K. Ramasubramanian K. Mahesh: AICTE Sponsored QIP Program

श्रीम ा राचायर् वर चता ल लावती
ा ानम् 9: शू पिरकम कम्
K. Ramasubramanian
K. Mahesh
Cell for Indian Science & Technology in Sanskrit

IIT Bombay
AICTE Sponsored QIP program

( Understanding Classical Scientific Texts of India in an Immersive Sanskrit Environment )
IIT Indore
September 14–October 2, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K. Ramasubramanian & K. Mahesh श्रीम ा राचायर् वर चता ल लावती – ा ानम् 9: भ पिरकम कम्
Questions (copied as it is from the mail)
1 I have a small doubt that In Bakshali Manuscript ”+” is used to represent negative
quantities, and it was supposed to the deformed version of the character ’ऋ’. Then the
interpretation of the word ”धनयोधर्नम् ऋणमृणयोः” will entirely be changed in the shloka 30 of
Brahmasphuṭa-Sidhānta. It is quite confusing when the positive and negative quantities
recognised as ’धन’ is positive’ and ’ऋण’ as negative?
2 Also, is anything on the square root of negative numbers mentioned in Bhāskara-II-Līlāvatī.
3 Please comment on attached word doc quote by L.C, Jain in the book ”Tiloyapannati ka
Ganit”
4 The ”Pūrṇa” in the shanti mantra of Īśāvāsya refers to zero?
5 Pūrṇa in Īśāvāsya refers to infinity. Infinity is khahara, i.e., any number divided by zero.
6 भारतवष प्राचीनग णतज्ञानां दृ ौ (वणर्ने च) पिरकम के गुणनं मात्रं कथं वशेषतया हंसातु ं भूतम् ?
7 गुणनकमर्णा शू न रूपहा नः, पर ु शू त े रस ानां रूपहा नभूर् ा ताः शू ं या , इ त पर अप
गुणन हंसोपमा उ चता भा त, इ त व ुं (अथवा तु ) श ु मः वा?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
शू पिरकम कम्
Eight types of operations with zero
Verses 45 – 47
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
शू म् — Zero
One of the earliest occurrences of the word śūnya is found in the Chandaḥśāstra of
Piṅgala (3 cent. BCE) in the context of doing mathematical operations connected with
pratyayas:
इदंप्रथमतया शू श ोपयोगः छ ःशा े – रूपे शू म्। ःशू ।े
अत्र न सं ा न
े , अ प तु स े तरूपेण।
The connotations of the word śūnya and its synonyms etc.:
शू म् = अभावः।
शू म् = खम्, वयत्, गगनम्, पूणर्म्
एका द ान ता गणनायां यत्र अ ाभावः तत्र अ ाभाव ोतनाथ शू ं नवे ते।
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
शू पिरकमर् वधानम् — Fundamental arithmetic operations with zero
शू ा प सं ा मवल त ापस लता कसंभवः अ ी त वज्ञाय ब्र गु ः तदेवं प्र पादयत् –

धनयोधर्नमृणमृणयोः धनणर्योर रं समै ं खम् ।
ऋणमै ं च धनमृणधनशू योः शू योः शू म् ॥
negative + zero → negative
positive + zero → positive
zero + zero → zero
ऊनम धका शो ं धनं धनादृणमृणाद धकमूनात्।
ं तद रं ादृणं धनं धनमृणं भव त ॥
शू वह नमृणमृणं धनं धनं भव त शू माकाशम्।
शो ं यदा धनमृणादृणं धना ा तदा क्षे म् ॥
negative − zero → negative
positive − zero → positive
zero − zero → zero
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
शू गुणनभाजने – Multiplication and division with zero
ऋणमृणधनयोघ तो धनमृणयोधर्नवधो धनं भव त ॥

शू णर्योः खधनयोः खशू योव वधः शू म्॥
negative × zero → zero
positive × zero → zero
zero × zero → zero
धनभ ं धनमृणहृतमृणं धनं भव त खं खभ ं खम् ।
भ मृणेन धनमृणं धनेन हृतमृणमृणं भव त ॥
खो त
ृ मृणं धनं वा त े दं खमृणधन वभ ं वा ।
ऋणधनयोवर्गर्ः ं खं ख पदं कृ तयर्त् तत् ॥
zero ÷ zero → zero
positive/negative ÷ zero → taccheda
zero ÷ positive/negative → taccheda/zero
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
शू पिरकमर् वधानम् — Fundamental arithmetic operations with zero
योगे खं क्षेपसमं वग दौ खं खभा जतो रा शः ।

खहर ात् खगुणः खं खगुण शेष वधौ ॥ ४५॥ । आय ।
In addition, zero becomes equal to the additive. In squaring etc., [zero gives]
zero. Any quantity divided by zero would become khahara [zero-denominator];
multiplied by zero would become zero, and should [instead] be considered kh-
aguṇa [zero-multiplied] in case of any remaining operation.
[शू न
े सह अ ] योगे खं क्षेपसमम्।
0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎. (1)
क्ष ते असौ इ त क्षेपः।
[खं] वग दौ खम्। वगर्-वगर्मूल-घन-घनमूलेषु शू मेव।
√
02 = 0 (2) 0=0 (4)
√
03 = 0
3
(3) 0=0 (5)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
शू भागहारः — Division of zero

खभा जतो रा शः खम् । अत्र “खम्” इ त अनुवृ ः।
0
0÷𝑥= = 0. (6)
𝑥
खं भा जतं येनासौ खभा जतरा शः खं ात्।

भा परमापचये शू मतभा े अ े न हृते फलाभावात् शू ं फलम्।
As and when the dividend is very small, which its measure is almost zero, when it is
divided by a number, the result is zero because of the absence of the quotient.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
शू न
े भागहारः — Division by zero
खभा जतो रा शः खहरः ात्।
𝑥
𝑥÷0= = khahara (7)
0
शू न
े भ ःस ा को रा शः खहरः खं हरो य इ त
े ादृशः अ नयतफलकः ात्, “भा ा रः शु त”
इ ा दना न त लस े ः।
बीजग णते अयं खहरः अन ः रा शः इ ु ते।
एवं हरापचये फलोपचयात् परमहरापचये शू मतहरे फलपरम म्। इय ायां परम ाघातः,
ततोऽ ा ध स वात्। अत एवान फलज्ञापनाथ खहर मु म्।
Since when the divisor decreases, the result increases, there result would be max-
imum for that denominator which is equal to zero, which happens to be the di-
visor decreased to the maximum. [Assigning] a specific value would harm the
largeness, since it is possible to have a higher value than that. Therefore, kha-
hara has been stated [by Bhāskara] to indicate the infinite result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
शू गुणनम्

खं गुणः य सः (रा शः गु ः)
ख गुणः खगुणः (रा शः गुणकः)
0×𝑥=0 (8)
𝑥×0=0 (9)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
शू गुणनम्
शू े गुणके जाते खं हार ेत् पुन दा रा शः ।

अ वकृत एव ज्ञेय थैव खेनो नत युतः ॥ ४६॥ । आय ।
When zero happens to be the multiplier, and again zero is the divisor, then the
quantity should be known to be unchanged only. Similarly, a quantity deducted
and added by zero [should be known to be unchanged.]
𝑥×0
=𝑥 (10)
0
खेनो नत युतः अ वकृतः।
𝑥−0=𝑥 (11)
𝑥+0=𝑥 (12)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
उदाहरणम्
खं प युक् भव त कं वद ख वग
मूलं घनं घनपदं खगुणा प ॥
खेनो त
ृ ा दश च कः खगुणो नजाधर्-
यु भ गु णतः खहृत ष ः ॥४७॥ । वस तलका ।
What would zero be with five? Tell the square, square root, cube, cube root
of zero, five multiplied by zero, and ten divided by zero. What [quantity] would
become sixty-three being multiplied by zero, [the result] added with half of itself,
multiplied by three and divided by zero.
√3
1 0 + 5 = 5, 5 0 = 0,
2 02 = 0, 6 0 × 5 = 0,
√ 10
0 = 0, 10 ÷ 0 = 0 (khahara)
3 7
4 03 = 0, 8 [(𝑥 × 0) + 21 × (𝑥 × 0)] × 3
0 = 63.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
उदाहरणम्
कः खगुणो नजाधर्यु ः त्र भ गु णतः खहृतः त्रष ः?
Find x, where [(𝑥×0)+ 12 × (𝑥 × 0)] × 3
0 = 63.
1 3
[(𝑥 × 0) + × (𝑥 × 0)] × = 63
2 0
1 63 × 0
(𝑥 × 0) + × (𝑥 × 0) =
2 3
63 × 0 1 63 × 0
𝑥×0= − ×
3 2+1 3
2 63 × 0
𝑥×0= ×
3 3
14 × 0
𝑥=
0
∴𝑥 = 14.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
खगुणखहरयोः जीव ु दृ ा ः — Invoking jīvanmukta to explain operations
with zero
शू ा ासवशात् खतामुपगतो रा शः पुनः खो त ृ ोऽ
ावृ ं पुनरे त त यतया न प्रा नीं ग त।
आ ा ासवशादन ममलं चद्रूपमान दं
प्रा ब्र पदं न संसृ तपदं योगी गर या नव ॥
The activities described in the above verse may be denoted as:
रा शः पुरुषः
तेः प्र ु तः शू ा ासनम् न:सारव नुधावनम्
तौ पुनरागमनम् खो रणम् आ ा सनम्
The result of performing those activities are:
रा शः पुरुषः
तेः प्र ु तः खतोपगमनम् न वर् तापादनम्
तौ पुनरागमनम् पिर म तप्रा ः ब्र ान ावा ः
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
अक ग्र स्रम्
𝑍
90
−𝜙
𝑃
𝑂
k 𝜙
oc
’cl
Ω 6 o rcle 𝑄
ci
𝑄 𝑁 ′
𝐸 𝑆′
90 − 𝜙
izon
horizon 𝜙
𝐸 𝑆 𝐸
𝑆 hor
diurnal
ecli
eq
ua
circle
ptic
to
r
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
छाया स्रम्
𝑆
𝑃
𝑊
𝑂𝑋 = śaṅku
𝑋 𝑂𝑌 = chāyā
𝜙
90 − 𝜙 𝑋𝑌 = palakarṇa
𝑁
𝑂 𝑌
eq
ho
ua
riz
tor
on
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
𝑄 𝑋
ा
कण
𝜙
श ुः
कु
क्रा
र्ः
ा
𝜙
′
𝐸 अक ग्रा 𝑆′ 𝑂 𝑌
छाया
Since the two traingles are similar,
𝐸′𝑆 ′ 𝑄𝑆 ′ 𝑂𝐸 ′ 𝐸 ′ 𝑆 ′ × 𝑂𝑋
= = 𝑋𝑌 =
𝑋𝑌 𝑂𝑌 𝑂𝑋 𝑂𝐸 ′
sin 𝛿
12 ×
१२ × अक ग्रा cos 𝜙
पलकणर्ः = =
क्रा ा sin 𝛿
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
प्रक णर्कम्
Miscellaneous operations
Verses 48 – 89
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
प्रक णर्का गर्ताः वषयाः — Topics in Miscellaneous operations
क्रमः वषयः अथर्ः
1 व धः Inverse operations
2 इ कमर् Operations with assumed numbers
3 स मणं वषमकमर् च Operations with sums and differences
4 वगर्कमर् Operations with squares of numbers
5 गुणकमर् Operations with additions to squares
6 त्रैरा शका दः Rules of three etc.
7 भा प्र तभा कम् Barter of commodities

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
व धः — Inverting a mathematical process
When the result of performing a series of arithmetical operations on an unknown quantity rāśi is
known, the series of operations that have to be performed to find that unknown rāśi is given in
the verse below –
छे दं गुणं गुणं छे दं वग मूलं पदं कृ तम् ।
ऋणं ं मृणं कुय त् दृ े रा शप्र स ये ॥ ४८॥ । अनु ु भ् ।
To obtain the rāśi, one should make the divisor the multiplier, the multiplier the divisor,
the square as square root, the square root as square, subtraction as addition, and addition
as subtraction in the dṛśya.
Symbolically the content of the above verse can be denoted as:
Process Its inverse Process Its inverse

÷ ⟶ × × ⟶ ÷
( )2 ⟶ √( ) √( ) ⟶ ( )2
− ⟶ + + ⟶ −
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
अथ ांशा धकोने तु लवा ोनो हरो हरः ।
अंश वकृत त्र वलोमे शेषमु वत् ॥ ४९॥ । अनु ु भ् ।
Now, in the case where the rāśi has been increased or decreased by a part of itself, the
denominator [of the fraction by which the dṛśya has to be modified] is the denominator
[of the fraction of the rāśi] increased or decreased by the numerator [of the fraction
of the rāśi]. The numerator [of the fraction by which the dṛśya has to be modified]
remains unchanged [from the numerator of the fraction of the rāśi] there. Rest [of the
operations] are [carried out] as stated earlier in the reverse process.
𝑎
𝑥±× 𝑥 = 𝑘,
𝑏
In those instances where we add a part of it to itself, General solution:
𝑥 × (𝑏 ± 𝑎)
=𝑘
𝑏
𝑏
𝑥= × 𝑘.
𝑏±𝑎
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
उदाहरणप्र ः
य भर तः चरणैः भ तः स भः
श
ं ेन वव जर्त गु णतो ह नो प ाशता ।
त ल
ू े ऽ युते हृते च दश भः जातं यं ब्रू ह तं
रा शं वे ह च ला क्ष वमलां बाले वलोम क्रयाम् ॥ ५०॥
। शादूर्ल वक्र डतम् ।
3 2
√[ 3𝑥+ 4 ×3𝑥 − ( 1 × 3𝑥+ 43 ×3𝑥
7 3 7 )] − 52 + 8
= 2.
10
३ १
ासः — गु ३। युतः । भागः ७। श
ं र हतः । वगर्ः। ह नः ५२। त ल
ू युतः ८। भागः १०। जातं दृ म्
४ ३
२। ल ो रा शः २८।
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thanks!
ध वादाः!
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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श्रीम ा राचायर् वर चता ल लावती

ा ानम् 9: शू पिरकम कम्

Cell for Indian Science & Technology in Sanskrit

AICTE Sponsored QIP program

शू ा प सं ा मवल त ापस लता कसंभवः अ ी त वज्ञाय ब्र गु ः तदेवं प्र पादयत् –

ऋणमृणधनयोघ तो धनमृणयोधर्नवधो धनं भव त ॥

योगे खं क्षेपसमं वग दौ खं खभा जतो रा शः ।

योगे खं क्षेपसमं वग दौ खं खभा जतो रा शः ।

खभा जतो रा शः खम् । अत्र “खम्” इ त अनुवृ ः।

खं भा जतं येनासौ खभा जतरा शः खं ात्।

योगे खं क्षेपसमं वग दौ खं खभा जतो रा शः ।

शू े गुणके जाते खं हार ेत् पुन दा रा शः ।

The activities described in the above verse may be denoted as:

The result of performing those activities are:

Since the two traingles are similar,

क्रमः वषयः अथर्ः

2 इ कमर् Operations with assumed numbers

3 स मणं वषमकमर् च Operations with sums and differences

4 वगर्कमर् Operations with squares of numbers

5 गुणकमर् Operations with additions to squares

6 त्रैरा शका दः Rules of three etc.

7 भा प्र तभा कम् Barter of commodities

Symbolically the content of the above verse can be denoted as:

Process Its inverse Process Its inverse

। शादूर्ल वक्र डतम् ।

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