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 cvV-2 Dc‡hvMev`
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 mbvZb I AvaywbK D`viZve‡`i Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 D`viZvev‡`i msK‡Ui eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 D`viZvev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

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BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 112
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
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Kvh©vejx‡Z n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡e bv|

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 113

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BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 114

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
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mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1. kãMZ A‡_© D`viZvev` wK ?
K. AvaywbK ivóª`k©b;
L. ¯^vaxbZvi gZev`;
M. MYZ‡š¿i gZev`;
N. AwaKv‡ii gZev`|

2. D`viZvev‡`i D‡Ïk¨ wK?

K. ivóª‡K mxgvnxb ¶gZv cÖ`vb;
L. ivóª‡K DrLvZ;
M. iv‡óªi mxgv wba©viY;
N. iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx mxwgZKiY|

3. D`viZvev` wK ai‡bi gZev` wnmv‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i ?

K. wecøex gZev`;
L. eyw×e„wËK gZev`;
M. ˆbwZK Av‡›`vjb;
N. ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb|

mwVK DËi : 1.L 2.N 3.M|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. D`viZvev` wK?
2. KLb D`viZvev‡`i hvÎv ïiæ n‡qwQj?
3. D`viZvev` I MYZ‡š¿i m¤úK© wKiƒc?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. D`viZvev` ej‡Z Avcwb wK ey‡Sb ? D`viZvev‡`i D™¢e I weKvk m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. D`viZvev` Kq cÖKvi ? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 115

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV -2

Dc‡hvMev`
D‡Ïk¨
G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb 
 Dc‡hvMev‡`i †Mvovi K_v ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Dc‡hv‡Mi cwigvc m¤^‡Ü e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †Rgm wgj I Rb ÷zqvU© wg‡ji e³e¨ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Dc‡hvMev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Aóv`k kZ‡K †h ivR‰bwZK gZev` Dbwesk kZ‡K cÖvavb¨ we¯Ív‡i Ab¨me gZev`‡K Qvwo‡q hvq ZvÕ nÕj
Dc‡hvMev`| †h gZev‡` †`‡ki ivóª I miKvi, AvBb I AvBbmfv, bxwZ I ˆbwZKZv, kvwšÍ I KvivMvi BZ¨vw`
mewKQyiB ms¯‹vi mva‡bi gva¨‡g gvbeKj¨v‡Yi Dc‡hvMx Kivi cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Kiv nq ZvB Dc‡hvMev` bv‡g
cwiwPZ| Dc‡hvMev‡` ivóª I wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© e³‡e¨i AeZviYv Kiv n‡jI P‚ovšÍ wePv‡i GwU
†Kvb ivR‰bwZK gZev` wQj bv| GwU‡K eis bxwZkv¯¿ m¤úwK©Z gZev` ej‡jB h_v_© n‡e| KviY G gZev‡`i
g~j j¶¨ wQj gvby‡li cÖK…wZ I AwfcÖv‡qi mwVK e¨vL¨v †`qv Ges ˆbwZK wePv‡ii gvb wbav©iY Kiv| A_©bxwZ I
AvBbkv‡¯¿i e¨vL¨v`v‡bi †¶‡ÎI G gZev`‡K cyivcywi Kv‡R jvMvb n‡q‡Q| Dc‡hvMev` we‡kl †Kvb `vk©wb‡Ki
GKK wPšÍvmÄvZ gZev` bq eis K‡qKRb wPšÍvwe‡`i wbwep Abya¨vb I wPšÍvavivi mgwš^Z dmj| G me wPšÍvwe‡`i
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb †R‡igx †eb_vg, †Rgm wgj I Rb ÷zqvU© wgj| G wZb g~j cÖe³vi AbyMvgx n‡q‡Qb RR© †MÖvU,
Rb Aw÷b, g¨vj_vm, GWvg w¯§_, wiKv‡W©v cÖgyL wPšÍvkxjMY| G‡`i g‡a¨ †eb_vg, †Rgm wgj I Rb ÷zqvU©
wgj- Gi Dc‡hvMev`x wPšÍvavivB n‡e Av‡jvPbvi †K›`ªxq welqe¯‘| Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB e¨w³ gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi wPšÍv‡K
mvg‡b †i‡L Dc‡hvMev‡`i cÖvmv` wbg©vY K‡ib|

†eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev` (1748-1833)

cÖ_‡gB GK_v e‡j †bqv fvj †h, †eb_vg Dc‡hvMev‡`i cÖeZ©K bb| eis wZwb wQ‡jb Gi ewjô Dc¯’vcK, my¯úó
e¨vL¨vKvi| Dbwesk kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K hLb e¨emvqx †kªYx wkícwZ †kªYx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nevi g‡a¨ w`‡q evwYR¨
I wkí-cyuwRev‡`i cÖmvi NUwQj, †m mgq wZwb Zvi gZvgZ cÖ`v‡b GwM‡q Av‡mb|

Dc‡hvwMZvi bxwZ
†eb_vg ivóª, miKvi, ˆbwZKZv, AvBb cÖYqb cÖf…wZ e¨vcv‡i e³e¨ ivLvi †¶‡Î †h bxwZ‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i‡Qb
Zv nÕj Dc‡hvwMZvi bxwZ (Principle of Utility)| G bxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q †eb_vg wb‡RB e‡jb †h ,
Dc‡hvwMZvi bxwZ n‡”Q †mB bxwZ hvÕ mswkøó c‡¶i myL e„w×i †¶‡Î AbyK‚j ev cÖwZK‚j cÖeYZvi wfwˇZ hveZxq
Kv‡Ri Aby‡gv`b `vb K‡i| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡j, †h bxwZ myL A‡š^lY‡K Z¡ivwš^Z ev e¨vnZ K‡i ZvB Dc‡hvwMZvi
bxwZ|Õ ivóªkvmb I wePvi m¤úv`‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î †eb_vg GB bxwZi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi Dci
AZ¨šÍ †Rvi †`b| Zuvi g‡Z AvBb cÖYq‡bi g~j wfwË n‡e Gi Dc‡hvwMZv| G‡¶‡Î ‡`L‡Z n‡e †h, cÖYxZe¨
AvBb AwaKvsk †jv‡Ki Rb¨ Avb›``vqK n‡e wKbv| gywó‡gq †jv‡Ki ¯^v‡_© cÖYxZ AvBb‡K G ch©v‡q wZwb
Abyc‡hvMx e‡j wPwýZ K‡ib| G cÖms‡M wZwb e‡jb, "It is the greatest happiness of the greatest number
that is the measure ot right and wrong." A_©vr ÒmZ¨ I wg_¨v cwigv‡ci cÖavb m~ÎB nÕj me©vwaK msL¨‡Ki
me©vwaK myL|Ó

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 116

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Dc‡hvMev`
†eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev‡`i g~j K_v n‡”Q Ô Avb›` ev myL A‡š^lYB e¨w³i AvKvsLvi cÖ_g †mvcvb| e¨w³ Zvi
AvKv•Lv ev evmbv (desire) Gi c‡¶i KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z Ges wec‡¶i KvR¸‡jv‡K eR©b Ki‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ mgm¨v
GB †h, cÖwZwU gvbyl †h‡nZz Avjv`v Ges Zv‡`i cÖK…wZI wfbœ ZvB Zv‡`i AvKvv•Lvi g‡a¨ wfbœZv I eûgvwÎKZv
i‡q‡Q| †Kvb miKv‡ii c‡¶B G wfbœgvwÎK AvKv•Lv c~Y© Kiv m¤¢e bq| G Ae¯’vq RbmsL¨vi msL¨vMwiô As‡ki
AvKv•Lv ev evmbv‡KB h_v_© evmbv a‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges GB evmbv c~iY KivB n‡e miKv‡ii j¶¨| Zvi G ZË¡
we‡køl‡Y hv †ewi‡q Av‡m ZvÕ nj Ôme©vwaK msL¨K †jv‡Ki me©vwaK myLÕ (greatest happiness of the greatest
number )|

myL I `ytLbxwZi e¨vL¨v

†eb_v‡gi g‡Z, kvmbe¨e¯’v, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv I AvB‡bi g~j¨ wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e me©vwaK myLbxwZi gvb`‡Û| G
¸‡jv hw` gvby‡li my‡Li †P‡h †e`bv‡KB †ewk e„w× K‡i Z‡e ZvÕ eR©b Kiv A_ev ms¯‹vi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G cÖm‡½
wZwb e‡jb, ÒcÖK…wZ gvbyl‡K Avb›` I ‡e`bv bv‡gi `ywU mve©‡fŠg kw³i KZ…©‡Z¡i Aax‡b †i‡L‡Q| G kw³B
Avgv‡`i KiYxq wK ZvÕ e‡j †`q Ges eR©bxq wK ZvÕ w¯’i K‡i †`q| GKw`‡K b¨vq-Ab¨vq Ges Aciw`‡K
Kvh©KviY m~Î Zv‡`i ( Avb›` I †e`bvi) wmsnvm‡bi mv‡_ euvav|Ó †eb_vg ¯úó K‡i e‡jb †h, myL jvf Ges
`ytL n‡Z cwiÎv‡Yi wPšÍvB gvby‡li Kg©‡cÖiYvi g~‡j me©`v KvR K‡i| my‡Li Ab¨ bvg Avb›` Ges `yt‡Li Ab¨
bvgB n‡”Q †e`bv|

Dc‡hv‡Mi cwigvc
†eb_v‡gi G gZev`‡K ÔmyLev` Õ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| G mv‡_ †hŠw³KZvi m¤úK© †bB ejv P‡j| †eb_v‡gi
g‡Z, wg_¨v ej‡j hw` Kv‡iv Avb›` e„w× cvq Z‡e ZvÕ Ab¨vq n‡e bv| Avb‡›`i †Kvb DrK…óZv I wbK…óZv †bB|
†KD gnvKve¨ cvV K‡i ZvÕ †c‡Z cv‡i| †KD Akøxj wPÎ †`‡LI ZvÕ †c‡Z cv‡i| e¨w³ ïay ej‡e †KvbwU Zvi
Kv‡Q Avb›``vqK| GLv‡b Avb›` I †e`bvi gvÎv cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb †bB| cwigvY cwigv‡ciI cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

e¨w³i Ae¯’vb
Avb›` I †e`bv cwigv‡ci †¶‡Î †eb_vg MYZvwš¿K bxwZ‡K MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B G‡KKwU GKK
mË¡v| G wn‡m‡e ivRv I cÖRvi myL‡fv‡Mi g‡a¨ D”P-bxP cÖ‡f` †bB| ïay wePvh© n‡e myL‡fv‡M wjß e¨w³MY
msL¨vq me©vwaK wKbv| AvBb cÖ‡YZvMY AvBb cÖYq‡bi mgq G `„wófw½‡KB ¸iæZ¡ †`‡eb e‡j †eb_vg wek¦vm
Ki‡Zb| †eb_v‡gi g‡Z, Ò Avb›` Ab¨ Ggb †Kvb wKQy AR©‡bi mnvqK gva¨g bq hv mnRvZ ¸‡Yi AwaKvix|
e¯‘Z G cÖ¯vÍ ebvB n‡”Q Dc‡hvMev‡`i g~j we‡eP¨ welq|Ó

†Rgm wgj (1773-1836)

Dc‡hvMev‡` †Rgm wgj cÖK…Zc‡¶ †Kvb †gŠwjK Z‡Ë¡i D™¢veK wQ‡jb bv| wZwb wQ‡jb †R‡igx †eb_v‡gi
Dc‡hvMev‡`i mg_©K, msMVK I cÖPviK| Zuvi mgmvgwqKKv‡j wewfbœ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ cÖe‡Üi wfwˇZ wZwb
Dc‡hvMev`‡K GKwU kw³kvjx ZË¡ wn‡m‡e `uvo Kivb| †Rgm wgj cÖK…Zc‡¶ Dc‡hvMev`‡K hZœ I cwiPh©v K‡i
G‡K Afxó j‡¶¨ †cuŠQv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib| wZwb G‡K BwZnvm, A_©bxwZ I g‡bvweÁv‡bi wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ
K‡ib - hvÕ †eb_vg Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb|
†Rgm wg‡ji Mfxi wek¦vm wQj †h, AvB‡bi ms¯‹vi mvwaZ nevi c~‡e© cÖ‡qvRb ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹vi mva‡bi| wZwb
G e¨vcv‡i †eb_vg‡K Aby‡cÖiYv `vb K‡ib| wgj wk¶v‡K e¨w³i Avb›` ea©‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ K‡ib| Z‡e cvkvcvwk wk¶vi mvgvwRK g~j¨I wZwb Abyaveb Ki‡Z mg_© nb| Zuvi g‡Z, cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³‡K
cÖ`Ë wk¶vi g~j j¶¨ n‡e Zvi g‡a¨ mshg ev AvZ¥ wbqš¿‡Yi ¸Y‡K weKwkZ Kiv| gvbyl Zvi Avkv AvKv•¶v‡K

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 117

Gm Gm GBP Gj
Ggbfv‡e wbqš¿Y Ki‡e wk¶vi gva¨‡g, hvi Øviv A‡b¨i Avb›` †e`bvi mv‡_ Zv‡K mvgÄm¨c~Y© Kiv hvq| G
D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L wgj wk¶v‡K weÁv‡bi ¯Í‡i DbœxZ K‡ib Ges G‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡ib gb¯ÍvwË¡K wfwËi Dci|
Zvi G D‡`¨v‡MiB dj n‡”Q ÔmsNg~jK ZË¡Õ (Associational theory) bvgK g‡bv‰eÁvwbK ZË¡| G‡¶‡Î Zuv‡K
Avgiv ev¯Íe Dc‡hvMev`x e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡Z cvwi| KviY wZwb Zuvi cÖ‡Póvq wk¶v‡K g‡bvweÁv‡bi mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z K‡i †Zv‡jb| Zuvi g‡Z wk¶vi g~j j¶¨ nÕj gvby‡li Avb›` wbwðZ Kiv| wKš‘ G Avb›` wbf©i K‡i
Zvi Kg©cÖqv‡mi Dci| Avevi gvbyl‡K Kv‡R GwM‡q †`q Zvi wPšÍv I Abyf‚wZ| G wePv‡i wk¶v Avb‡›`i Rb¨
AbyK~j wPšÍv I Abyf‚wZ‡K Avb‡›`i cÖwZK‚j wPšÍv I Abyf‚wZi Dci ¯’vb †`evi †¶‡Î f‚wgKv iv‡L| wk¶vi mhZœ
I Áv‡bv`xß e¨envi Øviv gvbeRxeb myôzfv‡e M‡o †Zvjvi G aviYv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨B wZwb Zvi cyÎ Rb ÷zqvU©
wgj‡K wk¶v`v‡bi mvwe©K `vwqZ¡ wb‡RB MÖnY K‡ib| ejv evûj¨, ÷zqvU© wgj Zvi wcZvi G gnvb cÖqv‡mi †hvM¨
cÖwZ`vbB w`‡qwQ‡jb wb‡R‡K Dc‡hvMev‡`i wØZxq gnvbvq‡K cwiYZ Kivi gva¨‡g|

Rb ÷zqvU© wgj (1806-1873)

ˆcwÎK m~‡Î Rb ÷zqvU© wgj wQ‡jb Dc‡hvMev`x †Mvôx Øviv cÖfvweZ| e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK †PZbvq Av”Qbœ G †Mvôxi g~j
aviYv wQj
 myL Kvgbv I `ytL eR©‡bi cÖqvmB e¨w³Rxeb‡K PvwjZ K‡i ;
 Avb›` I †e`bvi cwigvY gvcv hvq ;
 mve©‡fŠg AvBb cwil` cÖ‡qvR‡b `Û weavb K‡i Ggb wewae¨e¯’v cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡i hv‡Z e¨w³ me©vwaK myL
I ¯^íZg `ytL jvf K‡i|
 Rb ÷zqvU© wgj Zuvi c~e©myix‡`i G MvwYwZK myLev`‡K cvk KvwU‡q Dc‡hvMev`‡K GK bZzb iƒ‡c cÖKvk
K‡ib| †eb_vg †hLv‡b my‡Li cwigvY‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`b, wgj †mLv‡b ¸iæZ¡ †`b my‡Li ¸YMZ w`‡Ki Dci|
†eb_vg my‡Li Drm wePvi Kivi c¶cvZx wQ‡jb bv| wgj Gi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Zb| Zuvi g‡Z, me my‡Li PwiÎ
GK bq| `k©b PP©v K‡i †KD myL jvf K‡i| †KDev ZvÕ jvf K‡i `ybx©wZi cÖkªq w`‡q| G‡¶‡Î †h myL e¨w³i
ˆbwZK DrKl© e„w× Ki‡e ZvB MÖnY‡hvM¨|
cÖK…wZMZfv‡e wgj wKQyUv Av‡eMcÖeY I ms‡e`bkxj wQ‡jb| mvgvwRK e܇bi g‡a¨ mngwg©Zvi cÖwZ Zvui Zxeª
AvKl©Y wQj| GRb¨ wZwb †R‡igx †eb_v‡gi cÖvYnxb Avb›` bxwZ‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| Gw`K n‡Z wZwb
wQ‡jb ev¯Íeag©x `vk©wbK| †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev‡`i Aev¯ÍeZv `~i K‡i wZwb ZvÕ `uvo Kwi‡qwQ‡jb ev¯ÍeZvi
cUf‚wg‡Z| G‡K w`‡qwQ‡jb weÁvbm¤§Z iƒc|

wgj- Gi Dc‡hvMev`
wgj - Gi Dc‡hvMev` Zvi e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev` n‡Z DrmvwiZ| Zvi g‡Z, "Over himself, over his own body
and mind the individnal is sovereign." A_©vr wb‡Ri Dci Ges wbR †`n I g‡bi Dci e¨w³ mve©‡fŠg|
Gi cvkvcvwk †m †hgb mgvRev`x Rxe, †Zgwb ivóªkw³i mwµq Askx`vi| G cUf‚wgKvq e¨w³ Zvi Rxe‡bi Rb¨
†h Avb›` mÜvb K‡i I †e`bv‡K Gov‡Z Pvq ZvÕ cÖavbZ `yÕcÖKvi: D”PZi I wb¤œZi| Zvi g‡Z, Dr‡mi we‡ePbv
K‡i A_©vr ¸YMZ w`K‡K D‡c¶v K‡i †Kvb Avb›` h_v_© we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY wn‡m‡e wZwb e‡jb,
ÒcwiYZ ïKi Qvbvi †P‡q AcwiYZ gvbemšÍvb †kªq| cwiZzó wb‡e©v‡ai †P‡q †kªq n‡”Qb AcwiZzó m‡µwUm| Zvi
g~j¨ A‡bK †ewk| †Kvb wb‡e©va †Kvb wel‡q wfbœgZ †cvlY Ki‡j wbR ¯^v‡_© K‡i| wKš‘ †Kvb gvbemšÍvb ev
m‡µwUm wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡ib wbR I Aci - Dfq w`K we‡ePbv K‡i|Ó
JwPZ¨‡eva ev evÂbxqZv wQj wgj-Gi Dc‡hvMev‡`i g~j ˆewkó¨| G‡¶‡Î wZwb †eb_v‡gi AvKv•Lv‡eva‡K
cÖvavb¨ †`b wb| Zvi g‡Z, e¨w³i †Kvb KvR Zvi AšÍwb©wnZ Avb‡›`i Rb¨ wKsev Avb›`jvf‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z
mnvqK wn‡m‡e evÃbxq n‡Z cv‡i| wg‡ji g‡Z, ivóª GKwU ¯^vfvweK cÖwZôvb Ges †Kej iv‡óªB e¨w³ cwic~Y©

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 118

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
myL †c‡Z cv‡i| eis iv‡óªi cÖavb `vwqZ¡B n‡”Q e¨w³i myL weavb| ivóª cÖ‡qvR‡b kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i n‡jI e¨w³i
¯^vaxbZv I Kj¨vY wbwðZ Ki‡e| KviY e¨w³i myL Zvi ¯^vaxbZv I Kj¨v‡Yi Dci wbf©ikxj|

Dc‡hvMev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv
†eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev`: WweøD wU †Rvbm& - Gi g‡Z, †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev` n‡jv:
 ب_©‡evaK;
 AcÖPzi I
 cÖ‡qv‡Mi A‡hvM¨|
†eb_vg Zuvi Av‡jvPbvq Dc‡hvwMZvi bxwZi Rb¨ mwVKZv, my¯úóZv I AwfcÖv‡qi e¨vL¨v‡K kZ© wba©viY Ki‡jI
wbR g‡Zi †¶‡Î Gme kZ© c~i‡Y e¨_© n‡q‡Qb| GgbwK AwfcÖvq‡K Ô ˆbwZK cwigvcÕ Øviv cwigvc‡hvM¨ n‡Z
n‡e e‡j †h †NvlYv wZwb w`‡q‡Qb ZvÕ c~i‡Y wb‡RB e¨_© n‡q‡Qb|
Ôme©vwaK msL¨K †jvK-Gi me©vwaK myLÕ bxwZ †eb_vgxq Dc‡hvwMZvi g~j e³e¨| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Gi cÖwZdjb
AwbwðZ| KviY me©vwaK msL¨K †jvK I me©vwaK myL - Gi GKÎ Ae¯’vb GKB mv‡_ m¤¢e bq|
Ôgvby‡li Avb›` A‡š^lY Kiv DwPZÕ - †eb_v‡gi G gšÍe¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| KviY gvbyl Avb›` A‡š^l‡Yi Rb¨ e¨¯Í
_vK‡Z cv‡i bv| eis †m Zvi Rxe‡bi c~Y©Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i| GB Kv‡R mvdj¨ Zv‡K †hgb Avb›` †`q
†Zgwb Gi e¨_©ZvI Zvi Rb¨ `yt‡Li KviY nq| G `y‡Uv‡K †g‡b wb‡qB e¨w³ m¤§y†L AMÖmi nq| ïay Avb›` jv‡fi
AwfcÖvq _vK‡j e¨_©Zv e¨w³‡K `wg‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
Avb›` I †e`bv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †eb_vg †h ˆbwZKZv wba©viY K‡i‡Qb ZvÕ MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| KviY, G `ywUB g‡bvMZ
Abyf‚wZ| MvwYwZKfv‡e Gi cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|
†eb_vg Avb›` I †e`bvi ¸YMZ w`K A¯^xKvi K‡i Ges cwigvYMZ w`K‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q g~jZ gvbyl‡K cïi
¯Í‡i bvwg‡q G‡b‡Qb| Zvi G hyw³ m‡PZb gvbyl MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
wekc evUjvi †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡jb †h, ïay Avb›`jv‡fi evmbv gvbe Kg©cÖqv‡mi g~j
Drm n‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvbyl GKwU AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ KvR K‡i| G Kv‡R mdjZv Zv‡K †h
Avb›` †`q ZvÕ c‡iv¶| cÖZ¨¶ I g~j bq|
Rb÷zqvU© wgj Dc‡hvMev‡`i †gŠwjK †Kvb we‡kølY K‡ib wb| wZwb Zvi c~e©myix †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev‡` ev¯Íeagx©,
Kv‡jvc‡hvMx I ms‡kvwaZ gvÎv hy³ K‡i‡Qb gvÎ|
†eb_vg hZUv my¯úó I mgwš^Zfv‡e Dc‡hvMev`‡K Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb wgj ZvÕ cv‡ib wb| wgj - Gi Dc‡hvMev`
wbwðZ I ب_©nxb bq| Aek¨ GRb¨ Avgiv Zvi `x¶v¸iæ wcZvi K‡Vvi kvmb I AwffveKZ¡‡K `vqx Ki‡Z
cvwi|

mviK_v
Dbwesk kZ‡K mgvRZš¿ bv‡g GK bZzb I wecøex gZev` mvov RvMv‡bvi d‡j Dc‡hvMev‡`i cÖfv wKQyUv ¤øvb
n‡q hvq| e¨w³i GK‡PwUqv my‡Li ZË¡ mgvR I iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvR‡bi †e`xg~‡j wb‡R‡K DrmM© K‡i| wKš‘ m¤úÖwZ
mgvRZ‡š¿i cZ‡bi ci G gZev` cybivq gvbemgv‡R Zvi cÖKvk NUv‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq| ZË¡ wn‡m‡e Dc‡hvMev‡`i
mgv‡jvPbv ev mxgve×Zv c~‡e© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvÕ m‡Ë¡I ejv hvq †h, AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª AvBb cÖ‡YZvMY
†h †Kvb AvB‡bi m¤¢ve¨ djvdj wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î Kvh©Ki nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e †eb_v‡gi Ô ˆbwZK cwigvcÕ c×wZ‡K
MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Kv‡RB ZË¡ wn‡m‡e Dc‡hvMev‡`i HwZnvwmK ¸iæZ¡ bv _vK‡jI ev¯Íe ¸iæZ¡ G‡Kev‡iB
wbt‡kl nq wb| wKsev fwel¨‡ZI n‡e bv e‡j g‡b Kiv hvq|

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 119

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1. Dc‡hvMev` cÖ_g Kvi †jLvq Awfe¨w³ jvf K‡i ?
K. wiKv‡W©v;
L. ¯§x_;
M. wnDg;
N. Mvb©vi|

2. †eb_vg †Kvb& kZ‡K Zuvi Dc‡hvMev`x wPšÍvaviv Dc¯’vcb K‡ib ?

K. †lvj;
L. m‡Zi;
M. AvVv‡iv;
N. Dwbk|

3. †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev` Ab¨ †Kvb& bv‡g cwiwPZ ?

K. gigxev`;
L. myLev`;
M. `ytLev`;
N. †jvKvqZev`|

mwVK DËi t 1. M 2. N 3. L|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. Dc‡hvMev`x `vk©wbK‡`i bvg D‡jøL Kiæb|
2. D‡hvMev` †Kvb kZ‡Ki gZev`?
3. me©vwaK msL¨K †jv‡Ki myL ej‡Z Avcwb wK ey‡Sb?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. †R‡igx †eb_v‡gi Dc‡hvMev` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. Dc‡hvMev` m¤ú‡K© Rb ÷zqvU© wgj - Gi e³e¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. Dc‡hvMev‡`i g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 120

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV -3

cyuwRev`
D‡Ïk¨
G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb 
 cuywRev` wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cyuwRev‡`i ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cyuwRev‡`i ¸Yvejx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cyuwRev‡`i `ye©jZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e;
 we‡k¦ cuywRev‡`i cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cyuwRev` wK ?
cyuwRev` cÖK…Zc‡¶ GK cÖKvi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v hvÕ mgvRZš¿ev` bvgK gZev‡`i wecixZ| G A_©e¨e¯’vi g~j
K_v nj, e¨w³ Zvi DcvwR©Z abm¤ú‡`i GK‡PwUqv gvwjK| ivwóªq wewa weav‡bi g‡a¨ †_‡K †m Aev‡a abm¤ú`
DcvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvi cQ›`gZ †¶‡Î I cš’vq Zv †fvM-e¨envi I wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| ivóª G †¶‡Î
e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv ZZ`~i ch©šÍ wbwðZ Ki‡e hZ`~i ch©šÍ †fvM Ki‡j A‡b¨i AwaKv‡ii mxgvq AbycÖ‡ek NU‡e
bv|
cyuwRev` kãwUi mv‡_ ¯^v_©ciZv, †kvlY, Amvg¨, mvgªvR¨ev` Ges hy× - Gi wgj †`Lv hvq| G gZev‡`i d‡j
mgv‡R abe›U‡bi †¶‡Î GKcÖKvi ˆelg¨ weivR K‡i, me©`vB m¤ú`kvjx Zvi cyuwR‡K m¤úÖmvwiZ Kivi Rb¨
kªgRxex I wb¤œAv‡qi gvby‡li Avq I DcvR©b bvbv cÖwµqvi Kzw¶MZ K‡i _v‡K| cuywRev` Ggb GK e¨e¯’v hv‡Z
Drcv`b I e›U‡bi mKj Dcv`vb e¨w³, †Mvôx, †Kv¤úvbx, mgevq BZ¨vw`i wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K Ges ivóªkw³‡K KivqË
K‡i Zviv Gme Dcv`v‡bi Dci c~Y© KZ…©Z¡ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g G me Dcv`vb n‡Z AwR©Z m¤ú` wb‡R‡`i Kj¨v‡Y
e¨q Ki‡Z D‡`¨vMx nq|
cuywRev` †Kvb ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© gZev` bq eis GwU n‡”Q D`viZvev`, e¨w³¯^vZš¿ev`, MYZš¿ I e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi
gZev‡`i Dci M‡o-IVv GKcÖKvi Av_© - ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v| Gi g~jK_v n‡”Q jv‡fi (Profit) wcQy †QvUv|
ÔcyuwRev` n‡”Q Aweivg I hyw³m½Z cyuwRev`x D‡`¨‡Mi gva¨‡g µgea©gvb jvf AR©‡bi cÖqvmÕ|- e‡j‡Qb g¨v·
I‡qevi bvgK Rvg©vb mgvRZvwË¡K| wewbg‡qi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i, jvf AR©‡bi AvKv•Lvi Dci cyuwRev‡`i
A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq|
cyuwRev‡`i ˆewkó¨
 ¯^vaxb kªg: cyuwRev` Ô¯^vaxb kªgÔ bvgK AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| G gZev‡` kªg
cY¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| I‡qevi - Gi g‡Z, GB kªg n‡”Q gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZvi kZ©| A_©vr wb‡qvM I gRyixi
AmsL¨ m¤¢vebv n‡Z gvbyl Zvi cQ›`gZ KvR †e‡Q wb‡Z cvi‡e Ges †mB †¶‡Î Zvi kªg weµq Ki‡e †NvwlZ
cvwikªwg‡Ki wewbg‡q| gvbyl Zvi kªg wewµi gRyix n‡Z µq Ki‡e Zvi AvKvw•¶Z e¯‘| G‡¶‡Î Zvi cyuwR
nÕj Zvi mgq, kw³, ¶gZv I g‡bv‡hvM|
 hyw³wbf©iZv: g¨v· I‡qev‡ii g‡Z, hzw³wbf©iZv cyuwRev‡`i Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| cyuwRev` cÖavbZ ev¯Íe eyw×e„wË
Øviv cwiPvwjZ mgvRe¨e¯’v| cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’v DbœZZi msMVb, AwaKZi `¶ Drcv`b e¨e¯’v I AwaKZi
Kvg¨Zv m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| G e¨e¯’v Dcvq I j‡¶¨i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| DbœwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ Aweivg
cÖ‡Póv Ges ci¯úi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv G e¨e¯’vi †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨| G e¨e¯’vq e¨w³ †h‡nZz wPšÍv I K‡g©i w`K †_‡K
¯^vaxb, †m‡nZz †m me©`vB A‡b¨i Dci A_©‰bwZK cÖvavb¨ I †kªôZ¡ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ m‡Pó _v‡K|

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 121

Gm Gm GBP Gj
 jvf - †jvKmvb †Kw›`ªK: cyuwRev†` g~jZ: e¨w³i jvf-†jvKmvbB gyL¨| Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h
Kvg¨Zv m„wó nq ZvÕ c~i‡Yi †¶‡Î e¨w³ jvfRbK Dcv`vb‡K MÖnY I AjvfRbK Dcv`vb‡K eR©b Kivi †Póv
K‡i _v‡K| g¨v· I‡qev‡ii g‡Z, cyuwRev` n‡”Q jvf I †jvKmv‡bi wbwi‡L g~j¨vwqZ, cwiKwíZ I mymsMwVZ
Aweivg D‡`¨vM I cÖ‡Póv MÖn‡Yi dj|
 c„_KxKiY: cyuwRev‡` e¨w³wbi‡c¶Zvi Pig DrKl© mvwaZ nq| G e¨e¯’v Abyhvqx gvbyl Rb¥MZfv‡e †Kvb
fvM¨ wb‡q Av‡m bv| †Kvb A_©‰bwZK Pzw³I Zvi mvivRxe‡bi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK bq| G e¨e¯’vq †Kvb `ª‡e¨i
ev †mevi †µZv Gi cÖ¯‘ZKviK‡K †P‡b bv| G e¨e¯’vq evm¯’vb n‡Z Kg©¯’vb c„_K|
 bMi‡Kw›`ªKZv: cyuwRev` AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ I e¨vcKfv‡e bMi I kn‡i Qwo‡q c‡o| bvMwiK Rxeb aviY c×wZ
K„wl wfwËK MÖvgxY mgvR‡K †f‡O †`q| bMi Rxe‡b AvB‡bi kvmb kw³kvjx nq, Av`k© mvgvwRK msMVb
m„wó nq| Ab¨ w`‡K MÖvg GjvKvq cyiv‡bv e¨e¯’vB A‡bKUv wU‡K _v‡K| cywu Rev` bvMwiK ms¯‹…wZi Ici
wbf©ikxj| cyuwRev` bZzb bvMwiK ms¯‹…wZI m„wó K‡i|
 e¨w³ gvwjKvbv: c~‡e©B msÁvq †hgb ejv n‡q‡Q, cyuwRev` gvby‡li Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ evwo,
AvmevecÎ, cï, hvbevnb BZ¨vw`i gZB Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ Dcv`vb †hgb : hš¿cvwZ, A¯¿k¯¿, RvqMvRwg,
KuvPvgvj, KviLvbv BZ¨vw`i Ici e¨w³gvwjKvbv mycÖwZwôZ K‡i|
 DcvR©b AwaKv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv: cuywRev`x e¨e¯’vq gvbyl e¨w³MZfv‡e wKsev ¶z`ª †Mvôx‡Z msNe× n‡q wb‡R‡`i
cuywR I Dcvq Dcv`vb‡K Kv‡R jvMvevi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i| Gi Øviv AwR©Z jvf-‡jvKmvb Zviv wb‡RivB
†fvM K‡i, †Lmvi‡Zi SzuwK wb‡RivB MÖnY K‡i, gybvdvi cvnv‡oi gvwjKI nq wb‡RivB| Zviv B”QvgZ
Drcv`‡bi cwigv‡Y n«vm e„w× NUv‡Z cv‡i| kªwgK ev Kg©x wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î †eZb I Ab¨vb¨ kZ© wba©vi‡Y
Zviv Aeva ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i|

cyuwRev‡`i ¸Yvejx
 ¯^vaxbZv: cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vq e¨w³i Aeva ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ _v‡K| iv‡óªi cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨
†_‡K e¨w³ Zvi cQ›`gZ Dcv‡q ab DcvR©b I Rxebhvc‡bi c_ †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡i| A‡b¨i ¯^vaxbZvi †¶‡Î
Abyc‡Ö ek bv NUvb ch©šÍ ivóªxq n¯Í‡¶‡ci m¤¢vebv bv _vKvq e¨w³ Zvi m¤¢vebv‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e weKv‡ki my‡hvM
cvq Ges Zvi †gav, †hvM¨Zv I eyw×e„wË Øviv wbR Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi c_ Db¥y³ K‡i|
 hyw³wfwËK `k©Y: cyuwRev` †Kvb Av‡eMme©¯^ `k©b bq| Gi †cQ‡b hyw³i Ae¯’vb †ek gReyZ| gvbyl GB
c„w_ex‡Z Zvi Ae¯’vb‡K wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ msMÖvg Ki‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| Rxe RM‡Z gvbyl †hgb j¶ j¶
eQi a‡i Zvi Ae¯’vb mevi D‡aŸ© msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g wUwK‡q ivL‡Z †c‡i‡Q, mvgvwRK I ivwóªq Rxe‡bI †m
†Zgwb cvi¯úwiK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g wU‡K _vK‡e-GUvB hyw³hy³| cyuwRev` G cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© cwi‡ek m„wó
K‡i|
 †hvM¨Zvi ¯^xK…wZ: cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vq ivóª n‡PQ e¨w³i D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Dcvq| mgvRZ‡š¿i gZ wb‡RB wb‡Ri
j¶¨ bq| GLv‡b ivóª e¨w³i weKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cwi‡ek I Dcv`vb mieivn Ki‡e, e¨w³ †mLvb n‡Z
wbR cÖ‡qvRbgZ im` msMÖn K‡i wb‡R‡K weKwkZ Ki‡e| cyuwRev` Ggb ai‡bi msMÖvgx gvbyl‡K ¯^xK…wZ I
m¤§vb w`‡q _v‡K|

cyuwRev‡`i `ye©jZv
 `ybx©wZ: cywu Rev‡` mKj e¨w³ GKwU k„•Ljve× Dcv‡q mdj n‡jI cÖvPz‡h©i fv‡i `ybx©wZ‡Z wjß nq| Av‡iv
m¤ú` e„w× I †fv‡Mi †bkv Zv‡`i `ybx©wZ‡Z wbgw¾Z K‡i| G e¨e¯’vq bvMwiKMY ¯^vaxbZvi bv‡g †fvMme©¯^
†¯^”QvPvix Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z Pvq| d‡j Zviv †fvMRwbZ bvbv iKg `ybx©wZ‡Z Rwo‡q c‡o|
 weÁvcb cÖPvi: cyuwRev` Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m„wó K‡i| G‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K D‡`¨v³v I mieivnKvix wbR wbR
c‡Y¨i cÖwZ †µZv mvavi‡Yi Pvwn`v e„w×i Rb¨ bvbv cÖKvi AvKl©Yxq weÁvcb cÖPvi K‡i| A‡bK mgq G
BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 122
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
weÁvcb †µZvi Lvivc ¯ú„nv‡K RvwM‡q †`q Ges gvby‡li g‡a¨ †fv‡Mi AvwZkh¨ e„w× K‡i Zvi mshgc~Y©
ˆbwZKZv webó K‡i| G e¨e¯’vq cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbyl‡KI c‡Y¨i gZ e¨envi Kiv nq - hvÕ gvby‡li Rb¨
AegvbbvKi|
 myweavev`x †kªYxi D™¢e: G e¨e¯’vq ivRbxwZwe`MY RbM‡Yi mg_©b jv‡fi Avkvq Zv‡`i‡K bvbviKg
cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖ`vb K‡i| ¶gZv jv‡fi ci Gme Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z nq Kj¨vYKi Kg©mw~ P
MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g| d‡j GKwU Kg©wegyL myweavev`x †kªYxi D™¢e N‡U| G †kªYx‡K †ZvlY I cÖwZcvjb Ki‡Z
wM‡q iv‡óªi Avw_©K mvg‡_© NvUwZ †`Lv †`q|
 †kªYx ˆelg¨: cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vq weËevb †kªYx m¤ú‡`i cvnvo M‡o †fvMwejv‡m gË _v‡K| Zviv wejvwmZvi
†mªv‡Z Mv fvwm‡q m¤ú‡`i AcPq K‡i| wKš‘ cvkvcvwk `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx A‡_©i Afv‡e Rxe‡bi b~¨bZg †gŠwjK
cÖ‡qvRbI c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| gvby‡l gvby‡l †kªYxMZ G †f`v‡f` cyuwRev‡`iB m„wó| µgvMZ †eKviZ¡ e„w×-
Gi Ab¨ w`K|
 †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi: cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vq ivóª mgv‡Ri weËevb, cyuwRcwZ I m¤ú`kvjx e¨w³‡`i ¯^v‡_© KvR
K‡i| AvBb cÖYxZ nq Zv‡`i ¯^v_© i¶vi weavb wn‡m‡e| iv‡óªi †mbvevwnbx, cywjk AvBbk„•Ljv I ¯^vaxbZv
- mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶vi bv‡g cÖK…Z c‡¶ awbK †kªYxiB wbivcËv weavb K‡i| G wbivcËvi wbðqZv cvIqvq G
†kªYxwU †kvlY e„wׇZ wjß _v‡K|

mviK_v
cyuwRev‡`i ¸Yvejx I ÎæwU DfqB Av‡Q| Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv I wbqwš¿Ywenxb ¯^vaxbZv gvbyl‡K †fvMme©¯^ Rx‡e
cwiYZ K‡i| Ggb mgv‡R gvby‡li g~j¨ wbY©q Kiv nq Zvi cÖvPzh©, weË, m¤ú` wKsev AmvaviY e¨w³Z¡, wk¶v I
†gavi wewbg‡q| mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li †h Rb¥MZ AwaKvi i‡q‡Q fvjfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi I DbœZ Rxeb
hvc‡bi †m K_vi ¯^xK…wZ GLv‡b †bB| cyuwRev‡` wkívqb, bMivqb, e¯‘MZ Dbœqb BZ¨vw`i d‡j GKw`‡K †hgb
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq - Ab¨w`‡K mvaviY †kªYxi µq¶gZv e„w× bv cvIqvq †fvM¨c‡Y¨i evRvi msKzwPZ
n‡q c‡o| Gme c‡Y¨i evRvi m„wói Rb¨ awbK †kªYx Ab¨‡`‡k mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i D‡`¨vMx nq| G‡Z RvwZ‡Z
RvwZ‡Z we‡Øl ev‡o Ges AvšÍR©vwZK cwigÛ‡j D‡ËRbv m„wó nq|

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 123

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1. cyuwRev` wK ?
K. GKwU A_‰bwZK e¨e¯’v;
L. GKwU ivR‰bwZK `k©b;
M. GKwU mvgvwRK Ae¯’v;
N. GKwU agx©q e¨e¯’v|

2. cyuwRev‡`i g~j K_v wK ?

K. e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv;
L. †kvlY ;
M. jv‡fi wcQy †QvUv;
N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq|

3. cyuwRev` †Kvb ¸iæZ¡cY~ © Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj ?

K. D`vi evRvi e¨e¯’v;
L. ¯^vaxb kªg;
M. e¨w³ gvwjKvbv;
N. cyuwRi m¤úÖmviY|

mwVK DËi: 1.K 2.M 3.L|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. cyuwRev` ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2. cywu Rev‡`i g~j ˆewkó¨ wK?
3. cywu Rev‡`i weiæ‡× cÖavb mgv‡jvPbv wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. cyuwRev‡`i ¸Yvejx I `ye©jZv¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb| wKfv‡e cyuwRev`‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq ?

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 124

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cvV -4

mgvRZš¿ev`
D‡Ïk¨
G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb 
 mgvRZ‡š¿i msw¶ß BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mgvRZš¿ m¤^‡Ü Kvj© gvK©m-Gi e¨vL¨v Ges Zvi wewfbœ ch©vq m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mgvRZ‡š¿i mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgvRZš¿ nÕj cyuwRev‡`i wecixZagx© gZev`| cyuwRev`x †kvlY Aemvb K‡í G gZev‡`i m„wó n‡qwQj| Gi g~j
Av‡e`b n‡jv A_©bxwZi †¶‡Î gvby‡li g‡a¨ mgZv weavb Kiv|
mgvRZ‡š¿i msw¶ß BwZnvm
Dwbk - kZ‡Ki cÖ_gw`‡K †h wPšÍvaviv BD‡ivc n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Zvi cÖfve ejq mviv c„w_ex‡Z we¯Í…Z K‡i Zvi
bvg mgvRZš¿ ev mgvRev`| Dwbk kZ‡K Av‡jvob m„wó Ki‡jI GB gZev‡`i DrcwË Av‡iv eû c~‡e©| MÖxK
`vk©wbK †cø‡Uvi wPšÍvavivq mvg¨ev` (Communism) bv‡g GB gZev‡`i cwiPq †g‡j| G‡Z wZwb mgv‡Ri wZb
†kªYxi gvby‡li g‡a¨ D”P `yÕ†kªYx (1) kvmK I (2) †hv×v †kªYxi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ m¤úwË I cvwievwiK Rxeb iwnZ
K‡i kvmK †kªYxi Rb¨ mvg¨wfwËK mgvRe¨e¯’vi Kíbv K‡ib| L„óc~e© †Z‡ivkZ mv‡j µxU bv‡gi GK Øx‡c
me©cÖ_g mgvRZš¿ Abykxj‡bi mv¶¨ cvIqv hvq BwZnvm MÖ‡š’| A‡b‡K Bû`x‡`i ÔIì †U÷v‡g›UÕ bvgK ag©kv‡¯¿
mgvRZ‡š¿i wPý Lyu‡R cvb| 1516 mv‡j iwPZ ÔBD‡UvwcqvÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ Ugvm †gvi, 1623 mv‡j ÔwmwU Ae w`
mvbÕ MÖ‡š’ Ugvm K¨v¤úv‡bjvi cÖgyL `vk©wbK mgvRZ‡š¿i K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| Gme MÖ‡š’ m¤ú‡`i Amg gvwjKvbv I
wewje›Ub‡KB me ai‡bi mvgvwRK AKj¨v‡Yi g~j e‡j wPwýZ K‡i mvaviY gvwjKvbvi gva¨‡g ZvÕ †_‡K
gyw³jv‡fi e¨e¯’vcÎ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
Dc‡i ewY©Z mgvRZ‡š¿i Gme aviYv Lye ¯úó wKsev cÖK…Z `„wófw½ n‡Z D™¢zZ wQj bv| Av`k© wn‡m‡e mgvRZš¿
cÖ_g m~wPZ nq AvVvi kZ‡Ki d«vÝ I Bsj¨v‡Û| Utopian Sociaism ev KvíwbK mgvRZš¿ bvgK GB gZev‡`i
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nj (Charles Hall), Ugvm †¯úm (Thomas Space) I DBwjqvg IwMjwf bvgK weªwUk †jLKMY mgvRZš¿
m¤^‡Ü gZvgZ cÖ`vb K‡ib| avivevwnKZvi c_ †e‡q Dwbk kZ‡K mgvRZš¿ m¤^‡Ü hvi wPšÍvaviv wek¦e¨vcx
wPšÍvRM‡Z †Zvjcvo m„wó K‡i Ges 1917 mv‡j wecø‡ei ga¨ w`‡q ivwkqv‡Z Ô†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbÕ bv‡g GKwU
mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª MV‡b D×z× K‡i, wZwb n‡jb Rvg©vb `vk©wbK Kvj© gvK©m (1818-1883)| AvR‡Ki w`‡b
mgvRZš¿ ej‡j Avgiv Kvj© gvK©m-Gi gZev`‡KB eywS| Kv‡RB mgvRZš¿ wel‡q Kvj© gvK©m- Gi wPšÍvaviv
Av‡jvPbv KivB mgxPxb n‡e|
g~j e³e¨
mgvRZ‡š¿i g~jK_v nÕj, Drcv`b I e›U‡bi DcKiY¸‡jv e¨w³ gvwjKvbv n‡Z µgvš^‡q mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Y Avb‡Z
n‡e| G gZev` Abymv‡i cyuwRi ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q wKšÍ e¨w³ cuywRcwZi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| ivóªxq mgvRZš¿xMY
gvbemgvR‡K GKwU ivR‰bwZK ms¯’v wn‡m‡e msMwVZ Ki‡e| GB ivR‰bwZK ms¯’vB n‡e f‚wg, cuywR I Drcv`b
DcKi‡Yi gvwjK I e¨e¯’vcK| GB ms¯’v Rxe‡bi me©‡¶‡Î Zvi wbqš¿‡Yi AvIZv we¯Í…Z Ki‡e hv‡Z mvg¨ I
mvgvwRK Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv hvq| `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv _vK‡e bv| cyuwR e¨eüZ n‡e mK‡ji Kj¨vY
D‡Ï‡k¨, GLv‡b gywó‡gq †jv‡Ki ¯^v_© we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e bv| ivóª †h‡nZz mvavi‡Yi Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kivi `vwqZ¡
cvjb Ki‡e ZvB mewKQyiB wbqš¿K n‡e ivóª| mgvRZ‡š¿ miKv‡ii Kvh©vejx Ges Zvi mxgvbv e„w×i K_v ejv
nq| Gi D‡Ïk¨ iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡ e„w× bq| eis mgvRZ‡š¿i aviYv g‡Z G fv‡eB e¨w³i b¨vq I ¯^vaxbZvi Pvwn`v
†gUvb m¤¢e|

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 125

Gm Gm GBP Gj
mgvRZš¿ m¤^‡Ü Kvj© gvK©m
AvaywbK ivóª`k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Kvj© gvK©m †mB e¨w³Z¡ hvi mgvRZvwš¿K gZev` ˆeÁvwbK mgvRZš¿ bv‡g wecyj
cwiwPwZ AR©b K‡i e¨w³¯^vZ¨š¿ev`x abZvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’vi wfwËg~j Kuvwc‡q w`‡q‡Q| Zuvi gZev`B 1917 mv‡j
GK i³¶qx mvgvwRK wecø‡ei gva¨‡g Zvi GKwbô Abymvix †bZv I msMVK gnvgwZ †jwb‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ ivwkqvq
cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| we‡k¦ gv_v Zz‡j `uvovq †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb bvgK bZzb A_©e¨e¯’v wb‡q M‡o-IVv GK wekvj
ivóªkw³| gvK©m Zvui wPšÍvaviv Z_v mgvRZvwš¿K `k©b‡K Øvw›ØK e¯‘ev‡`i ˆeÁvwbK wfwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ, K‡ib
Ges GUv‡K fveiv‡R¨i e„Ë n‡Z ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K wb‡q Av‡mb| G Rb¨ Zvui mgvRZš¿ ÔˆeÁvwbK mgvRZš¿
bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q‡Q| gvK©m wb‡RB G `k©b‡K 'a necessary product of historical development' ev
HwZnvwmK weKv‡ki Aek¨¤¢vex cwiYwZ e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi mgvRZš¿ PviwU g~j ¯Í‡¤¢i Ici wbwg©Z| G¸‡jv
wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nÕj|
Ø›Øg~jK e¯‘ev`
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g‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I MwZwewa e¯‘i Ici wbf©ikxj| e¯‘RMZ ALÛ Ges mvgwMÖKfv‡e mynsnZ| Ø›Øg~jK e¯‘ev` Abyhvqx,
cÖK…wZi †Kvb e¯‘ ev NUbv‡K cwi‡ek wbi‡c¶fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| cÖwZwU NUbvB e¯ÍMZ cwi‡ek Øviv
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e¯‘i cwigvYMZ cwieZ©b NU‡j Zvi ¸YMZ cwieZ©bI N‡U| cy‡iv‡bv‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi g‡a¨ w`‡qB m„wó nq
bZz‡bi|
DØ„Ë g~j¨ZË¡
gvK©‡mi g‡Z cyuwRev`x mgv‡R kªwgK Zvi e¨eüZ kªgkw³ LvwU‡q Zvi †h g~j¨ cvq ZvÕ KLbB Zvi e¨eüZ
kªgkw³i cÖK…Z g~j¨ bq| eis Zvi †P‡q A‡bK Kg| kªwg‡Ki †gvU mg‡qi GKwU Ask n‡Z m„ó g~j¨ kªwgK‡K
Zvi cvwikªwgK wn‡m‡e †`qv nq| kªg-mg‡qi Aewkó Ask KvR K‡i kªwgK †h g~j¨ m„wó K‡i †mwU hvq D‡`¨v³v
I wewb‡qvMKvix cuywRcwZi c‡K‡U| kªwg†Ki kª‡gi GB †kl Ask‡K ejv nq D×…Ë kªg-mgq| Avi GB DØ„Ë kªg-
mg‡q m„ó g~j¨‡K DØ„Ë g~j¨ (surplus value) ejv nh| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡j, †gvU kªg-mgq m„ó g~j¨  kªwg‡Ki
gRyix = DØ„Ë g~j¨| DØ„Ë g~j¨ kªwgK‡K bv w`‡q cyuwRcwZiv kªwgK‡K b¨vh¨ cvIbv †_‡K ewÂZ K‡i _v‡K|
HwZnvwmK e¯‘ev` ev BwZnv‡mi e¯‘ev`x e¨vL¨v
gvK©‡mi g‡Z gvbemgvR I Zv‡Z we`¨gvb cÖwZôvb¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü Ø›Øg~jK e¯‘ev‡`i g~j m~θ‡jvi cÖ‡qvMB n‡”Q
HwZnvwmK e¯‘ev`| G gZev‡`i g~j K_v nÕj mgvR cwieZ©bkxj Ges GB cwieZ©‡bi g~j KviY wbwnZ i‡q‡Q
mgv‡Ri Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨| Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi `ywU w`K| Drcv`‡bi kw³ Ges Drcv`‡bi m¤úK©| G `ywUi
g‡a¨ ؇›Øi d‡j mgv‡R cwieZ©b N‡U| gvK©m e‡jb, Ô Drcv`‡bi d‡j m„ó wewfbœ m¤ú‡K©i †hvMdj wb‡qB M‡o
I‡V mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv| GwUB mgv‡Ri cÖK…Z wfwË| G wfwËi DciB M‡o I‡V AvBbMZ I ivR‰bwZK
KvVv‡gvmg~n| M‡o I‡V mvgvwRK †PZbv| e¯ÍMZ Rxe‡b Drcv`‡bi †h c×wZ cÖwZwôZ _v‡K ZvB gvby‡li
mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I Ava¨vwZœK Rxeb cÖwµqvi mvaviY PwiÎ wba©viY K‡i| gvby‡li †PZbv Zvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i
wba©viK bq eis mvgvwRK Aw¯ÍZ¡B gvby‡li †PZbv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|Õ

A_©‰bwZK wba©viYev`
gvK©m Gi HwZnvwmK e¯‘ev` I A_©‰bwZK wba©viYev` ci¯úi Nwbófv‡e m¤úK©h³ y | gvK©m g‡b K‡ib †h,
BwZnv‡mi mg¯Í NUbvB A_©‰bwZK Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ hy³| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, gvbemf¨Zvi BwZnvm A_©‰bwZK
Kvh©Kvi‡Yi d‡j M‡o D‡V‡Q| BwZnv‡mi wba©viK n‡”Q A_©bxwZ| gvK©m-Gi g‡Z, gvbemgv‡Ri cÖwZwU
ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Zvi we‡kl A_©‰bwZK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi dj| A_©vr A_©bxwZi DcKiY¸‡jv †h †kªYxi wbqš¿‡Y
_v‡K †mB †kªYxB mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b cÖvavb¨ I †bZ…Z¡ jvf K‡i| Zv‡`i ØvivB mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK
Rxeb e¨e¯’vi MwZcÖK…wZ wbav©wiZ nq|

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 126

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
†kªYxmsMÖvg
gvK©‡mi ivóª`k©‡bi Ab¨Zg welq n‡”Q Zvi †kªYxmsMÖvg ZË¡| gvK©m e‡jb, ivóª n‡”Q †kvlK †kªYxi nvwZqvi|
Gi mvnv‡h¨ Zviv Zv‡`i ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i| GB †kªYx Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb, bxwZag© I wek¦vmc×wZ Ggbfv‡e
M‡o †Zv‡j hv‡Z ZvÕ Zv‡`i ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZf‚ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Z‡e cÖwZwU Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨B `ywU ci¯úi
we‡ivax †kªYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q| GKwU †kvlK ev awbK †kªYx Ges Ab¨wU †kvwlZ ev kªgRxex †kªYx| wkí wecø‡ei
ci †_‡K AvaywbK mgv‡R G `ywU †kªYxi Ae¯’vb LyeB ¯úó n‡q‡Q| gvbemf¨Zvi BwZnvm n‡”Q GK †kªYxi Dci
Aci †kªYxi Avwac‡Z¨i BwZnvm| Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi wbqš¿K wn‡m‡e cuywRcwZ †kªYx kªwg‡Ki Øviv m„ó DØ„Ë g~j¨
Zvi †fvMwejvm I m¤ú`e„w×i Kv‡R jvMvq| kªwgK µgk Zvi µq¶gZv nvwi‡q †d‡j Ges me©nviv †kªYx‡Z
cwiYZ nq| Gfv‡e me©nviv‡`i msL¨v e„„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| cyuwRcwZ I me©nviv kªwgK‡kªYx Zv‡`i wbR wbR Aw¯ÍZ¡
wUwK‡q ivLvi ¯^v‡_© ci¯úi we‡iv‡a Rwo‡q c‡o| cyuwRcwZMY Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi Dci GK‡PwUqv AvwacZ¨ eRvq
ivLvi Rb¨ gwiqv n‡q I‡V Ges kªwgK‡kªYxI Zv‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^v‡_© HK¨e× n‡q cyuwRcwZ‡`i weiæ‡× ¯^v_©i¶vi
msMÖv‡g wjß nq| GB n‡”Q †kªYxmsMÖvg Z‡Ë¡i g~jK_v| gvK©m-Gi g‡Z †kªYx msMÖv‡gi ga¨w`‡qB mvgvwRK
cwieZ©b Av‡m|
mvgvwRK wecøe I me©nvivi GKbvqKZ¡ cÖwZôv
gvK©‡mi g‡Z, msL¨ve„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ me©nviv kªwgK †kªYx m‡PZb n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| cuywRcwZ‡`i mxgvnxb
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c_ †Lvjv _vK‡e| nq AvNvZ Ki bq D‡cvm Ki| GQvov Zv‡`i †Kvb Dcvq _vK‡e bv| G ch©v‡q cyuwRcwZ
†kªYxI †kvl‡Yi bZzb bZzb cÖwµqv Aej¤^b Ki‡e| Zviv cwiYv‡gi K_v fve‡e bv| Dfq c‡¶i G Pig Ae¯’vq
me©vnviv †kªYx wecø‡ei w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡e| G wecø‡e civRq NU‡e cyuwRcwZ ey‡R©vqv‡`i| Drcv`b I e›U‡bi KZ…©Z¡
P‡j hv‡e me©nviv‡`i nv‡Z| Zv‡`iB nv‡Z _vK‡e ivR‰bwZK KZ…©Z¡| G KZ…©Z¡ e‡j Zviv ey‡R©vqv‡`i cuywR †K‡o
†b‡e Ges ivR‰bwZK cÖvavb¨ Kv‡R jvwM‡q Drcv`b e„w×i †Póv Ki‡e|
†kªYxnxb mgvR I iv‡óªi wZ‡ivavb
gvK©m me©nviv‡`i GKbvqKZ¡‡K (mgvRZš¿‡K) GKwU mvgwqK I ga¨eZx© e¨e¯’v e‡j MY¨ K‡ib| KviY Zvi
mgvRZvwš¿K wPšÍvavivi g~j j¶¨ n‡”Q mgvR †_‡K †kªYx‡f‡`i P‚ovšÍ Aemvb NUvb| †h‡nZz †kªYx‡f` _vK‡e bv
ZvB iv‡óªiI cÖ‡qvRb _vK‡e bv| mgvRZš¿ G Ae¯’vq DcbxZ nevi gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| mgv‡Ri
Drcv`be¨e¯’v iv‡óªi nvZ †_‡K µgkt m¤úÖ`v‡qi nv‡Z P‡j Avm‡e| ZLb, Avi iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvRb _vK‡e bv|
KviY gvK©‡mi g‡Z ivóª †kªYxwe‡k‡li †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ hš¿| hLb †kªYx _vK‡e bv, †kvlY I _vK‡e bv|
†kvlY bv _vK‡j gvby‡li kvm‡bi cwie‡Z© cÖwZwôZ n‡e e¯‘i kvmb| G Ae¯’vq we‡f` Ny‡P hv‡e GgbwK bvixcyiæl
Amvg¨ _vK‡ebv| †cªg I fvjevmv n‡e Zv‡`i wgj‡bi g~jgš¿|
mgvRZ‡š¿i ˆewkó¨
 mgvRZ‡š¿i j¶¨ nj cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri cwie‡Z© mgevqg~jK I cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv wfwËK mgvRe¨e¯’v|
 mgvRZš¿ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK mgv‡Ri cwie‡Z© mgevqg~jK I cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv wfwËK mgvRe¨e¯’vi K_v
e‡j|
 mgvRZš¿ D`vibxwZev` I e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev‡`i we‡ivax|
 mgvRZš¿ Drcv`‡bi Dcvq Ges e›Ub I wewbg‡qi Ici mvgvwRK gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvi K_v e‡j|
 mgvRZš¿ me ivóª‡K Aïf cÖwZôvb e‡j g‡b K‡i bv Ges iv‡óªi Kvh©vejxi m¤úÖmviY Pvq Ges iv‡óªi mvnv‡h¨
ey‡R©vqv †kªYx‡K DrLvZ Ki‡Z Pvq|
 me©nviv †kªYxi wecø‡ei gva¨‡g cyuwRev`x iv‡óªi aŸsm mvab Ges me©nvivi GKbvqZ¡ cÖwZôv|
 ÔcÖ‡Z¨‡K KvR Ki‡e Ges KvR Abyhvqx mvgvwRK m¤ú‡`i Ask cv‡eÕ |

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 127

Gm Gm GBP Gj
mgvRZ‡š¿i c‡¶ hyw³
 ˆbwZK hyw³: cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vq cÖPwjZ eêvnxb cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, Kv‡jvevRvix, gybvdvevwR, †kvlY, AmvayZv
BZ¨vw` gvby‡li ˆbwZK AatcZb NUvq| d‡j mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ abx-`wi‡`ªi e¨eavb ev‡o| mgvRZ‡š¿ cyuwRev`x
e¨e¯’vi GB Kzdj¸‡jv _v‡K bv, gvby‡l gvby‡l mvg¨ cÖwZwôZ nq Ges gvby‡li ˆbwZK gvb DbœZ nq| ZvB
Mvb©vi (Garner) e‡j‡Qb, ÒThe theory of Socialism... is founded on the principles of justice
and right.Ó
 `vk©wbK hyw³: cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vq e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi Ici gvÎvwZwi³ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq e‡j e¨w³¯^v‡_©i
†e`xg~‡j mgwó ¯^v_©‡K wemR©b †`Iqv nq| mgvRZš¿ev`x‡`i g‡Z, mgwói Kj¨vY mvwaZ n‡jB e¨w³i Kj¨vY
mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Zuviv mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri mvgwMÖK Kj¨vY mva‡bi e¨vcv‡i †ewk
AvMÖnx|
 ivR‰bwZK hyw³: cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’vq abx - `wi‡`ªi g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ ev‡o Ges ivóª¶gZv awbK †kªYxi nv‡Z
_v‡K e‡j m¤úwËnxb †kªYx bvbviKg my‡hvM - myweav †_‡K ewÂZ nq| d‡j MYZš¿ wg_¨vq ch©ewmZ nq|
mgvRZ‡š¿ A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î mvg¨ cÖwZwôZ nq e‡j mK‡ji Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv I AwaKvi †fvM wbwðZ
n‡Z cv‡i| e¯‘Z, MYZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg i¶vKeP nj A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î mvg¨|
 A_©‰bwZK hyw³: abZvwš¿K mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Awbevh©fv‡e GK‡PwUqv cuywRev‡`i
Rb¥ †`q| Avi GB GK‡PwUqv cyuwRev‡`i d‡j gvwjK‡`i gybvdv ev‡o, kªwgK - †kvlY ev‡o, `vwi`ª¨,
†eKviZ¡, AwbðqZv cÖf…wZ ev‡o| mgvRZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯’vq AKvg¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi cwie‡Z© cwiKwíZ
A_©bxwZ I ivwóªq wbqš¿Y cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j Drcv`b `ªæZ e„w× cvq, g~j¨¯Íi n«vm cvq Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ
nq|
 gvbweK g~j¨‡ev‡ai hyw³: abZvwš¿K mgv‡R cY¨ A_©bxwZi `vc‡U gvby‡l gvby‡l m¤úK© m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Avw_©K
e܇b cwiYZ nq| e¨w³i g~j¨, e¨w³MZ †hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw`i wePvi nq wewbgq g~‡j¨| mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡R
gvbyl GB AgvbweK evRv‡ii m¤úK© †_‡K gyw³ cvq Ges my¯’ gvbweK m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq|
 m„RbkxjZvi ù~iY: abZvwš¿K mgv‡R †kvlY, `vwi`ª¨, eÂbv BZ¨vw`i d‡j gvby‡li me©v½xb weKv‡ki c_
iæ× _v‡K| c¶všÍ‡i mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡R cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx KvR Kivi my‡hvM cvq e‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
m„Rb¶gZvi weKvk N‡U, wew”QbœZvi (alienation) Aemvb N‡U Ges e¨w³‡Z¡i c~Y©Zv N‡U|
mgvRZš¿ev‡`i wec‡¶ hyw³
e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivax: mgv‡jvPK‡`i g‡Z mgvRZ‡š¿ e¨w³¯^vaxbZv _v‡K bv| mgwóMZ Kj¨v‡Yi bv‡g
mgvRZ‡š¿i e¨w³ - Rxe‡bi Ici me©v½xb wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Kiv nq| jxKK (Leacock) e‡j‡Qb ÒUnder
socialism freedom is gone.Ó| ZvB mgvRZ‡š¿ e¨w³i ¯^vfvweK weKvk e¨vnZ nq|
MYZš¿ we‡ivax: mgvRZ‡š¿ gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv bvbvfv‡e mxwgZ| GLv‡b GKwUgvÎ `‡ji
cÖvavb¨ I K‡Vvi wbqš¿Y _vKvi d‡j ¯^vaxbfv‡e gZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM _v‡K bv| ZvQvov GLv‡b A_©bxwZ ivóªxq
wbqš¿Y I cwiKíbvq cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j D‡`¨‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv, e„wË wbe©vP‡bi ¯^vaxbZv BZ¨vw` _v‡K bv| ZvB
mgvRZš¿‡K MYZ‡š¿i cwicwš’ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
Drcv`b e¨vnZ nq: e¨w³MZ gybvdv ev jv‡fi m¤¢vebvB e¨w³i K‡g©v`¨g I Drmvn evovq| m¤úwËi Ici
e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvi Aemvb NwU‡q mgvRZš¿ †mB K‡g©v`¨g‡KB aŸsm K‡i Ges Zv‡Z Drcv`b e¨vnZ nq|
bZzb †kªYxi m„wó: mgvRZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯’vq cyuwRcwZ †kªYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †jvc †c‡jI, ivóª cwiPvjbvi m‡½ RwoZ
wekvj Avgjv evwnbx, ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„›`, cwiPvjKe„‡›`i wb‡q GKwU bZzb myweav‡fvMx †kªYxi D™¢e N‡U| GB
bZzb †kªYxwU mvgvwRK DØ„‡Ëi GKUv eo Ask †fvM K‡i Ges ax‡i ax‡i mgvRZ‡š¿i msKU †W‡K Av‡b| c~e©Zb
†mvwf‡qZ ivwkqv Ges c~e© BD‡iv‡ci mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jv‡Z GB NUbvB N‡UwQj|
gvK©m mewKQyi g‡a¨ e¯‘i Dcw¯’wZRwbZ †h ؇›Øi K_v e‡j‡Qb ZvÕ mZ¨ bq| gvbyl eyw×, we‡eK, Ávb, cÖÁv
m¤úbœ Rxe| ïaygvÎ e¯‘i cÖfv‡e Zvi Rxeb wbqwš¿Z n‡e Ggb fvev hvq bv| Zvn‡j gvby‡li †kªôZ¡ _v‡K bv|

BDwbU - 8 c„ôv - 128

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BwZnv‡m Ggb A‡bK NUbviB mÜvb cvIqv hvq †hLv‡b gvby‡li cÖwZ gvby‡li ggZ¡ I fvjevmvB GKRb‡K
Av‡iKR‡bi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K DrmM© Ki‡Z DØz× K‡i‡Q| e¯‘ cvevi K_v †KD fv‡e wb|
mgvRZš¿ n‡Z mvg¨ev‡` DËiY NU‡j †kªYx‡f` _vK‡e bv, iv‡óªi wZ‡ivavb NU‡e - G K_v mZ¨ bq| G Z‡Ë¡
gvby‡li cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb †jvf, wnsmv, †¯^”QvPvi, ¯^v_©ciZv BZ¨vw`‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ivóª bv _vK‡j
†Kvb Rv`y gš¿ e‡j gvbyl mvaymšÍ n‡q hv‡e gvK©m ZvÕ e‡jb wb| Zvi K_vi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡LB ej‡Z nq †h, ivóª
ïay ey‡R©vqvi †kvl‡Yi hš¿B bq - eis Kj¨vY ivóª me© mvavi‡Yi i¶KI| d‡j GB ivóª bv _vK‡j me©ÎB †h
ˆbivR¨ m„wó n‡e ZvÕ ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡Lbv| G Kvi‡YB `xN© cÖvq mËi eQ‡iI †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b mgvRZš¿ n‡Z
mvg¨ev‡` DËi‡Yi †hgb †Kvb wPý †`Lv hvqwb - †Zgwb ivóª wejywßi j¶YI †`Lv hvq wb|

mviK_v
mgvRZ‡š¿i me‡P‡q eo mv_©KZv GLv‡bB †h, cyuwRcwZ ev awbK‡kªYxi m¤ú‡` †h mK‡jiB wnm¨v i‡q‡Q - GUv
†h cyuwRcwZ B”QvgZ †fvM wejv‡m e¨q Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, mgvRZvwš¿K gZev` G K_vUv c„w_exi gvbyl‡K ¯úófv‡e
Rvbv‡Z †c‡i‡Q| ïay ZvB bq bZzb GK ai‡bi mgvR e¨e¯’vI cÖwZôv Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| G iKg cª_g ivóª cÖwZôv
Ki‡Qb gvK©mev‡`i Abymvix I bZzb Avw½‡K Gi cÖwZôvZv †jwbb| GB cÖwZôvi ci Pxbmn we‡k¦ A‡bK †`‡kB
mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª M‡o D‡V‡Q| cyuwRev`x wek¦ bZzb K‡i gvby‡li K_v, mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi K_v fve‡Z wk‡L‡Q GB
gZev‡`i weKv‡ki d‡jB| Gi cwiYwZ‡Z m„wó n‡q‡Q Kj¨vY iv‡óªi aviYv| A‡bK `~e©jZv m‡Ë¡I mgvRZ‡š¿i
eo mv_©KZv GLv‡bB|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1. mgvRZš¿ Abyhvqx mewKQyi wbqš¿K †K n‡e ?
K. e¨w³;
L. †Mvôx;
M. mgvR;
N. m¤úÖ`vq;
O. ivóª|

2. gvK©m - Gi g‡Z RM‡Z GKgvÎ mË¡v †KvbwU ?

K. myL;
L. gvbyl;
M. A_©;
N. e¯‘|

mwVK DËi : 1.O 2.N|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. mgvRZ‡š¿i g~j e³e¨ I c~e© BwZnv‡mi eY©bv w`b|
2. gvK©m DØ„Ë g~j¨ m¤^‡Ü †h e³e¨ †i‡L‡Qb ZvÕ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. BwZnv‡mi e¯‘yev`x e¨vL¨v, †kªYx msMÖvg, m¤ú‡K© gvK©m wK e‡j‡Qb-Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4. mgvRZ‡š¿i c‡¶ I wec‡¶ wK wK hyw³ i‡q‡Q ? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 129