MSL V C×WZ I KVW: Number System and Code

GgweG †cÖvMÖvg
msL¨v c×wZ I †KvW 2

Number System and Code
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Avwe®‹vi gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Kv‡Ri aviv e`‡j w`‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv cÖwµqvKiY,
msiÿYmn Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vewj m¤úvw`Z nq wewfbœ cÖKvi wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g, hv A‡bK¸‡jv AsK ev wWwR‡Ui
mgš^‡q MwVZ| G ai‡bi msL¨v ev ivwkgvjv cÖKv‡ki c×wZB n‡jv msL¨v c×wZ| Kw¤úDUv‡i mKj cÖKvi MYbvi
Rb¨ evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ AwaK cwigv‡Y eëüZ Ges AZ¨šÍ cwiwPZ GKwU c×wZ| Avgiv cÖwZwbqZ †hme msL¨v
eënvi K‡i _vwK Zv n‡jv `kwgK ev †Wwm‡gj msL¨v| GQvov Av‡iv `ywU msL¨v c×wZ n‡jv A±vj I
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj cÖKvi Af¨šÍixY MvwYwZK Kvh©µ‡g Ges djvdj Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b A±vj,
`kwgK I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq Ges †KvwWs wm‡÷g eëüZ nq|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV- 2.1 : msL¨v c×wZ I msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f`

cvV- 2.2 : wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZi MvwYwZK Kvh©µg I iƒcvšÍi
cvV- 2.3 : `kwgK †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi
cvV- 2.4 : `kwgK †_‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi
cvV- 2.5 : `kwgK †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi
cvV- 2.6 : evBbvwi †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi
cvV- 2.7 : A±vj †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi
cvV- 2.8 : †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi
cvV- 2.9 : evBbvwi †_‡K A±v‡j Ges A±vj †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi
cvV- 2.10 : evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi
cvV- 2.11 : A±vj †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi
cvV- 2.12 : †KvW I Dcv‡Ëi Dc¯’vcbv
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ 28
weweG †cÖvMÖvg †gŠwjK Kw¤úDUvi wkÿv
cvV-2.1 msL¨v c×wZ I msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f`

Number System and Types of Number System
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 msL¨v c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
msL¨v c×wZ
Number System
c„w_exi Avw`Kv‡j gvbyl MYbv ev wnmv‡ei Rb¨ wewfbœ gva¨g eënvi KiZ| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b gvbyl MYbv ev wnmv‡ei
Rb¨ msL¨v ev AsK eënvi Kiv †k‡L| A_©vr cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB gvbyl MYbvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wewfbœ mvs‡KwZK wPý,
eY©, msL¨v ev AsK BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i‡Q| G ai‡bi mvs‡KwZK wPý, eY©, msL¨v ev AsK cvkvcvwk †i‡L Zv cÖKvk
Kivi c×wZB n‡jv msL¨v c×wZ| A_©vr GKwU gvbm¤§Z eë¯’vq wewfbœ mvs‡KwZK wPý ev AsK, eY©, †jLv ev cÖKvk
Kivi c×wZB n‡jv msL¨v c×wZ| msL¨v c×wZ‡K g~jZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
1. bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ (Non-Positional Number System) I
2. cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ (Positional Number System)
bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ (Non-positional Number System)

cÖvPxbKv‡j gvbyl wnmve wbKv‡ki Rb¨ bywo cv_i, nv‡Zi Av½yj, wSbyK I `woi wMuU eënvi KiZ| G ai‡bi MYbv
c×wZB n‡jv bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ| A_©vr bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi c×wZ, †hLv‡b
msL¨v¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv ¯’vbxq gvb _v‡K bv| ïaygvÎ msL¨vi wbR¯^ gvb Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| †hgbÑ bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v
c×wZ‡Z eëüZ cÖZxK I Øviv 1, II Øviv 2, III Øviv 3, IIII Øviv 4 BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i| bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v
c×wZ‡Z nvwZqvi, cïcvwL, RxeRš‘i Qwe, MvQ, dzj dj BZ¨vw` cÖZxK wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| Z‡e G ai‡bi
msL¨v c×wZ‡Z MvwYwZK KvR Kiv LyeB RwUj|
cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ (Positional Number System)

†Kv‡bv msL¨v c×wZ cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ †h mKj mvs‡KwZK wPý ev †gŠwjK wPý eënvi Kiv nq Zv AsK ev wWwRU
(Digit) bv‡g cwiwPZ| †hgbÑ evBbvwi msL¨v‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ `ywU AsK 0 Ges 1 eënvi Kiv nq| wewfbœ
ai‡bi AsK ev wWwRU¸‡jv n‡jv 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 BZ¨vw`| wWwRU eënvi K‡i msL¨v c×wZ cÖKvk
Kivi c×wZB n‡jv cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv GKwU msL¨vi gvb †ei Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb :
1| msL¨vwU‡Z eëüZ AsK¸‡jvi wbR¯^ gvb|
2| msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwË|
3| msL¨vwU‡Z eëüZ AsK¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb ev ¯’vbxq gvb|
msL¨v c×wZi †eR

Base of Number System
cÖ‡Z¨K cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZi GKwU wbw`©ómsL¨K AsK ev msL¨v _v‡K hv msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwË bv‡g
cwiwPZ| A_©vr †Kv‡bv msL¨v c×wZi wfwË ev †eR n‡jv GB c×wZ‡Z eëüZ †gŠwjK wPýmg~‡ni ev AsKmg~‡n †gvU
msL¨v| †hgbÑ evBbvwi msL¨v 0 I 1 G `ywU As‡K mgš^‡q MwVZ| ZvB evBbvwi msL¨vi †eR 2| †Zgwb `kwgK
msL¨vq †gvU 10wU AsK eënvi nq weavq Gi †eR 10|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ29
msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwËi Ici wbf©i K‡i cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ
1. evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ (Binary Number System)
2. A±vj msL¨v c×wZ (Octal Number System)
3. `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ (Decimal Number System)
4. †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ (Hexadecimal Number System); BZ¨vw`|
evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ (Binary Number System)

evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ GKwU 2-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z 0 Ges 1 GB `ywU AsK eëüZ nq| G `ywU
AsK‡K wewfbœfv‡e mvwR‡q †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z †jLv hvq| evBbvwi‡Z `ywU AsK eëüZ nq
weavq G c×wZi †eR 2| (110)2, (1101)2, (101.011)2 BZ¨vw` n‡jv evBbvwi msL¨vi D`vniY|
Kw¤úDUvi evBbvwi msL¨vi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi DcvË ev †WUv msiÿY K‡i _v‡K| Avevi Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj
Af¨šÍixY cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ nq evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z| `kwgK msL¨vi ¯’vbv¼ ev msL¨vi Ae¯’vbMZ fi
n‡”QÑ
1000, 100, 10, 1 ev 103, 102 , 101, 100 (`kwgK msL¨vi †eR 10)
Abyiƒcfv‡e c~Y© evBbvwi msL¨vi ¯’vbv¼ ev msL¨vi Ae¯’vbMZ fi :
.........., 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, ev 26, 25, 24 , 23, 22, 21, 20 BZ¨vw` (evBbvwi msL¨vi †eR 2)
fMœvs‡ki †¶‡Î evBbvwi msL¨vi ¯’vbv¼ ev msL¨vi Ae¯’vbMZ fi n‡”Q :
.50, .25, .125,.......... ev 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, ............BZ¨vw`|
A±vj msL¨v c×wZ (Octal Number System)

A±vj GKwU 8-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z †gvU 8wU AsK ev wWwRU eëüZ nq| AsK ev wWwRU¸‡jv n‡jv
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 I 7| (101)8, (731)8, (645.103)8 BZ¨vw` n‡jv A±vj msL¨vi D`vniY| A±vj msL¨vi
¯’vbv¼ ev msL¨vi Ae¯’vbMZ gvb n‡”Q wb¤œiƒcÑ
`kwgK we›`y
(†ewk ¸iæ‡Z¡i A¼) MSD  84 83 82 81 80 . 8-1 8-2 8-3  LSD (Kg ¸iæ‡Z¡i A¼)
`kwgK msL¨v c×wZ (Decimal Number System)

`kwgK msL¨v c×wZ GKwU 10-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z †gvU 10wU (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 I 9)
AsK ev wWwRU eënvi Kiv nq| G `kwU As‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ ¯’vbxq gvb †hgbÑ GKK, `kK, kZK BZ¨vw` eënvi
K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv gv‡bi `kwgK msL¨v ˆZwi Kiv hvq| (207)10, 22310, (57.31)10 BZ¨vw` n‡jv `kwgK msL¨vi
D`vniY|
Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wewfbœ MYbvi Kv‡R Avgiv `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ eënvi K‡i _vwK| `kwgK msL¨v
c×wZ‡Z GKK, `kK, kZK, mn¯ª, AhyZ,... BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i †h gvb wbY©q Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯’vbxq gvb e‡j|
`kwgK msL¨vi ¯’vbv¼ ev msL¨vi Ae¯’vbMZ fi n‡”Q :
1000, 100, 10, 1 ev 103, 102 , 101, 100 (`kwgK msL¨vi †eR 10)
fMœvs‡ki †¶‡Î evBbvwi msL¨vi ¯’vbv¼ ev msL¨vi Ae¯’vbMZ fi n‡”Q :
10-1, 10-2, 10-3 , ............BZ¨vw`|
ev, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, ............BZ¨vw`|
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ (Hexadecimal Number System)

†n·v‡Wwm‡gj GKwU 16-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z †gvU 16wU AsK ev wWwRU eënvi Kiv nq|
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq 16wU cÖZx‡Ki g‡a¨ `kwgK c×wZi `kwU cÖZxK Ges evKx 6wU eY© cÖZxK eënvi Kiv nq|
0 †_‡K 9 ch©šÍ AsK cÖZxK Ges 9-Gi c‡ii¸‡jv n‡”Q A, B, C, D, E I F| GLv‡b A, B, C, D, E Ges F-Gi
mgZzj¨ `kwgK gvb n‡”Q h_vµ‡g 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Ges 15| (851)16 , (21B)16, (AC. 1B)16 BZ¨vw` n‡jv
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi D`vniY| G c×wZ‡Z msL¨vi Ae¯’vbMZ gvb n‡”QÑ
`kwgK we›`y
(†ewk ¸iæ‡Z¡i msL¨v) MSD 164, 163, 162, 161, 160 . 16-1, 16-2, 16-3 LSD (Kg ¸iæ‡Z¡i msL¨v)
mvims‡ÿc :
Avw`g hy‡M gvbyl MYbvi Kv‡R nv‡Zi AvOzj, cv_‡ii LuywU, KvwV BZ¨vw` eënvi KiZ| mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi
av‡c av‡c| gvbyl MYbvi Kv‡R bvbv ai‡bi wPý ev cÖZx‡Ki eënvi ïiæ K‡i| wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖZxK ev AsK
eënvi K‡i †Kv‡bv msL¨v‡K cÖKvk Kivi c×wZB n‡jv msL¨v c×wZ| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i MYbv c×wZ Ges
Avgv‡ì cÖPwjZ MYbv c×wZ GK bq| Avgiv ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b wnmv‡ei Rb¨ `kwgK c×wZ eënvi K‡i _vwK|
`kwgK c×wZ‡Z 0 †_‡K 9 ch©šÍ †gvU 10wU AsK _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i mKj wnmve I Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi
Rb¨ evBbvwi c×wZ eëüZ nq| evBbvwi msL¨v‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ `ywU AsK 0 Ges 1 eënvi Kiv nq| GRb¨
evBbvwi †eR n‡”Q 2| `kwgK msL¨vq 10wU A¼ eënvi Kiv nq GRb¨ `kwgK msL¨vi †eR n‡”Q 10| Avevi
Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi A±vj Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡gj bvgK msL¨v c×wZI eëüZ nq| A±vj c×wZ n‡”Q
8-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡gj c×wZ 16- wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ| 8 wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 0 †_‡K 7
†gvU 8wU cÖZxK Ges 16-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 0 †_‡K 15 †gvU-16 wU cÖZxK eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ31
cvV-2.2 wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZi MvwYwZK Kvh©µg I iƒcvšÍi

Arithmetic Operation of different Number Systems and Conversion
D‡Ïk¨
 wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZi MvwYwZK Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
 msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evBbvwi MwYZ
Binary Arithmetic
evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ GKwU mijZg msL¨v c×wZ| `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y I fv‡Mi g‡Zv
evBbvwi‡ZI †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y I fvM Kiv hvq|
evBbvwi †hvM
Binary Addition
evBbvwi †hvM `kwgK msL¨vi †hv‡Mi gZ evBbvwi msL¨vq weU¸‡jv †hv‡Mi ci nv‡Z †h msL¨v _v‡K, Zv ev‡gi we‡Ui
mv‡_ †hvM nq| `ywU evBbvwi AsK ev we‡Ui †hv‡Mi mgq PviwU wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’v †`Lv hvq| †hgb :
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1+1=0 Ges nv‡Z _v‡K 1, hv evg w`‡Ki mvwi‡Z †hvM Ki‡Z nq|
D`vniY-1 : 100101-Gi mv‡_ 110101 †hvM|
100101
+110101
1011010
D`vniY-2 : 1101.1101-Gi mv‡_ 1001.0011 †hvM|
1101.1101
+1001.0011
10111.0000
evBbvwi we‡qvM
Binary Subtraction
evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z we‡qvM Kivi †¶‡ÎI `kwg‡Ki wbqg AbymiY Kiv nq| `ywU evBbvwi AsK we‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î
PviwU wbqg eënvi Kiv nq| h_vÑ
evBbvwi we‡qvM we‡qvMdj †ev‡iv ev avi
0-0 = 0 0
1-0 = 1 0
1 -1 = 0 0
0-1 = 1 1 (GB avi cieZ©x Kjvg †_‡K †bIqv nq|)
D`vniY-3 : 10101-Gi mv‡_ 1101 we‡qvM|

10101
-1101
01000
D`vniY-4 : 1100.11-Gi mv‡_ 101.01 we‡qvM|

1100.11
- 101.01
0111.10
evBbvwi ¸Y I fvM
Binary Multiplication and Division
evBbvwi msL¨vi ¸Y I fvM `kwgK msL¨vi Abyiƒc| Z‡e Kw¤úDUvi ¸Y Kivi KvRwU cybtcyb †hvM Avi fv‡Mi
KvRwU cybtcybt we‡qvM Kivi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z †hfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq evBbvwi msL¨v
c×wZ‡Z GKB wbq‡g fvM Kiv hvq| evBbvwi fvM A‡c¶vK…Z mnR| KviY fvMd‡ji †Kv‡bv AsKB 1-Gi †P‡q
†ewk n‡Z cv‡i bv|
D`vniY-5 : (i) 101 †K 101 Øviv ¸Y| (ii) 1101 †K 110 Øviv ¸Y
1 0 1 1 1 0 1
X1 0 1 X1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0X 1 1 0 1 X
1 0 1X 1 1 0 1 X
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
D`vniY-6 : (110111100)2 †K (1100)2 w`‡q fvM|

1100) 110111100 ( 100101
- 1100
1111
- 1100
1100
- 1100
djvdj : (100101)2
A±vj †hvM
Octal Addition
†h‡Kv‡bv `ywU A±vj msL¨v †hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Wvb w`‡Ki AsK †_‡K ïiæ K‡i evg w`‡K Avm‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î
wb¤œwjwLZ wbqg¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡eÑ
1| djvdj 8-Gi Kg n‡j djvdjB n‡e †hvMdj, nv‡Z wKQz _vK‡e bv|
2| djvdj 8 n‡j †hvMdj 0, nv‡Z _vK‡e 1| †hgbÑ (7)8 + (1)8 = (10)8
3| djvdj 8-Gi †ewk n‡j hZ †ewk Zv n‡e †hvMdj, nv‡Z _vK‡e 1|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ33
D`vniY-1 : (352)8 I (131)8 †hvM|

352
131 [5+3 = 8 ZvB †hvMdj 0 nv‡Z 1]
503
 djvdj = (503)8
D`vniY-2 : 204.58 Ges 17.328 †hvM|

204.5
17.32 [1+4+7 = 12 ZvB †hvMdj =12-8 = 4 nv‡Z 1]
224 .02
 djvdj = (224.02)8
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj †hvM
Hexadecimal Addition
†h‡Kv‡bv `ywU †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v †hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Wvb w`‡Ki AsK †_‡K ïiæ K‡i evg w`‡K Avm‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î
wb¤œwjwLZ wbqg¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡eÑ
1| djvdj 16-Gi Kg n‡j djvdjB n‡e †hvMdj, nv‡Z wKQz _vK‡e bv|
2| djvdj 16 n‡j †hvMdj 0, nv‡Z _vK‡e 1| †hgbÑ (F)16 + (1)16 = (10)16
3| djvdj 16-Gi †ewk n‡j hZ †ewk Zv n‡e †hvMdj, nv‡Z _vK‡e 1|
D`vniY-1 : (12A)8 I (205)8 †hvM|

12A
205 [ A(10) + 5 = 15(F) ZvB †hvMdj F]
32F
 djvdj = (32F)16
D`vniY-2 : ABC Ges DEF †hvM|

ABC
DEF [ C(12) + F(15) = 27 ZvB †hvMdj = 27-16 =11(B) nv‡Z 1]
18AB
msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi

Conversion of Number Systems
Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wewfbœ wnmve-wbKv‡ki Kv‡R `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ eëüZ nq| wKš‘ Kw¤úDUv‡ii
Af¨šÍixY mKvj Kv‡R ev cÖwµqvKi‡Y evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ eëüZ nq| evBbvwi c×wZi cvkvcvwk Kw¤úDUv‡i
A±vj I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZI eëüZ nq| ZvB Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY cÖwµqvKi‡Yi welq e¨vL¨v-
we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi¸‡jv Rvb‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
o `kwgK msL¨v †_‡K Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi
o Ab¨ †Kv‡bv msL¨v c×wZ †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
o evBbvwi I A±vj msL¨vi cvi¯úwiK iƒcvšÍi
o evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj iƒcvšÍi

o A±vj †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj iƒcvšÍi
o †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K A±vj iƒcvšÍi
o †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K evBbvwi iƒcvšÍi
GLv‡b jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †h †n·v‡Wwm‡gj n‡Z A±vj c×wZ‡Z mivmwi iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq bv| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj A_ev
A±vj n‡Z `kwgK A_ev evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i †n·v‡Wwm‡gj A_ev A±vj c×wZ‡Z msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv
hvq|
`kwgK msL¨v †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v
evBbvwi msL¨v A±vj msL¨v
wPÎ : 2.1 : msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi
mvims‡ÿc :
evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZi †hvM n‡”Q LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© MvwYwZK cÖwµqv| Kw¤úDUvimn cÖvq me B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿B
†hv‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ we‡qvM, ¸Y I fvM Kiv nq| †hgbÑch©vqµ‡g †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g ¸Y Kiv hvq| Avevi 2-Gi cwic~iK
c×wZ‡Z †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g we‡qvM Kiv nq| Avi fvM n‡jv we‡qv‡MiB mswÿß iƒc| Kv‡RB ïaygvÎ †hv‡Mi mvwK©U
eënvi K‡i Ab¨vb¨ MvwYwZK cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ35
cvV-2.3 `kwgK †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi

Decimal to Binary Conversion
D‡Ïk¨
 `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
 c~Y© I fMœvsk `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
`kwgK †_‡K evBbvwi

Decimal to Binary
`kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î c~Y© `kwgK msL¨vi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi c×wZ Ges fMœvsk ev
c‡q›Uhy³ `kwgK msL¨vi Rb¨ Av‡iK ai‡bi c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq| wb‡¤œ `yB ai‡bi c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jvÑ
c~Y© `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
1| `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vi †eR 2 w`‡q fvM
K‡i fvM‡kl‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| fvMdj‡K cybivq 2 w`‡q fvM K‡i fvM‡kl‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| G c×wZi cybive„wË Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿY bv fvMdj 0 nq|
4| msiwÿZ fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K †kl †_‡K ïiæ ev m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AsK (MSB-Most Significant Bit) †_‡K
me©wb¤œ ¸iæZ¡c~‡Y©i AsK (LSB-Least Significant Bit) ch©šÍ ch©vqµ‡g wjL‡j msL¨vwUi mgKÿ evBbvwi
gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY-1 : (95)10 msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi| D`vniY-2 : (11)10 msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|
2 95  Aewkó 2 11 Aewkó
2 47  1 me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSB) 2 5 1  LSB
2 23  1 2 2 1
2 11  1 2 1 0 MSB
2 51 2 0- 1
2 21 myZivs, (11)10 = (1011)2
2 10
2 01 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSB)
myZivs, (95)10 = (1011111)2
D`vniY-3 : (27)10 †K evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKvk|
fvM fvMdj fvM‡kl
272 13 1 LSB
132 6 1
62 3 0
32 1 1
12 0 1 MSB
 (27)10 = (11011)2
fMœvsk ev `kwgK c‡q›Uhy³ (.) †Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

1| fMœvsk‡K Dch©ycwi evBbvwi msL¨vi †eR 2 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Yd‡ji fMœvsk I c~Y© AskwU Avjv`v
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges c~Y© AskwU msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| Gfv‡e ¸Yd‡ji fMœvsk‡K cybivq 2 w`‡q ¸Y K‡i c~Y© Ask I fMœvsk c„_K Ki‡Z n‡e Ges hZ¶Y bv
fMœvsk 0 nq ZZÿY ch©vqµ‡g 2 w`‡q ¸Y K‡i c~Y© Ask I fMœvsk c„_K Ki‡Z n‡e Ges c~Y© AskwU
msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| Kgc‡ÿ cuvPevi ¸Y Kivi ci fMœvsk 0 bv n‡j Kvh©µg GB Ae¯’vq †kl Ki‡Z
n‡e|
3| AZtci c~Y© As‡ki gvb¸‡jv‡K ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ (MSB †_‡K LSB) ch©vqµ‡g mvRv‡jB Kvw•ÿZ
evBbvwi msL¨vwU cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY-4 : (.875)10 msL¨vwUi mgK¶ evBbvwi gvb wbY©q|
c~Y© Ask fMœvsk
.875
X2
MSB 1 .750
X2
1 .500
X2
1 .000
LSB
 (.875)10 = (.111)2
D`vniY-5 : (0.323)10 †K evBbvwi iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvÑ
¸Y ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y© msL¨v
.323 ×2 1.250 .646 0 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSB)
.646×2 1.292 .292 1
.292 ×2 0.584 .584 0
.584 ×2 1.168 .168 1
:
: me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSB)
myZivs, (0.323)10 = (0.0101…)2
D`vniY-4 : (43.375)10 msL¨vwU‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKvk|
c~Y© As‡ki Rb¨ : fMœvs‡ki Rb¨ :
fvRK fvMdj fvM‡kl ¸Y ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y©vsk
43 ÷2 = 21 1 LSB
.375 X 2 = 0.750 .750 0 MSB
21 ÷ 2 = 10 1
.750 X 2 = 1.500 .500 1
10 ÷ 2 = 5 0
.500 X 2 = 1.000 .0 1 LSB
5÷2 = 2 1
2÷2 = 1 0  (.375)10 = (.011)2
1÷2 = 0 1 MSB
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ37
myZivs, (43)10 = (101011)2

 c~Y©vsk I fMœvsk‡K GK‡Î K‡i, (43.375)10 = (101011.011)2
mvims‡ÿc :
`kwgK c~Y© msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ msL¨vwU‡K evBbvwi msL¨vi wfwË 2 Øviv Dch©ycwi fvM
Ki‡Z nq hZÿY ch©šÍ bv fvMdj 0 (k~b¨) nq| AZtci cÖvß fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK †_‡K
me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ch©šÍ avivevwnKfv‡e wjL‡j msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ evBbvwi gvb cvIqv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K
fMœvsk‡K Dch©ycwi evBbvwi msL¨vi †eR 2 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e Ges c~Y© AskwU msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e
¸Yd‡ji fMœvsk‡K cybivq 2 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z hZ¶Y bv fMœvsk 0 nq Ges c~Y© AskwU msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
AZtci c~Y© As‡ki gvb¸‡jv‡K ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ ch©vqµ‡g wjL‡j mgZzj¨ evBbvwi msL¨vwU cvIqv hv‡e|
cvV-2.4 `kwgK †_‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi

Decimal to Octal Conversion
D‡Ïk¨
 `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
 c~Y© I fMœvsk `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
`kwgK †_‡K A±vj

Decimal to Octal
`kwgK msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î c~Y© `kwgK msL¨vi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi c×wZ Ges fMœvsk ev c‡q›Uhy³
`kwgK msL¨vi Rb¨ Av‡iK ai‡bi c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq| wb‡¤œ `yB ai‡bi c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
c~Y© `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
1| `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vi †eR 8 w`‡q fvM K‡i
fvM‡kl‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| msiwÿZ fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K †kl †_‡K ïiæ ev m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AsK (MSD-Most Significant Digit)
†_‡K me©wb¤œ ¸iæZ¡c‡~ Y©i AsK (LSD-Least Significant Digit) ch©šÍ ch©vqµ‡g wjL‡j msL¨vwUi mgKÿ
A±vj gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY-1 : (195)10 msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi| D`vniY-2 : (175)10 msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|
8 195  Aewkó 8 175 Aewkó
8 24  3 me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSD) 8 21  7  LSD
8 30 8 2 5
8 0  3 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSD) 8 0 2 MSD
myZivs, (175)10 = (257)8
myZivs, (195)10 = (303)8
D`vniY-3 : (77)10 †K A±vj msL¨vq cÖKvk|

fvM fvMdj fvM‡kl
778 9 5 LSD
98 1 1
18 0 1 MSD
 (77)10 = (115)8
fMœvsk ev `kwgK c‡q›Uhy³ (.) †Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ39
1| fMœvsk‡K Dch©ycwi A±vj msL¨vi †eR 8 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Yd‡ji fMœvsk I c~Y© AskwU Avjv`v
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges c~Y© AskwU msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| Kgc‡ÿ cuvP ev Qq evi ¸Y Kivi ci fMœvsk 0 bv n‡j Kvh©µg GB Ae¯’vq †kl
Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| AZtci c~Y© As‡ki gvb¸‡jv‡K ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ (MSD †_‡K LSD) ch©vqµ‡g mvRv‡jB Kvw•ÿZ
A±vj msL¨vwU cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY-4 : (.105)10 msL¨vwUi mgK¶ A±vj gvb wbY©q|
c~Y© Ask fMœvsk

.105
X8
m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i A¼ (MSD) 0 . 84

X8
6 .72
X8
me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i A¼ (LSD) 5 .76
(.105)10 = (.065......)8
D`vniY-5 : (0.15)10 - †K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi|

¸Ydj ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y© msL¨v
.15 X 8 1.20 .20 1 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSD)
.20 X 8 1.60 .60 1
.60 X 8 4.80 .80 4
.80 X 8 6.40 .40 6
.40 X 8 3.20 .20 3 me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSD)
........ ...... .... .......
myZivs, (0.15)10 = (0.11463….)8
D`vniY-6 : (928.375)10 msL¨vwU‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

c~Y© msL¨vi †¶‡Î : fMœvsk msL¨vi †¶‡Î :
8 928 Aewkó .375
8 116 - 0 LSD X8
3.00
8 14 - 4
8 1 -6 3
0-1 MSD
 (928)10 = (1640)8  (.375)10 = (.3)8
myZivs, (928.375)10 = (1640.3)8
mvims‡ÿc :
`kwgK c~Y© msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ msL¨vwU‡K A±vj msL¨vi wfwË 8 Øviv Dch©ycwi fvM
Ki‡Z nq hZÿY ch©šÍ bv fvMdj 0 (k~b¨) nq| AZtci cÖvß fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK †_‡K
me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ch©šÍ avivevwnKfv‡e wjL‡j msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ A±vj gvb cvIqv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K fMœvsk‡K
Dch©ycwi A±vj msL¨vi †eR 8 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e Ges c~Y© AskwU msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e ¸Yd‡ji
fMœvsk‡K cybivq 8 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z hZ¶Y bv fMœvsk 0 nq Ges c~Y© AskwU msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci c~Y©
As‡ki gvb¸‡jv‡K ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ ch©vqµ‡g wjL‡j mgZzj¨ A±vj msL¨vwU cvIqv hv‡e|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ41
cvV-2.5 `kwgK †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi

Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
D‡Ïk¨
 `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
 c~Y© I fMœvsk `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
`kwgK †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj

Decimal to Hexadecimal
`kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î c~Y© `kwgK msL¨vi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi c×wZ Ges fMœvsk ev
c‡q›Uhy³ `kwgK msL¨vi Rb¨ Av‡iK ai‡bi c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq| wb‡¤œ `yB ai‡bi c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv :
c~Y© `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
1| `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi †eR
16 w`‡q fvM K‡i fvM‡kl‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| fvM‡kl msiÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î hw` fvM‡kl 10 †_‡K 15 nq Z‡e h_vµ‡g 10 A, 11 B,12 C,
13 D, 14 E I 15 F wWwRU wjL‡Z n‡e|
5| msiwÿZ fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K †kl †_‡K ïiæ ev m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AsK (MSD-Most Significant Digit)
†_‡K me©wb¤œ ¸iæZ¡c‡~ Y©i AsK (LSD-Least Significant Digit) ch©šÍ ch©vqµ‡g wjL‡j msL¨vwUi mgKÿ
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY-1 : (5012)10 †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|
16 5012  Aewkó
16 313  4 me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSD)
16 19  9
16 13
01 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSD)
myZivs, (5012)10 = (1394)16
D`vniY-2 : (209)10 †K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j cÖKvk|

fvM fvMdj fvM‡kl LSD
20916 13 1
1316 0 13=D MSD
 (209)10 = (D1)16
fMœvsk ev `kwgK c‡q›Uhy³ (.) †Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

1| fMœvsk‡K Dch©ycwi †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi †eR 16 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Yd‡ji fMœvsk I c~Y© AskwU
Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges c~Y© AskwU msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| Kgc‡ÿ cuvP ev Qq evi ¸Y Kivi ci fMœvsk 0 bv n‡j Kvh©µg GB Ae¯’vq †kl
Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| fvM‡kl msiÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î hw` fvM‡kl 10 †_‡K 15 nq Z‡e h_vµ‡g 10 A, 11 B,12 C,
13 D, 14 E I 15 F wWwRU wjL‡Z n‡e|
4| AZtci c~Y© As‡ki gvb¸‡jv‡K ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ (MSD †_‡K LSD) ch©vqµ‡g mvRv‡jB Kvw•ÿZ
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vwU cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY-3 : (.48)10- †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

¸Ydj ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y© msL¨v
.48 ×16 7.68 .68 7 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSD)
.68 ×16 10.88 .88 10(A)
.88 ×16 14.08 .08 14(E)
.08 ×16 1.28 .28 1
.28 ×16 4.48 .48 4 me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSD)
…. …. …. ….
myZivs, (0.48)10 = (0.7AE14…)16
D`vniY-4 : (123.675)10 msL¨vwU‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j cÖKvk|

c~Y© msL¨vi †¶‡Î : fMœvsk msL¨vi †¶‡Î : c~Y© Ask fMœvsk
16 123 Aewkó .675
16 7 - 11 LSD X 16
m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSD) 10 . 8
0 - 7 MSD X 16
 (123)10 = (7B)16 12 .8
X 16
me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSD) 12 .8
 (.675)10 = (.ACC...)16
myZivs, (123.675)10 = (7B. ACC...)16
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ43
mvims‡ÿc :
`kwgK c~Y© msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ msL¨vwU‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi wfwË 16 Øviv
Dch©ycwi fvM Ki‡Z nq hZÿY ch©šÍ bv fvMdj 0 (k~b¨) nq| AZtci cÖvß fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i
AsK †_‡K me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ch©šÍ avivevwnKfv‡e wjL‡j msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb cvIqv hvq|
Ab¨w`‡K fMœvsk‡K Dch©ycwi †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi †eR 16 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e Ges c~Y© AskwU msiÿY Ki‡Z
n‡e| Gfv‡e ¸Yd‡ji fMœvsk‡K cybivq 16 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z hZ¶Y bv fMœvsk 0 nq Ges c~Y© AskwU msiÿY
Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci c~Y© As‡ki gvb¸‡jv‡K ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ ch©vqµ‡g wjL‡j mgZzj¨ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj
msL¨vwU cvIqv hv‡e|
cvV-2.6 evBbvwi †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi

Binary to Decimal Conversion
D‡Ïk¨
 evBbvwi msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
 c~Y© I fMœvsk evBbvwi msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evBbvwi †_‡K `kwgK

Binary to Decimal
†Kv‡bv evBbvwi msL¨vi cÖwZwU AsK‡K wbR wbR ¯’vbxq gvb Øviv ¸Y K‡i cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³ evBbvwi
msL¨vwUi mgKÿ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hvq|
c~Y© evBbvwi msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
1| evBbvwi msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AsK‡K evBbvwi msL¨vi †eR 2 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| ¸Y Kivi mgq ¯’vbxq gvb Abyhvqx 2-Gi NvZ 0 n‡Z evov‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ GKK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 20
Øviv, `kK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 21 Øviv, kZK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 22,................ Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j `kwg‡Ki mgZzj¨ gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY-1 : (1110)2 - †K †Wwm‡gj ev `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

(1110)2 = (11 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb) + (11 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb) + (11 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb) + (00 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb)
= 1  23 + 1  22 + 1  21 + 0  2
=18+14+12+01  †Kv‡bv As‡Ki NvZ ev kw³ Ô0Õ n‡j gvb Ô1Õ nq|
=8+4+2+0 †hgb, xo = 1; Z`ªƒc; 2 = 1; GKBfv‡e 10 = 1
= 14
 (1110)2 = (14)10
D`vniY-2 : (111011)2-Gi `kwgK mgK¶ gvb wbY©q|

(111011)2 = 1  25 + 1  24 + 1  23 + 0  22 + 1  21 + 1  20
= 1  32 + 1  16 + 1  8 + 0  4 + 1 2 + 1  1
= 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 59
 (111011)2 = (59)10
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ45
weKí c×wZ :
1 1 1 0 1 1
1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
1 x 24 = 16
1 x 25 = 32
59
 (111011)2 = (59)10
fMœvsk evBbvwi msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

1| evBbvwi msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AsK‡K evBbvwi msL¨vi †eR 2 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| ¸Y Kivi mgq ¯’vbxq gvb Abyhvqx 2-Gi NvZ -1 n‡Z Wvb w`‡K µgvš^‡q evov‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ cÖ_g
AsKwU‡K 2-1 Øviv , wØZxq AsKwU‡K 2-2 Øviv, Z…Zxq AsKwU‡K 2-3 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e; BZ¨vw`|
3| cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e; Zvn‡j `kwg‡Ki mgZzj¨ gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY-3 : (.1011)2 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

(.1011)2 = 1  2-1 + 0  2-2 + 1  2-3 + 1  2-4
1 1 1 1
=1 +0 2+1 3+1 4
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
= + 0+ +
2 8 16
= .5 + 0 +.125 + .0625
= .6875
 (.1011)2 = (.6875)10
D`vniY-4 : (1011010.101)2 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

(1011010.101)2 = 1  26 + 0  25 + 1  24 + 1  23 + 0  22 + 1  21 + 0  20 + 1  2-1 + 0  2-2 + 1  2-3
1 1
= 1  64 + 0  32 + 1  16 + 1  8 + 0  4 + 1  2 + 0  1 + 1  + 0  + 1  1
2 4 8
1
= 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 2 + 0 + + 0 + 1
2 8
= 64 + 16 + 8 + 2 + 0.5 + 0.125
= 90 + .50 + 0.125
= 90.625
myZivs, (1011010.101)2 = (90.625)10
mvims‡ÿc :
†Kv‡bv evBbvwi msL¨vi cÖwZwU AsK‡K wbR wbR ¯’vbxq gvb Øviv ¸Y K‡i cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³
evBbvwi msL¨vwUi mgKÿ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hvq| Z‡e c~Y© evBbvwi msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU AsK‡K evBbvwi †eR
2 w`‡q ¸Y Kivi ci 2-Gi NvZ µgvš^‡q 0, 1, 2, 3,4… (Wvb w`K n‡Z evg w`‡K) evov‡Z n‡e| Avi fMœvsk
evBbvwi msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î 2-Gi NvZ µgvš^‡q -1, -2, -3,-4… (evg w`K n‡Z Wvb w`‡K) evov‡Z n‡e| AZtci
cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j `kwg‡Ki mgZzj¨ gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ47
cvV-2.7 A±vj †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi

Octal to Decimal Conversion
D‡Ïk¨
 A±vj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
 c~Y© I fMœvsk A±vj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
A±vj †_‡K `kwgK

Octal to Decimal
†Kv‡bv A±vj msL¨vi cÖwZwU AsK‡K wbR wbR ¯’vbxq gvb Øviv ¸Y K‡i cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³ A±vj
msL¨vwUi mgKÿ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hvq|
c~Y© A±vj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
1| A±vj msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AsK‡K A±vj msL¨vi †eR 8 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| ¸Y Kivi mgq ¯’vbxq gvb Abyhvqx 8-Gi NvZ 0 n‡Z evov‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ GKK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 80 Øviv
, `kK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 81 Øviv, kZK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 82,............. Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY-1 : (631)8 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

(631)8 = (6  6 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb) + (3  3 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb) + (1  1 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb)
= (6  82) + (3  81) + (1  80)
= (6  64) + (3  8) + (1  1) [ 80 = 1]
= 384 + 24 + 1
= 409
 (631)8 = (40910
D`vniY-2 : (311)8 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

(311)8 = 3  82 + 1  81 + 1  80
= 3  64 + 1  8 + 1  1
= 192 + 8 + 1
= 201
myZivs, (311)8 = (201)10
fMœvsk A±vj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

1| A±vj msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AsK‡K A±vj msL¨vi †eR 8 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| ¸Y Kivi mgq ¯’vbxq gvb Abyhvqx 8-Gi NvZ -1 n‡Z Wvb w`‡K µgvš^‡q evov‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ cÖ_g
AsKwU‡K 8-1 Øviv, wØZxq AsKwU‡K 8-2 Øviv, Z…Zxq AsKwU‡K 8-3 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e.......; BZ¨vw`|
D`vniY-3 : (.106)8 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

(.106)8 = (1  8-1) + (0  8-2) + (6  8-3)
1 1 1
= (1  ) + (0  2) + (6  3)
8 8 8
1 6
= +0+
8 512
= .125 + 0 + .01171875
= .19921875
 (.106)8 = (.13671875)10
D`vniY-4 : (203.25)8 †K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi|

(203.25)8 = 2 × 82 + 0 × 81 + 3 × 80 + 2 × 8-1 + 5 × 8-2
1 1
= 2 × 64 + 0 × 8 + 3 × 1 + 2 × + 5 × 2
8 8
1
= 128 + 0 + 3 + + 5
4 64
= 128 + 0 + 3 + 0.25 + 0.781
= 131.3281
 (203.25)8 = (131.3281)10
mvims‡ÿc :
†Kv‡bv A±vj msL¨vi cÖwZwU AsK‡K wbR wbR ¯’vbxq gvb Øviv ¸Y K‡i cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³ A±vj
msL¨vwUi mgKÿ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hvq| Z‡e c~Y© A±vj msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU AsK‡K A±vj †eR 8 w`‡q ¸Y
Kivi ci 8-Gi NvZ µgvš^‡q 0, 1, 2, 3, 4… (Wvb w`K n‡Z evg w`‡K) evov‡Z n‡e| Avi fMœvsk A±vj
msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î 8-Gi NvZ µgvš^‡q -1, -2, -3, -4… (evg w`K n‡Z Wvb w`‡K) evov‡Z n‡e| AZtci cÖvß
¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j `kwg‡Ki mgZzj¨ gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ49
cvV-2.8 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi

Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
D‡Ïk¨
 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
 c~Y© I fMœvsk †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K `kwgK

Hexadecimal to Decimal
†Kv‡bv †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi cÖwZwU wWwRU‡K wbR wbR ¯’vbxq gvb Øviv ¸Y K‡i cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vwUi mgKÿ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hvq|
c~Y© †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
1| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU wWwRU‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi †eR 16 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| ¸Y Kivi mgq ¯’vbxq gvb Abyhvqx 16-Gi NvZ 0 n‡Z evov‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ GKK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 160
Øviv, `kK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 161 Øviv, kZK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 162,............ Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| Z‡e hw` †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vwUi †Kv‡bv AsK A, B, C, D, E I F nq; Zvn‡j h_vµ‡g 10, 11, 12,
13 , 14 I 15 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY-1 : (5DF)16 msL¨vwU‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

(5DF)16 = (5  5 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb) + (D  D Gi ¯’vbxq gvb) + (F  F Gi ¯’vbxq gvb)
= 5  162 + D  161 + F  160
= 5  256 + 13  16 + 15  1 [D =13 I F = 15]
= 1280 + 208 + 15
= 1503
 (5DF)16 = (1503)10
D`vniY-2 : (307)16 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

(307)16 = 3  162 + 0  161 + 7  160
= 3  256 + 0  16 + 7  1
= 768 + 0 + 7
= 775
myZivs, (307)16 = (775)10
fMœvsk †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

1| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AsK‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi †eR 16 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| ¸Y Kivi mgq ¯’vbxq gvb Abyhvqx 16 Gi NvZ -1 n‡Z Wvb w`‡K µgvš^‡q evov‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ cÖ_g
AsKwU‡K 16-1 Øviv, wØZxq AsKwU‡K 16-2 Øviv, Z…Zxq AsKwU‡K 16-3 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e..........;
BZ¨vw`|
3| Z‡e hw` †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vwUi †Kv‡bv AsK A, B, C, D, E I F nq; Zvn‡j h_vµ‡g 10, 11, 12,
13, 14 I 15 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY-3 : (.9A01)16 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

(.9A01)16 = 9  16-1 + A  16-2 + 0  16-3 + 1  16-4
1 1 1 1
= 9  + 10  2 + 0  3 + 1  4 [A =10]
16 16 16 16
= .5625 + .03906 + 0 + .0000152
= .6015752
 (.9A01)16 = (.6015752)10
D`vniY -4: (275.205)16 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

c~Y© msL¨vi †¶‡Î : Avevi, fMœvsk msL¨vi †¶‡ÎÑ
2 1 0
(275)16 = 2  16 + 7  16 + 5  16 (.205)16 = 2  16-1 + 0  16-2 + 5  16-3
= 2  256 + 7  16 + 5  1 = 2  1/16 + 0  1/162 + 5  1/163
= 512 + 112 + 5
= 2/16 + 0 + 5/4096
= (629)10
= .125 +.0012207
 (275)16 = (629)10
= .1262207
myZivs, (275.205)16 = (629.1262207)10  (.205)16 = (.1262207)10
mvims‡ÿc :
†Kv‡bv †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi cÖwZwU AsK‡K wbR wbR ¯’vbxq gvb Øviv ¸Y K‡i cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vwUi mgKÿ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hvq| Z‡e c~Y© †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU AsK‡K
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj †eR 16 w`‡q ¸Y Kivi ci 16-Gi NvZ µgvš^‡q 0, 1, 2, 3,4… (Wvb w`K n‡Z evg w`‡K)
evov‡Z n‡e| Avi fMœvsk †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î 16-Gi NvZ µgvš^‡q -1, -2, -3,-4… (evg w`K n‡Z Wvb
w`‡K) evov‡Z n‡e| AZtci cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j `kwg‡Ki mgZzj¨ gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ51
cvV-2.9 evBbvwi †_‡K A±v‡j Ges A±vj †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi

Binary to Octal and Octal to Binary Conversion
D‡Ïk¨
 evBbvwi I A±vj msL¨vi cvi¯úwiK iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœvsk evBbvwi msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœvsk A±vj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evBbvwi †_‡K A±vj

Binary to Octal
wZb weU evBbvwi msL¨v Øviv GKwU A±vj msL¨v cÖKvk Kiv hvq| evBbvwi msL¨v‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z msL¨vwUi
AsK¸‡jv‡K wZb weUwewkó MÖæ‡c fvM K‡i cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci mgZzj¨ A±vj gvb emv‡j evBbvwi †_‡K A±vj gvb cvIqv
hvq|
A±vj evBbvwi A±vj evBbvwi
0 000 4 100
1 001 5 101
2 010 6 110
3 011 7 111
Z‡e evBbvwi msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î c~Y© evBbvwi msL¨vi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi c×wZ Ges fMœvsk ev
c‡q›Uhy³ evBbvwi msL¨vi Rb¨ Av‡iK ai‡bi c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq| wb‡¤œ `yB ai‡bi c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv :
c~Y© evBbvwi msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
1| evBbvwi msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K Wvb w`K †_‡K µgvš^‡q evg w`‡K 3 weUwewkó G‡KKwU MÖæ‡c fvM Ki‡Z
n‡e|
2| hw` me© ev‡gi MÖæc ˆZwi‡Z 3 weU bv _v‡K Zvn‡j cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i evg w`‡K GKwU ev `yÕwU, k~b¨ (0)
ewm‡q 3 we‡Ui MÖæc m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci mgZzj¨ A±vj msL¨vi gvb emv‡j evBbvwi msL¨vwU A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e|
D`vniY-1 : (1011101)2 †K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

(1011101)2 = 1 011 101
= 001 011 101 [3 weU MÖæc ˆZwii Rb¨ ev‡g `ywU AwZwi³ k~b¨ †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|]
= (135)8
 (1011101)2 = (135)8
D`vniY-2 : (1011011)2 †K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

(1011011)2 = 1 011 011
= 001 011 011
= (133)8
 (1011011)2 = (133)8
fMœvsk evBbvwi msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
1| evBbvwi msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K evg w`K †_‡K µgvš^‡q Wvb w`‡K 3 weUwewkó G‡KKwU MÖæ‡c fvM Ki‡Z
n‡e|
2| hw` me© Wv‡bi MÖæc ˆZwi‡Z 3 weU bv _v‡K Zvn‡j cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i Wvb w`‡K GKwU ev `ywU, k~b¨ (0)
ewm‡q 3 we‡Ui MÖæc m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci mgZzj¨ A±vj msL¨vi gvb emv‡j evBbvwi msL¨vwU A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e|
D`vniY-3 : (.11011010)2- †K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
(.11011010)2 = .110 110 10
= .110 110 100 [3 weU MÖæc ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ 1wU AwZwi³ (0) k~b¨ Wv‡b emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|]
= (.664)8
 (.11011010)2 = (.664)8
D`vniY-4 : (1101001.1011)2 †K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi|

(1101001.1101)2 = 001 101 001 . 110 100
1 5 1 6 4
= (151.64)8
 (1101001.1101)2 = (151.64)8
A±vj †_‡K evBbvwi

Octal to Binary
A±vj msL¨vi cÖwZwU AsK‡K (A_©vr 0 †_‡K 7 ch©šÍ) 3 weU evBbvwi mgK¶ gvb ewm‡q A±vj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi
msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
D`vniY-1 : (2657)8 †K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi|
(2657)8 = 2 6 5 7
   
010 110 101 111
 (2657)8 = (010110101111)2
D`vniY-2 : (527.6)8 †K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

(527.6)8 = 5 2 7 . 6
101 010 111 110

 (527.6)8 = (101010111.110)2
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ53
mvims‡ÿc:
evBbvwi †_‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ evBbvwi msL¨vwUi cÖwZ wZbwU weU wb‡q GKwU K‡i MÖæ‡c cwiYZ Ki‡Z
n‡e| G †¶‡Î `kwgK (.)-Gi Av‡Mi Ask Wvb w`K †_‡K evg w`‡K µgvš^‡q wZb we‡Ui MÖæc Ki‡Z n‡e| hw`
MÖæc Ki‡Z we‡Ui msL¨v Kg nq Z‡e evg w`‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i k~b¨ (0) w`‡Z n‡e| Avi `kwg‡Ki c‡i evg
n‡Z Wvb w`‡K †h‡Z n‡e| Zvici cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci mgZzj¨ A±vj msL¨vi gvb emv‡j evBbvwi msL¨vwU A±vj
msL¨v cvIqvi hvq| Aciw`‡K A±vj msL¨vi cÖwZwU A¼‡K (A_©vr 0 †_‡K 7 ch©šÍ) 3 weU evBbvwi mgK¶ gvb
ewm‡q A±vj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
cvV-2.10 evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi

Binary to Hexadecimal and Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
D‡Ïk¨
 evBbvwi I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi cvi¯úwiK iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœvsk evBbvwi msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœvsk †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj

Binary to Hexadecimal
Pvi weU evBbvwi msL¨v Øviv GKwU †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v cÖKvk Kiv hvq| evBbvwi msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi
Ki‡Z msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K Pvi weUwewkó MÖæ‡c fvM K‡i cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci mgZzj¨ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb emv‡j evBbvwi
†_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j gvb cvIqv hvq|
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj evBbvwi †n·v‡Wwm‡gj evBbvwi
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A (10) 1010
3 0011 B (11) 1011
4 0100 C (12) 1100
5 0101 D (13) 1101
6 0110 E (14) 1110
7 0111 F (15) 1111
Z‡e evBbvwi msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î c~Y© evBbvwi msL¨vi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi c×wZ Ges
fMœvsk ev c‡q›Uhy³ evBbvwi msL¨vi Rb¨ Av‡iK ai‡bi c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq| wb‡¤œ `yB ai‡bi c×wZ wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
c~Y© evBbvwi msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
1| evBbvwi msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K Wvb w`K †_‡K µgvš^‡q evg w`‡K 4 weUwewkó G‡KKwU MÖæ‡c fvM Ki‡Z
n‡e|
2| hw` me© ev‡gi MÖæc ˆZwi‡Z 4 weU bv _v‡K Zvn‡j cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i evg w`‡K GKwU ev `ywU ev wZbwU, k~b¨
(0) ewm‡q 4 we‡Ui MÖæc m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci mgZzj¨ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi gvb emv‡j evBbvwi msL¨vwU †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ
n‡e|
D`vniY-1 : (1011101)2 †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

(1011101)2 = 101 1101
= 0101 1101 [4-weU MÖæc ˆZwii Rb¨ ev‡g 1wU AwZwi³ k~b¨ †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|]
= (5D)16
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ55
 (1011101)2 = (5D)16
D`vniY-2 : (1011011)2 †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

(1011011)2 = 101 1011
= 0101 1011
= (5B)16
 (1011011)2 = (5B)16
fMœvsk evBbvwi msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

1| evBbvwi msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K evg w`K †_‡K µgvš^‡q Wvb w`‡K 4 weUwewkó G‡KKwU MÖæ‡c fvM Ki‡Z
n‡e|
2| hw` me© Wv‡bi MÖæc ˆZwi‡Z 4 weU bv _v‡K Zvn‡j cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i Wvb w`‡K GKwU ev `ywU ev wZbwU,
k~b¨ (0) ewm‡q 4 we‡Ui MÖæc m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci mgZzj¨ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi gvb emv‡j evBbvwi msL¨vwU †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ
n‡e|
D`vniY-3 : (.1101101)2- †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

(.1101101)2 = .1101 101
= .1101 1010 [4 weU MÖæc ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ 1wU AwZwi³ (0) k~b¨ Wv‡b emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|]
= (.DA)16
 (.1101101)2 = (.DA)16
D`vniY-4 : (1101111.10111)2 msL¨vwU‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi|

(1101111.10111)2 = 0110 1111 . 1011 1000
6 15(F) 11(B) 8
= (6F.B8)16
 (1101111.10111)2 = (6F.B8)16
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K evBbvwi

Hexadecimal to Binary
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi cÖwZwU AsK‡K 4 weU evBbvwi mgK¶ gvb ewm‡q †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq
iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
D`vniY-1 : (2657)16 †K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi|
(2657)16 = 2 6 5 7
   
0010 0110 0101 0111
 (2657)16 = (0010011001010111)2
D`vniY-2: (A5F.7D)16 msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ evBbvwi msL¨vq gvb wbY©q|

A5F.7 D = A 5 F . 7 D
    
=1010 0101 1111 0111 1101
( A5F)16 = (101001011111.01111101)2
mvims‡ÿc :
Pvi weU evBbvwi msL¨v Øviv GKwU †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v cÖKvk Kiv hvq| evBbvwi msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi
Ki‡Z msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K Pvi weUwewkó MÖæ‡c fvM K‡i cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci mgZzj¨ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb emv‡j
evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j gvb cvIqv hvq| Aciw`‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi cÖwZwU AsK‡K 4 weU evBbvwi
mgK¶ gvb ewm‡q †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ57
cvV-2.11 A±vj †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi

Octal to Hexadecimal Conversion
D‡Ïk¨
 A±vj †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœvsk A±vj msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
A±vj †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj

Octal to Hexadecimal
A±vj msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_‡g A±vj msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU As‡Ki mgZzj¨ 3 weU evBbvwi
msL¨v ewm‡q evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci cy‡iv evBbvwi msL¨vwU‡K 4 weU evBbvwi MÖæ‡c mvwR‡q
mgZzj¨ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb emv‡j A±vj msL¨vwUi †n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb cvIqv hvq|
D`vniY-1 : (507)8 -†K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi|
(507)8 = (101000111)2
= 1 0100 0111
= 0001 0100 0111
  
1 4 7
= (147)16
 (507)8 = (147)16
D`vniY-2 : (.326)8 -†K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi|
(.326)8 = (.011010110)2
= .0110 1011 0
= . 0110 1011 0000
  
6 B 0
= (.6B0)16
 (.326)8 = (.6B0)16
D`vniY-1 : (537.275)8 A±vj msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi|

(537.375)8 = (101011111.010111101)2
= 1 0101 1111 . 0101 1110 1
= 0001 0101 1111 . 0101 1110 1000
     
1 5 F 5 E 8
= 15F.5E8
 (537.375)8 = (15F.5E8)16
mvims‡ÿc :
mvaviYZ A±vj msL¨v‡K mivmwi †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq bv| GRb¨ cÖ_‡g A±vj msL¨vwUi
evBbvwi mgK¶ gvb †ei Ki‡Z nq| Zvici cÖvß evBbvwi msL¨vwU‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z nq|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ59
cvV-2.12 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi

Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion
D‡Ïk¨
 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K A±vj msL¨vi iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœvsk †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K A±vj

Hexadecimal to Octal
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_‡g †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU As‡Ki mgZzj¨ 4 weU
evBbvwi msL¨v ewm‡q evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci cy‡iv evBbvwi msL¨vwU‡K 3 weU evBbvwi MÖæ‡c
mvwR‡q mgZzj¨ A±vj gvb emv‡j †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vwUi A±vj gvb cvIqv hvq|
D`vniY-1 : (709)16 msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

(709)16 = (0111 0000 1001)2
= 011 100 001 001
= 011 100 001 001
   
3 4 1 1
 (709)16 = (3411)8
D`vniY-2 : (.F5D)16 msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

(.F5D)16 = (.1111 0101 1101)2
= .111 101 011 101
= .111 101 011 101
   
7 5 3 5
 (.F5D)16 = (.7535)8
D`vniY-3 : (A1D.FC)16 †K A±v‡j cwieZ©b|

(A1D.FC)16 = (101000011101.11111100)2
GLb,
(101000011101.11111100)2 = 1 0 1 000 011 101. 111 1 1 1 0 00
5 0 3 5 7 7 0
= 5035.770
 (101000011101.11111100)2 = (5035.770)8
myZivs, (A1D.FC)16 = (5035.770)8
mvims‡ÿc :
mvaviYZ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K mivmwi A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq bv| GRb¨ cÖ_‡g †n·v‡Wwm‡gj
msL¨vwUi evBbvwi mgK¶ gvb †ei Ki‡Z nq| Zvici cÖvß evBbvwi msL¨vwU‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z
nq|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ61
cvV-2.13 †KvW I Dcv‡Ëi Dc¯’vcbv

Code and Data Representation
D‡Ïk¨
 †KvW m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wewfbœ ai‡bi †Kv‡Wi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; I
 Dcv‡Ëi Dc¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†KvW
Code
Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~jbxwZ‡Z †KejgvÎ msL¨vi eënvi i‡q‡Q| G msL¨v n‡jv 0 I 1, hv evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ bv‡g
cwiwPZ| evBbvwi msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ wewfbœ cÖKvi msL¨v, eY©, Aÿi, wPý, kã, we‡kl wPý, A_©vr
wewfbœ cÖKvi DcvË‡K AwØZxq ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kivi c×wZB n‡jv †KvW| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR
m¤úv`‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b G ai‡bi wbw`©ó ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii c×wZ‡K ejv nq Gb‡KvwWs (Encoding)|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii DcvË ev †WUv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ci djvdj ev AvDUcyU gvby‡li †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ Avevi AvDUcyU‡K
msL¨v, eY© ev we‡kl wP‡ý iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡K ejv nq wW‡KvwWs (Decoding)| Kv‡RB Kw¤úDUv‡ii
gva¨‡g †WUv cÖwµqvKiY, msiÿY ev Dc¯’vc‡b †Kv‡Wi f‚wgKv Acwinvh©| †WUv cÖwµqvKiY Z_v Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ
cÖKvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eûj eëüZ †KvW¸‡jv n‡jv :
1| wewmwW †KvW (BCD Code)
2| A¨vmwK †KvW (ASCII Code)
3| BwewmwWK †KvW (EBCDIC Code)
4| BDwb‡KvW (Unicode); BZ¨vw`|
wewmwW †KvW (BCD code)

BCD k‡ãi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Binary Coded Decimal. `kwgK msL¨vq eëüZ AsK¸‡‡jvi evBbvwi iƒcvšÍiB n‡jv
wewmwW †KvW| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ m~Pbvj‡Mœi †KvW¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU Ges mn‡RB `kwgK msL¨vi evBbvwi
iƒcvšÍ‡ii GKwU †KvW| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b Ges Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡qv‡Mi wfwË‡Z Kw¤úDUvi M‡elKMY wewfbœ ai‡bi
wewmwW †KvW Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| †hgbÑ
1| 4-weU wewmwW †KvW (4-Bit BCD Code)
2| 6-weU wewmwW †KvW (6-Bit BCD Code)
3| 8-weU wewmwW †KvW (8-Bit BCD Code); BZ¨vw`|
4-weU wewmwW †KvW (4-Bit BCD Code) : 4-weU wewmwW †Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ `kwgK msL¨v 0 †_‡K 9 ch©šÍ †gvU
`kwU AsK‡K Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e mgZzj¨ 4 we‡Ui evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi K‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq| G ai‡bi †Kv‡Wi
mvnv‡h¨ 24 ev 16wU wfbœ wfbœ †KvW ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e| Gi g‡a¨ ïaygvÎ 0000 †_‡K 1001 ch©šÍ eëüZ nq| evwK
1010, 1011,1100,1101, 1110 Ges 1111 GB QqwU msL¨v BCD †Kv‡W eëüZ nq bv| 4-weU wewmwW †Kv‡Wi
g‡a¨ me‡P‡q RbwcÖq `ywU †KvW n‡jvÑ
1. I‡q‡UW 4-weU wewmwW †KvW (Weighted 4-Bit BCD Code) I
2. Excess-3 wewmwW †KvW (Excess-3 BCD Code)
I‡q‡UW 4-weU wewmwW †KvW mvaviYZ BCD 8421 †KvW bv‡g cwiwPZ GKwU RbwcÖq †KvW| GwU cwRkbvj msL¨vi
Ae¯’vbMZ f‡ii aviYv‡K eënvi K‡i cÖwZwU `kwgK msL¨vq eëüZ As‡Ki mgZzj¨ evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
G ai‡bi †Kv‡Wi Ae¯’vbMZ fi Wvb †_‡K ev‡g h_vµ‡g 8, 4, 2 I 1| wb‡¤œi †Uwe‡j I‡q‡UW 4-weU wewmwW
†KvWmg~n †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
`kwgK msL¨v I‡q‡UW BCD 8421 `kwgK msL¨v I‡q‡UW BCD 8421
0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001
†Uwej 2.1 : I‡q‡UW 4-weU wewmwW †KvWmg~n
Ab¨w`‡K Excess-3 wewmwW †Kv‡W cwRkbvj msL¨vi Ae¯’vbMZ f‡ii aviYv‡K eënvi bv K‡i cÖwZwU `kwgK
msL¨vq eëüZ AsKmg~‡ni mgZ~j¨ evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g cÖwZwU `kwgK msL¨vq eëüZ As‡Ki
mv‡_ 3 †hvM K‡i evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| wb‡¤œi †Uwe‡j Excess-3 wewmwW †KvWmg~n †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
`kwgK msL¨v Excess-3 `kwgK msL¨v Excess-3
0 0011 5 1000
1 0100 6 1001
2 0101 7 1010
3 0110 8 1011
4 0111 9 1100
†Uwej 2.2 : Excess-3 wewmwW †KvWmg~n
6-weU wewmwW †KvW (6-Bit BCD Code) : Kw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ wewfbœ msL¨v, Aÿi I Ab¨vb¨ wPý‡K †Kv‡W
cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ 4-weU wewmwW †Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ m¤¢e wQj bv| G ai‡bi Amyweav mgvav‡bi Rb¨ 6-weU wewmwW †Kv‡Wi
D™¢e nq| 4-weU wewmwW †Kv‡Wi mv‡_ AwZwi³ `ywU †Rvb weU †hvM K‡i 6-weU wewmwW †KvW ˆZwi Kiv nq| G
ai‡bi †Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ 26 ev 64wU wfbœ wfbœ †KvW ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e| Gi g‡a¨ `kwgK msL¨vi Rb¨ 10 wU,
Avjdv‡ewUK Aÿ‡ii Rb¨ 26wU Ges Ab¨vb¨ we‡kl K¨v‡i±v‡ii Rb¨ 28wU| wb‡¤œ †Uwe‡ji gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
BCD Code Octal BCD Code Octal
Character Character
Zone Digit equivalent Zone Digit equivalent
A 11 0001 61 S 01 0010 22
B 11 0010 62 T 01 0011 23
C 11 0011 63 U 01 0100 24
D 11 0100 64 V 01 0101 25
E 11 0101 65 W 01 0110 26
F 11 0110 66 X 01 0111 27
G 11 0111 67 Y 01 1000 30
H 11 1000 70 Z 01 1001 31
I 11 1001 71
0 00 0000 00
J 10 0001 41 1 00 0001 01
K 10 0010 42 2 00 0010 02
L 10 0011 43 3 00 0011 03
M 10 0100 44 4 00 0100 04
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ63
N 10 0101 45 5 00 0101 05
O 10 0110 46 6 00 0110 06
P 10 0111 47 7 00 0111 07
Q 10 1000 50 8 00 1000 10
R 10 1001 51 9 00 1001 11
†Uwej 2.3 : A¨vjdv‡ewUK I wbD‡gwiK msL¨vmg~‡ni wewmwW †KvW
8-weU wewmwW †KvW (8-Bit BCD Code) : 6-weU wewmwW †Kv‡Wi mxgve×Zv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ 8-weU wewmwW †Kv‡Wi
m„wó n‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi †Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ mKj ai‡bi msL¨v, Aÿimn cÖvq me ai‡bi we‡kl wPý ev K¨v‡i±vi
(†hgb- +, -, *, /, @, $ BZ¨vw`) cÖKvk Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi †KvW‡K AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvWI ejv nq| A_©vr
Kw¤úDUv‡i msL¨vm~PK wP‡ýi cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ eY© ev wP‡ýi Rb¨ †h †KvW eëüZ nq Zv‡K AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW
e‡j| Z‡e RbwcÖq 8-weU wewmwW †KvW¸‡jv n‡jv :
1. A¨vmwK †KvW (ASCII Code)
2. BwewmwWK †KvW (EBCDIC Code) I
3. BDwb‡KvW (Unicode)
A¨vmwK †KvW (ASCII Code)

ASCII k‡ãi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv American Standard Code for Information Interchange. 1963 mv‡j
Av‡gwiKvb b¨vkbvj ÷¨vÛvW© Bbw÷wUDW (ANSI-American National Standards Institute) KZ…K © ASCII
7
†KvWwU Avwe®‹…Z nq| GwU eûj eëüZ GKwU 7 we‡Ui †KvW, hvi Øviv 2 ev 128wU wewfbœ AsK, A¶imn wewfbœ
wPý Ges Av‡iv KZK¸‡jv we‡kl wPý‡K cÖKvk ev wbw`©ó Kiv hvq| GwU ASCII-7 †KvW bv‡g cwiwPZ, hvi evg
w`‡Ki 3wU weU‡K †Rvb Ges Wvb w`‡Ki 4wU weU‡K msL¨vm~PK weU wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †hgbÑ B A¶iwUi
ASCII-7 †KvW n‡jv :
B= 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
†Rvb weU msL¨vm~PK weU
ASCII-7 †Kv‡Wi me© ev‡g GKwU c¨vwiwU weU †hvM Ki‡j ASCII-8 †KvW ˆZwi nq| ASCII-8 †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g
28 ev 256wU wewfbœ AsK, A¶imn wewfbœ wPý Ges Av‡iv KZK¸‡jv we‡kl wPý‡K cÖKvk ev wbw`©ó Kiv hvq|
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi †KvW †ewk RbwcÖq Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi we‡kl K‡i wgwb I
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ nq| wb‡¤œ A¨vmwK †Kv‡Wi GKwU ZvwjKv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
Decimal Character ASCII Code Decimal Character ASCII Code
Equivalent Equivalent
0 wewfbœ ai‡bi KgvÛ, 0000 0000 79 O 0100 1111
†_‡K hv we‡kl K‡i wcÖ›Uvi †_‡K 80 P 0101 0000
31 ev †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b 0001 1111 81 Q 0101 0001
eëüZ nq| 82 R 0101 0010
32 Blank Space 0010 0000 83 S 0101 0011
33 ! 0010 0001 84 T 0101 0100
34 “ 0010 0010 85 U 0101 0101
35 # 0010 0011 86 V 0101 0110
36 $ 0010 0100 87 W 0101 0111
37 % 0010 0101 88 X 0101 1000
38 & 0010 0110 89 Y 0101 1001
39 Õ 0010 0111 90 Z 0101 1010
40 ( 0010 1000 91 [ 0101 1011

41 ) 0010 1001 92 \ 0101 1100
42 * 0010 1010 93 ] 0101 1101
43 + 0010 1011 94 ^ 0101 1110
44 , 0010 1100 95 _ 0101 1111
45 - 0010 1101 96 ` 0011 0000
46 . 0010 1110 97 a 0110 0001
47 / 0010 1111 98 b 0110 0010
48 0 0011 0000 99 c 0110 0011
49 1 0011 0001 100 d 0110 0100
50 2 0011 0010 101 e 0110 0101
51 3 0011 0011 102 f 0110 0110
52 4 0011 0100 103 g 0110 0111
53 5 0011 0101 104 h 0110 1000
54 6 0011 0110 105 i 0110 1001
55 7 0011 0111 106 j 0110 1010
56 8 0011 1000 107 k 0110 1011
57 9 0011 1001 108 l 0110 1100
58 : 0010 1010 109 m 0110 1101
59 ; 0010 1011 110 n 0110 1110
60 < 0010 1100 111 o 0110 1111
61 = 0010 1101 112 p 0111 0000
62 > 0010 1110 113 q 0111 0001
63 ? 0010 1111 114 r 0111 0011
64 @ 0100 0000 115 s 0111 0011
65 A 0100 0001 116 t 0111 0101
67 C 0100 0011 117 u 0111 0101
68 D 0100 0100 118 v 0111 0110
69 E 0100 0101 119 w 0111 0111
70 F 0100 0110 120 x 0111 1000
71 G 0100 0111 121 y 0111 1001
72 H 0100 1000 122 z 0111 1010
73 I 0100 1001 123 { 0111 1011
74 J 0100 1010 124 | 0111 1100
75 K 0100 1011 125 } 0111 1101
76 L 0100 1100 126 ~ 0111 1110
77 M 0100 1101 127 Delete 0111 1111
78 N 0100 1110
†Uwej 2.4 : A¨vmwK †Kv‡Wi ZvwjKv
BwewmwWK †KvW (EBCDIC Code)
EBCDIC k‡ãi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Extended Binary Coded Decimal Information Code. EBCDIC †KvWwU
IBM KZ…©K ˆZixK…Z GKwU 8 we‡Ui †KvW hvi gva¨‡g 28 ev 256wU wewfbœ AsK, A¶imn wewfbœ wPý Ges Av‡iv
KZK¸‡jv we‡kl wPý‡K cÖKvk ev wbw`©ó Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi †Kv‡Wi Wvb w`‡Ki PviwU weU‡K wbD‡gwiK Ges evg
w`‡Ki PviwU weU‡K †Rvb ejv nq|
†Rvb weU msL¨vm~PK weU
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ65
EBCDIC †KvWwU IBM Ges IBM mgK¶ Kw¤úDUv‡iB ïay eëüZ nq| wb‡¤œ AvjdvwbD‡gwiK I wbD‡gwiK
AsK¸‡jvi mgZzj¨ EBCDIC †KvW †`qv n‡jv :
Character EBCDIC code Character EBCDIC code
A 1100 0001 S 1110 0010
B 1100 0010 T 1110 0011
C 1100 0011 U 1110 0100
D 1100 0100 V 1110 0101
E 1100 0101 W 1110 0110
F 1100 0110 X 1110 0111
G 1100 0111 Y 1110 1000
H 1100 1000 Z 1110 1001
I 1100 1001 0 1111 0000
J 1101 0001 1 1111 0001
K 1101 0010 2 1111 0010
L 1101 0011 3 1111 0011
M 1101 0100 4 1111 0100
N 1101 0101 5 1111 0101
O 1101 0110 6 1111 0110
P 1101 0111 7 1111 0111
Q 1101 1000 8 1111 1000
R 1101 1001 9 1111 1001
†Uwej 2.5 : AvjdvwbD‡gwiK I wbD‡gwiK K¨v‡i±vi¸‡jvi EBCDIC †KvW
BDwb‡KvW (Unicode)
Apple Computer Corporation Ges Xerox Corporation -Gi wewfbœ cÖ‡KŠkjx 1991 mv‡j Unicode Avwe®‹vi
K‡ib| Unicode-Gi cy‡iv bvg n‡jv Universal Code. GKwU n‡jv 16 we‡Ui †KvW hvi mvnv‡h¨ 216 ev 65536wU
†KvW MÖæc ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUvi †UK‡bvjwR‡Z BDwbKvW‡K †KvW c‡q›U (Code Point) ejv nq| wewfbœ
ai‡bi K¨v‡i±vi I †U·U‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ BDwb‡KvW eëüZ nq| MS Windows, Mac OS, Linux
BZ¨vw` Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Unicode mv‡cvU© K‡i|
Dcv‡Ëi Dc¯’vcbv
Data Representation
Kw¤úDUvimn wewfbœ wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwbm hš¿ †WUv ev DcvË wb‡q KvR K‡i| G mg¯Í †WUv mvaviYZ msL¨v, eY©,
MvwYwZK wPý, Aÿi, we‡kl wPý BZ¨vw` wb‡q MwVZ| G mKj DcvË Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g
Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| DcvËmg~n cÖwµqvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi Zv msiÿY K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b AvDUcyU
wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡i| Z‡e cÖwµqvKi‡Yi c~‡e© cÖwZwU DcvË‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii wmwcBD‡K Avjv`v
Avjv`vfv‡e †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ AwØZxq ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi‡K †evSv‡bv nq, hv †KvW bv‡g cwiwPZ| g~jZ
Kw¤úDUvi ev wewfbœ wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwbKm wm‡÷‡g DcvË ev †WUv‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq wewfbœ ai‡bi †KvwWs †hgbÑ
ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g| mKj ai‡bi †Kv‡WB evBbvwi msL¨v (0 I 1)-Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ|
wPÎ 2.1 : ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi †WUv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb
mvims‡ÿc :
Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g †KejgvÎ evBbvwi c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ †WUv‡K cÖKvk I cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvRwU K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘
Kw¤úDUvi wewfbœ di‡g‡Ui †WUv‡K MÖnY K‡i| ZvB wewfbœ di‡g‡Ui †WUv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨
iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq| Avi GB KvRwU †Kv‡Wi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wewfbœ ai‡bi †KvW †hgbÑ ASCII, EBCDIC,
Unicode BZ¨vw` mK‡jiB DcwË¯’j n‡jv BCD †KvW| Avevi Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g †WUv‡K Dc¯’vc‡bi RbÏ
†Kv‡Wi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ67
BDwbU DËi g~j¨vqb
1. msL¨v c×wZ I msL¨v c×wZi †eR ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

2. bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ I cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
3. bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZi †P‡q cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ myweavRbK-e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. evBbvwi ev A±vj ev `kwgK msL¨v‡K cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ ejv nq †Kb? eY©bv Kiæb|
5. bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ I cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
6. (203)10 msL¨vwU‡K cwRkbvj msL¨v ejv nq †Kb? eY©bv Kiæb|
7. wewfbœ ai‡bi cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
8. wWwRUvj wWfvB‡m evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
9. A±vj msL¨v c×wZi †eR 8 †Kb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
10. (10021)2 †K evBbvwi msL¨v ejv hvq bvÑ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
11. 5D †Kvb ai‡bi msL¨v c×wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
12. (267)10 msL¨v‡K Kw¤úDUvi mivmwi MÖnY K‡i bvÑ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
13. (298)8 msL¨vwU mwVK wK bv? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
14. evBbvwi †hvMdj I we‡qvMdj wbY©q Kiæb : i. (11011.001)2 †_‡K (1011.11)2 ii. (111.01)2 †_‡K
(101.11)2 iii. (1011.11)2 †_‡K (101.11)2 iv. (1001.101)2 †_‡K (100.11)2
15. †hvMdj wbY©q Kiæb : i. (427)8 I (424)8 ii. (ABC)16 I (27F)16 iii. (624.55)8 I (424.23)8
iv. (D2.F)16 I (21.B)16
16. evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiæb : i. (125)10 ii. (75.125)10 iii. (37.875)10 iv. (215.89)10
17. A±vj I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiæb : i. (27.25)10 ii. (203.25)10 iii. (215.89)10
18. `kwgK msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiæb : i. (1011010)2 ii. (513.75)8 iii. (B5D)16 iv. (110011.011)2
v. (2BCD.53)16 vi. (123.54)8 vii. (A9C.6B)16 viii. (1011010.001)2
19. †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiæb : i. (111101011100)2 ii. (5234.326)8 iii. (1111.001111)2
20. A±vj msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiæb : i. (1111.1011)2 ii. (F5D)16 iii. (ABCD.EF)16
21. c„w_exi mKj fvlv‡K †Kvb †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g †KvWfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡QÑ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
22. BDwb‡KvW mKj fvlvi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMxÑ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
23. BCD †KvW †Kv‡bv msL¨v c×wZ bqÑ eY©bv Kiæb
24. BDwb‡KvW we‡k¦i mKj fvlvfvlx gvby‡li Rb¨ Avkxe©v`Ñ eywS‡q wjLyb|
25. wWwRUvj wWfvB‡m eëüZ msL¨v c×wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
26. UxKv wjLyb : i. BCD †KvW ii. ASCII †KvW iii. EBCDIC †KvW iv. Unicode
27. Dcv‡Ëi Dc¯’vcb m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
†idv‡iÝ eBmg~n
 Sinha P K, Computer Fundamentals
 E Balagurusamy, Fundamentals of Computers
 Sarah E. Hutchinson, Computers and Information Systems
 Norton, Introduction to Computers
 C S Frence, Computer Science
 Warford, Computer Science
BDwbU 2 c„ôvÑ69

MSL V C×WZ I KVW: Number System and Code

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MSL V C×WZ I KVW: Number System and Code

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GgweG †cÖvMÖvg

msL¨v c×wZ I †KvW 2

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

cvV- 2.1 : msL¨v c×wZ I msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f`

cvV-2.1 msL¨v c×wZ I msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f`

bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ (Non-positional Number System)

cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ (Positional Number System)

msL¨v c×wZi †eR

evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ (Binary Number System)

A±vj msL¨v c×wZ (Octal Number System)

`kwgK msL¨v c×wZ (Decimal Number System)

†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ (Hexadecimal Number System)

cvV-2.2 wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZi MvwYwZK Kvh©µg I iƒcvšÍi

D`vniY-3 : 10101-Gi mv‡_ 1101 we‡qvM|

D`vniY-4 : 1100.11-Gi mv‡_ 101.01 we‡qvM|

D`vniY-6 : (110111100)2 †K (1100)2 w`‡q fvM|

D`vniY-1 : (352)8 I (131)8 †hvM|

D`vniY-2 : 204.58 Ges 17.328 †hvM|

D`vniY-1 : (12A)8 I (205)8 †hvM|

D`vniY-2 : ABC Ges DEF †hvM|

msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi

o evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj iƒcvšÍi

evBbvwi msL¨v A±vj msL¨v

wPÎ : 2.1 : msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi

cvV-2.3 `kwgK †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi

`kwgK †_‡K evBbvwi

fMœvsk ev `kwgK c‡q›Uhy³ (.) †Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

myZivs, (43)10 = (101011)2

cvV-2.4 `kwgK †_‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi

`kwgK †_‡K A±vj

D`vniY-3 : (77)10 †K A±vj msL¨vq cÖKvk|

fMœvsk ev `kwgK c‡q›Uhy³ (.) †Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

D`vniY-4 : (.105)10 msL¨vwUi mgK¶ A±vj gvb wbY©q|

c~Y© Ask fMœvsk

m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i A¼ (MSD) 0 . 84

me©wb¤œ ¸iæ‡Z¡i A¼ (LSD) 5 .76

D`vniY-5 : (0.15)10 - †K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi|

myZivs, (0.15)10 = (0.11463….)8

D`vniY-6 : (928.375)10 msL¨vwU‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

 (928)10 = (1640)8  (.375)10 = (.3)8

myZivs, (928.375)10 = (1640.3)8

cvV-2.5 `kwgK †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi

`kwgK †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj

D`vniY-2 : (209)10 †K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j cÖKvk|

fMœvsk ev `kwgK c‡q›Uhy³ (.) †Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

D`vniY-3 : (.48)10- †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

myZivs, (0.48)10 = (0.7AE14…)16

D`vniY-4 : (123.675)10 msL¨vwU‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j cÖKvk|

cvV-2.6 evBbvwi †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi

evBbvwi †_‡K `kwgK

D`vniY-1 : (1110)2 - †K †Wwm‡gj ev `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

D`vniY-2 : (111011)2-Gi `kwgK mgK¶ gvb wbY©q|

fMœvsk evBbvwi msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

D`vniY-3 : (.1011)2 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

D`vniY-4 : (1011010.101)2 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

cvV-2.7 A±vj †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi

A±vj †_‡K `kwgK

D`vniY-1 : (631)8 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

D`vniY-2 : (311)8 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

fMœvsk A±vj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

D`vniY-3 : (.106)8 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

D`vniY-4 : (203.25)8 †K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi|

cvV-2.8 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi