LESSON 1

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS
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AFTER THE LESSON, THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
▪ WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS?
▪ REPRESENT A FUNCTION IN VARIOUS WAYS
▪ HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS INVOLVING FUNCTIONS AND ITS
▪ LEARN ABOUT THE VERTICAL LINE (A.K.A PENCIL TEST) AND ITS
APPLICATION/S
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▪Sample
  Refresher Problems
Simplify 3+4(5+6)-25(4-3(2))
a. 17 b. 123 c. 23 d. 97
Evaluate at x = 2
a. – 15 b. 5 c. 10 d. -5
Solve for y when x = -1
a. 1 b. -1 c. 0 d. 4
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▪Factor
  completely
a. (x-2)(x-8) b. (x+2)(x-8) c. (x+2)(x+8) d. (x-4)(x+4)
Find the algebraic expansion of the expression
a. c.
b. d.
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WHAT IS A FUNCTION ?
- a function is a relation between a
dependent and independent variable/s
wherein for every value of the
independent variable where the function is
defined, there exist a unique or a single
value of the dependent variable.
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WAYS OF REPRESENTING FUNCTIONS

- To represent functions, first let us use some representations. Let x
be the first variable(independent variable) and y be the second
variable(dependent variable), and this can be written as the equation y=
f(x), read as “ f of x” or “function of x”.

1. Ordered Pair (x, f(x))

- values of the independent variable and the dependent variable are
written as a point in the rectangular coordinate system(x,y), where y is
the corresponding dependent variable y of the independent variable x.
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EQUATION y= f(x)
- When all the points have been identified or the
relationship between the variables have been directly
associated, the function can be expressed in terms of
an equation written explicitly as y = f(x), where the
dependent variable y or f(x) is written on the left side
and a mathematical expression with the variable in
terms of the independent variable x is written on the
right side.
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TABLE
- All the points in the ordered pairs can
be tabulated using two rows; the
independent variable and the dependent
variable to show the relationship between
the two variables.
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MAPPING
- In the tabular form of representing
functions, the possible values of x and y
are arranged in chronological order and
lines from the independent variable is
drawn going to its corresponding
dependent variable.
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GRAPH
- is the practical method of representing
functions, where the properties of the
function can be fully identified and
discussed.
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▪  

EXAMPLE
Express the function for the following
values of x
x= -2 , x=-1 , x=0 , x=1 , x=2
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TABULAR FORM
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE SOLUTION DEPENDENT VARIABLE
xx f(x)
f(x) yy
-2
-2 -6
-6
-1 -6
-1 -6
0 -4
0 -4
1 0
21 06
2 6

x -2 -1 0 1 2
f(x) -6 -6 -4 0 6
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▪ORDERED
  PAIR
[(-2, -6) , (-1, -6) , (0, -4) , (1, 0) , (2, 6)]

EQUATION
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MAPPING
-2 -6
-1 -4
0
0
1 6
2
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GRAPH
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▪In  determining whether a given relation between two variables is a
function, remember that for every value of the independent variable,
there must be a unique value of the dependent variable. For example,
a.
- is a function since for any value of x, there would only be a unique
resulting value of y
b.
- is not a function since y can be written as , hence for every value of
x, y can take both the positive and the negative value of twice the
square root of x
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▪  

Modelling with Functions

- The dependent variable of an unknown quantity can be
modelled using direct variation with a constant of
proportionality k. If y is directly proportional to x, it can be
said that .
Example
If y varies directly as x and y(3) = 6, determine y(5)
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Solution:
Applying direct variation and using the condition that y=6 when x=3
y = kx
6 = 3k
k=2
Hence, y = 2x. Solving for y when x = 5
y = 2(5) = 10
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▪Modelling
  with Functions
- Joint variation occurs when the function varies directly with
several independent variables. The general formula for joint variation
with y varying jointly with x and z is as follows

Example
The force (F) of attraction between two objects is directly proportional
to the product of their individual masses . The force of attraction is 10 N
between objects with masses of 2kgs and 5kgs. Determine the force of
attraction when the masses are 3kgs and 9 kgs
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▪Modelling
  with Functions
Solution:
The force can be modelled as

Using the conditions

F = 10
10 = k(2)(5) = 10k
k=1
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▪Modelling
  with Functions
Solution (cont.):
Using the equation and substituting the initial conditions

F = (3)(9) = 27
F = 27 N
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VERTICAL LINE TEST

- a relation is a function if a vertical line drawn through its
graph, passes through only one point.

AKA: “The Pencil Test”

Take a pencil and move it from left to right (–x to x); if it
crosses more than one point, it is not a function
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Would this
graph be a
function?

YES
9/16/21
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06:16 AM
FUNCTIONSVertical Line Test

Would this
graph be a
function?

NO