Iv Ó I Drcwë: Evsjv 'K DŠ Y Wek We' VJQ

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
4
iv‡óªi DrcwË
iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvšÍ wewfbœ gZev` ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq GK wewkó ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| hy‡M hy‡M wewfbœ
ivR‰bwZK `vk©wbK I wPšÍvwe` iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ aviYv †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| Gi cÖavb KviY G wel‡q
†Kvb HwZnvwmK Z_¨, cÖgvYvw` ev `wj‡ji Abycw¯’wZ| m½Z Kvi‡YB iv‡óªi m„wó m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZev` M‡o
D‡V‡Q| Gme gZev‡ì ga¨ w`‡q ïaygvÎ iv‡óªi DrcwËB e¨vL¨v Kiv nq wb †mB mv‡_ iv‡óªi j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I
Kg©Kv‡Ði wewfbœ welq, w`‡KiI cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| †hgb G †_‡K miKvi I RbM‡Yi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK,© miKv‡ii
iƒc, mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Aeqe Ges Gi Ae¯’vb, kvmK- kvwm‡Zi m¤úK© cÖf…wZ welq m¤ú‡K©I aviYv jvf Kiv|
myZivs ejv hvq, iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvšÍ gZev`¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© AZ¨waK| Gme ¸iæZ¡cY~ © wel‡qi DciB
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q G BDwb‡U|
G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡jv n‡”Q:

 1 : Hk¦wiK gZev`
 2 : ejcÖ‡qvM gZev`
 3 : mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`
 4 : ˆRe gZev`
 5 : gvK©mxq gZev`
 6 : HwZnvwmK gZev` ev weeZ©bev`
Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV -1
Hk¦wiK gZev`
D‡Ïk¨
G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb 
 iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© Hk¦wiK gZev` wK Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|
Hk¦wiK gZev`:
Hk¦wiK gZev` iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© me©vwaK cÖvPxb gZev`| Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì g~j K_v n‡”Q- ivóª Hk¦‡ii m„wó
Ges Ck¦‡ii B”Qv‡ZB ivóª cwiPvwjZ| cvw_©e RM‡Z ivRv n‡jb Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa Ges ivRvi gva¨‡gB Ck¦‡ii
B”Qv cÖKvwkZ nq| ivRvi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn Kiv ag©‡`ªvwnZvi kvwgj|
G gZev` Abymv‡i ivRv Zvui hveZxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Ck¦‡ii wbKU `vqx _vK‡eb, cªRv‡ì wbKU bq| Hk¦wiK
gZev` wbf©i ga¨hyMxq ivóª¸‡jv‡K ZvB ejv nq ag©xq ivóª (Theocratic State) |
ivóª Ck¦‡ii m„wó Ges cvw_©e RM‡Z ivRv Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa
Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì mg_©b cvIqv hvq cÖvPxbKv‡j, ga¨hy‡M GgbwK AvaywbK hy‡Mi cÖ_g ch©v‡qI| cÖvPxbKv‡j
Bû`xiv g‡b KiZ ivóª Ck¦‡ii m„wó Ges Ck¦i ivRv‡K g‡bvbqb K‡i‡Qb| ga¨hy‡MI GB gZev‡ì †Rvi mg_©b
cwijw¶Z nq| †m hy‡Mi wPšÍvwe` †m›U AMvwób, †m›U Ugvm GKzBbvm, Rb Ae †mwjmevix AZ¨šÍ `„pZvi m‡½
e‡jb, ivóª Ck¦‡ii m„wó Avi Bn‡jv‡K Zvui cÖwZwbwa n‡jb ivRv| †lvok I mß`k kZvãx‡Z Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv
cÖ_g †Rgm& Ges Zvi cyÎ cÖ_g Pvj©m& Hk¦¦wiK gZev‡` mg_©b ¯’vcb K‡i cÖRv‡ì AwaKvi A¯^xKvi K‡ib |
d«v‡Ýi ivRv PZz`©k jyB GB gZev‡` †h ïay wek¦vmx wQ‡jb Zv bq, wZwb wb‡R‡K Ck¦‡ii eicyÎ e‡j g‡Z
Ki‡Zb| Z‡e AvaywbKKv‡j †i‡bmuv ev beRvMiY, RvZxqZvev`, hyw³ev` I MYZvwš¿K a¨vb-avibvi weKv‡ki
m‡½ m‡½ iv‡óªi Hk¦wiK gZev` msµvšÍ aviYv `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K|
Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv:
 ejv nq †h, GB gZev` ivRZ‡š¿i gyLcvÎ| GwU ivR‡š¿i cÖwZ AwaK gvÎvq kª×vkxj| Ck¦‡ii mwZ¨Kvi
cÖwZwbwa †K? G cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi Hk¦wiK gZev‡` cvIqv hvq bv|
 G gZev` A‡hŠw³K| G‡Z wek¦v‡mi Dci AZ¨waK ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq, hyw³i Dci bq|
 G gZev` AMYZvwš¿K, †Kbbv G‡Z Ck¦iB mKj ¶gZvi AwaKvix Ges kvmK wn‡m‡e ivRv Zvui cÖwZwbwa
gvÎ| kvmK Zvui mKj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Ck¦‡ii wbKU `vqeØ _vK‡eb, RbM‡Yi wbKU bq| wKš‘ MYZvwš¿K
eë¯’vq kvmK‡K RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqe× _vKvi e¨ve¯’v Kiv nq| Kv‡RB iv‡óªi DrcwËi Hk¦wiK gZev`
m¤ú~Y© AMYZvwš¿K|
 Hk¦wiK gZev` ivóª‡K GK cÖKvi ˆè cÖwZôvb e‡j g‡b K‡i| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e ivóª n‡”Q gvbexq cÖwZôvb| Ck¦i
wek¦‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ ivóª bvgK cÖwZôv‡bi mªóv n‡”Q gvbyl| Avi gvbyl ivóªxq msMVb ˆZix K‡i‡Q Zv‡ì
cvw_©e cÖ‡qvRb †gUvevi Rb¨|
 G gZev` Ø›Ø Kj‡ni m„wó K‡i| cÖPxbKv‡j MÖxK I †ivgvb‡ì Øviv G gZev` cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q| ga¨hy‡M G
gZev` †cvc I mgªv‡Ui g‡a¨ we‡iv‡ai m„wó K‡i‡Q| Kv‡RB G gZev` †h cÖwZwµqvkxj (Reactionary)Zv
ejvB evûj¨|
Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ I cÖfve
AvaywbKv‡j Hk¦wiK gZev`‡K AMYZvwš¿K, A‡hŠw³K, cÖwZwµqvkxj e‡j mgv‡jvPbv Kiv m‡Ë¡I Gi †h G‡Kev‡i
†Kvb ¸iæZ¡ ev cÖfve †bB Zv ejv hvq bv| we‡kl K‡i cÖvPxb I ga¨hy†M G gZev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ I cÖfve h‡_ó
cwigv‡Y cwi`„ó nq| AÁZv I AÜKviv”Qbœ cwi‡e‡k AvBb- k„•Ljvi cÖwZ kvmK I kvwmZ †kªYxi g‡a¨ wKQyUv
cwigv‡Y n‡jI kª×v‡eva R‡b¥| A‡bK ˆ¯îvPvix kvmK‡K G gZev` agx©q Abykvm‡bi w`‡K AbycÖvwYZ K‡i|
ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 44
d‡j Zvuiv ivóª kvm‡b †m Abykvmb †g‡b Pj‡Z Af¨¯Í nq| myôfv‡e ivóªxq kvmb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨
G gZev` HK¨‡ev‡ai cÖ‡qvRb †kLvq| m‡e©vcwi Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì dj wn‡m‡e ga¨hy‡M ivóª-MxR©vi g‡a¨ †h
Ø‡›Øi m„wó nq Zvi Aemv‡b †kl ch©šÍ c‡iv¶fv‡e n‡jI AvaywbK RvZxq ivóª I ag©wb‡c¶Zvi weRq m~wPZ nq|
mviK_v
iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì g~j K_v n‡”Q, ivóª Ck¦‡ii m„wó Ges Zuvi B”Qv‡ZB ivóª cwiPvwjZ|
cvw_©e RM‡Z ivRv Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| ivRv Zvi mKj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Ck¦‡ii
wbKU `vqx _vK‡eb; RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q bq| AvaywbKKv‡j G gZev` mg_©b‡hvM¨ bq| ivóª †Kvb ˆè cÖwZôvb bq;
ivóª gvby‡li m„ó ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1. iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î Hk¦wiK gZev` nj-
K. AvaywbK; L. me©vwaK cÖvPxb;
M. Lye †ewk cÖvPxb bq; N. cÖvPxb MÖx‡m cÖPwjZ gZev`|
2. iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì g~j K_v wK?
K. Ck¦i mivmwi ivóª kvmb K‡ib;
L. Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e ivRv iv‡óªi kvmb-Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib;
M. ivRv Zvi Kg©Kv‡Ði Rb¨ RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqx _vK‡eb;
N. ivóª Ck¦‡ii m„wó|
3. Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj ivóª¸‡jv‡K ejv nq-
K. Ck¦‡ii ivóª; L. agx©q ivóª;
M. ivRZš¿; N. cÖRvZš¿|
4. Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì d‡j †h Ø›Ø-Kj‡ni m„wó nq Zv-
K. gvby‡l-gvby‡l; L. ivóª I MxR©vi g‡a¨;
M. kvmK I kvwm‡Zi g‡a¨; N. agx©q Abykvmb I †jvKvPv‡ii g‡a¨|
DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. N, 3. L, 4. L|
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì g~j K_v wK?
2. ÔHk¦wiK gZev` ivóª‡K ˆè cÖwZôvb e‡j g‡b K‡iÕ| e³e¨wU m¤úÖmvwiZ Kiæb|
3. cÖvPxbKv‡j I ga¨hy‡M iv‡óªi DrcwË‡Z Hk¦wiK gZev‡ì cÖfve eY©bv Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib †h, iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvšÍ gZev` wn‡m‡e Hk¦wiK gZev` A‡hŠw³K Ges AMYZvwš¿K?
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
BDwbU - 4 c„ôv - 45
Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV -2
ejcÖ‡qvM gZev`
D‡Ïk¨
 iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ej cÖ‡qvM gZev`wU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ej cÖ‡qvM gZev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤úwK©Z ejcÖ‡qvM gZev`x‡ì g‡Z, gvbyl ¯^fveZtB ¶gZvwjáy Ges KjncÖeY I ejev‡bi
c~uRvix| Avw`Kvj †_‡K mej `ye‡© ji Dci AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i Avm‡Q| ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g ejevb e¨w³ ev
†Mvôx `ye©j e¨vw³ ev †Mvwôx‡K ekxf‚Z K‡i D³ e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi Dci cÖfyZ¡ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| Gfv‡eB
cieZx©‡Z wewfbœ DcRvwZi D™¢e nq Ges ax‡i ax‡i †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ msNl© ev‡a| GB msN‡l© weRqx DcRvwZ
wewRZ DcRvwZi Dci cÖfzZ¡ Ki‡Z _v‡K| weRqx DcRvwZi `jcwZ RbM‡Yi kvmK ev mgªvU e‡j ¯^xK…Z nq|
d‡j D™¢e nq iv‡óªi| myZivs GwU ¯úó †h, ej cÖ‡qvM gZev` Abymv‡i iv‡ói DrcwË n‡q‡Q ˆ`wnK ej ev kw³i
gva¨‡g| ïay ZvB bq, Gfv‡e m„ó ivóª ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wU‡KI _v‡K |
ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q G aviYvq Av¯’v ¯’vcb K‡ib †ek K‡qKRb ivóªweÁvbx| Zvu‡ì g‡a¨
i‡q‡Qb I‡cbn¨vBgvi (Openheimer), †RsKm& (Jenks), †R‡jwbK, †KvKvi (Coker), jxKK&, cÖgyL|
I‡cbn¨vBgvi e‡jb, ÔÔDrcwË‡Z m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ges Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖ_g ch©v‡q Acwinvh©fv‡e I m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ivóª weRqxi
ejcÖ‡qvM Øviv wewRZ gvbe m¤úÖ`v‡qi Dci cÖwZwôZ GK mvgvwRK cÖwZôvbÕÕ| ivóªweÁvbx †RsKm&-Gi g‡Z
ÔÔHwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j GwU ¯úó †h, AvaywbK ivóª¸‡jv g~jZ mdj hy× weMÖ‡niB djkÖæwZÕÕ|
†R‡jwbK wj‡L‡Qb, ÔÔhLb †Kvb ejevb †bZv Zvi Abymvix I mn‡hvMx‡ì mnvqZvq †Kvb GjvKv ev AÂ‡ji
Dci ¯’vqxfv‡e AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q ZLbB ivóª m„wó n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q|Ó †KvKvi-Gi g‡Z, ej cÖ‡qvM, fq-
fxwZ cÖ`k©b I hy×evw`Zvi gva¨‡g ivóª cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q| jxKK G cÖm‡½ e‡jb, ÔÔHwZnvwmK w`K w`‡q
wePvi Ki‡j iv‡óªi DrcwËi mÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e gvbyl Øviv gvby‡li Dci AvµgY Ges gvbe m¤úÖ`vq‡K `vm‡Z¡i
k„•L‡j Ave× Kivi g‡a¨, `ye©j DcRvwZ¸‡jvi Dci AvµgY I Zv‡ì AaxbZvq Avbvi g‡a¨ Ges m‡ev©cwi
ejev‡bi ¯^v_© I cÖfzZ¡ - wjávi g‡a¨ÕÕ|
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, ej cÖ‡qvM gZev‡ì Avmj e³e¨ n‡jv ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi DrcwË N‡U‡Q; Ab¨†Kvb
Dcv`vb G‡¶‡Î †Zgb wµqvkxj bq| iv‡óªi DrcwË‡Z ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi f‚wgKv _vKv m‡Ë¡I GB gZev`wU wewfbœfv‡e
mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|
ejcÖ‡qvM gZev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv
 ejcÖ‡qvM gZev`wU GKwU åvšÍ gZev` e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡i _v‡K| ivóª MV‡b ˆ`wnK kw³ ev ej Ab¨Zg
Dcv`vb m‡›`n †bB, Z‡e GwU GKgvÎ Dcv`vb bq| ˆ`wnK ej QvovI gvby‡li mvgvwRK cÖK…wZ, agx©q
HK¨‡eva, K…wóMZ ivR‰bwZK †PZbv cÖf…wZ Dcv`vb ivóª MV‡b cÖf‚Z cwigv‡Y mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|
 ejcÖ‡qvM gZev`‡K ˆbwZKZvi w`K †_‡K mg_©b Kiv hvq bv| GwU ˆ¯îZ‡š¿i c_ cÖk¯Í K‡i Ges RbM‡Yi
¯^vaxbZv, AwaKvi I MYZvwš¿K Av`‡k©i m¤ú~Y© cwicš’x| GB gZev` cvkweK kw³i cÖwZf‚| m½Z Kvi‡YB
GwU eb¨‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨, mf¨ gvby‡li Rb¨ bq|
 G gZev` e¨w³¯^vZ‡š¿ï cwicš’x| GwU e¨w³i gh©v`v I ¯^vZš¿¨‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| GwU kvwšÍ I cÖMwZi cwicš’x|
 G gZev` AZ¨šÍ gvivZœK I fqven| GwU AvšÍRvwZ©K kvwšÍ I msnwZi we‡ivax | ejcÖ‡qvM gZev` †Kej
hy×ev‡ì cÖe³v; GwU gvbe Pwi‡Î ïay ¶z`ªZv I bxPZv Ly‡u R cvq| wKš‘ gvbe Pwi‡Î †Kej ¶z`ªZv I bxPZviB
mÜvb †g‡j bv; DbœZ Av`k© I mvgvwRK Kj¨vY mva‡bi B”QvI cwijw¶Z nq|
 ejcÖ‡qvM gZev` RbgZ‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| wKš‘ iv‡óªi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ RbgZ I RbM‡Yi B”Qv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
†Kej ˆ`wnK kw³i Dci wbf©i K‡i †h miKvi wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv BwZnv‡m Zvi A‡bK cÖgvY i‡q‡Q|
Rvg©vbxi wnUjvi, BZvjxi gy‡mvwjbx, ivwkqvi Rvi Gi RjšÍ `„óvšÍ| cÖK…Zc‡¶ iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I ¯’vwqZ¡ wbf©i
K‡i RbM‡Yi B”Qvi Dci| Bs‡iR `vk©wbK wU, GBP, MÖxY (T.H. Green), ZvB h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, Òej bq
RbM‡Yi B”QvB iv‡óªi wfwËÕÕ (''Will, not force is the basis of state”). iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ejcÖ‡qvM
gZev` mg_©b †hvM¨ bv nIqv m‡Ë¡I G gZev‡ì †h †Kvbiƒc ¸iæZ¡ I cªfve †h †bB Zv bq| GK_v
me©Rb¯^xK…Z †h, ej ev kw³i mg_©b e¨ZxZ ivóª wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ivóªvf¨šÍ‡i kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv
Ges ewntkÎæi AvµgY †_‡K ivóª‡K i¶v Kivi RbÏ kw³i cÖ‡qvRb| GKvi‡YB ejv nq †h, Òivóª GKwU
ejcÖ‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvbÕÕ ('The state is a coercive institution)Õ.
¸iæZ¡ I cÖfve
†Kej cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡MB bq, AvaywbK hy‡MI ejcÖ‡qvM gZev†ì cÖfve j¶¨bxq| MÖxK exi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii
w`wM¦Rq, †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï DÌvb-cZb, AvaywbKKv‡j Rvg©vbxi wnUjvi I BZvjxi gy‡mvwjbxi ivóª kvmb GgbwK
mv¤úÖwZK Kv‡ji AvšÍ-ivóª m¤ú‡K©i A¯¿ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, iv‡óªi DrcwË I Zv wU‡K _vKvi †cQ‡b ej cÖ‡qvM‡KB
mg_©b †`q| ivóªwPšÍvi BwZnv‡m A‡bK `vk©wbK I ivóªweÁvbx G gZev` Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Qb| Kv‡RB G
gZev‡ì ¸iæZ¡‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i †`Lvi †Kvb AeKvk †bB|
mviK_v
iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î ej cÖ‡qvM gZev` ˆ`wnK ev cvkweK e‡ji gva¨‡g iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q e‡j wek¦vm K‡i|
ïay ZvB bq Gfv‡e m„ó ivóª Avevi e‡ji gva¨‡gB wU‡K _v‡K| G gZev‡` Av¯’v ¯’vcbKvix †jLKMY e‡jb,
HwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j GwU AbywgZ nq †h, AvaywbK ivóªmg~n g~jZ mk¯¿ hy×--weMÖ‡niB dj|
wKš‘ G gZev`‡K eZ©gv‡b Avi mwVK a‡i †bqv nq bv| AvaywbKKv‡j ivóªweÁvbxMY ivóª‡K RbM‡Yi m¤§wZi Dci
cÖwZwôZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| RbM‡Yi m¤§wZB iv‡óªi cÖK…Z wfwË|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1. ej cÖ‡qvM gZev` Abymv‡i iv‡óªi DrcwË wKfv‡e n‡q‡Q?
K. ˆ`wnK e‡ji gva¨‡g; L. ˆè kw³i gva¨‡g;
M. Pzw³i gva¨‡g; N. RbM‡Yi B”Qvi gva¨‡g|
2. ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q G aviYvq wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡ib-
K. jv¯‹x; L. Mvb©vi;
M. g¨vKvBfvi; N. †KvKvi|
3. ÔHwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j GwU ¯úó †h, AvaywbK ivóªmg~n g~jZ mdj hy×-weMÖ‡ni djÕ- Dw³wU
†K K‡i‡Qb?
K. jxKK; L. †KvKvi;
M. †RsKm&; N. I‡cbn¨vBgvi|
4. Ôiv‡óªi wfwË n‡”Q RbM‡Yi m¤§wZ, ej bqÕ- G Dw³wU Kvi?
K. Rb j‡Ki; L. jv¯‹xi;
M. iæ‡kvi; N. wU. GBP. MÖx‡bi|
DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. N, 3. M, 4. N|
1. iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvšÍ gZev` wn‡m‡e ej cÖ‡qvM gZev‡ì g~j e³e¨ wjwce× Kiæb|
2. iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î ej cÖ‡qvM gZev`wU ˆbwZKZvi w`K †_‡K mg_©b‡hvM¨ bq †Kb?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î ej cÖ‡qvM gZev`wU mgv‡jvPbvmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. Ôej bq, RbM‡Yi B”QvB iv‡óªi wfwËÕ -G e³e¨wU we‡kølY Kiæb|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV -3
mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`

D‡Ïk¨
 mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡ì g~j K_v wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 nem, jK I iæ‡kvi g‡Z Ôgvbe cÖK…wZÕ †Kgb wQj Ges ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì aviYv †Kgb wQj Zv
eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 nem, jK I iæ‡kvi g‡Z mvgvwRK Pzw³i cÖK…wZ †Kgb wQj †m m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvšÍ gZev`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` GKwU wewkó ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| GB gZev`
†Kej iv‡óªi DrcwË I cÖK…wZB we‡kølY K‡i bv GwU iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi DciI ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| ivóª
weavZvi mw„ó bq, †Kvbiƒc ˆ`wnK ej ev kw³i gva¨‡gI iv‡óªi m„wó nq wb, eis iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q mvgvwRK
Pzw³i gva¨‡g|
mvgvwRK Pzw³gZev‡ì g~jK_v
iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡` wek¦vmx‡ì g‡Z ivóª cÖwZôvi c~‡e© †Kvbiƒc miKvi ev wbqš¿YKvix
eë¯’vi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv| ZLb gvbyl ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ (State of Nature) emevm KiZ Ges cÖvK…wZK wewa-weavb
†g‡b PjZ| wKš‘ Kvjµ‡g †Kvb cÖKvi ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z D³ wewa-weavb mymsnZ fv‡e M‡o
DV‡Z cv‡i wb| d‡j †m¸‡jv cvj‡bi †¶‡Î wewfbœ ai‡Yi RwUjZv I Amyweav †`Lv †`q| G Ae¯’v †_‡K cwiÎvY
jvf Kivi Rb¨ RbMY miKvi MV‡bi j‡¶¨ Pzw³e× n‡q AvB‡bi AaxbZv ¯^xKvi K‡i| Kv‡RB mvgvwRK Pzw³
gZev‡ì g~j K_v nj , ivóª Pzw³i gva¨‡g m„wó n‡q‡Q| ivóª mvgvwRK Pzw³i dj¯îƒc|
iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` †ek cÖvPxb| MÖxK `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv (Plato) Ges GwióU‡ji (Aristotle)
ivóª `k©‡b mvgvwRK Pzw³i wKQyUv Avfvm _vK‡jI Zvuiv Pzw³ev‡` Av¯’v ¯’vcb K‡ib wb| GwcwKDixq
(Epicurean) `k©‡bI mvgvwRK Pzw³i Avfvm cvIqv hvq| ga¨hyMxq BD‡iv‡cI Pzw³ev‡ì aviYv cwi`„ó nq|
Z‡e mß`k kZvãx‡Z Ugvm nem& (Thomas Hobbes) Ges Rb jK (John Locke) Ges Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z Rüv
R¨vuK iæ‡kvi (Jean Jaques Rousseau) KvQ †_‡K mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` cwic~Y© e¨vL¨v I mg_©b jvf K‡i|
ejv evûj¨, G wZbRb `vk©wb‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ †_‡K ïiæ K‡ib | wKš‘ Zvuiv mK‡jB ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡RïÕ
¯îƒc, Pzw³i aiY Ges mve©‡fŠg KZ©„Z¡ m¤ú‡K© wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡ib|
ne‡mi mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`

ne&m wQ‡jb mß`k kZvãxi GKRb weL¨vZ Bs‡iR `vk©wbK| †m mgq Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv I cvj©v‡g‡›Ui ga¨Kvi
¶gZvi Ø›Ø‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h M„nhy‡×i (Civil War) m~Pbv nq Zv‡Z K‡i AvBb-k„•Ljvi Pig AebwZ N‡U|
RbRxe‡b Pig wech©q †b‡g Av‡m| nem& G mgq ZLb Zvui cÖwm× ÔÔw` †jwfqv_vbÕÕ (The Leviathan) MÖš’ iPbvi
gva¨‡g ivRZš¿‡K mg_©b K‡ib| D‡Ïk¨ wQj Bsj¨v‡Ûi we`¨gvb M„nhy‡×i Aemvb Ges RbRxe‡b †b‡g Avmv
wech©q †iva Kiv|
nem& iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvšÍ aviYv we‡kølY Ki‡Z wM‡q mvgvwRK Pzw³i Avkªq wb‡q‡Qb| Avi mvgvwRK Pzw³
we‡køl‡Y wZwb ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ (''State of Nature'') Ges Ô gvbe cÖK…wZÕ (ÔHuman Nature') m¤ú©‡K Zvui AwfgZ
e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| ne&‡mi g‡Z, iv‡óªi DrcwËi c~‡e© gvbyl ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ emevm KiZ| GB ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ wQj
GK fqven I `ytmn Ae¯’v| †mLv‡b †Kvb AvBb-k„•Ljv we`¨gvb wQjbv| d‡j gvbyl ci¯úi Ø›Ø-Kj‡n wjß
_vKZ| `ye©‡ji Dci wQj me‡ji AZ¨vPvi I wbcxob| Ggwb cwi‡e‡k Kv‡iv c‡¶ kvwšÍc~Y© Rxeb hvcb Kiv
m¤¢e wQj bv|
ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ Ô†Rvi hvi g~jøyK Zvi Õ GB Ae¯’v weivRgvb wQj| m½Z Kvi‡YB †mLv‡b †Kvb b¨vqwePviI wQjbv|
gvbyl me©`vB fqfxwZi g‡a¨ Rxeb AwZevwnZ KiZ| ne&m ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ †K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡et ÔcÖK…wZi
iv†R¨Õ gvbe Rxeb wQj wbtm½, `wi`ª, wb`©q, cvkweK Ges ¶Y¯’vqx (Life in the State of Nature was solitary,
poor, nasty, brutish and short) wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, ÔÔ cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ †Kvb wkí, wk¶v, I mgv‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj
bv, eis †mLv‡b wQj Pig g„Zzï wbišÍi fq I wec`Ó|
ÔcÖK…wZi iv†RïÕ Dc‡iv³ eY©bv †`qvi ci nem& Ôgvbe cÖK…wZÕ m¤ú©‡K Zvui AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| gvbe cÖK…wZ‡Z
wZwb ¯^v_©ciZv I AvZœ‡Kw›`ªKZvi Dcv`vb cÖZ¨¶ K‡ib| gvbyl‡K wZwb Roe¯‘i m‡u½ Zzjbv K‡i Zv‡ì‡K
Roe¯‘i gZB Kvh©KviY m¤ú‡K©i wbqš¿Yvaxb e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| g~jK_v gvbyl n‡jv Pig ¯^v_©ci, AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK,
Awek¦vmx Ges KjncÖeY|
ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ I Ôgvbe cÖK…wZiÕ Giƒc aviYv ‡_‡K nem& G wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nb †h, gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU DËg I
wbivc` Rxeb hvc‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| Avi G Kvi‡Y GKw`b gvbyl wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ GK Pzw³ m¤úv`b Kij| G Pzw³i
gva¨‡g Zviv Zv‡ì mKj AwaKvi GKRb KZ…©c‡¶i nv‡Z mgc©b Kij| ni‡mi G Pzw³i cÖK…wZ wQj GiKg ÔÔ
Avwg wb‡R‡K kvmb Kivi AwaKvi Z¨vM K‡i H e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i nv‡Z ¶gZv mgc©Y Kijvg G k‡Z© †h,
ZzwgI †Zvgvi AwaKvi H GKBfv‡e Zv‡K ev Zv‡ì mK‡ji nv‡Z Ac©Y K‡i mKj ¶gZv Z¨vM Ki‡eÕÕ|
Gfv‡e Pzw³i d‡j ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ GKwU iv‡óª iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| iv‡óªi kvmbfvi Awc©Z nq GKRb mve©‡fŠg kvm‡Ki
nv‡Z| GB mve‡fŠg kvmKB n‡jb me©gq ¶gZvi AwaKvix| ne&‡mi mvgvwRK Pzw³‡Z RbMY ci¯ú‡ii m‡½
Pzw³‡Z Ave× nq| wKš‘ G‡¶‡Î RbMY I ivRvi m‡½ †Kvbiƒc Pzw³ ¯’vwcZ nq wb | ivRv Z_v kvmK wQ‡jb
Pzw³i evB‡i| d‡j Zv GKai‡bi GKZidv Pzw³‡Z (Unitateral Contract) cwiYZ nq| ivRv Zvui B”Qvbymv‡i
ivóªkvm‡bi ¶gZv jvf K‡ib, RbMY ivRvi weiæ×vPiY Kivi ¶gZv wPiZ‡i nvivq | G†Z K‡i ivRvi c‡¶
†¯^”QvPvix nIqvi c~Y© my‡hvM †_‡K †Mj| ivRkw³ m‡e©mev© n‡q D‡V| ivRkw³i B”Qvbymv‡i RbMY †h †Kvb
ai‡bi kvw¯Í †fvM Ki‡e| G†Z RbM‡Yi AwaKvi nq D‡cw¶Z| nem g‡b Ki‡Zb kvm‡Ki Dci RbM‡Yi KZ©„Z¡
Kivi AwaKvi w`‡j gvbyl Avevi cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ wd‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| myZivs G AwaKvi RbM‡Yi nv‡Z _vKv mgxPxb
bq|
Gfv‡e ne&m Zvui mvgvwRK Pzw³i gva¨‡g Bsj¨v‡Ûi ózqvU© ivRv‡ì †¯^”QvPvix kvmb I wbi¼zk ivRZ‡š¿i cÖwZ
mg_©b `vb K‡ib| ¯^fveZB Zvui G gZev` wbi¼zk, Awbqwš¿Z I mev©ZœKev`x ivóª I miKvi eë¯’vi cÖwZwe¤^|
j‡Ki mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`
mß`k kZvãxi Aci GKRb Bs‡iR `vk©wbK n‡”Qb Rb jK| 1688 mv‡ji †MŠiegq wecø‡ei (Glorious
Revolution) d‡j Bsj¨vÛ hLb MYZ‡š¿i Øvi cÖv‡šÍ G†m Dcw¯’Z nq wVK †m mgq wZwb Zvui ewjô †jLbxi gva¨‡g
MYZš¿‡K Av‡iv GKavc GwM‡q wb‡q hvb| ne&‡mi gZ wZwbI miKv‡ii cÖK…wZ I iv‡óªi DrcwË we‡kølY Ki‡Z
wM‡q mvgvwRK Pzw³i Dci wbf©i K‡ib| j‡Ki wPšÍvq mvgvwRK Pzw³i aviYv bZzb Avw½‡K g~Z© n‡q I‡V|
mvgvwRK Pzw³i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q jKI ne&‡mi gZ ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ Ges Ôgvbe cÖK…wZÕ m¤ú©‡K Zvui aviYv cÖ`vb
K‡ib Ges Zvici mvgvwRK Pzw³i cÖK…wZ we‡kølY K‡ib| j‡Ki g‡Z, cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ †Kvbiƒc fqven Ae¯’v
we`¨gvb wQj bv| †mLv‡b gvby‡li g‡a¨ wQj c~Y© kvwšÍ I mvg¨| †Kvbiƒc D”Q„•LjZv, cvkweKZv, nvbvnvwb, Ø›Ø
weivRgvb wQj bv| cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨ emevmKvix gvby‡li g‡a¨ wQj ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZv I mngwg©Zv|
j‡Ki g‡Z ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ gvbyl cÖvK…wZK weavb (Natural Law) Ges ÔcÖvK…wZK b¨vqbxwZi (Natural Justice)
Aax‡b evm KiZ| G `yÔ†Uvi gva¨‡g RbMY G‡K Ac‡ii Rxeb, m¤úwË I ¯^vaxbZv i¶v KiZ| myZivs GwU ¯úó
†h, j‡Ki g‡Z, ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ wQj GK wbiew”Qbœ kvwšÍ I ¯^Mx©q Avb‡›ì cÖZ¨q|
Ôgvbe cÖK…wZÕ m¤ú‡K©I j‡Ki aviYv wQj AwZ D”P| Zvui g‡Z gvbyl ¯^fveZB hyw³ev`x I kvwšÍwcÖq| gvbe g‡b
†jvf-jvjmv _vKv m‡Ë¡I hyw³‡ev‡ai gva¨‡g Zviv †m me cÖeYZv `wg‡q ivL‡Z cÖqvmx nq| GQvovI jK g‡b
K‡ib †h, gvbyl bxwZ‡eva ØvivI cwiPvwjZ nq| d‡j †m fvj - g‡›ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvbe
cÖK…wZ m¤ú©‡K myD”P aviYv †cvlY K‡i wZwb e‡jb, mKj gvbylB mgvb| gvby‡l gvby‡l †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB|
ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ I Ôgvbe cÖK…wZÕ m¤ú‡K© DËg aviYv †cvlY Kiv m‡Ë¡I jK e‡jb bvbv Kvi‡Y cÖK…wZi iv‡R¨
wewfbœ cÖKvi ev¯Íe Amyweav †`Lv w`j| RbMY cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi wfbœ wfbœ e¨vL¨v w`‡Z ïiæ Kij| GKRb me©ÁvZ
Gm Gm GBP Gj
I wbi‡c¶ AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v `vZvi Afv‡e wek„•Ljv †`Lv w`j| GB wek„•Lj Ae¯’v †_‡K cwiÎvY jv‡fi Rb¨ gvbyl
Pzw³i Avkªq MÖnY K‡i Ges Pzw³i gva¨‡g ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i|
j‡Ki g‡Z, `y‡Uv Pzw³i gva¨‡g RbMY ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i| cÖ_g Pzw³wU mgMÖ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Kiv nq, hvi gva¨‡g
mK‡j mK‡ji wbKU Zv‡ì AwaKvi mgc©Y K‡i| Gi d‡j GKwU †hŠ_ mËv ev m¤úÖ`v‡qi nv‡Z RbMY Zv‡ì
AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kij| Aciw`‡K wØZxq Pzw³wU msNwUZ nq, kvmK I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨| G Pzw³ Abymv‡i kvmK
RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqx _vK‡eb Ges Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡KB ¶gZv jvf Ki‡eb| kvmK Pzw³ f½ Ki‡j RbMY Zvu‡K
c`Pz¨Z Ki‡Z cvi‡e| d‡j kvm‡Ki c‡¶ †¯^”QvPvix n‡q DVv m¤¢e bq|
Gfv‡e jK Zvui mvgvwRK Pzw³i gva¨‡g Bsj¨v‡Û †MŠiegq wecø‡ei (1688) cÖwZ mg_©b †hvMvb Ges wbqwš¿Z
ivRZ‡š¿i c¶ mg_©b K‡ib| d‡j RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi Dci MyiæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i RbMY †h me©‡fŠg Zvi cÖwZ jK
¯^xK…wZ Ávcb K‡ib| Ab¨ K_vq wZwb MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨ve¯’vi wfwË my`„p K‡ib Zvui mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡ì
gva¨‡g|
iæ‡kvi mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`
mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡ì Aci GKRb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖe³v n‡”Qb divmx `vk©wbK Ru¨v R¨vK iæ‡kv | wZwb Zvui
cÖwm× ÔThe Social Contract'' MÖ‡š’ mvgvwRK Pzw³ e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY K‡ib| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î wZwb Zvui c~e©eZx
`vk©wbK ne&‡mi †P‡q j‡Ki gZvg‡Zi m‡½ AwaK cwigv‡Y GKvZœZv †NvlYv K‡ib|
iæ‡kv mvgvwRK Pzw³i cÖK…wZ eY©bv Kivi c~‡e© ÔÔcÖK…wZi iv‡RïÕÕ wPÎ Zz‡j a‡ib| Zvue g‡Z ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡RïÕ
gvbyl my‡L -kvwšÍ‡Z emevm KiZ| Zv‡ì Rxeb wQj cÖvYešÍ I Q›`gq |gvby‡li gv‡S wQj bv †Kvb wnsmv-‡Øl I
Ø›Ø Kjn| Aeva, Awbqwš¿Z ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zviv myô, my›ì I wbg©j Rxeb M‡o Zz‡jwQj|
Aek¨ ax‡i ax‡i RbmsL¨v e„w× I e¨w³MZ m¤úwË AR©b I †fvM `L‡ji cÖeYZv gvby‡li g‡a¨ †`Lv w`j|
G‡ZK‡i Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Kjn I Ø›Ø -we‡iv‡ai m„wó nq| G Kjn I Ø›Ø we‡ivac~Y© Ae¯’v †_‡K cwiÎvY jv‡fi Rb¨
RbMY wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ ci¯úi GK Pzw³‡Z Ave× nq| Pzw³i d‡j mK‡j †Kvb kvmK ev kvmK‡Mvôxi nv‡Z bq
eis mvgwMÖKfv‡e mvgv‡Ri nv‡Z wb‡R‡ì kvmb Kivi AwaKvi Ac©Y Kij| Ae‡k‡l Zviv mK‡j GKwU mvaviY
B”Qvi Aaxb¯’ nj|
iæ‡kvi g‡Z, GB mvaviY B”Qv n‡jv mve©‡fŠg| wZwb gvby‡li B”Qv‡K mvgwqK B”Qv (Actual Will) Ges ÔcÖK…Z
B”QvÕ (Real will) G `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z, ÔmvgwqK B”QvÕ gvby‡li ¯^v_©v‡š^lx B”Qv; Avi ÔcÖK…Z B”QvÕ
Kj¨vYKi B”Qv| iæ‡kv mvaviY B”Qv‡K RbM‡Yi cÖK…Z B”Qvi mgwó e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| mvaviY B”Qv me©`vB
RbKj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ| GwU †Kvb e¨w³ we‡k‡li, gywó‡gq e¨w³e‡M©i wKsev AwaKvsk Rb‡Mvwôi gZI n‡Z cv‡i
hw` Gi D‡Ïk¨ nq RbKj¨vY mvab|
Gfv‡e iæ‡kvi mvgvwRK Pwz³ gZev` GK ivóªms¯’vi Aax‡b gvby‡li AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv‡K mymsnZ iƒc `vb K‡i|
Zvui G Pzw³i d‡j †h mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi m„wó nq Zv cÖK…Zc‡¶ RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ | cÖm½Z D‡jøL †hvM¨ †h,
iæ‡kvi G gZev` 1789 mv‡ji divmx wecø‡ei cÖwZ mg_©b †hvMvq|
mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv
mß`k I Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z hLb mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` cÖ_g cÖ`Ë nq ZLb Zv h‡_ó Av‡jvob m„wó K‡iwQj|
wKš‘ Ebwesk kZvãxi cÖ_g †_‡K G gZev` Zvi ¸iæZ¡ nviv‡Z _v‡K| mgv‡jvPK‡ì g‡Z, G gZev` iv‡óªi
DrcwËi †h e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Q Zv wbZvšÍB KvíwbK I BwZnvmweiæ×| cÖK…Zc‡¶ wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mvgvwRK Pzw³
gZev` mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| mgv‡jvPbv¸‡jv wbæiƒc:
 mvgvwRK Pzw³ A-HwZnvwmK| iv‡óªi DrcwË LzuR‡Z wM‡q G gZev` Pzw³i Dci AZ¨waK ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc
K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Zv †Kvb mwVK HwZnvwmK Z‡_ï Dci cÖwZwôZ bq| BwZnv‡m Ggb †Kvb cÖgvY †bB hv †_‡K
G aviYv Rb¥vq †h ivóª Pzw³i dj|
 G gZev` KvíwbK| ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ Gi †Kvb wgj cvIqv hvq bv| ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ gvby‡li emevm Kiv wbQK
Kíbv gvÎ| GQvov Pzw³i gZ m~² aviYv gvby‡li KL‡bv n‡Z cv‡i bv|

 G gZev` A‡hŠw³K| ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ gvbyl m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb wQj e‡j G gZev‡` D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GwU
wbZvšÍB fzj avi bv | ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi, AvBb I k„•Ljvi K_v wPšÍv Kiv AÁZviB cwiPq
enb K‡i| Zv Qvov †h RbM‡bi ivóª m¤ú‡K© †Kvb c~e© Ávb wQj bv, Zviv nVvr K‡i ivóª MV‡b cÖe…Ë
Ggbfvebv Zv wbZvšÍB A‡hŠw³K e‡j g‡b nq|
 G gZev` ¶Y¯’vqx| Pzw³i gva¨‡g m„ó iv‡óªi kZ© †KejgvÎ Pzw³ hviv m¤úv`b K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì DciB
eZ©v‡e| Pzw³ m¤úv`bKvix‡ì g„Zzï ci Zv‡ì cieZx© eskai‡ì Dci Pzw³i Kvh©KvwiZv _vK‡Z cv‡i
bv| wKš‘ iv‡óªi †ejvq G weavb Av‡ivc Kiv m¤¢e bq, †Kbbv ivóª GKwU AcwiewZ©Z I wPi¯’vqx ms¯’v| Pzw³
Aemv‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ iv‡óªiI Aemvb n‡e G aviYv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c åvšÍ| ivóª †Kvb ai‡bi K…wÎg m„wó n‡Z cv‡i
bv|
 G gZev` weK…Z gZev`| GwU mZ¨‡K weK…Z Kivi kvwgj| gvbyl mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe| wKš‘ mvgvwRK
Pzw³ gZev` gvbyl‡K mvgvwRK Rxe e‡j MY¨ bv K‡i Zv‡K GKai‡bi eb¨ Rx‡ei mgZzj¨ e‡j a‡i wb‡q‡Q|
Gw`K ‡_‡K wePvi K‡iB f‡ëqvi iæ‡kvi Pzw³ gZev‡ì aviYv‡K Ôeb¨Õ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡ì ¸iæZ¡ I cÖfve

iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvšÍ mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mgv‡jvwPZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I G gZev‡ì HwZnvwmK
¸iæZ¡ I cÖfve‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| ˆ¯îZ‡š¿i hy‡M G gZev` MYZvwš¿K aviYv weKv‡k mwe‡kl mnvqZv
K‡i‡Q| RbM‡Yi mg_©bB ivóªkw³i cÖK…Z Drm G gZev` Zv aviY K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡¶ mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` mgMÖ
wek¦‡K Hk¦wiK I ejcÖ‡qvM gZev‡ì Lvivc cÖfve †_‡K i¶v K‡i‡Q|
mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi weKvk mva‡b G gZev`
AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| G gZev‡ì gva¨‡g RbMYB mKj ¶gZvi Drm-G aviYv jvf Kiv hvq|
m‡ev©cwi mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` Aóv`k Ges Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvi ivR‰bwZK `k©b‡K
Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| divmx wecøe Ges Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi †cQ‡b G gZev` †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q|
mviK_v
mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`x‡ì g‡Z Pzw³i gva¨‡g iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q| Ck¦‡ii B”Qv ev †Kvbiƒc ˆ`wnK kw³i gva¨‡g
iv‡óªi DrcwË N‡U wb| ivóª cÖwZôvi c~‡e© gvbyl ÕcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ emevm KiZ| wKš‘ †mLv‡b Zv‡ì Rxe‡bi †Kvb
wbivcËv wQj bv; wQj bv †Kvb mve©‡fŠg kvmK| Avi †mRb¨ gvbyl Pzw³i gva¨‡g ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i mve©‡fŠg kvm‡Ki
nv‡Z ¶gZv Ac©Y Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| mß`k kZvãxi Bs‡iR `vk©wbK nem&, jK Ges Aóv`k kZvãxi divmx
`vk©wbK iæ‡kvi nv‡Z GB mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` GK P‚ovšÍ iƒc jvf K‡i|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1. mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` Abymv‡i wKfv‡e iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q?
K. Pzw³i gva¨‡g;
L. ¯^vfvweKfv‡e;
M. gvby‡li mnRvZ cÖe„wË †_‡K;
N. HwZnvwmK NUbvcÖev‡ni gva¨‡g|
2. wb‡æi †Kvb& `vk©wbK iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î ÔmvgvwRK Pzw³Õ gZev‡ì cÖe³v?
K. wU.GBP.MÖxY;
L. Rb Awób;
M. Ugvm ne&m;
N. n¨viì jvw¯‹|
3. ne‡mi g‡Z ÔcÖK…wZi iv‡R¨Õ gvbe Rxeb †Kgb wQj?
K. my›ì I cÖvYešÍ;
L. kvwšÍcY~ © I AvBbvbyM;
M. Ø›Ø I Kjnc~Y© Ges ¶Y¯’vqx;
N. wnsmv-we‡Øl weewR©Z|
4. ne‡mi g‡Z mvgvwRK Pzw³ n‡qwQj-

K. mgMÖ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨;
L. ivRv I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨;
M. gywó‡gq e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨;
N. gywó‡gq e¨w³eM© I ivRvi g‡a¨|
DËigvjvt 1. K, 2. M, 3. M, 4. L|
1. ne‡mi gZvbymv‡i mvgvwRK Pzw³i cÖK…wZ eY©bv Kiæb|
2. j‡Ki mvgvwRK Pzw³i eY©bv Kiæb|
3. iæ‡kvi mvgvwRK Pzw³i cÖK…wZ eY©bv Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`wU mgv‡jvPbvmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. nem, jK I iæ‡kvi g‡Z mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi ¯îƒc we‡kølY Kiæb|

cvV -4
ˆRe gZev`
D‡Ïk¨
 iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ˆRe gZev‡ì g~j e³e¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Rxe †`n I ivóª †`‡ni ga¨Kvi mv`„k¨ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú©‡K ˆRe gZev` iv‡óªi DrcwË e¨vL¨v Kivi †P‡q iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© †ekx e¨vL¨v K‡i| ivóª
I Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ wb‡`©k K‡i ˆRe gZev` cÖgvY Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq †h, ivóª GK RxešÍ mË¡v| G gZev`
Abymv‡i ivóª GK cÖKvi †PZbv m¤úbœ c`v_© Ges cÖvYmÄvZ †`n| GwU †Kvb wb®cÖvY hš¿ bq|
ˆRe gZev‡ì cÖ_g weKvk N‡U cÖvPxb MÖx‡m| MÖxK `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv ivóª‡K Rxe‡`‡ni mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb | wZwb
gvbe AvZ¥vi (Human soul) wZbwU Dcv`vb cÖZ¨¶ K‡i Zvui KwíZ Av`k© iv‡óª wZbwU †kªYxi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v
e‡jb| GB wZbwU †kªYx wfbœag©x Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡e e‡jI wZwb hyw³ †`Lvb | †cø‡Uvi gZ Zvui wkl¨ Gwi÷jI
(Aritstotle) gZ cÖKvk K‡i e‡jb †h Rxe‡`‡ni mv‡_ A½ cÖZ¨‡½i †hgb m¤úK© i‡q‡Q iv‡óªi mv‡_I e¨w³i
‡Zgwb m¤úK© we`¨gvb|
ga¨hy‡MI †Kvb †Kvb ivóªwPšÍvwe` ivóª‡`n Ges Rxe‡`‡ni g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ j¶¨ K†i†Qb| Rb Ae †mwjmevix Ge
gvwm©wjI Ae c`yqvi wPšÍvfvebv G‡¶‡Î mwe‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
AvaywbK hy‡M, WviDBb, e›Uzmjx, nvevU© †¯úÝvi cÖgyL `vk©wbK I ivóªweÁvbx iv‡óªi DrcwË†Z ˆRe gZev‡ì
e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| ne&m ivóª‡K GK AwZKvq mvgyw`ªK Rx‡ei mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| WviDBb Zvui weeZ©bev` Z‡Ë¡i
ga¨ w`‡q iv‡óªi DrcwË‡Z ˆRe gZev‡ìB cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i‡Qb| ivóªweÁvbx e- y›Um&jxI ivóª‡K GK cÖvYešÍ
ˆRweK cÖwZôvb e‡j eY©bv K‡ib| nvev©U© †¯úÝvi e‡j‡Qb, Rxe †`‡ni gZ ivóªI Rb¥, e„w× Ges g„Zzï wewaweavb
Øviv cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ Rxe‡`n I ivóª‡`‡ni g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q mZ¨| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j Df‡qi cÖK…wZ †h m¤ú~Y© GK Zv ejv
P‡j bv| Aa¨vcK ne nvDR (Hob House) e‡jb, ivóª‡K cÖvYx ev Rxe wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kiv wVK bq| Avm‡j
ˆRweK gZevÌ mgv‡jvPbvi D‡aŸ© bq|
 ejv hvq †h, ˆRe gZev` †Kej mv`„‡kï Dci wfwËkxj| wKš‘ mv`„k¨ ev wgj KL‡bv cÖgvY e‡j ¯^xK…Z n‡Z
cv‡i bv | wØZxqZ Rxe‡`‡ni A½ cÖZ¨½ GK m‡½ mshy³ _v‡K c¶všÍ‡i ivóª‡`‡ni A½ cÖZ¨½ (msN mg~n)
ci¯úi wew”Qbœfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|
 Rxe‡`‡ni A½ cÖZ¨½ hvwš¿K Askwe‡kl; G¸‡jv ¯^Zš¿fv‡e †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| Aciw`‡K ivóª‡`n
†PZbkxj Ges ¯^vaxbfv‡e wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i |
 GK Rxe‡`n †_‡K Ab¨ Rxe‡`n Rb¥jvf K‡i| wKš‘ GK ivóª †_‡K Aci iv‡óªi Rb¥ bv -I n‡Z cv‡i|
 Rxe‡`‡ni e„w× N‡U m¤ú~Y© A‡PZbfv‡e| wKš‘ iv‡óªi e„w× N‡U m‡PZbfv‡e|
ˆRweK gZev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj (Gettell) h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb †h, iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ˆRe
gZev` †Kvb m‡šÍvlRbK e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i bv| Ggb wK iv‡óªi Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K©I GwU †Kvb m‡šÍvlRbK e¨vL¨v
†`q bv|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
mviK_v
G cv‡Vi g~j e³e¨ n‡”Q ivóª GK cÖKvi RxešÍ mË¡v| ivóª †Kvb wb®cÖvY hš¿ we‡kl bq| cÖvPxb MÖxK hy‡M †cø‡Uv
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvaywbK hy‡Mi A‡bK `vk©wbK †hgb, WviDb, nve©vU †¯úÝvi cÖgyL iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î ˆRe
gZev‡ì e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Zviv mK‡jB G wel‡q GKgZ †h, Rxe †`‡ni gZ ivóªI Rb¥, e„w× I g„Zzï
wewa-weavb Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq|
cv‡VvËvi g~j¨vqb
mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1. ˆRe gZev‡ì gyj e³e¨ wK?
K. ivóª GK cÖKvi RxešÍ mË¡v;
L. ivóª GK ai‡bi wb®cÖvY hš¿;
M. ivóª GK cÖKvi A‡PZb c`v_©;
N. ivóª †Kvb cÖvY m¤úbœ †`n bq|
2. ˆRe gZev‡ì cÖ_g weKvk N‡U-

K. cÖvPxb wgm‡i;
L. cÖvPxb MÖx‡m;
M. cÖvPxb †iv‡g;
N. Î‡qv`k kZ‡Ki weª‡U‡b|
3. ˆRe gZev‡ì mg_©K n‡jb-

K. nve©wU †¯úÝvi;
L. jxKK;
M. Mvb©vi;
N. jv¯‹x|
DËigvjvt 1. K, 2. L, 3. K.|

1. Rxe‡`n I ivóª †`‡ni ga¨Kvi mv`„k¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
2. Ôivóª GK RxešÍ mË¡v, GwU †Kvb wb®cÖvYhš¿ bqÕ-G e³e¨wU m¤úÖmvwiZ Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvšÍ ˆRweK gZev`wU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

cvV -5
gvK©mxq gZev`
D‡Ïk¨
 ivóª I ivRbxwZ wel‡q gvK©mxq gZev` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 gvK©mxq aviYv Abyhvqx cyuwRcwZ †kªYx KZ©„K weËnxb †kªYxi Dci †kvl‡Yi hš¿ wn‡m‡e †h iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q
Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gvK©m iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© wfbœagx© gZev` Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z mgvR I ivóª GK bq; Avi Df‡qi
DrcwËI m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| gvK©m g‡b K‡ib †h, mgvR GKwU ¯^vfvweK cÖwZôvb wKš‘ ivóª Zv bq | gvby‡li cÖK…Z mË¡v
ivR‡bwZK bq eis mvgvwRK | gvbyl ivR‰bwZK Rxe bq eis †h me mvgvwRK kw³ gvbyl‡K Ø›Ø- msNv‡Z wjß
Ki‡Zv Zv ivR‰bwZK ¶gZvi I iv‡óªi Aaxb¯’ nq| ivóª †Kvb ˆbwZK D‡Ï‡k¨ m„wó nq wb eis Zv cyuwRcwZ
†kªYx KZ©„K mgv‡Ri Acivci †kªYx we‡kl K‡i weËnxb †kªYxi Dci †kªYx †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
gvK©m `„pfv‡e wek¦vm K‡ib †h, Drcv`‡bi kw³¸‡jv A_©vr A_©‰bwZK m¤úK© Ab¨vb¨ mKj mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i
wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Gme kw³ mgv‡Ri AeKvVv‡gv‡Z weivR K‡i| Avi ˆbwZKZv, ag©, cÖ_v, ixwZbxwZ
GgbwK ivRbxwZ mgv‡Ri DcwiKvVv‡gv ˆZix K‡i| ivóª n‡”Q GKwU DcwiKvVv‡gv Ges Zv A_©‰bwZK Dcv`v‡bi
Dci wbf©ikxj| gvK©m e‡jb, AvBbMZ m¤úK© Ges iv‡óªi MVb-ixwZ gvbe Rxe‡bi e¯ÍyMZ Dcv`v†bi Dci
wbf©ikxj| GB e¯ÍyMZ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨B wZwb iv‡óªi DrcwË Luy‡R †c‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z Avw`Kv‡j hLb mgv‡R
†kªYx wQj bv ZLb iv‡óªiI Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv| e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi D™¢‡ei mv‡_ mv‡_ iv‡óªiI DrcwË nq| ivóª ZvB
†kªYx †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi ¯îƒc| ivóªh‡š¿i gva¨‡g mej †kªYx `ye©j †kªYx‡K †kvlY K‡i _v‡K| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb
†kvl‡Yi d‡j kªwgK †kªYx msMwVZ n‡q c~uwRev`x ivóª‡K wecø‡ei gva¨‡g mgvRZvwš¿K ev kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óª cwiYZ
Ki‡e| gvK©m AviI g‡b Ki‡Zb weKv‡ki GK ch©v‡q †kªYx †kvl‡Yi Aemvb NU‡e Avi ZLbB ivóª AcÖ‡qvRbxq
cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ n‡e| Ges Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wejyß n‡e| gvK©‡mi G Z‡Ë¡i Dci wfwË K‡i 1917 mv‡j ivwkqvi
mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe msNwUZ n‡q †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb bv‡g iv‡óªi m„wó nq| GK`jxq G ivóªwU wesk kZvwãi †kl
`k‡K wecøß nq-Z‡e G wejywß †kªYx I †kvlYnxb mgv‡Ri Rb¥ bv w`‡q eis †kªYx m¤^wjZ cyuwRev`x ivwkqvi Rb¥
w`‡q‡Q| gvI‡mZzO-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Px‡bI cÖvq Abyic ivóª cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q Ges cwieZ©b ¯^v‡c‡¶ GLbI wU‡K Av‡Q|
ZvQvov †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi mn‡hvwMZvq `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvmn c~e© BD‡iv‡cI Z`ªæc iv‡óªi m„wó n‡qwQj|
ejvevûj¨, eZ©gv‡b H me ivóª Avevi cyuwRev`x c‡_ wd‡i G‡m‡Q Ges Avm‡Q|
mviK_v
G cv‡V iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© gvK©mxq gZev` e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| G gZev‡ì mvi K_v GB †h, ivóª †Kvb
ˆbwZK cÖwZôvb bq; ivóª †KejgvÎ GK ai‡bi †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi| ivóª g~jZ cyuwRcwZ †kªYx KZ©„K weËnxb †kªYxi
Dci †kvl‡Yi hš¿ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †kvlYnxb mgvR cÖwZwôZ n‡j iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡e bv|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqY
mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1. gvK©‡mi g‡Z wKfv‡e iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q?
K. ˆbwZK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q;
L. cyuwRcwZ †kªYx KZ©„K weËnxb †kªYxi Dci †kvl‡Yi hš¿ wn‡m‡e iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q;
M. Drcv`‡bi kw³mg~‡ni Dci ivóªxq wbqš¿Y Av‡iv‡ci ga¨ w`‡q iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q;
N. †kvl‡Yi cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
2. gvK©‡mi g‡Z gvby‡li cÖK…Z mË¡v-

K. ivR‰bwZK;
L. mvgvwRK;
M. A_©‰bwZK;
N. K…wóMZ;
3. gvK©‡mi g‡Z ivóª wK ai‡bi cÖwZôvb?

K. ¯^vfvweK;
L. cÖK…wZMZ;
M. ˆRweK;
N. †kvlYKvix cÖwZôvb;
DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. M, 3. N|

1. ÔDrcv`‡bi kw³mg~n mKj mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i wfwËÕ - e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. iv‡óªi DrcwË msµvšÍ gvK©mxq gZev` e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

cvV-6
HwZnvwmK gZev` ev weeZ©bev`

D‡Ïk¨
 ivóª †h HwZnvwmK cÖwµqv I weeZ©‡bi dj Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 iv‡óªi weeZ©b avivq †hme Dcv`vb KvR K‡i‡Q Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© mwVK gZev` †Kvb&wU Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 weeZ©b gZev`‡K weÁvbm¤§Z gZev` †Kb ejv nq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK ev weeZ©bev` AvaywbKKv‡j me©v‡c¶v MÖnY‡hvM¨ gZev`| hwÌ Dchy³ cÖgvY
I `wj‡ji Afv‡e iv‡óªi DrcwË wKfv‡e n‡q‡Q Zv AvRI mwVKfv†e wbav©wiZ nq wb| Z‡e AvaywbK ivóªweÁvbxiv
G wel‡q †gvUvgywU GKgZ †h, ivóª HwZnvwmK weeZ©‡bi dj|
ivóª weavZv KZ…©K nVvr GKw`b m„ó nq wb, GwU ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡gI m„ó nq wb| ivóª †Kvb Pzw³i djI bq|
Gme aviYv KvíwbK| Kv‡RB G¸‡jv ivóªweÁvbxiv eR©b K‡i‡Qb| Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi (Garner) G cÖm‡½ e‡jb
ÔÔivóª weavZvi A‡gvN m„wó bq, GwU ˆ`wnK ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi djkÖæwZI bq, †Kvb cÖ¯vÍ e ev m‡¤§j‡bi dmj bq ;
GgbwK cwiev‡ii m¤úÖmvi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡qI Gi Rb¥ nq wbÕÕ (The state is neither the handiwork of God, nor
the result of superior physical force, nor the creation of resolution or convention nor a mere expansion
of the family'') e¯‘Z eû hy‡Mi, eû Kv‡ji Ges wewfbœ Dcv`v†bi mswgkª‡b wewfbœ ¯Íi †cwi‡q ivóª Zvi eZ©gvb
ch©v‡q G‡m †cŠu‡Q‡Q| GwU GK µgweeZ©b cÖwµqviB dj¯îƒc |
iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î weeZ©bev`x cÖwµqvq wewfbœ Dcv`vb KvR K‡i‡Q| Gme Dcv`v†bi g‡a¨ i‡³i m¤úK©,
ag©xq eÜb, hy× weMÖn, A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v Ges m‡ev©cwi ivR‰bwZK †PZbv mwe‡kl D‡jøL†hvM¨| wb‡¤œ G
Dcv`vb¸‡jv ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
K. i‡³i m¤úK©
iv‡óªi weeZ©b avivq i‡³i m¤ú‡K© ev AvZœxqZvi eÜb GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Avw`
mgv‡R i‡³i m¤úK©B wQj ivóª MV‡bi GKgvÎ wfwË| cÖ_gw`‡K i‡³i m¤úK© GKB cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨
mxgve× wQj| we‡qi eÜb, mšÍvbvwì jvjb-cvjb ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB cwiev‡ii m„wó K‡i| cwiev‡ii m`mïv me©cª_g
cwievi †_‡KB Av‡`k cÖ`vb I Av‡`k cvj‡bi `x¶v jvf K‡i| cwiev‡ii cÖavbB wQ‡jb cwiev‡ii me©gq KZ©v|
Kvjµ‡g †jvKmsL¨v e„w× Ges bZzb bZzb mgm¨vi D™¢‡ei d‡j cwiev‡ii we¯Z…wZ N‡U| G‡Z K‡i m„wó nq wewfbœ
†Mvôx, m¤úÖ`vq I DcRvwZi| cieZx©Kv‡j G¸‡jv RvwZMZ H‡Kï eÜb‡K my`„p K‡i †Zv‡j| Avi GB HK¨‡eva
†_‡KB †kl Awã iv‡óªi D™¢e N‡U| i‡³i m¤úK© I AvZ¥xqZv Gfv‡e ivóªMV‡b Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i‡Q|
L. agx©q eÜb
ag©xq cÖfve Ges a‡g©i eÜbI iv‡óªi weeZ©b cÖwµqvi ¸iæZ¡cY~ © Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| wewfbœ m¤úÖ`vq
†Mvôx I DcRvwZi m`m¨ msL¨v e„w× cvevi m‡½ m‡½ i‡³i eÜb Z_v AvZœxqZvi m¤úK© wkw_j n‡q Avm‡Z
_v‡K| ag© ZLb AvZ¥xqZvi m¤ú©‡Ki ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †bq| agx©q eÜbB ZLb gvby‡li cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© I
wgj‡bi Dcv`vb n‡q `vovuq|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
AZx‡Z gvbyl cÖK…wZ‡K fq KiZ| eb¨v, Liv, So-e„wó eRªcvZ cÖf…wZ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v†Mi f‡q gvbyl me©`v fxZ
_vKZ| G †_‡K gyw³ cvevi Dcvq wn‡m‡e Zviv c~R
u v cve©b, ag© - Kg© Kiv ïiæ K‡i| †MvÎcwZ ag©vbyôvb I kvmb
Kvh© DfqB cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb|
ag©- Kg© I Dcvmbvi d‡j ax‡i ax‡i gvby‡li gv‡S m„`„p HK¨†eva M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K| G HK¨‡eva Ae‡k‡l
gvbyl‡K ivR‰bwZK ms¯’v MV‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| ag©B cÖPwjZ AvBb I kvm‡bi †cQ‡b †_‡K gvby‡li g‡b AvbyMZ¨,
KZ©e¨‡eva Ges HK¨†eva RvMÖZ K‡i| ZLb ag© I ivRbxwZ ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ wQj|
M. hy× - weMÖn
ivóª MV‡bi †¶‡Î hy×-weMÖn, AvµgY I cvëv Avµg‡Yi f‚wgKvI Ab¯^xKvh©| Avw` mgv‡Ri BwZnvm g~jZ hy×-
weMÖ‡ni BwZnvm| †m mgv‡R hy×-weMÖn, Ø›Ø-Kjn †j‡MB _vKZ| †h e¨w³ hZ †ekx civµgkvjx †m e¨w³i
AvwacZÏ wQj ZZ AwaK| weRqx kvmK civwRZ‡ì Dci KZ…©Z¡ LvUv‡Zb| Gfv‡e µgvMZ hy×, Ø›Ø Avi
Kj‡ni d‡j A‡c¶vK…Z `ye©j m¤úÖ`vq¸‡jv weRqx kvmK I kvmKe„‡›ì KiZjMZ n‡Z _v‡K|
G fv‡e µgk †Mvôxi m¤úÖmviY N‡U Ges DcRvZxq msMV‡bi msL¨v e„w× cvq| GK DcRvwZ Aci DcRvwZi
AvµgY †_‡K i¶v cvevi Rb¨ GKRb ¯^xK…Z hy×bvq‡Ki Aax‡b KvR Ki‡Z m¤§Z nq| µ‡g D™¢e N‡U ej
cÖ‡qvMKvix kw³i hv ax‡i ax‡i mve©‡fŠg kvm‡Ki Rb¥ †`q| gvbyl G kvm‡Ki AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi Ges HKë× n‡q
GK e„nËi RvwZmË¡vi m„wó K‡i|
N. A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v
iv‡óªi weeZ©b avivq A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi ¸iæZ¡I Acwimxg| ïay DrcwË‡Z bq, iv‡óªi weKvk mva‡b e¨w³MZ
m¤úwËi D™¢e I Gi i¶Yv‡e¶Y Ges Zv †_‡K D™¢‚Z A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi m„wó ivóªxq eë¯’v‡K ax‡i ax‡i mymsnZ
K‡i‡Q| Avw`g gvbe †Mvôxi A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ †Kej Lv`¨ AvniY I Avkª‡qi g‡a¨B mxwgZ wQj| Lv‡`ï
A‡š^lvq Zviv msNe×fv‡e wkKvi KiZ Ges `jcwZi wb‡`©‡k Zv mK‡ji g‡a¨ e›Ub Kiv n‡Zv| µ‡g cï
cvjb cÖ_vi cÖeZ©b N‡U| G cÖ_v GK ai‡Yi A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi Rb¥ †`q hv‡K ejv nq cïcvjb A_©bxwZ| G
A_©bxwZ‡Z †h e¨w³i Aax‡b hZ †ewk cï _vKZ †m e¨w³ ZZ AwaK ¶gZv †fvM KiZ| Gici D™¢e N‡U K…wl
Rxe‡bi| gvbyl ZLb Pvlvev‡ì gva¨‡g RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Z †k‡L|
Gfv‡e f‚-m¤úwËi D™¢‡ei mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbyl wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z wef³ n‡Z _v‡K| Gi d‡j m¤úwËMZ I AvBbMZ
mgm¨vi m„wó nq| GK †kªYx Aci †kªYx‡K †kvlY Ki‡Z _v‡K| G mgm¨v mgvavbK‡í m„ó nq ivR‰bwZK KZ…©c‡¶i
Avi GB ivR‰bwZK KZ…©c¶B nj miKvi|
O. ivR‰bwZK †PZbv
gvbyl Zv‡ì mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvR‡b hLb msNe× Rxeb hvÎvq Af¨¯Í nq ZLb †_‡KB
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK †PZbvi weKvk N‡U| GB †PZbv me©cÖ_g Zv‡ì Ae‡PZb g‡b weivRgvb wQj Ges
wb‡R‡ì ARv‡šÍB Zv Rb¥jvf K‡i| Kv‡ji Ave‡Z© †h bZzb I DbœZ kvmb eë¯’v cÖewZ©Z nq †mwUI gvby‡li
ivR‰bwZK †PZbviB d‡j| gvbyl wb‡Ri ¯^v_© I AwaKvi msi¶YK‡í GB ivR‰bwZK msMVb M‡o Zzj‡Z D×z×
n‡q‡Q| ejv evûj¨ †h, AvaywbK ivóªMV‡bi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡cY~ © Dcv`vb n‡”Q ivR‰bwZK †PZbv‡eva|
cwi‡k‡l GK_v ejv Avek¨K †h, iv‡óªi weeZ©‡b i‡³i m¤úK© ev ÁvwZ, ag©, hy×weMÖn, A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v Ges
m‡e©vcwi ivR‰bwZK †PZbv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| Aek¨ Gme Dcv`vb ci¯úi ¯^Zš¿ bq, Gm‡ei wg_w¯Œqvi
dj n‡”Q ivóª| Kv‡RB ejv hvq †h, ivóª HwZnvwmK cÖwµqv ev weeZ©b cÖwµqvi gva¨‡gB m„wó n‡q‡Q| GKw`‡b
nVvr K‡i ev AvKw¯§Kfv‡e ivwóª m„ó nqwb| iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© GB gZev`B me©v‡c¶v êÁvwbK I MÖnY‡hvM¨|

mviK_v
ivóª weavZvi m„wó bq| ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡gI iv‡óªi DrcwË nqwb| GgbwK †Kvbiƒc Pzw³i gva¨‡gI iv‡óªi DrcwË
nqwb| ivóª g~jZ, HwZnvwmK cÖwµqv I weeZ©‡bi dj¯îƒc| Avi GB HwZnvwmK I weeZ©b cÖwµqvq i‡³i m¤úK©,
a‡g©i eÜb, hy×-weMÖn, A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v Ges m‡e©vcwi ivR‰bwZK †PZbv KvR K‡i‡Q| iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î
G gZev`B me©vwaK êÁvwbK e‡j ivóªweÁvbxiv ¯^xKvi K‡ib|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1.iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK ev weeZ©bg~jK gZev‡ì g~j e³e¨ wK?
K. iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q weavZvi B”Qvq;
L. iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g;
M. mvgvwRK Pzw³i d‡j iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q;
N. HwZnvwmK ev weeZ©b cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
2.iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î HwZnvwmK ev weeZ©bg~jK gZev‡ì GKwbô mg_©K n‡jb-

K. DB‡jvex;
L. Mvb©vi;
M. jv¯‹x;
N. nve©vU †¯úÝvi|
3.iv‡óªi DrcwËi †h Dcv`vbwU †ewk cwigv‡Y KvR K‡i‡Q Zv n‡jv-

K. AvZ¥xqZvi eÜb;
L. hy×-weMÖn;
M. A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb;
N. ivR‰bwZK †PZbv|
mwVK DËi: 1. N, 2. L, 3. K|

1. HwZnvwmK ev weeZ©bg~jK gZev`‡K weÁvbm¤§Z gZev` ejv nq †Kb?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. ÔÔ ivóª‡K m„wó Kiv nq wb, GwU µgweeZ©‡bi dj¯îƒcÕÕ- e³e¨wU we‡kølY Kiæb|

Iv Ó I Drcwë: Evsjv 'K DŠ Y Wek We' VJQ

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Iv Ó I Drcwë: Evsjv 'K DŠ Y Wek We' VJQ

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡jv n‡”Q:

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`

ne‡mi mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 50

mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖfve

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

4. ne‡mi g‡Z mvgvwRK Pzw³ n‡qwQj-

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 52

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

2. ˆRe gZev‡`i cÖ_g weKvk N‡U-

3. ˆRe gZev‡`i mg_©K n‡jb-

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 54

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

2. gvK©‡mi g‡Z gvby‡li cÖK…Z mË¡v-

3. gvK©‡mi g‡Z ivóª wK ai‡bi cÖwZôvb?

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 56

HwZnvwmK gZev` ev weeZ©bev`

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 58

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

2.iv‡óªi DrcwËi †¶‡Î HwZnvwmK ev weeZ©bg~jK gZev‡`i GKwbô mg_©K n‡jb-

3.iv‡óªi DrcwËi †h Dcv`vbwU †ewk cwigv‡Y KvR K‡i‡Q Zv n‡jv-

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

You might also like