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BVP
Dr. Nasir M Mirza
Email: nmm@pieas.edu.pk
Applications of BVP
1. Extensive application and use. Boundary Value Problems
occur
all physical problems where space variations are
sought and are seen particularly in structural and solid
mechanics.
2.
Applications of BVP
2. The material properties in adjacent elements do not
have to be the same. This allows application of BVP
to composite materials.
3. Irregularly shaped boundaries can be approximated
using elements with straight sides or matched exactly
using elements with curved boundaries. The finite
element or finite difference method is used and it is
not limited to nice shapes with easily defined
boundaries (like many analytical solutions or some
other numerical methods).
Applications of BVP
4. The size of the elements can be varied. This allows
the element grid or mesh to be expanded or refined
as the need arises.
5. Boundary conditions such as discontinuous surface
loadings present no difficulties for the method.
Mixed boundary conditions can be easily handled.
Applications of BVP
Mixed Boundary Value Problems occur, in a natural way, in varieties of
branches of Physics and Engineering and several mathematical
methods have been developed to solve this class of problems of
Applied Mathematics.
While understanding applications of such boundary value problems
are of immense value to Physicists and Engineers, analyzing these
problems mathematically and determining their solutions by utilizing
the most appropriate analytical or numerical
methods are the
concerns of Applied Mathematicians.
Of the various analytical methods, which are useful to solve certain
mixed boundary value problems arising in the theory of Scattering of
Surface Water Waves, the methods involving complex function theory
and singular integral equations will be examined in detail along with
some recent developments of such methods.
6
Finite Difference
Linear
Nonlinear
y f x, y, y,
a xb
y a ya and y b yb
Boundary Conditions
There are three types of boundary conditions:
Dirichlet boundary conditions
ya ,
yb
Mixed conditions
yb
ya ,
ya c1 ya ,
yb c2 yb
y px y qx y r x ,
y a ya and y b yb
u px u qx u r x ,
v px v qx v,
u a ya and ua 0
va 0 and va 1
yx u x Avx
yb u b
y b yb u b Av b A
vb
Substitute back into the equations.
yb u b
yx u x
v x
vb
w1 u
w1 px w1 qx u r x
w2 v
w2 px w2 qx v
Taylor Series
Euler / Modified Euler
Runge-Kutta
Adam Bashforth
d x
t
t 1 x
2
dt
5
2
x t 1 x
5
The initial conditions are x(1) =2, x(3) =-1 and
Dt = 0.2.
Example Problem
The equation can be written as a set of two initial
value problems.
t
x1 t 1 x1 ,
x1 1 2, x1 1 0
t
x2 1 x2 ,
x2 1 0, x2 1 1
Example Problem
The equation can be written as a set of two initial
value problems.
w1 x1
t
w1 t 1 x1 ,
5
w2 x2
x1 1 2, x1 1 0
w2 1 x2 ,
5
x2 1 0, x2 1 1
Example Problem
The two segments are determined:
t
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
x[1]
2
2.052
2.21359
2.49414
2.90571
3.46283
4.18217
5.08228
6.18316
7.50579
9.07154
v[1]
0
0.532
1.1034
1.7283
2.4196
3.189
4.0464
5.0001
6.0563
7.2185
8.4867
dv/dt[1]
2.6
2.7595
2.9938
3.296
3.6597
4.0777
4.542
5.0428
5.5679
6.1025
6.6286
x*[1]
2
2.1584
2.4343
2.8398
3.3896
4.1006
4.9914
6.0823
7.3944
8.9495
10.769
v*[1]
0.52
1.0839
1.7021
2.3875
3.1515
4.0045
4.9548
6.0087
7.1699
8.439
9.8125
dv*/dt[1]
2.72
2.954
3.2553
3.6175
4.0338
4.4963
4.9956
5.5195
6.0536
6.5798
7.0768
x[2]
0
0.2
0.4061
0.6238
0.8584
1.1149
1.398
1.7123
2.062
2.4512
2.8833
v[2]
1
1.0152
1.0594
1.1307
1.2275
1.3487
1.4931
1.6596
1.8468
2.0527
2.2751
dv/dt[2]
0
0.152
0.2924
0.4242
0.5494
0.669
0.7829
0.8904
0.9898
1.0785
1.1533
x*[2]
0.2
0.403
0.618
0.8499
1.1039
1.3847
1.6967
2.0442
2.4314
2.8617
3.3383
v*[2]
1
1.0456
1.1179
1.2155
1.3374
1.4825
1.6497
1.8377
2.0447
2.2684
2.5057
dv*/dt[2]
0.152
0.29019
0.42022
0.54397
0.66236
0.7754
0.88226
0.98123
1.06982
1.1447
1.2018
x[3]
2
1.3534
0.7951
0.3151
-0.093
-0.432
-0.701
-0.899
-1.02
-1.056
-1
v[3]
-3.493
-3.014
-2.597
-2.221
-1.868
-1.522
-1.169
-0.797
-0.395
0.0482
0.5398
T T
0
2
2
x
y
2
Laplace Equation
4To
1
y
sin( 2n 1)
a
n 0 2n 1
b
sinh( b 1)( 2n 1)
cos ec ( 2n 1)
a
a
I-1,j
Dy
i+1,j
Dx
i,j-1
T T
0
2
2
x
y
2
Difference equation:
Ti 1, j 2Ti , j Ti 1, j
2
Dx
Ti , j 1 2Ti , j Ti , j 1
0
2
Dy
Ti , j
Ti 1, j Ti 1, j Ti , j 1 Ti , j 1
4
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
100