QUADRATIC EQUATION & EXPRESSION

Total No.of questions in Quadratic Equation & Expressions are -

In Chapter Examples ........................................... 30

Solved Examples ........................................... 34

Total No. of questions ............................................. 64

1. POLYNOMIAL 4. SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

A lgebraic expression containing many terms is 4.1 Factorization Method :

called Polynomial. Let ax2 + bx + c = a(x–) (x –  ) = 0
e.g 4x4 + 3x3 – 7x2 + 5x + 3, 3x3 + x2 – 3x + 5 Then x =  and x =  will satisfy the given
f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 +..... an–1 x n–1 +anxn equation.
where x is a variable, a0,a1, a2 ..........anC. Hence factorize the equation and equating each
1.1 Real Polynomial : Let a 0 , a 1 ,a 2 .....a n be real to zero gives roots of equation.
numbers and x is a real variable. e.g. 3x2 – 2x –1 = 0 (x – 1)( 3x + 1) = 0
Then f(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 +..... + an xn is called 1
real polynomial of real variable x with real x = 1 , 
3
coefficients. 4.2 Hindu Method (Sri Dharacharya Method) :
eg. – 3x3 – 4x2 + 5x – 4, x2 – 2x + 1 etc. are real By completing the perfect square as
polynomials.
b c
1.2 Complex Polynomial: If a0,a1,a2...an be complex ax2 + bx + c = 0   x 2 + x + = 0
a a
numbers and x is a varying complex number, then
f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 +...... anxn is called a complex F
GbI
2

polynomial of complex variable x with complex

Adding and substracting
H2a JK
coefficients.
eg.- 3x2 – (2+ 4 i) x + (5i–4), x 3 –5ix 2 + L
F
M bI
2
b  4ac O
2
P
G
H
Mx J
2a K

P
(1+2i) x+4 etc. are complex polynomials.
1.3 Degree of Polynomial : Highest Power of variable
N 4 a 2
Q= 0
x in a polynomial is called as a degree of polynomial.
b  b 2  4ac
e.g. f(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2x2 + a3x3 +....an–1 xn–1 + an xn is n Which gives, x =
degree polynomial. 2a
f(x) = 4x3 + 3x2 – 7x + 5 is 3 degree polynomial Hence the Quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
f(x) = 3x – 4 is single degree polynomial or Linear (a  0) has two roots, given by
polynomial.
f(x) = bx is odd Linear polynomial b  b 2  4ac b  b2  4ac
= and  
2a 2a
2. QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
Note : Every quadratic equation has two and only
A Polynomial of degree two of the form two roots.
ax2 + bx + c (a  0 ) is called a quadratic expression
in x. solution of Quadratic Equation
e.g 3x2 + 7x + 5, x2 – 7x + 3
Ex.1 The roots of the equation x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
General form : – f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
are -
where a, b, c  C and a  0
(A) – 4, 2 (B) 4, – 2
(C) 4, 2 (D) – 4,– 2
3. QUADRATIC EQUATION
Sol. Quadratic Equation x 2 – 2x – 8 = 0
A quadratic Polynomial f(x) when equated to zero is After factorization (x – 4) (x + 2) = 0
called Quadratic Equation.  x = 4, – 2 Ans.[B]
e.g 3x2 + 7x + 5 = 0, –9x2 + 7x + 5 = 0, Ex.2 2
The roots of the equation x – 4x + 1 = 0
x2 + 2x = 0, 2x2 = 0 are -
General form :
(A) 2  3 (B) 2, 4
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Where, a, b, c  C and a  0 (C) – 2  3 (D) 3 2
3.1 Roots of a Quadratic Equation Sol. Here a = 1, b = 4, c = 1
Using Hindu Method
The values of variable x which satisfy the quadratic
equation is called as Roots (also called solutions 4  16  4
or zeros) of a Quadratic Equation. x = = 2  3 Ans.[A]
2
5. NATURE OF ROOTS Ex.5 The roots of the quadratic equation
x2 – 2 (a + b) x + 2(a2 + b2) = 0 are -
In Quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, the term (A) Rational and different
b2 – 4ac is called discriminant of the equation, (B) Rational and equal
which plays an important role in finding the nature (C) Irrational and different
of the roots. It is denoted by  or D. (D) Imaginary and different
(A) Suppose a, b, c  R and a  0 then Sol. 1, B = –2 (a+b), C = 2 (a2 + b2)
B – 4AC = 1[2(a + b)]2 – 4(1) (2a2 + 2b2)
2
(i) If D > 0  Roots are Real and unequal
= 4a2 + 4b2 + 8ab – 8a2 – 8b2
(ii) If D = 0  Roots are Real and equal and = – 4a2 – 4b2 + 8 ab
each equal to –b/2a = – 4(a–b)2 < 0
(iii) If D < 0  Roots are imaginary and unequal So roots are imaginary and different.
or complex conjugate. Ans.[D]
(B) Suppose a, b, c  Q, a  0 then Ex.6 The roots of the equation x2 – 2 2 x + 1 = 0
(i) If D > 0 and D is perfect square are -
 Roots are unequal and Rational (A) Real and different
(ii) If D > 0 and D is not perfect square (B) Imaginary and different
 Roots are irrational and unequal (C) Real and equal
(D) Rational and different
5.1 Conjugate Roots :
Sol. The discriminant of the equation
The Irrational and complex roots of a quadratic
equation are always occurs in pairs. Therefore (–2 2 )2 –4(1) (1)
(a, b, c,Q) = 8–4 = 4>0 and a perfect square
If One Root then Other Root so roots are real and different but we can't
 + i  – i say that roots are rational because
coefficients are not rational therefore.
+  – 

,=
2 2 2 2 
2
4
Nature of Roots 2
2 22
Ex.3 The roots of the quadratic equation = = 2 1
2
7x2 – 9x + 2 = 0 are - this is irrational.
(A) Rational and different  the roots are real and different.
(B) Rational and equal Ans.[A]
(C) Irrational and different
Ex.7 The roots of the equation
(D) Imaginary and different
Sol. b2 – 4 ac = 81– 56 = 25 > 0 and a perfect (b+c) x2 – (a+b+c) x + a = 0 are (a,b,c  Q) -
square so roots are rational and different. (A) Real and different
Ans.[A] (B) Rational and different
Ex.4 The roots of the quadratic equation (C) Imaginary and different
2x2 – 7x + 4 = 0 are - (D) Real and equal
(A) Rational and different Sol. The discriminant of the equation is
(B) Rational and equal (a+b+c)2 – 4(b+c) (a)
(C) Irrational and different
= a2+ b2+ c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca – 4(b+c)a
(D) Imaginary and different
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca – 4ab – 4 ac
Sol. b2–4ac = 49 – 32 = 17 > 0 (not a perfect
square) = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2 ab + 2 bc – 2 ca
 Its roots are irrational and different. (a–b–c)2 > 0
Ans.[C] So roots are rational and different. Ans.[B]
Ex.8 If the roots of the equation x 2 + 2x +P = 0 2
are real then the value of P is - (vi)  4   4 = {b  g 2 } –2  
2 2 2

(A) P  2 (B) P  1 Fb  2ac I c

2
2
2
= G
(C) P  3 (D) None of these H a JK– 2 a
2 2

Sol. Here a = 1, b = 2, c = P
 discriminant = (2)2 – 4 (1) (P)  0
4
(vii)   
4
e   je
2
  j
2 2 2

(Since roots are real)

b e
b  2 acj b  4ac
2 2
 4 – 4 P 0 =
a4
 4  4P
 P  1 Ans.[B] b g
(viii) 2 +  + 2 =    –  
2

6. SUM AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS

(ix)
 
 =
2 2
=
b  g 2   2

   
If  and  are the roots of quadratic equation ax2
+ bx + c = 0, then, 2 2
(x)      =      b g
(i) Sum of Roots FI
2
F IJ =2
4  4 ( 2   2 ) 2  2  2  2
b
S      = –
Coefficient of x (xi)
H JK+ G
G H K   2 2 =
2 2
a Coefficient of x 2
(ii) Product of Roots
Sum and product of roots
c cons tan t term
P =   = =
a coefficient of x 2 Ex.9 If the product of the roots of the quadratic
e.g. In equation
3x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 equation mx2 – 2x + (2m–1) = 0 is 3 then
4 the value of m is -
Sum of roots S =  , (A) 1 (B) 2
3
5 (C) –1 (D) 3
Product of roots P = 
3 2m  1
Sol. Product of the roots c/a = 3 =
6.1 Relation between Roots and Coefficients m
If roots of quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0  3m – 2m = – 1  m = – 1
(a  0) are  and  then : Ans. [C]

b2  4ac Ex.10 If  and  are roots of the equation

(i) b  g= b  g 4 = 
2
a
=
 D
a
2
x2 –5x + 6 = 0 then the value of  3   3 is-
b  2ac
(ii)  2   2 = (  )2  2 = (A) 35 (B) 40
a2
(C) 45 (D) None of these
(iii)  2   2 = (  ) (   )2  4
Sol. Here    = 5,   6
2
b b  4ac  D
=– = Now  3   3 = (  ) 3 – 3  (  )
a2 a

b g
(iv)  3   3 =   
3
b g – 3     = –
e
b b 2  3 ac j = 5bg– 3.6 (5) 3
3
a

  g+ 3  b
= b   g
3 = 125 – 90 = 35
(v)  3   3
Ans.[A]

= b  g 4  {b  g  }

2 2
Ex.11 If the equation (k–2)x 2 – (k–4) x –2 = 0 has
difference of roots as 3 then the value of k is-
=
eb  acj b  4ac
2 2
(A) 1,3 (B) 3,3/2
a3 (C) 2, 3/2 (D) 3/2, 1
Sol. b  g= b  g 4 2 7.1 Equation in terms of the Roots of another
Equation
bk  4g 2 If ,  are roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b g
Now    = k  2 ,  =
k2 then the equation whose roots are

b = G
  g
Fk  4 IJ  8 2 (i) –  , –   ax 2 – bx + c = 0
Hk  2 K bk  2g (Replace x by – x)
(ii) 1/  , 1/   cx2 + bx + a = 0
k 2  16  8k  8(k  2)
(Replace x by 1/x)
=
b g
k2
(iii)  n,  n ; n N  a(x1/n)2 + b (x1/n) + c = 0
2
k  16  8k  8k  16 (Replace x by x 1/n)
 3 =
k2 b g (iv) k  ,k   ax2 + kbx + k2 c = 0
 3k – 6 =  k (Replace x by x/k)
 k = 3, 3/2 Ans.[B] (v) k +  , k +   a(x– k)2 + b (x – k) + c = 0
(Replace x by (x–k))
Ex.12 If  ,  are roots of the equation  
(vi) ,  k2 ax2 + kbx + c = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the value of k k
1 1 (Replace x by kx)
2 + is - (vii)  1/n,  1/n ; n N  a(xn)2 + b(xn) + c = 0
( a   b) ( a  b) 2
b 2  2ac 2ac  b2 (Replace x by x n)
(A) (B) 7.2 Symmetric Expressions
ac ac
b 2  2ac b2 The symmetric expressions of the roots  ,  of
(C) (D) 2
a2 c 2 a c an equation are those expressions in  and  ,
Sol. Since ,  are the root of the ax 2 + bx +c
which do not change by interchanging  and  .
then a  2 + b  + c = 0 To find the value of such an expression, we
  (a  +b) + c = 0 generally express that in terms of    and  .
(a  +b) = – c /  ...(1) Some examples of symmetric expressions are–
Similarly 2 2
(i)  2   2 (ii)     
(a  +b) = – c /  ...(2)
1 1  
(iii)  (iv) 
1 1 1 1    
 + = +
(a  b)2 ( a  b) 2 bc / g bc / g
2 2
2 2 F I F I
2
(vi) GJ  GJ
2

2 2  2  2 (   ) 2  2  
(v)     
H K H K
 + = =
c2 c2 c2 c2 (vii)  3   3 (viii)  4   4

b 2 / a 2  2c / a b 2  2ac Formation of Quadratic Equation

= = Ans.[C] Example
c2 a2c2 based on with given roots

Ex.13 The equation whose roots are 3 and 4 will

7. FORMATION OF AN EQUATION WITH
be-
GIVEN ROOTS
(A) x2 + 7x + 12 = 0 (B) x2 – 7x + 12=0
A quadratic equation whose roots are  and  is (C) x2 – x + 12 = 0 (D) x2 + 7x – 12=0
given by Sol. The quadratic equation is given by
(x – ) (x – ) = 0
2
x2 – (sum of the roots) x + (product of roots) =0
 x – x – x +  = 0
 The required equation
 x2 – ( + )x +  = 0
= x2 – (3+4) x + 3.4 = 0
i.e x2 – (sum of Roots)x + Product of Roots = 0
= x2 – 7x + 12 = 0 Ans. [B]
 x2 – Sx + P = 0
Ex.14 The quadratic equation whose one root is Sol. Let   3 = x
2 – i 3 is -   = x – 3 (Replace x by x – 3)
(A) x2– 4x + 7 = 0 (B) x2 + 4x – 7 = 0 So the required equation is
(C) x2 – 4x – 7=0 (D) None of these (x – 3)2 – 5 (x–3) + 6 = 0 ...(1)
Sol. The required quadratic equation is  x 2 – 6 x + 9 –5x + 15 + 6 = 0
x2 – {(2 – i 3 ) + (2 + i 3 )} x + (2– i 3 )  x 2 –11 x + 30 = 0 ...(2)
(2+i 3 ) = 0 Ans.[C]
 x2 – 4x + 7 = 0 Ans. [A]
Ex.18 If ,  are roots of the equation 2x2 + x –1 =0
Ex.15 The quadratic equation with rational then the equation whose roots are 1 /  , 1/ 
coefficients whose one root is 2 + 3 is - will be -
(A) x2 – 4x + 1= 0 (B) x2 + 4x + 1=0 (A) x2 + x –2 = 0 (B) x2 + 2x – 8= 0
(C) x2 + 4x – 1= 0 (D) x2 + 2x + 1=0 (C) x2 –x –2 = 0 (D) None of these
Sol. The required equation is
Sol. From the given equation
x2 – {(2+ 3 ) + (2– 3) } x    = 1 / 2 ,  = 1 / 2
+ (2 + 3 ) (2– 3)=0 The required equation is-
x2
or – 4x + 1 = 0
Ans. [A]
F
G
x2 –
1 1I
 Jx +
1
H  K  = 0
Ex.16 If ,  are the root of a quadratic equation
x2 – 3x + 5 = 0 then the equation whose
F   I 1
 x – G Jx +  = 0
2
H K
roots are ( 2  3  7) and ( 2  3  7) is -
F1 / 2 I
 x – G Jx +
2
1
(A) x2 + 4x + 1= 0
2
(B) x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 H1 / 2 K / 2 = 0
 1
(C) x – 4x –1= 0 (D) x2 + 2x + 3=0  x2 –x–2 = 0 Ans.[C]
Sol. Since ,  are the roots of equation
Short cut : Replace x by 1/x
x2 – 3x + 5 = 0
So  2 – 3  + 5 = 0  2(1/x)2 + 1/x – 1 = 0  x 2 –x–2 = 0

2 –3  + 5 = 0 8. ROOTS UNDER PARTICULAR CASES

2
   3 = – 5
For the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
2
  3 = –5 (i) If b = 0  roots are of equal
magnitude but of
putting in ( 2  3  7)
opposite sign
& ( 2  3  7 ) ...(1) (ii) If c = 0  one root is zero other
–5 + 7 , – 5 + 7 is – b/a
 2 and 2 are the roots (iii) If b = c = 0  both root are zero
 the required equation is (iv) If a = c  roots are reciprocal to
x2 – 4x + 4 = 0. Ans.[B] each other
Ex.17 If ,  are roots of the equation
(v) If
a0 c0 U
V
x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 then the equation whose a0 c0 W If Roots are of opposite signs
roots are   3 and   3 is-
(A) x2 – 11x + 30 = 0 a  0, b  0, c  0 U
(B) (x–3)2 – 5 (x–3) + 6 = 0 (vi) If V both roots are negative.
a  0, b  0, c  0 W
(C) Both (1) and (2)
(D) None
 (vii) If
a  0, b  0, c  0 U
Vboth roots are positive.
9. CONDITION FOR COMMON ROOTS
a  0, b  0, c  0 W 9.1 Only One Root is Common : Let  be the
(viii)If sign of a = sign of b  sign of c common root of quadratic equations
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
 Greater root in magnitude is negative.
then
(ix) If sign of b = sign of c  sign of a
 a12 + b1 + c1 = 0
 Greater root in magnitude is positive.
a22 + b2 + c2 = 0
(x) If a+b+c = 0  one root is 1 and second
By Cramer's rule :
root is c/a.
2  1
(xi) If a = b = c = 0 then equation will become  
 c1 b1 a1  c1 a1 b1
an identity and will be satisfy by every value
c 2 b 2 a2 c 2 a2 b2
of x.
or
2
Roots under particular cases   1
 
b1c 2  b2 c1 a 2 c1  a1c 2 a1b2  a2b1
Ex.19 The roots of the equation x2 –3x –4 = 0 are–
(A) Opposite and greater root in magnitude a 2 c1  a1c 2 2 b1c 2  b 2 c1
 ,  ,   0.
is positive a1b 2  a 2b1 a1b 2  a 2b1
(B) Opposite and greater root in magnitude  The condition for only one Root common is
is negative (c1a2 – c2a1)2 = (b1c2 – b2c1)(a1b2 – a2b1)
(C) Reciprocal to each other
(D) None of these 9.2 Both roots are common : Then required
Sol. The roots of the equation x 2 –3x –4 = 0 are conditions is
of opposite sign and greater root is positive
a1 b1 c1
(  a >0 , b< 0, c < 0) Ans.[A] = =
a2 b2 c2
Ex.20 The roots of the equation 2x 2 – 3x + 2 = 0
are - Note : Two different quadratic equation with rational
(A) Negative of each other coefficient cannot have single common root
(B) Reciprocal to each other which is complex or irrational, as imaginary
(C) Both roots are zero and surd roots always occur in pair.
(D) None of these
Sol. The roots of the equations 2x2 –3x + 2 = 0 are
reciprocal to each other because here a = c Condition for Common Roots
Ans.[B]
Ex.22 If one root of the equations x 2+ 2x + 3k = 0
2
x  bx k 1 and 2x2 + 3x+ 5k = 0 is common then the
Ex.21 If equation = has equal and
ax  c k 1 values of k is -
opposite roots then the value of k is - (A) 1, 2 (B) 0, –1
ab ab (C) 1, 3 (D) None of these
(A) (B)
ab ab Sol. Since one root is common, let the root is  .
a a
(C)  1 (D) 1 2  1
b b = =
Sol. Let the roots are  & –  . 10k  9k 6k  5k 34
given equation is  2 = –k ...(1)
(x2 – bx) (k+1) = (k–1) (ax–c)
 = –k ...(2)
 x2 (k+1) – bx(k+1) = ax (k–1) –c (k–1)
2
 x2 (k+1) –bx (k–1) – ax (k–1) + c (k–1) = 0  2 = k
Now sum of roots = 0 (   –  = 0)  k 2 = – k  k2 + k = 0
 b (k+1) + a (k–1) = 0  k (k + 1) = 0
ab  k = 0 and k = –1 Ans. [B]
 k = Ans.[B]
ab
Ex.23 If the equations 2x 2 + x + k = 0 and 11. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUE OF QUADRATIC
x2 + x/2 –1 = 0 have 2 common roots then
the value of k is- EXPRESSION
(A) 1 (B) 3 In a Quadratic Expression ax 2 + bx + c
(C) –1 (D) –2 (i) If a > 0 Quadratic expression has least value
Sol. Since the given equation have two roots b
in common so from the condition at x =  . This least value is given by
2a
a1 b1 c1
= = 4ac  b 2 D
a2 b2 c2 
4a 4a
2 1 k
 = = (ii) If a < 0, Quadratic expression has greatest
1 1/ 2 1
b
 k = – 2 Ans.[D] value at x   . This greatest value is
2a
Ex.24 If x2 + x – 1 = 0 and 2x 2 – x +  = 0 have
a common root then – 4ac  b2 D
given by 
(A) 2 – 7 + 1 = 0 (B) 2 + 7 – 1 = 0 4a 4a
(C) 2 + 7 + 1 = 0 (D) 2 – 7 – 1 = 0 Example Maximum & Minimum value of Quadratic
Sol. Let the common root is  then based on Expression
2 +  – 1 = 0 Ex.25 The minimum value of the expression
22 –  +  = 0 4x2 + 2x + 1 is-
By cross multiplication (A) 1/4 (B) 1/2
(C) 3/4 (D) 1
2  1 Sol. Since a = 4 > 0 therefore its minimum value is
 
  1 2   1  2 4( 4 )(1)  ( 2) 2 16  4 12 3
= = = =
  1 1  2 4( 4 ) 16 16 4
2   ,  Ans.[C]
3 3 3
F
2   I 1 
G
2
Ex.26 The maximum value of 5 + 20 x – 4x2 for all real
H3 JK 3  
2
 7  1  0 value of x is-
(A) 10 (B) 20
Ans.[C] (C) 25 (D) 30
Sol. Since a = –4 < 0 therefore its maximum value is
-
10. NAT URE OF T HE FACTORS OF T HE 4( 4)(5 )  (20) 2 80  400 480
QUADRATIC EXPRESSION = = = = 30
4( 4) 16 16
Ans.[D]
The nature of factors of the quadratic expression
ax 2 + bx + c is the same as the nature of x
Ex.27 The range of the values of for all real
roots of the corresponding quadratic equation x2  4
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a, b, c, R). Thus the factors value of x is-
of the expression are: 1 1 1 1
(A) y  4 (B) y  2
(i) Real and different, if b2 – 4ac > 0. 4 2
(ii) Rational and different, if b2 – 4 ac is a perfect 1 1
(C) y  (D) None of these
square where (a, b, c, Q). 6 6
x
(iii) Real and equal , if b2 – 4 ac = 0. Sol. Let = y
x2  4
(iv) Imaginary, if b2 – 4 ac < 0.
 x2 y –x + 4y = 0
eg. The factors of x 2 – x + 1 are -
Now, x R  B 2 –4 AC  0  1– 4y .4y  0
Sol.The factors of x 2 – x + 1 are imaginary
 (4y –1) (4y+1)  0.
because
b2 – 4 ac = (–1) 2 – 4(1) (1) 1 1
 y  . Ans.[A]
4 4
= 1 –4 = –3 < 0
12. SIGN OF THE QUADRATIC EXPRESSION Case 3.
D < 0 then from (1)
Let y = ax2 + bx + c (a  0)
(i) if a > 0, then ax2 + bx + c > 0 for all x;
 b c (ii) if a < 0, then ax2 + bx + c < 0 for all x.
y = a x 2  x  
 a a eg. The sign of x2 + 2x + 3 is positive for all
 2 x R, because here
b  b 2  4ac 
= a   x     b2 –4 ac = 4 – 12 = –8 < 0 and a = 1 > 0.
 2a  4a 2 
eg. The sign of 3x2 + 5 x – 8 is negative for all
 2 x  R because here
b  D 
= a   x     ...(1)
 2a  4a 2  b2 –4 ac = 25 – 96 = – 71<0 and a = – 3 < 0

Where D = b2 – 4ac is the Discriminant of

the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Case 1.
D > 0 : Suppose the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
are  and  and  >  (say).
,  are real and distinct.
Then ax2 + bx + c = a(x – )(x – )
Clearly (x –)(x – ) > 0 for x <  and x < 
since both factors are of the same sign and
(x – )(x – ) < 0 for  > x > 
For x =  or x =  , (x – )(x – ) = 0
 If a > 0, then ax2 + bx + c > 0 for all x
outside the interval [, ] and is negative for
all x in (, ).
If a < 0, then its viceversa.
Case 2.
D = 0 then from (1)
F
G bI
2
12.1 Graph of Quadratic Expression :
Consider the expression y = ax 2 + bx + c,
a  0 and a,b,c  R then the graph between x,
y is always a parabola. If a > 0 then the shape
of the parabola in concave upward and if a < 0
then the shape of the parabola is concave
downwards.
There is only 6 possible graph of a Quadratic
expression as given below :
Case - I When a > 0
(i) If D > 0
Roots are real and different ( X1 and X2)
2
4ac – b
Minimum value LM = at
4a

H 2a JK
x = OL = –b/2a
ax2 + bx + c = a x 
y is positive for all x out side interval [x1, x2 ]
b and is negative for all x inside (x 1, x2)
 x   , the quadratic expression takes
2a
on values of the same sign as a;
If x = – b/2a then ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
 If D = 0, then
b
(i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 has a solution any x  
2a
if a > 0 and has no solution if a < 0;
b
(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 has a solution any x  
2a
if a < 0 and has no solution if a > 0;
(iii) ax2 + bx + c  0 has any x as a solution if
a > 0 and the unique solution
(ii) If D = 0
b Roots are equal (OA)
x  , if a < 0;
2a
Min. value = 0 at x = OA = –b/2a
(iv) ax2 + bx + c  0 has any x as a solution
b  – b
if a < 0 and x   , if a > 0; y > 0 for all x   R – 
2a  2a 
 (iii) If D < 0
Roots are complex conjugate
y is negative for all x  R

(iii) If D < 0
Roots are complex conjugate
y is positive for all x  R.

Sign of the Quadratic Expression

Ex.28 If f(x) is a quadratic expression which

is positive for all real values of x and
g(x) = f(x) + f '(x) + f "(x) , then for any real
value of x-
Case- II When a < 0
(A) g (x) < 0 (B) g (x) > 0
(i) If D > 0 (C) g (x) = 0 (D) g (x)  0
Roots are real and different ( x 1 and x 2) Sol. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, then
2
4ac – b –b g(x) = (ax2 + bx + c) + 2ax + b + 2a
Max. value = LM = at x = OL =
4a 2a
= ax2 + (b + 2a) x + (c + b + 2a)
y is positive for all x inside ( x 1, x2 ) and
y is negative for all x outside [ x 1, x2]  f(x) > 0 , therefore b2 – 4ac < 0 and a > 0.
Now for g(x),
Discriminant = (b+2a)2 – 4a (c+b+ 2a)
= b2 – 4ac– 4a2 < 0
(  b2 – 4ac < 0, – 4a2 < 0)
Therefore signs of g(x) and a are same i.e.
g(x) > 0.
Ans.[B]
(ii) If D = 0 Ex.29 For real values of x, 2x 2 + 5x – 3 > 0, if-
Roots are equal = OA (A) x < – 2 (B) x > 0
Max. value = 0 at x = OA = –b/2a
(C) x > 1 (D) None of these
 – b
y is negative for all x   R –  Sol. Discriminant b2 – 4ac = 25 + 24 = 49 > 0
 2a 
 Roots are real.
 The given expression is positive for those real
values of x for which x  ( – 3, 1/2), because
a = 2 > 0.
 x > 1 is true.
Ans.[C]
13.QUADRATIC EXPRESSION IN TWO VARIABLES 14. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS

The general form of a quadratic expression in (i) Every equation of nth degree ( n  1 ) has
two variable x & y is exactly n roots and if the equation has more
than n roots, it is an identity.
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c
(ii) If  is a root of the equation f (x) = 0 then
The condition that this expression may be
the polynomial f (x) is exactly divisible by
resolved into two linear rational factors is
(x–) or (x – ) is a factor of f (x)
a h g (iii) If quadratic equations a1 x 2 + b1 x+c1 = 0
= h b f = 0 and a2 x 2 + b2 x + c2 = 0 are in the same
g f c F
G  1 2 IJ then
 abc + 2 fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0 and h2 –
ratio
Hi. e.  1

2 K
ab > 0 b12 a1c1
=
This expression is called discriminant of the above b 22 a2c2
quadratic expression. (iv) If one root is k times the other root of quadratic
equation a1 x 2 + b1 x+ c1 = 0 then
Quadratic Expression in Two Variables
(k  1) 2 b2
=
k ac
Ex.30 For what v alue of m the expression
y2 + 4xy + 4x + my – 2 can be resolved into (v) Quadratic equations containing modulas sign
two rational factors- are solved considering both positive and
(A)1 (B) –1 negative values of the quantity containing
(C) 2 (D) –2 modulus sign. Finally the roots of the given
Sol. Here a = 0 , b = 1, c = –2 equation will be those values among the values
h = 2 , g = 2, f = m/2 of the variable so obtained which satisfy the
given equation.
0 2 2
2 1 m/2
So  = 0  = 0
2 m/2 2

 2(4+m) + 2 (m–2) = 0
 4 m + 4 = 0
 m = –1 Ans. [B]
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The number of real roots of the equation Sol. Since the roots of the given equation are real.
e sin x – e– sin x – 4 = 0 is-  Disc. > 0  16 + 4 log3a  0
(A) 2 (B) 1
 log3 a  – 4  a  3–4  a  1/81
(C) infinite (D) None
sin x Hence, the least value of a is 1/81.
Sol. Let e = y then given equation reduces to
Ans.[B]
1
y – – 4 = 0
y Ex.5 If a < b < c < d, then roots of (x–a)(x–c) + 2
2 (x–b)(x–d)= 0 are-
 y – 4y – 1 = 0
(A) real and equal (B) real and unequal
4  20
 y = = 2  5 (C) imaginary (D) rational
2
Sol. Here
= 4.23 ,– 0.23 3x2 – ( a + c + 2b + 2d)x + (ac + 2bd) = 0
But y = e sin x is never negative. So
 Discriminant
y = e sin x = 4.23
= (a + c+ 2b+ 2d)2 – 12 (ac + 2bd)
 sin x = log 4.23 > 1
= [(a + 2d) – ( c + 2b)]2+ 4 (a + 2d) (c+ 2b)
which is not possible. Hence the equation
has no real root. Ans.[D] – 12 (ac + 2bd)
= [(a+ 2d) – (c+ 2b)]2+ 8( c– b) ( d– a) > 0.
Ex.2 If r and s are positive, then roots of the Ans.[B]
equation x2 – rx – s =0 are -
(A) imaginary Ex.6 If roots of the equation ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0
(B) real and both positive are real and dif f erent, then roots of the
(C) real and of opposite signs
equat ion (a 2 + 2b 2 – ac)x 2 + 2b (a + c) x
(D) real and both negative
+ (2b2+ c2 – ac) = 0 are-
Sol. Here Discriminant
= r2 + 4s > 0 (  r, s > 0) (A) real and equal (B) real and unequal
 roots are real (C) imaginary (D) None of these
Again a = 1 > 0 and c = – s < 0 Sol. The second equation can be written as
 roots are of opposite signs. (a + c) (ax 2 + 2bx + c) = 2(ac – b2 ) (x2+ 1)
Ans.[C]  2(ac – b2) (x 2 + 1) = 0 ...(1)
Since roots of ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 are real and
Ex.3 Both roots of the equation ( x – b) ( x– c) different, therefore
+ ( x– c) ( x– a) + (x– a) ( x– b) = 0 are -
D = 4b2 – 4ac > 0  b2 > ac
(A) positive (B) negative
(C) real (D) imaginary Thus from (1), we get
Sol. The given equation can be written in the x2 + 1 = 0
following form : or x = i
3x2 – 2 (a+ b+ c) x + (ab+ bc + ca) = 0 So roots of the second equation are
Here discriminant imaginary. Ans.[C]
= 4(a + b+ c)2 – 12 (ab + bc + ca)
= 4[(a2 + b2 + c2) – (ab + bc + ca)] > 0
1 1 1
[  a2 + b2 + c2 > ab + bc+ ca] Ex.7 For the equation – = , if the
xa xb xc
 Both roots are real. Ans.[C]
product of roots is zero, then the sum of roots is-
Ex.4 If the roots of the quadratic equation
2ab
x2 – 4x – log3a = 0 are real, then the least (A) 0 (B)
value of a is - bc
(A) 81 (B) 1/81 2bc 2bc
(C) 1/64 (D) None of these (C) (D)
bc bc
 1 1 1 (  ) 3  3  (  )
Sol. – = =
xa xb xc 

ba 1 (   ) 3 27 9
= = – 3 (   ) = – + < 0
2
x  (b  a)x  ab xc  2a 2 a
or x2 + (a+ b)x + ab = ( b–a) x + ( b– a) c [  a < 0] Ans.[D]
or x2 + 2ax + ab + ca – bc = 0
Since product of the roots = 0 Ex.10 If   are the roots of x 2 – p(x+1) – c = 0
bc  2  2  1  2  2  1
ab+ ca – bc = 0  a = then + is equal to-
bc  2  2  c  2  2  c
2bc (A) 0 (B) 1
Thus sum of roots = – 2a = (C) 2 (D) None of these
bc
Ans.[D] Sol. Here the equation is x2 – p(x + 1) – c = 0
    = p,  = – (p + c)
Ex.8 If p and q are roots of the equation  ( + 1) ( + 1) = 1 – c
x2 – 2x + A = 0 and r and s be roots of the Now given expression
equation x2 – 18 x + B = 0 if p < q < r < s
(  1) 2 (  1) 2
be in A.P., then A and B are respectively- = + ,
(A) – 3, 77 (B) 3, 77 (  1) 2  (1  c) (  1) 2  (1  c)
Putting value of 1 – c = ( + 1) ( +1)
(C) 3,– 77 (D) None of these
Sol. Here p, q are roots of x 2 – 2x + A = 0  1  1
= +
 p + q = 2 ...(1)  
Also r, s are roots of x2 – 18 x + B = 0  1  1
= = 1 Ans.[B]
 r + s = 18 ...(2)  
Now since p,q,r,s in A.P. say with common Note :– Some times an intermediate step calculation is
difference d. necessary before the main problem is
 q = p + d, r = p + 2d, s = p + 3d attempted. As above
Form (1) and (2) ( + 1) ( + 1) =   ( + ) + 1
= –p – c + p + 1 = 1 – c
2p  d  2  Without which the main result would be difficult
2 p  5d  18   4d = 16  d = 4 to find.

 2p + 4 = 2  p = – 1 Ex. 11 If   be the roots x2 + px – q = 0 and

Hence p = –1, q = – 1 + 4 = 3   be the roots of x2 + px + r = 0 then
r = –1 + 8 = 7, s = –1 + 12 = 11 (   ) (  )
A = pq = – 3, B = rs = 77 (   ) (   ) =
Ans.[A] (A) 1 (B) q
(C) r (D) q + r

Ex.9 If  ,  are roots of the equation

     p
Sol. Here          (note)
ax2 + 3x + 2 = 0 ( a< 0), then  2/  +  2/      p 
is greater than- Now ( – ) ( – ) = 2 –  (  ) +  
=  –      r
(A) 0 (B) 1
= –   r
(C) 2 (D) None of these = –(–q) + r = q + r
Sol. Since a < 0, therefore discriminant By symmetry of the results
( – ) ( – ) = q + r
D = 9 – 8a > 0. So,  and  are real.
Hence the ratio is 1 Ans.[A]
3 2
We have :  +  = and  = Note :– If we ignore the equality of    and   , the
a a
problem may be seen to be difficult, or at least
2 2 3  3 the calculations are increased unnecessarily.
 + =
  
Ex.12 If   be roots of x 2 + px + 1 = 0 and   Sol. Let  and  are roots of the given equation,
are the roots of x2 + qx + 1 = 0 then
then
( –) ( –) (  ) (  ) =
(A) p2 + q2 (B) p2 – q2 1 1
+ = –  = – – 
(C) q2 – p2 (D) none of these 2 2
     p;   1 Now 4  2 + 2  – 1 = 0
Sol. Here      4  2 = 1–2  ...(1)
     q;   1  
Now 4  3 =  – 2  2
Now ( –) ( –)  )  )
= { –  ( ) + 2} { (  ) + 2} 1
= – ( 1– 2  ) [from (1)]
= {1 + p + 2} {1 – p + 2} 2
= [(2+1) + p] [(2 + 1) – p)] 1
= (–q + p) (–q – p)  43 – 3 = – 2 – (1–2  )
2
=  (q2 – p2) = 1 (q2 – p2) 1
= – –  =  Ans.[B]
Ans.[C] 2

Note:– Remember that the root always satisfy the Ex.15 If  ,  are roots of Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 and
equation and hence this fact may be used to  2,  2 are roots of x2 + px+ q = 0, then p
find some values which may be occurring in
the calculations. is equal to-
(A) (B2 – 2AC) /A2 (B) ( 2AC –B2) /A2
Ex.13 If  and   are roots of the equation (C) (B2 – 4AC)/A2 (D) (4AC–B2)A2
x2 + px + q = 0 and  and 4 are roots Sol.  +  = – B/A,  = C/A
of x2 – r x + s = 0 , then the roots of
x2 – 4qx + 2q2– r = 0 are–  2 +  2 = –p,  2  2 = q
(A) both real
 (  +  )2 = B2/A2
(B) both positive
(C) both negative  (  2 +  2) + 2  = B2/ A2
(D) one negative and one positive  – p + 2C/A = B2 /A2
Sol. The discriminant of the equation
x2 – 4qx + 2q2 – r = 0 is 2 CA  B 2
 p = Ans.[B]
D = 16 q2 – 4 (2q2 – r) = 8q2 + 4r ...(1) A2
But  ,  are roots of the equation Ex.16 If   are the roots of the equation
x2 + px + q = 0 ax2 + bx + c = 0 and Sn = n + n, then
  +  = – p and  = q a Sn+1 + c Sn–1 =
(A) b Sn (B) b2Sn
and  4 ,  4 are roots of the equation
(C)2bSn (D) –bSn
x2 – rx + s = 0
Sol. Here  are roots
  4+  4 = r and  4  4 = s  a2 + b + c = 0 ...(1)
2
 D = 8  2  2 + (  4+  4) a + b + c = 0 ...(2)
Now let us consider (Keeping results (1), (2)
= 4(  2+  2)2  0
in mind)
Thus both roots are real. a Sn+1 + b Sn +c Sn–1
Ans.[A]
= a[n+1+ n+1] + b [n+  n] + c [n–1+  n–1]
Ex.14 If one root of the equation 4x 2 + 2x – 1 = 0 = [an+1+ bn+cn–1] + [a n+1 + b n + c n–1]
is  , then other root is- = n–1 [a2 + b + c] +  n–1 [a 2 + b + c]
(A) 2  (B) 4  3 – 3  = 0 + 0 = 0
(C) 4  3 + 3  (D) None of these Hence aSn+1 + cSn–1 = – bSn. Ans.[D]
Ex.17 The quadratic equation whose one root is  (p–q)  + r (q–p) = 0   = r
1
will be- Now,  = qr   r = qr   = q.
2 5
(A) x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 (B) x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 Since,  and  are roots of (ii). Therefore,
(C) x2 + 4x + 1= 0 (D) None of these   = rp  r  = rp   = p
1
Sol. Given root = = 5–2  +  +  = q + r + p = p + q + r..
2 5
Ans.[B]
So the other root = – 5 – 2. Then sum of
Ex.20 If the quadratic equations ax 2 + 2cx + b = 0
the roots = – 4, product of the roots = – 1
Hence the equation is x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 and ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 (b  c) have a common
Ans.[A] root, then a + 4b + 4c is equal to-
(A) –2 (B) –1
Ex.18 If the roots of equation x2 + bx + ac = 0 are (C) 0 (D) 1
 , and roots of the equation x2 + ax + bc = 0 Sol. Let  be the common root of the given
equations. Then
are  ,  then the v alue of  ,  ,  a  2 + 2c  + b = 0
respectively- and a  2 + 2b  + c = 0
(A) a,b,c (B) b,c,a  2  ( c– b) + (b– c) = 0
(C) c,a,b, (D) None of thes 1
Sol. From the given two equation  = [  b  c]
2
   = –b ...(1) Putting  = 1/2 in a  2 + 2c  + b = 0, we
get a + 4b + 4c = 0. Ans.[C]
 = ac ...(2)
   = –a ...(3) Ex.21 The value of m for which one of the roots of
 = bc ...(4) x2 – 3x + 2m = 0 is double of one of the
roots of x2 – x + m = 0 is-
(1) – (3)   –  = a– b ...(5) (A) 0,2 (B) 0,–2
(2) / (4)   /  = a/b (C) 2,–2 (D) None of these
Sol. Let  be the root of x2 – x + m = 0 and 2 
a be the root of x2 – 3x + 2m = 0. Then,
= ..(6)
b  2 –  + m = 0 and 4  2 – 6  + 2m = 0
putting the value of  in (5) 2  1
 = =  m 2 = – 2m
 4m  2m 2
a (a  b )
–  = a–b   = (a–b)  m = 0, m = – 2 Ans.[B]
b b
  = b Ex.22 If the expression x2 – 11x+ a and x2–14x + 2a
 = a &  = c. Ans.[C] must have a common factor and a  0, then,
the common factor is –
Ex.19 If every pair from among the equations (A) (x – 3) (B) (x – 6)
(C) (x – 8) (D) None of these
x2 + px + qr = 0, x 2 + qx + rp= 0 and
x2 + rx + pq = 0 has a common root, then Sol. Here Let x –  is the common factor
the sum of the three common roots is- then x =  is root of the corresponding
(A) 2 (p + q+ r) (B) p + q + r equation
(C) –(p + q + r) (D) pqr  2 – 11 + a = 0
Sol. The given equations are 2 – 14 + 2a = 0
x2 + px + qr = 0, ...(i) Subtracting 3 – a = 0   = a/3
x2 + qx + rp = 0, ...(ii) a2 a
Hence – 11 + a = 0, a = 0 or a = 24
and x2 + rx + pq = 0 ...(iii) 9 3
Let ,  be the roots of (i),  ,  be the roots since a  0, a = 24

of (ii) and  ,  be the roots of (iii). Since  x 2  11x  24

The common factor of  2 is
 is a common root of (i) and (ii).  x  14 x  48
clearly x – 8 Ans.[C]
  2 + p  + qr = 0 and  2 + q  + rp = 0
Note :–Shorter method Eliminating a from both Ex.25 The real values of a for which the quadratic
equation 2x2 – (a3 + 8a – 1) x + a2– 4a = 0
possesses roots of opposite signs are given
2 x 2  22 x  2 a  2
 x – 8x = 0  x(x – 8) =0 by-
x 2  14 x  2 a  (A) a > 5 (B) 0 < a < 4
  
(C) a > 0 (D) a > 7
 x  0,  (x – 8) Ans Sol. The roots of the given equation will be of
opposite signs if they are real and their
Ex.23 If x is real then the value of the expression product is negative, i.e.
x2  14 x  9
Discriminant  0 and product of roots < 0
lies between  (a3 + 8a – 1)2 – 8 (a2 – 4a)  0 and
x 2  2x  3
(A) –3 and 3 (B) –4 and 5 a 2  4a
< 0
(C) –4 and 4 (D) –5 and 4 2
2
 a – 4a < 0 [  a2 – 4a < 0
x2  14 x  9 3 2 2
 (a + 8a – 1) – 8(a – 4a)  0]
Sol. Let = y
x 2  2x  3  0 < a < 4. Ans.[B]
 x2 (1–y) + 2x(7 – y) + 3(3 – y) = 0 Ex.26 The value of the expression x2 + 2bx + c will
Hence 4(7–y)2 – 12 (1–y) (3–y)  0 be positive if-
gives – 2y2 – 2y + 40  0 (A) b2–4c > 0 (B) b2–4c < 0
2
 y2 + y – 20  0 (C) c < b (D) b2 < c
 (y + 5) (y – 4)  0  –5  y  4 Sol. Expression = (x+ b) – b2 + c
2

= (x+b)2 + (c– b2)

Ans.[D]
 expression will be positive if c – b2 > 0
Note:– Theory of max. minima may be used to find  b2 < c Ans.[D]
the extreme values for example in the above Aliter : Here a = 1 > 0. Hence exp. > 0 when
(x2 + 2x + 3) ( 2x + 14) – (x 2 + 14x + 9) B2 – 4AC < 0 i.e. when 4b2 – 4c < 0  b2 < c.
(2x + 2) = 0. Which gives two value of x,
corresponding find values of y. Ex.27 If roots of the equation x 2 + ax + 25 = 0 are
in the ratio of 2: 3 then the value of a is -
8 x 2  16 x  51  5  25
Ex.24 > 3 if x is such that – (A) 6 (B) 6
( 2x  3)( x  4)
(A) x < –4 (B) –3 < x < 3/2  5
(C) (D) None of these
(C) x > 5/2 (D) All these true 6
Sol. Here k = 2/3
8 x 2  16 x  51 (k  1) 2 b2
Sol. Consider –3 > 0 so from the condition =
( 2x  3)( x  4) k ac
( 2 / 3  1) 2 a2
2 =
2x  x  15 2/3 25
 > 0
2x2  5 x  12 25 3 a2 25 a2
  =  =
9 2 25 6 25
(2x  5)( x  3)
 > 0 25  25  25
(2x  3)( x  4)  a2 = a = Ans.[B]
6 6
Hence both Nr and Dr are positive if
5 Ex.28 If the roots of the equations x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
x < –4 or x >
2 and x2 –x +  = 0 are in the same ratio then
3 the value of  is given by-
and both negative if –3 < x <
2 (A) 2/7 (B) 2/9
Hence all the statements are true, as such (C) 9/2 (D) 7/2
(D) is the correct option. Sol. If roots are in same ratio then
( x  a)( x  b)
0 32 (1).(2) (2) 2
Note:– If a < c < b < d, then
if x < a or x > d
( x  c)( x  d)
or if c < x < b
b1g =2
(1).( ) 
9 =
( )  =
9
Ans.[B]
Ex.29 Let   be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 & Ex.31 The sum of all real roots of the equation
,  be the roots of px2 + qx + r = 0 ; and |x –2|2 + |x –2| – 2 = 0, is -
D1,D2 the respective Discriminants of these (A) 0 (B) 8
equations. If  are in A.P., then D1 : D2 (C) 4 (D) None of these
a2 a2 b2 c2
(A) 2 (B) (C) 2 (D) Sol. Case I x – 2 > 0, x > 2
p b2 q r2
Putting x–2 = y, y > 0
b c
Sol. We have  +  = ,  =  y2 + y – 2 = 0  y = –2, 1
a a
 x = 0, 3 But 0 
| 2,
q r
and  +  = p ,   = p Hence x = 3 is the real root.
Case II x– 2 < 0  x < 2, y < 0
Now , , ,  are in A.P.
  –  =  –  ; ( – )2 = ( – )2 y2 – y – 2 = 0  y = 2, –1  x = 4,x = 1
 (  )2 – 4 = (  )2 – 4  since 4 |< 2, only x = 1 is the real root
Hence the sum of the real roots = 3 + 1 = 4
2 2
b 4c q 4r (C) is correct option. Ans.[C]
 2
– = 2 – p
a a p
Note : The problem is asked in 'Fill up the blank"
2
2
b  4 ac q  4 pr form in IIT–97(July)
 =
a 2 p2
Ex.32 If 0  x , then the solution of the equation
D1 D2 D a2
 =  1 = 2 2
+ 16cos
2
x
a2 p2 D2 p 16 sin x = 10 is given by x equal
to
Ans.[A]
   
Ex.30 If  1 ,  2 and  1,  2, are respectively roots (A) , (B) ,
6 3 3 2
of the equations ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and
px 2 + qx + r = 0, then the system  
(C) , (D) None of these
of equations  1 y +  2 z = 0 and 6 2
 1y +  2z = 0 has a none zero solution 2 2 2 16
Sol. Let 16 sin x
= y, then 16 cos x
= 16 1– sin x
= y
then-
(A) p2 br = a2 qc (B) b2 pr = q2 ac 16
2 2
(C) r pb = c ar (D) None of these Hence y + y = 10  y2 – 10y + 16 = 0
Sol. Obviously or y = 2, 8
 1 +  2 = – b/a,  1  2 = c/a 2 2
4 sin x
 1 +  2 = – q/p,  1  2 = r/p Now 16 sin x
= 2  (2) = (2)1
Since the system of equations 1 
 4 sin2 x = 1  sin x =  x =
 1 y +  2z = 0 and  1y +  2z = 0 2 3
has a non zero solution Hence (A) is correct answer.
Ans.[A]
1  2
Note: If restriction 0  x   is not given as in the
 
1 2 = 0   1  2 –  2  1 = 0
1
1 2 1   2 R
S U original problem then sin2 x =
T  V
1 2 4
= = 
1 2  1   2 W
1 2 
b / a
 q / p =
c/a R
S U
V
b p 2 2
=
cp
 x = n ±
6
.
r /p T Wqa 2 2
ar Hence there will be infinite roots.
 b2pr = q2 ac Ans.[B] Since sin x is positive in [0, ] negative values
are not considered.
Ex.33 If p, q, r be in H.P. and p and r be different Ex.34 If x = 2 + 3 then the value of
having same sign, then the root of the x3 – 7x2 + 13 x – 12 is –
equation px2+2qx+r =0 will be - (A) 3 (B) 6
(A) real (B) equal (C) –9 (D) 9
(C) Imaginary (D) None of these Sol. x = 2 + 3
Sol. Here p, q, r in H.P.
x – 2 = 3
2 pr
 q = pr ...(1)  x2 + 4– 4x =3
2
Now D = 4q – 4pr  x2 – 4x = – 1
 2pr 
2  x2 – 4x+ 1 = 0
= – 4 [pr–   ] using (1) Now we can write the given equation as
pr
2 x3 –7x 2 + 13 x – 12
pr = x(x2 – 4x + 1) – 3x 2 + 12 x – 12
= – (pr) [2   ]
pr = x(x2 – 4x + 1) – 3 (x 2 – 4x + 1) – 9
Since pr > 0, p  r given, Now putting the value of x 2 – 4x + 1 = 0
D  0 and D < 0 Hence the roots are = x (0) – 3(0) – 9 = – 9 Ans.[C]
imaginary. Ans.[C]
Note :–The students should develope a practice of
arguing, using giv en conditions. The
discriminant should be expressed in perfect
square form as far as possible.