72 + 36 = 0
∴ x − 3 is a factor of f ' ( x ) and f ( x )

∴ 3 is the repeated root of f ( x )
x 2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ x = ±2i
∴ The roots of the given equation are 3, 3, ± 2i
(ii) 3 x 4 + 16 x 3 + 24 x 2 − 16 = 0
Sol: Let f ( x ) = 3x4 + 16 x3 + 24 x 2 − 16
f ' ( x ) = 12 x3 + 48x 2 + 48x
= 12 x ( x 2 + 4 x + 4 )
12 x ( x + 2 )
2
f ' ( −2) = 0
f ( −2) = 3 (16) + 16 ( −8) + 24 ( 4 ) − 16 = 0
∴ x + 2 is a factor of f ' ( x ) and f ( x )
∴ − 2 is a multiple root of f ( x ) = 0
3x3 + 4 x − 4 = 0 ⇒ 3 x 2 + 6 x − 2 x − 4 = 0
⇒ 3x ( x + 2 ) − 2 ( x + 2 ) = 0
⇒ ( x + 2)( 3x − 2) = 0
2
⇒ x = − 2,
3
∴ The roots of the given equation are
2
−2, − 2, − 2,
3
10. Solve the equation x 4 + 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 6 x + 2 = 0 given that 1 + i is one of its roots
Sol: Let 1 + i is one root ⇒ 1 − i is another root
The equation having roots
1 ± i is x 2 − 2 x + 2 = 0
∴ x 2 − 2 x + 2 is a factor is
x4 + 2 x3 − 5 x 2 + 6 x + 2 = 0
x2 + 4 x + 1 = 0 ⇒
−4 ± 16 − 4 −4 ± 2 3
x= =
2 2
x = − 2± 3
∴ The roots of the given equations are
1 ± i, − 2 + 3
11. Solve the equation 3x 3 − 4 x 2 + x + 88 = 0 which has 2− −7 as a roots
Sol: Let 2 − −7 ( i.e., ) 2 − 7i is one root ⇒ 2 + 7i is another root. The equation having roots
2 ± 7 is x 2 − 4 x + 11 = 0
∴ x 2 − 4 x + 11 is a factor of the given equation
8
3x + 8 = 0 ⇒ x = −
3
8
2 ± 7, i −
3
12. Solve x 3 − 4 x 2 + 8 x + 35 = 0 , given that 2 + i 3 is a root
Sol: Let 2 + i 3 is one root ⇒ 2 − i 3 is another root
The equation having roots
2 ± i 3 is x 2 − 4 x + 7 = 0
∴ x 2 − 4 x + 7 is a factor of
x 4 − 4 x 2 + 8 x + 35
−4 ± 16 − 20
x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 ⇒ =
2
−4 ± 2i
= =−2±i
2
2 ± i 3, − 2 ± i
13. Solve the equation x 4 − 6 x3 + 11x 2 − 10 x + 2 = 0 , given that 2 + 3 is a root of the equation
Sol: 2 + 3 is one root ⇒ 2 − 3 is another root. The equation having the roots of
2 ± 3 is x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0
∴ x 2 − 4 x + 1 is factor of
x 4 − 6 x3 + 11x 2 − 10 x + 2= 0
x2 − 2 x + 2 = 0 ⇒
2 ± 4 − 8 2 ± 2i
x= = =1± i
2 2
∴ The roots of the required equation are 2 ± 3, 1 ± i
14. Given that −2 + −7 is a root of the equation x 4 + 2 x 2 − 16 x + 77 = 0 , solve it completely
Sol: −2 − −7 ( i.e ) − 2 + i 7 is one root ⇒ − 2 + i 7 is another root. The equation having the roots
of −2 ± i 7 is x 2 + 4 x + 11 = 0
∴ x 2 + 4 x + 11 is a factor of
x 4 + 2 x 2 − 16 x + 77
x2 − 4 x + 7 = 0
4 ± 16 − 28 4 ± 2 3i
x= =
2 2
= 2 ± 3i
∴ The roots of the required equation are
−2 ± i 7, 2 ± 3i
15 Solve the equation x 4 − 9 x 3 + 27 x 2 − 29 x + 6 = 0 , given that one root of it 2 − 3
Sol: 2 − 3 is one root ⇒ 2 + 3 is another root .
The equation having the roots of 2 ± 3 is x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0
∴ x 2 − 4 x + 1 is a factor of the given equation
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 2) ( x − 3) = 0
x = 2, 3
∴ The roots of the required equation are 2 ± 3, 2, 3
a2 b2 x2 k2
16. Show that the equation + + + ...... + =x−m
x −a ' x − b ' x − c ' x−k'
Where a, b, c.....k, m, a’ b’, c’.....k’ are all real numbers, cannot have a non-real root.
Sol: Let α + i β be a root of the given equation. Suppose if β ≠ 0 , then α − i β is also root of the
given equation.
Substitute α + i β in the given equation, we get
a2 b2 k2
+ + ....... +
α + iβ − a ' α + iβ − b ' α + iβ − k '
= α + iβ − m
a 2 (α − a ' ) − β  b 2 (α − b ' ) − i β  k 2 (α − k ' ) − i β 

⇒ + + ...... + = α + i β − m ---------(1)
(α − a ' ) + β2 (α − b ' ) + β2 (α − k ' ) + β h2
2 2 2
Substitute α − i β in the given equation, we get
a2 b2 k2
+ + ........... +
α − iβ − a ' α − iβ − b ' α − iβ − k '
= α − iβ − m
a 2 (α − a ' ) + i β  b 2 (α − b ') + i β  k 2 (α − k ' ) + i β 

⇒ + + ....... + = α − i β − m --------------- (2)
(α − a ' ) + β2 (α − b ' ) + β2 (α − k ' ) +β
2 2 2
(2) − (1) ⇒ 2i β
 a2 b2 k2 
 + + ......... + 
 (α − a ') + β 2 (α − b ') + β 2 (α − k ') + β 2 
2 2 2
= − 2i β
⇒ 2i β
 a2 b2 k2 
 + + ..... + 1
 (α −a ') + β 2 (α − b ') + β 2 (α − k ') + β 2 
2 2 2
=0
⇒β =0
This is a contradiction
∴ The given equation cannot have non-real roots.
17. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of
x 4 + x3 + 2 x 2 + x + 1 = 0
f ( x ) = x 4 + x3 + 2 x 2 + x + 1 = 0
Required equation f ( x) = 0
⇒ x2 + x x + 2 x + x + 1 = 0
(
= x ( x + 1)= − x 2 + 2 x + 1 )
Squaring both sides,
(
⇒ x ( x + 1) = x 2 + 2 x + 1 )
2 2
(
⇒ x x2 + 2 x + 1 )
= x4 + 4 x 2 + 1 + 4 x3 + 4 x + 2 x2
⇒ x3 + 2 x 2 + x = x 4 + 4 x3 + 6 x 2 + 4 x + 1
i.e., x 4 + 3 x3 + 4 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0
18. Form the polynomial equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of
x3 + 3x2 − 7 x + 6 = 0
f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 − 7 x + 6 = 0
Required equations is f ( x) = 0
⇒ x x + 3x − 7 x + 6 = 0
⇒ x ( x − 7 ) = − ( 3x + 6 )
Squaring on both sides
⇒ x ( x − 7 ) = ( 3x + 6 )
2 2
( )
⇒ x x 2 − 14 x + 49 = 9 x 2 + 36 + 36 x
⇒ x 3 − 14 x 2 + 49 x − 9 x 2 − 36 x − 36 = 0
i.e., x3 − 23 x 2 + 13 x − 36 = 0
19. Form the polynomial equation whose roots are cubes of the roots of x3 + 3x 2 + 2 = 0
Sol: Given equation is x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 = 0
Put y = x 2 so that x = y1/ 3
∴ y + 3 y2/ 3 + 2 = 0
3 y 2/ 3 = − ( y + 2)
Cubing on both sides, 27 y 2 = − ( y + 2 )

3
(
= − y 3 + 6 y 2 + 12 y + 8 )
∴ y 3 + 6 y 2 + 12 y + 8 = 0
⇒ y 3 + 33 y 2 + 12 y + 8 = 0
Required equation is x3 + 33x 2 + 12 x + 8 = 0
20. Solve x3 − 3x 2 − 16 x + 48 = 0
Sol: Let f ( x ) = x3 − 3x2 − 16 x + 48
By inspection, f ( 3) = 0
Hence 3 is a root of f ( x ) = 0
Now we divide f ( x ) by ( x − 3)
∴ x2 − 16 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 4) ( x + 4) = 0
⇒ x = − 4, 4
∴ The roots are − 4, 3, 4
21. Find the roots of x 4 − 16 x3 + 86 x 2 − 176 x + 105 = 0
Sol: Let f ( x ) = x4 − 16 x3 + 86 x 2 − 176 x + 105
Now, if (1) = 1 − 16 + 86 − 176 + 105 = 0
∴ 1 is a root of f ( x ) = 0
⇒ x − 1 is a factor of f ( x )
(
∴ f ( x ) = ( x − 1) x3 − 15 x 2 + 71x − 105 )
= ( x − 1) g ( x ) where
g ( x ) = x3 − 15x2 + 71x − 105
g (1) = 1 − 15 + 71 − 105 = − 48 ≠ 0
g ( 2) = − 15 ≠ 0
g ( 3) = 27 − 135 + 213 − 105 = 0
∴ 3 is a root of g ( x ) = 0
⇒ x − 3 is a factor of g ( x )
(
∴ g ( x ) = ( x − 3) x 2 − 12 x + 35 )
= ( x − 3) ( x − 5)( x − 7 )
∴ f ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x − 3)( x − 5) ( x − 7 )
∴1, 3, 5, 7 are the roots of f ( x ) = 0
22. Solve x3 − 7 x 2 + 36 = 0 , given one root being twice the other
Sol: Let α , β , γ be the root of the equation
x3 − 7 x 2 + 36 = 0 and
Let β = 2α
Now we have α + β + γ = 7
⇒ 3α + γ = 7 ------------- (1)
αβ + βγ + γα = 0
⇒ 2α 2 + 3αγ = 0 ------------- (2)
αβγ = − 36 ⇒ 2α 2γ = − 36 ---------- (3)

From (1) and (2), we have
2α 2 + 3α ( 7 − 3α ) = 0
i.e., α 2 − 3α = 0 ( or ) α (α − 3)= 0
∴ α = 0 or α = 3
Since α = 0 does not satisfy the given equation
∴ α = 3, so β = 6 and γ = − 2
∴ The roots are 3, 6, -2
24. Given that 2 is a root of x3 − 6 x 2 + 3x + 10 = 0 , find the other roots
Sol: Let f ( x ) = x3 − 6 x 2 + 3x + 10
Since 2 is a root of f ( x ) = 0 , we divide f ( x ) by ( x − 2 )
(
∴ x3 − 6 x 2 + 3x + 10 = ( x − 2 ) x 2 − 4 x − 5 )
= ( x − 2)( x + 1)( x − 5)
∴ − 1, 2 and 5 are the roots of the given equation
25.Give that two roots of 4 x3 + 20 x 2 − 23x + 6 = 0 are equal, find all the roots of the given
equation
Sol: Let α , β , γ are the roots of 4 x3 + 20 x 2 − 23x + 6 = 0 -------1
Given two roots are equal, let α , β
−20
W have α + β + γ = = −5
4
⇒ 2α + γ = − 5
−23
⇒ αβ + βγ + γα =
4
−23
⇒ α 2 + 2αγ = ----------- (2)
4
−6 −3 −3
αβγ = = ⇒ α 2γ = ---------- (3)
4 2 2
−23
From (1) and (2) α 2 + 2α ( −5 − 2α ) =
4
⇒ 12α 2 + 40α − 23 = 0
⇒ ( 2α − 1) ( 6α + 23) = 0
1 −23
α = ,α =
2 6
On verification, we get that
1
α= is a root of (1)
2
( 2) ⇒ γ = − 6
1 1
∴ Roots are , ,−6
2 2
26. Solve 4 x3 − 24 x 2 + 23x + 18 = 0 , given that the roots of this equation are in arithmetic
Progression
Sol: Let a − d , a a + d are the roots of the given equation
Now, sum of the roots
24
a −d + a + a + d =
4
3a = 6
a=2
−18
Product of the roots ( a − d ) a ( a + d ) =
4
( )
a a2 − d 2 = −
9
2
(
2 4 − d2 = − ) 9
2
(
4 4 − d2 = −9)
16 − 4d 2 = − 9
4 d 2 = 25
5
d =±
2
1 9
∴ Roots are − , 2 and
2 2
27. If the roots of x3 + 3 px 2 + 3qx + r = 0 , are in geometric progression, find the condition
Sol: The roots are in GP
a
Suppose the roots be , a, aR
R
a
Given   ( a ) ( aR ) = − R
R
⇒ a3 = − 1
⇒ a = ( −r )
1/ 3
∵ ' a ' is a root of x + 3 px + 3qx + r = 0

3 2
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
⇒ −r1/ 3 + 3 p −r1/ 3 + 3q −r1/ 3 + r = 0
⇒ − r + 3 pr 2 / 3 − 3qr1/ 3 + r = 0
pr 2 / 3 = qr1/ 3
⇒ pr 1/ 3 = q
⇒ p 3r = q is the required condition

Theory of Equations Part-1 Key Concepts

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Theory of Equations Part-1 Key Concepts

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Theory of Equations Part-1

1. Every nth degree equation has exactly n roots real or imaginary.

2. Relation between, roots and coefficients of an equation.

(i) If α , β , γ are the roots of x3 + p1 x 2 + p2 x + p3 = 0 the sum of the roots

Sum of the products of two roots taken at a time s2 = αβ + βγ + γα = − p2 .

Product of all the roots, s3 = αβγ = − p3 .

(ii) If α , β , γ , δ are the roots of x 4 + p1 x3 + p2 x 2 + p3 x + p4 = 0 then

Sum of the roots s1 = α + β + γ + δ = − p1.

Sum of the products of roots taken three at a time

s3 = αβγ + βγδ + γδα + δαβ = − p3 .

Product of the roots, s4 = αβγδ = p4 .

3. For the equation x n + p1 x n −1 + p 2 x n−2 + . . . + p n = 0

i) ∑α2 = p12 – 2p2 ii) ∑α3 = − p13 + 3p1p 2 − 3p 3

iii) ∑α4 = p14 − 4p1

Note: For the equation x 3 + p1x 2 + p 2 x + p 3 = 0 ∑α2β2 = p 2 2 − 2p1p 3

5. If α1 , α2 , .....αn are the roots of f(x) = 0, the equation

iii) Whose roots are α1 − h, α 2 − h, ....α n − h is f(x+h) = 0.

iv) Whose roots are α1 + h, α2 + h, .....αn + h is f(x-h) = 0.

v) Whose roots are α12, α22.... αn2 is f ( y) = 0

8. If α is r - multiple root of f(x) = 0, then α is a (r-1) - multiple root of f1(x)=0 and

10. (a) For a cubic equation, when the roots are

(i) In A.P., then they are taken as a − d , a , a + d

11. (b) For a bi quadratic equation, if the roots are

(i) In A.P., then they are taken as a − 3d , a + d , a + 3d .

(ii) A reciprocal equation f ( x ) = p0 xn + p1 xn−1 + ......... + pn = 0 is said to be a reciprocal

equation of first class pi = pn −i for all i.

(iii) A reciprocal equation f ( x ) = p0 xn + p1 xn−1 + ....... + pn = 0 is said to be a reciprocal

equation of second class pi = pn −i for all i.

13. If f ( x ) = 0 is an equation of degree ‘n’ then to eliminate rth term, f ( x ) = 0 can be

transformed to f ( x + h) = 0 where h is a constant such that f ( n− r +1) ( h ) = 0 i.e., ( n − r + 1)

Very Short Answer Questions

Equations having roots α , β , γ is ( x − α )( x − β )( x − γ ) = 0

Sol: Required equation is

In an equation imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.

Sol: Equation having roots α , β , γ , δ is ( x − α )( x − β )( x − γ )( x − δ ) = 0

Sol: Required Equation is

Substituting in (1), required equation is

Sol: Required Equation is

( x − 0)( x − 0)( x − 2)( x − 2) = 0

Sol: Required equation is

Substituting in (i) required equation is

Sol: Required Equation is

Substituting in (i), required equation is

2. If α , β , γ are the roots of 4 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 7 x + 3 = 0, then find the value of αβ + βγ + γα .

Sol: α , β , γ are the roots of 4 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 7 x + 3 = 0

3. If 1,1, α are the roots of x3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x − 4 = 0, then find α

Sol: 1,1, α are roots of x 3 − 6 x 2 − 9 x − 4 = 0

4. If − 1, 2 and α are the roots of 2 x3 + x 2 − 7 x − 6 = 0, then find α

Sol: − 1, 2, α are roots of 2 x 3 + x 2 − 7 x − 6 = 0

5. If 1, − 2 and 3 are roots of x3 − 2 x 2 + ax + 6 = 0, then find a.

Sol: 1, − 2 and 3 are roots of

⇒ 1( −2) + ( −2) 3 + 3.1 = a

6). If the product of the roots of 4 x 3 + 16 x 2 − 9 x − a = 0 is 9, then find a.

Sol: α , β , γ are the roots of 4 x 3 + 16 x 2 − 9 x − a = 0

7. Find the values of S1 , S 2 , S3 and S 4 for each of the following equations.

(i) x 4 − 16 x 3 + 86 x 2 − 176 x + 105 = 0

Sol: Given equation is

8. Solve x3 − 3x 2 − 16 x + 48 = 0, given that the sum of two roots is zero.

Sol: Let α , β , γ are the roots of

Given α + β = 0 (∵ Sum of two roots is zero)

∴ The roots are − 4, 4, 3

Sol: Let α , β , γ be the roots of x3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0