BDwbU

e¨emvq cwiwPwZ
1

f‚wgKv
e¨emv‡qi DrcwËi g~‡j wQj Afve‡eva| Afve c~i‡Yi j‡¶¨B gvbyl wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi gva¨‡g DcvR©b
cÖ‡Póvq RwoZ nq| g~jZ A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ I †jb‡`b‡K wN‡iB D™¢e nq e¨emv‡qi| G Aa¨vq †_‡K Avgiv
e¨emv‡qi aviYv, DrcwË, ˆewkó¨, ¸iyZ¡, cÖKvi‡f` I e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek mn wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z
cvi‡ev|

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 1.1 : e¨emv‡qi aviYv, DrcwË I µgweKvk|
cvV - 1.2 : e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨, ¸iyZ¡ I Kvh©vejx|
cvV - 1.3 : e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` (wkí, evwYR¨ I †mevi aviYv Ges cÖKvi‡f`)|
cvV - 1.4 : e¨emv‡qi cwi‡ek, evsjv‡`‡k e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek I Gi Dcv`vb|

cvV-1.1 e¨emv‡qi aviYv, DrcwË I µgweKvk

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• e¨emv‡qi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• e¨emv‡qi DrcwË I µgweKvk ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

e¨emvq, wewbgq, gybvdv,

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

e¨emv‡qi aviYv
mvaviYfv‡e gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ cwiPvwjZ A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ‡K e¨emvq e‡j| gybvdv AR©‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨ gvbyl ‡h me ˆea A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K e¨emvq e‡j| cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ Lv`¨
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

Drcv`b Kiv nuvm gyiMx cvjb Kiv mewR Pvl Kiv‡K e¨emvq ejv hvq bv| wKš‘ hLb †Kvb K…lK gybvdvi Avkvq
avb Pvl K‡i ev mewR djvq Zv e¨emvq e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Z‡e gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ mKj A_©‰bwZK
Kg©KvÛ e¨emvq e‡j MY¨ n‡e hw` †m¸‡jv †`‡ki AvB‡b ˆea I mwVK Dcv‡q cwiPvwjZ nq|
myZivs †h KvRwU‡K Avgiv e¨emvq ej‡ev Zv PviwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb Av‡Q| †hgb - K. A_©‰bwZK KvR, L. gybvdvi
D‡Ïk¨, M. SzuwK, N. ˆeaZv| GB 4wU Dcv`vb bv _vK‡j †Kvb KvR‡K e¨emvq ejv hv‡e bv|
e¨emv‡qi AviI wKQz ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q hv G‡K Ab¨ me †ckv †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q| e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ cY¨ ev
†mevi Aek¨B Avw_©K gyj¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| e¨emv‡qi Av‡iKwU ˆewkó¨ nj Gi mv‡_ SzuwKi m¤úK©| g~jZ gybvdv
AR©‡bi Avkv‡ZB e¨emvqx A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i| e¨emvwqK Kg©Kv‡Ûi gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk Aek¨B
†mevi g‡bvfve _vK‡Z n‡e|

e¨emv‡qi DrcwË I µgweKvk

gvby‡li Pvwn`v e„w× cvevi mv‡_ mv‡_ w`‡b w`‡b A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi AvIZvI evo‡Z _v‡K| d‡j ïiæ nq K…wl
KvR, cï wkKvi, Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b I cY¨ `ªe¨ wewbg‡qi gZ K©gKvÛ| wKš‘ cY¨ ev `ªe¨ wewbgq K‡iI gvby‡li
cÖ‡qvRb †g‡Uwb| d‡j `ªe¨ wewbg‡qi ¯’‡j wewbg‡qi gva¨g wnmv‡e †iŠ‡c¨i gy`ªv I cieZ©x Kv‡j KvMwR gy`ªvi
cÖPjb ïiy nq| e¨emv‡qi µgweKv‡ki G aviv‡K cÖvPxb, ga¨, AvaywbK GB wZb ch©v‡q wef³ Kiv hvq|
e¨emv‡qi µgweKv‡ki aviv
cÖvPxb hyM ga¨ hyM AvaywbK hyM
* cï wkKvi * wewbg‡qi gva¨g wnmv‡e `y®úÖvc¨ kvgyK, wSbyK, Kwo * wkí wecøe
* grm wkKvi I cv_i e¨envi * cÖhyw³i Dbœqb
* djgyj AvniY * wewbg‡qi gva¨g wnmv‡e ¯^Y©, †iŠc¨,I Ab¨vb¨ avZe * wewfbœ wkí KviLvbvi weKvk
* K…wlKvh© gy`vª i e¨envi * e„n`vqZb Drcv`b I e›Ub
* `ªe¨ wewbgq * KvMwR gy`ªvi cÖPjb e¨e¯’v cÖPjb
* evRvi I kni m„wó * e¨vsK I wegv e¨e¯’vi m¤úªmviY
* e¨emvq msMV‡bi D™¢e * GwUGg KvW© cÖPjb
* †gvevBj e¨vswKs Pvjy

Avcbvi evwo/we`¨vj‡qi Av‡kcv‡k †h mKj e¨emvq Pvjy Av‡Q Zvi GKwU

ZvwjKv ˆZix Kiæb|
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) • •
/wkÿv_©xi KvR • •
• •
• •
• •

mvims‡ÿc
mvaviYfv‡e gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ cwiPvwjZ A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ‡K e¨emvq e‡j| gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ gvbyl †h
me ˆea A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K e¨emvq e‡j|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 2
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| e¨emvq gyj D‡`¨k¨ wK ?
K) gyjab LvUv‡bv L) Rbkw³ e¨envi
M) mvgvwRK cÖwZôv AR©b N) gybvdv AR©b
2| †Kvb ai‡Yi Kv‡Ri Øviv c`v‡_©i iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv nq ?
K) e¨emvq L) cwienb
M) wkí N) evwYR¨
3| e¨emv‡qi cÖv_wgK KvR †KvbwU ?
K) e›Ub L) Drcv`b
M) ‡mev cÖ`vb N) weÁvcb
4| me©cÖ_g †Kvb †`‡k wkí wecøe N‡U ?
K) Rvgvwb‡Z L) hy³ivóª
M) Bsj¨vÛ N) Rvcvb
5| cwievi e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡V †Kvb mgq ?
K) Avw`g hy‡M L) cÖZ¨¶ wewbgq hy‡M
M) ga¨ hy‡M N) AvaywbK hy‡M
6| e¨emv‡qi DrcwË N‡U g~jZ ?
K) Avw`g hy‡M L) cÖZ¨¶ wewbgq hy‡M
M) ga¨ hy‡M N) AvaywbK hy‡M

BDwbU GK c„ôv 3
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

cvV-1.2 e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨, ¸iyZ¡ I Kvh©vejx

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
• e¨emv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
• e¨emv‡qi Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

e¨emvq, wewbgq, gybvdv,

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨t
Avgiv gvby‡li me ai‡bi KvR‡K e¨emvq ej‡Z cvwi bv| Gi KwZcq ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q| GB ˆewk󨸇jv
we`¨gvb bv _vK‡j Zv‡K e¨emvq ejv hv‡e bv| wb‡¤œ e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨ ¸‡jv †`qv n‡jv t-
1. D‡`¨vM MªnY t †h †Kvb cÖKvi e¨emvq cÖwZôvi Rb¨ GK ev GKvwaK e¨w³‡K D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| D‡`¨vM
Qvov e¨emvq MVb Kiv m¤¢e bq| D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡qB e¨emvq ïiy nq|
2. gybvdv AR©b t e¨em‡qi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ nBj gybvdv AR©b| gybvdv AR©b‡K †K›`ª K‡iB e¨emv‡qi hveZxq
Kg©KvÛ cwiPvwjZ nq| ZvB †h mKj KvR gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡`¨‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ nq bv Zv e¨emv‡qi AšÍ©fz³
n‡e bv|
3. SzuwK I AwbðqZv t SzuwK I AwbðqZv e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| †h Kv‡R SzuwK †bB Zv †Kvbfv‡eB e¨emvq
wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e bv|
4. A_©‰bwZK KvR t †Kvb KvR‡K e¨emvq ej‡Z n‡j Zv Aek¨B A_©‰bwZK KvR n‡Z n‡e| †h me KvR A_©‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv‡K A_©‰bwZK KvR e‡j| ZvB A_©‰bwZK KvR e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg †ewkó¨|
5. msMVb t e¨emv‡qi †&¶‡Î Drcv`‡bi DcKiY h_v t fzwg kÖg, I gyja‡bi myô mgš^q mvab Kiv cÖ‡qvRb&
msMVb Drcv`‡bi DcKiY¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î mgš^q K‡i|
6. gyjab t gyjab e¨emv‡qi cªvY kw³ gyjab Qvov e¨emvq cwiPvjb Am¤¢e| gvwj‡Ki wbR¯^ Znwej ev FY ev
Ab¨ †Kvb Drm n‡Z gyjab msM„nxZ n‡Z cv‡i|
7. ˆeaZv t A‰ea¨ KvR‡K e¨emvq ejv hvq bv| A‰ea KvR †_‡K gybvdv AwR©Z n‡Z cv‡i| Z_vwc G‡K e¨emvh
ejv hv‡ebv| †hgb- †PvivPvjvb, weev‡ni †hŠZzK BZ¨vw`| myZivs ˆeaZv e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨|
8. †µZv I we‡µZv t e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î cÖwZwU †jb‡`‡b †µZv I we‡µZv bvgK `ywU c‡¶i Dcw¯’wZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
Zv‡`i GKRb cY¨ ev †mev weµq K‡i Ges Ab¨Rb Zv µq K‡i|
9. Avw_©K gyj¨ t cÖwZwU †jb‡`‡biB Aek¨B wbw`©ó Avw_©K gyj¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| KviY Avw_©K gyj¨ Qvov †Kvb
e¨emv‡qi †jb‡`b n‡Z cv‡i bv|
10. †cŠbtcywbKZv t e¨emvq n‡Z n‡j Aek¨B GKvwaKevi µq weµq n‡Z n‡e| gybvdv AR©‡bi Avkvq hw` ‡Kvb
cY¨ `ªe¨ c~bt c~bt µq weµq K‡i Z‡e e¨emvq ejv hv‡e|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 4
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

e¨emv‡qi ¸iyZ¡
A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ wnmv‡e MY¨ n‡jI e¨emvq ‡h †Kvb †`‡ki A_© mvgvwRK ivR‰bwZK Z_v mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡b we‡kl
Ae`vb †i‡L Pj‡Q| e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡iB M‡o D‡V‡Q †QvU eo †`vKvb †_‡K ïiy K‡i wekvj
wkí-KviLvbv| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ e¨emv‡qi ¸iyZ¡ Acwiwmg| AvR‡Ki c„_xwe‡Z †h mKj †`k DbœwZi Pig wkL‡i
Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q †m mKj †`k¸‡jv e¨emv evwY‡R¨ ZZ DbœZ| e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g c„w_ex‡Z m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨envi
mnR nq Ges †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Zivwš^Z nq|
wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨emv‡qi ¸iyZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. cY¨ `ªe¨ I †mevi †hvMvb : e¨emvq gvby‡li wewfbœ-g~Lx Pvwn`v cyi‡Yi Rb¨ I †mev mvgMªxi †hvMvb w`‡q
_v‡K| Gi d‡j gvbyl Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx Abvqv‡m †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i mبenvi: †`‡ki cÖvKzwZK m¤ú‡`i mبenv‡ii Ici RvZxq Dbœqb wbf©ikxj| e¨emvq
†`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †hgb : LwbR `ªe¨, Rj m¤ú`, ebR m¤ú` BZ¨vw` msMÖn K‡i wkí `ªe¨ cwiYZ K‡i
RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i|
3. RvZxq Avqe„w× : e¨emv‡qi d‡j mÂq e„w× cvq, g~jab MwVZ nq d‡j RvZxq Avq e„w× cvq|
4. m‡q Drmvn cÖ`vb : e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbfv‡e Avq †ivRMvi I m¤ú` AR©b Kiv mnR e‡j A‡b‡KB
e¨emvq M‡o †Zvjvi j‡¶¨ m‡q AvMÖnx nq|
5. gyjab MVbI Zvi mبenvi : e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b D‡`¨v³vMY wewfbœ Drm n‡Z gyjab msMÖn K‡i Ges D³
gyjab Dchy³ Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡i A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Zivwš^Z K‡i|
6. Kg©ms¯’vb : e¨emvq gvby‡li Kg©ms¯’v‡bi bZzb bZzb †¶Î m„wó K‡i _v‡K| e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g †eKvi gvby‡li
Kg©ms¯’vb nq| e¨emvwqK Kvh©µg m¤úªmvvwiZ n‡j AwaK msL¨K wkíKviLvbv I e¨emv cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V
Ges wkí I e¨emvq cªwZôv‡b A‡bK †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
7. †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb : e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡bi KvuPvgvj I cY¨mvgMÖx Avbq‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi
D‡`¨v‡M ‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb NUv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|
8. miKv‡ii ivR¯^ e„w× : †`‡ki e¨emv‡qi Z_v wkí evwY‡R¨i cÖmv‡ii d‡j miKvi wewfbœ Lv‡Z cÖPzi ivR¯^
Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z miKv‡ii A_©‡bwZK cÖe„w× Zivwš^Z nq|
9. Rxe‡bi gv‡bvbœqb : e¨emvq mgv‡Ri RbM‡bi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡Y mnvqK| e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g Avq e„w×
cvq| d‡j RbM‡bi µq¶gZv I gv_vwcQz Avq e„w× cvq, hv Zv‡`i RxebÎvi gvb‡K DbœZ K‡i †Zv‡j|
10. mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi Av`vb cª`vb : e¨emv‡qi AvšÍ©RvwZK MwZkxjZv wewfbœ †`k, mgvR, RvwZi g‡a¨ m¤úK©
M‡o ‡Zv‡j| d‡j wewfbœ †`‡ki mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi c_ cÖmvwiZ nq|
11. bMivqb : e¨emv‡qi d‡j mf¨Zvi `ª“Z µgweKvk N‡U _v‡K| hvi d‡j wewfbœ my‡hvM myweavcÖvß n‡q wewfbœ
A‡j `ªæZ bMivq‡bi D™¢e nq|

e¨emv‡qi Kvh©vejx
gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡`¨k¨ cwiPvwjZ mKj A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛB e¨emvwqK KvR| e¨emv‡qi Kvh©vejx wb¤œiyc t
1. Drcv`b t e¨emv‡qi cÖ_g I cÖavb KvR n‡jv Drcv`b| cÖvK„wZK m¤ú`‡K gvby‡li e¨envii Dc‡hvMx Kivi
j‡¶¨ G‡`i‡K iycMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó Kiv‡K Drcv`b e‡j|
2. µq t Drcv`b Kvh© Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z e¨emvq msMVb‡K wewfbœ Drm †_‡K KvuPvgvj I wewfbœ cY¨mvgMÖx µq
Ki‡Z nq|
3. weµq t A‡_©i wewbg‡q c‡Y¨i gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv‡K weµq ejv nq|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 5
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

4. A_©ms¯’vb t A_© e¨ZxZ e¨emvq Kiv Am¤¢e| ZvB e¨emvqx‡K A_© ev gyjab wewfbœ Drm †_‡K msMÖn Kiv
e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg KvR|
5. cwienb t cwienb e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg I ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb& Gi gva¨‡g GKw`‡K e¨emv‡qi Drcv`b Kv‡R
e¨enZ KvuPvgvj, hš¿cvwZ I Ab¨vb¨ miÄvg KviLvbvq Avbv nq Ab¨w`‡K Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgMÖx I
we‡µZv‡`i wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq|
6. ¸`vgRvZKiY t cY¨ Drcv`‡bi ci Zv Aek¨B ¸`vgRvZKiY Kiv e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg KvR|
7. weÁvcb I cÖPvi t Drcvw`Z cY¨ mb¥‡Ü ‡µZv I we‡µZv‡`i AewnZ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ weÁvcb I cÖPvi Kvh©
Pvjv‡Z nq|
8. wnmvei¶Y t wnmvei¶Y Kiv e¨emv‡qi GKwU †gŠwjK KvR| mKj e¨emvq msMVb‡KB Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b
e¨emvwqK †jb‡`‡bi wnmvei¶Y Ki‡Z nq|
9. cÖwgZKiY I ch©vwqZKiY t µq weµ‡qi myweav‡_© c‡Y¨i ¸Yv¸Y cÖK…wZ,AvKvi, IRb BZ¨vw` Abymv‡i gvb
wbav©iY Ki‡Z nq| Ges c‡Y¨i cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx cY¨‡K wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg KvR|
10. c‡Y¨i †gvoKxKiY t c‡Y¨i Av`vb cÖ`vb I msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ fvj fv‡e c¨vwKs Kiv `iKvi| ZvQvov AvK©lYxq
†gvoK c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v I evRvi e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ K‡i|
11. evRvi M‡elYv I cY¨ Dbœqb t cY¨ ev †mevi wewfbœg~Lx Dc‡hvM m„wó Ges c‡Y¨i gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ evRvi
M‡elYv Ki‡Z n‡e|
e¨emv‡qi cuvPwU ˆewkó¨ wPwýZ Ki
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) •
/wkÿv_©xi KvR •

mvims‡ÿc
• gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q mKj ˆea KvR Kiv nq Zvi meB Kviev‡ii AvIZvfz³|
• eZ©gvb e¨emv‡qi MwZkxj we‡k¦i A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡b e¨emv‡qi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| †`‡ki I gvbe
mf¨Zvi mwVK DbœwZ‡Z AMÖbx fzwgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| ZvB e¨emvq‡K gvbemf¨Zvi †mZzeÜb ejv nq|
• AvaywbK Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †¶‡Î e¨emvwqK Kv‡Ri cÖfve j¶¨ Kiv hvq| Ab¨ w`‡K eZ©gvb we‡k¦ wkí I
evwY‡R¨i AMÖMwZ‡KB RvZxq Dbœq‡bi cÖavb m~PK wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. m¤ú` AvniY I cÖwµqvRZKiY e¨emv‡qi †Kvb Kvh©vewji AšÍM©Z ?
K. Drcv`b L. cwienb
M. ¸`vgRvZKiY N. ch©vwqZKiY
2. GKwU †`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi nvwZqvi wK ?
K. K…wl L. wk¶v
M. wgjb N. e¨emv evwYR¨

BDwbU GK c„ôv 6
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co–b Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wg: mygb Kzgvi GKwU †`vKv‡bi gva¨‡g e¨emvq Pvjy K‡ib| wZwb Zvi Kv‡Ri mvnvh¨ Kivi
Rb¨ GKwU Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM Ki‡jb| GLb me©`v †`vKvb †Lvjv ivL‡Z cv‡”Qb| gybvdv †ewk n‡Z jvMj| wZwb ax‡i
ax‡i †`vKvb eo Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡jb| g~jab msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ ¯’vbxq e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ Avjvc K‡i Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb
e¨vs‡K ¯^í †gqv`x FY cvIqv hvq| wZwb w¯’i Ki‡jb Zvi e¨emv‡qi cwiwa eo Ki‡eb|
3. e¨emvqx g~jab LvUvq gyjZ
K. Rwg e„wØi Rb¨ L. Kg©ms¯’vb m„wói Rb¨
M. gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ N. m¤ú` e„wØi Rb¨
4. ¶z`ª e¨emvqx cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib
K. gvwj‡Ki AvZœxq ¯^Rb L. gvwjK wb‡R
M. gvwj‡Ki Kg©Pix N. gvwj‡Ki wb‡R I cÖ‡qvR‡b Kg©Pvix
5. e¨emvq gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ïk¨ nj ?
(i) cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b
(ii) cY¨ I †mev e›Ub
(iii) Drcv`b I e›U‡bi mnvqK Kvh©Kjvc m¤úv`b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwUK ?
K. i L. i I ii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU GK c„ôv 7
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

cvV-1.3 e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` (wkí, evwYR¨ I †mevi aviYv Ges cÖKvi‡f`)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` (wkí evwYR¨ I †mevi aviYv Ges cÖKvi‡f`) e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cY¨ `ªe¨ I †mev Kg©, wewbgq, KuvPvgvj, wkí

g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`
eZ©gv‡b e¨emvq ïay cY¨`ª‡e¨i µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| cY¨-`ªe¨ I †mev-Kg© Drcv`b, cY¨-`ªe¨
wewbgq I Gi mnvqK Kv‡Ri mgwó‡K e¨emvq e‡j| cY¨-`ªe¨ wewbgq msµvš— mnvqK Kv‡R cwienb, wegv,
e¨vswKs ¸`vgRvZKiY I weÁvcb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| AvaywbK e¨emv‡K cÖavbZ: wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
K. wkí, L. evwYR¨ I M. cÖZ¨¶ †mev

e¨emvq

wkí evwYR¨ cÖZ¨¶ †mev

cÖRbb wkí cY¨ wewbgq (µq-weµq) AvBbe„wË

wb¯‹vkb wkí cwienb ¸`vgRvZKiY Wv³vwi
wbg©vY wkí e¨vswKs cÖ‡KŠkje„w×
‡mevg~jK wkí wegv AwWU dvg©
Drcv`b wkí weÁvcb

wkí
wkí‡K Drcv`‡bi evnb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †h cÖwµqvq cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` AvniY, KuvPvgv‡j i~c`vb Ges
cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g KuvPvgvj‡K gvby‡li e¨envi-Dc‡hvMx c‡Y¨ cwiYZ Kiv nq Zv‡K wkí ejv nq| wkí‡K
cÖavbZ cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
• cÖRbb wkí: cÖRbb wk‡í Drcvw`Z mvgMÖx cybivq m„wó ev Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- bvm©vwi, n¨vPvwi
BZ¨vw`|
• wb¯‹vkb wkí: wb¯‹vkb wk‡íi gva¨‡g f~Mf©, cvwb ev evqy n‡Z cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` AvniY Kiv nq| †hgb- LwbR
wkí|
• wbg©vY wkí: wbg©vY wk‡íi gva¨‡g iv¯—vNvU, †mZz BZ¨vw` wbg©vY Kiv nq|
• Drcv`b wkí: Drcv`b wk‡í kªg I h‡š¿i e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g KuvPvgvj‡K cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i PzovšÍ c‡Y¨ i~cvšÍi
Kiv nq| †hgb- e¯¿ wkí|
• †mev wkí: †mev wkí wewfbœ cÖKvi †mev cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g gvby‡li RxebhvÎv mnR I Avivg`vqK K‡i| †hgb-
we`y¨r I M¨vm Drcv`b I weZiY, e¨vswKs I ¯^v¯’¨ †mev BZ¨vw`|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 8
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

evwYR¨:
evwYR¨‡K e¨emv‡qi cY¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx e›UbKvix kvLv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| e¨emvq ev wk‡í e¨eüZ KuvPvgvj
Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †cŠQv‡bv wKsev wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx †fv³v‡`i wbKU †cŠQv‡bvi mKj Kvh©vewj‡K
evwYR¨ e‡j| cY¨-`ªe¨ µq-weµq Kvh© h_v_©fv‡e mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î A_©MZ, SzuwKMZ, ¯’vbMZ, KvjMZ I Z_¨MZ
evav ev mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| G mKj evav `~ixKi‡Y evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ A½ †hgb cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY,
e¨vswKs, wegv, wecYb I weÁvcb BZ¨vw`i mn‡hvMxZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| evwYR¨‡K AvaywbKKv‡j e¨emvq Uz e¨emvq
(Business to Business) e‡jI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

wb‡gœ evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi f~wgKv Q‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv-

evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi KvR
e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi evwY‡R¨i Dcv`vb f~wgKv
evav
¯^Z¡MZ cY¨ wewbgq gvwjKvbvmsµvš— evav `~i K‡i
¯’vbMZ cwienb ¯’vbMZ evav `~i K‡i
mgqMZ ¸`vgRvZKiY mgqMZ evav `~i K‡i
A_©MZ e¨vswKs A_© msµvšÍ evav `~i K‡i
SuywKMZ wegv SuywKmsµvšÍ evav `~i K‡i
Z_¨MZ weÁvcb Z_¨ I cÖPvi msµvšÍ evav `~i K‡i

cÖZ¨¶ †mev
A_© DcvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯^vaxb †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ Wv³vi, DwKj, cÖ‡KŠkjx cÖf„wZ †ckvRxexiv wewfbœ iKg †mevKg©
A‡_©i wewbg‡q cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| G mKj †mevKg© ev e„wË cÖZ¨¶ †mev wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| †hgb Wv³vwi wK¬wbK,
AvBb †P¤^vi, cÖ‡KŠkjx dvg©, AwWU dvg© BZ¨vw`| cÖZ¨¶ †mev AvaywbK e¨emv‡qi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© kvLv|

wewfbœ cÖKvi wk‡íi 5wU K‡i D`vniY

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

cÖRbb wkí wb¯‹vkb wkí wbg©vY wkí Drcv`b wkí †mevg~jK wkí
1. bvm©vwi 1. LwbR wkí 1. iv¯—vNvU wbg©vY 1. e¯¿ wkí 1. we`y¨r wkí
2. 2. 2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5. 5. 5.

mvims‡ÿc
wkí evwYR¨ I cÖZ¨¶ †mevi d‡j eZ©gv‡b gvbyl mKj ai‡Yi myweav †fvM K‡i‡Q| c„w_ex gvby‡li nv‡Zi Kv‡Q
G‡m‡Q| GwU g~jZ e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` Gi dj|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 9
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1| cï cvjb nuvm-gyiMxi Pvl cÖf„wZ †Kvb ai‡Yi wk‡íi AšÍM©Z ?
K. wb¯‹vkb wk‡íi L. MVbg~jK wk‡íi
M. wbg©vY wk‡íi N. cÖRbb wk‡íi
2| KuvPvgvj cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i cwiYZ cY¨ ˆZixi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wkí‡K wK ejv nq ?
K. cÖRbb wkí L. Drcv`b wkí
M. wbg©vY wkí N. wb¯‹vkb wkí
3| †mZz, eva, BgviZ cÖf„wZi wbg©vY Kvh©vw`i †Kvb wk‡íi AšÍM©Z ?
K. cÖRbb wkí L. MVbg~jK wkí
M. wbg©vY wkí N. wb¯‹vkb wkí
4| MvQ-MvQovi Pviv Avev`, cïcvjb, nuvm-gyiMxi Pvl cÖf„wZ †Kvb wk‡íi AšÍM©Z ?
K. MVbg~jK wkí L. wbg©vY wkí
M. cÖRbb wkí N. g„r wkí
5| nuvm-gyiMx cvjb grm¨ Pvl BZ¨vw` K…wl Kv‡h©i AšÍf~©³-
i. wkí kvLvq AšÍf~©³ ii. evwYR¨ kvLvq AšÍf~©³
iii. cÖRbb wk‡íi AšÍM©Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. ii I iii M. iii N. ii

BDwbU GK c„ôv 10
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.4 e¨emvq cwi‡ek, evsjv‡`‡k e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek I Gi Dcv`vb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• e¨emvq cwi‡ek, evsjv‡`‡k e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek I Gi Dcv`vb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

e¨emvq cwi‡ek
cwi‡ek Øviv gvby‡li Rxebaviv AvPvi, AvPiY, cwi‡ek Øviv gvby‡li Rxebaviv AvPvi, AvPiY,wk¶v,
ms¯‹„wZ A_©bxwZ Ges e¨emv cÖfvweZ nq| cwi‡ek n‡jv †Kvb A‡ji RbM‡bi Rxeb aviv I A_©‰bwZK
Kvh©vejx‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ggb me Dcv`v‡bi mgwó cvwicvwk¦©K Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, f~cÖK…wZ, Rjevqy,b`-b`x,
cvnvo, ebf~wg, RvZx, ag©, wk¶v BZ¨vw`| †h me cÖvK…wZK I AcÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb Øviv e¨emvwqK msMV‡bi MVb,
Kvh©vejx, DbœwZ cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e cÖfvweZ nq †m¸‡jvi mgwó‡K e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek e‡j| †Kvb ¯’v‡bi e¨emvq
e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ wb©fi K‡i e¨emvwqK cwi‡e‡ki Dci|
evsjv‡`k e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek
evsjv‡`k GKwU K…wl wbf©i Dbœqbkxj †`k| Aek¨ †`‡ki A_©wbwZ‡Z e¨emvq Z_v wkí I evwY‡R¨i Ae`vb cÖwZ
eQi †e‡oB Pj‡Q| GKKv‡j G A‡j e¨emvq evwY‡R¨ mvivwe‡k¦ weL¨vZ wQj| e¨emvq evwY‡R¨ cÖwm× ¯’vb wnmv‡e
we‡kl K‡i gmwjb Kvc‡oi Rb¨ Ô†mvubviMuvÕ Ges mgy`ª e›`i I RvnvR wbg©vY wk‡íi Rb¨ PUªMÖvg G `y‡Uv ¯’v‡bi
bvg mviv we‡k¦ Qwo‡q c‡owQj| †mvbvMvuI Gi Av‡k cv‡k ˆZixi gmwjb ißvwb n‡Zv BD‡ivc I Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ
†`‡k Avgv‡`i G †`k wPiKvj evwY‡R¨i Rb¨ weL¨vZ wQj| G‡`‡ki evwY‡R¨i L¨vwZ‡Z cÖjyä n‡q AvieMb
¯§iYvZxZ Kvj cy‡e© †_‡K evwYR¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges `‡j `‡j G †`‡k AvMgb K‡ib| evwYR¨ wel‡q ZLb
G A‡ji kÖxe„w× GZ`~i n‡qwQj †h, BwZnvm weL¨vZ Zvgªwjß I mßMÖv‡gi mv‡_ Gi †Nvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv PjZ| G
A‡ji evwYR¨ L¨vwZ cÖv‡P¨i †`k Qvwo‡q my`yi BD‡ivc ch©š‘ †cŠ‡Q wQj| wLª÷xq †lvok kZvãx‡Z cZ©yMxRiv
G‡m evwYR¨ Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡ib| Zviv mßMÖvg‡K ¶z`ª e›`i Ges PUªMÖvg‡K e„nr bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib| D‡j- L¨,
evwYR¨ e›`i wnmv‡e cwðg e‡½i mßMÖvg bvgwUI weL¨vZ wQj| mgy`ªc‡_ e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i †`k cÖwm× wQj|
mgy`ªMvgx RvnvRI G †`‡k wbwg©Z n‡Zv| eZ©gvb G cÖwZ‡hvwMZvgyjK we‡k¦ e¨emvwqK cwi‡e‡ki mKj Dcv`vb
AbyKzj bv n‡j e¨emvq evwY‡R¨ DbœwZ jvf K‡i wU‡K _vKv KwVb| wb‡¤œ e¨emvwqK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv
evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U Av‡jvPbv Ki n‡jv:
1| cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb: cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki AwaKvsk Dcv`vbB evsv‡`‡ki e¨emvq ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ AbyKzj| †`‡ki
cÖvq mKj AskB b`x we‡aŠZ| d‡j GLv‡b mn‡RB K„wlRvZ wewfbœ wkí I †fvM¨ c‡b¨i KvuPvgvj Drcv`b Kiv
m¤¢e| e¨emvq ev wkí ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖvK…wZK M¨vm we`¨gvb| †`‡k we`¨gvb Kqjv, Pzbvcv_i,
KwVbwkjv I LwbR‰Zj wkí weKv‡k mnvqK|
2| A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb: †`‡k weivRgvb Kvh©Ki A_© e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v, K…wl I wk‡íi Ae`vb, RbM‡bi mÂq I
wewb‡qvM gvbwmKZv I miKv‡ii c„ó‡cvlKZv e¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki my`„i A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi K‡qKwUi wfwË †ek gReyZ n‡jI A‡bK¸‡jvi wfwË †Zgb my`„p bq|
Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq cÖ‡qvRbxq gyja‡bi Afve, cÖmvmwbK RwUjZv, `vjvj †kªYxi †jvK‡`i nqivwb, `ªe¨gy‡j¨i
DaŸ©MwZ BZ¨vw` cÖwZKzj Ae¯’v KvUv‡Z cvi‡j evsjv‡`k e¨emvq weKvk AviI `ªyZ AMÖmi n‡Z cvi‡e|
3| mvgvwRK Dcv`vb: RvwZ agx©q wek¦vm, †fv³v‡`i g‡bvfve, gvbe m¤ú`, wkí I ms¯‹…wZ, HwZn¨, weÁvb I
cÖhyw³ cªf…wZ e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi †ewkifvM evsjv‡`k e¨emvq cÖmv‡ii ‡¶‡Î AbyKzj| G
†`‡ki gvbyl RvwZMZ, HwZn¨MZ Ges ms¯‹…wZKfv‡e D`vi, cwikÖgx Ges m„Rbkxj| AZx‡Z RvnvR wbg©vY

BDwbU GK c„ôv 11
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

K‡i gmwjb Kvco Drcv`b K‡i I †`‡ki gvbyl Zv‡`i cÖwZfv I cwikÖ‡gi ¯^v¶i †i‡L‡‡Q| †mvbviMvuI GK
mgq e¨emvq, wk¶v, w`¶v, K…wl, mvwn‡Z¨ ms¯‹…wZ, wkí Kviywk‡í wSj wek¦‡miv|
4| ivR‰bwZK Dcv`vb: myôz AvBb m„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ Ges AbyKzj wkí I evwYR¨bxwZ, cÖwZ‡ekx I Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki
mv‡_ mym¤úK© e¨em¨v evwYR¨ cÖmv‡i mnvqZv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv, Nb Nb miKvi
cwieZ©b, niZvj, ag©NU e¨emvq evÜe wkí I evwYR¨bxwZi Afve BZ¨vw` cÖw`Kzj ivR‰bwZK Dcv`vb wkí I
evwY‡R¨i cÖmv‡i evav m„wó K‡i| †`kx we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvixMY wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ nq bv| kÖwgK
Am‡šÍvl, ag©NU, niZvjmn, wewfbœ †bwZevPK Kg©KvÛ cwinvi Kivi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k e¨emv‡qi Rb¨
ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek DbœZ Kiv hvq|
5| AvBbMZ Dcv`vb: AvBbMZ cwi‡e‡ki †ek wKQz Dcv`vb evsjv‡`‡k AvaywbK I hyM‡cv‡hvMx n‡jI A‡bK¸‡jv
†ek cyivZb| cwi‡ek msi¶Y I †fv³v AvB‡bi K‡Vi cª‡qvM, wkí I wewb‡qvM evÜe AvBb ˆZix Ges `~bx©wZ
I ¯^RbcÖxwZ Pvu`vewwR cÖwZiva AvB‡bi K‡Vvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡‡g †`‡ki e¨emv evwY‡R¨i DbœwZ wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
6| cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek: wkí I e¨emvq evwY‡R¨i DbœwZ‡Z `¶Zv m¤úbœ Kg©x, DbœZ hš¿cvwZ I cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvRb
nq| mvaviYZ †`Lv hvq †h, †h mKj †`k weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡e‡k DbœZ Zviv e¨emv evwY‡R¨ I DbœZ|
cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K mnRZi K‡i| d‡j Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i cwigvYI ¸bMZ gvb e„w× cvq|
evsjv‡`‡k e¨vemvq cwi‡e‡ki cÖhyw³MZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv A‡bK †¶ÎB AbyKzj| e¨emv‡qi mKj kvLvq cÖhyw³i
e¨envi w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|

Avcbvi GjvKvq cwi‡e‡ki †Kvb †Kvb Dcv`vb e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ AbyK~j/cÖwZK~j

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) gZvgZ w`b|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

Rjevq~
we`y¨r
f~wg
M¨vm
b`b`x
ag©xq wek¦vm
†fv³v‡`i g‡bvfve
†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v
wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ
HwZn¨
e¨vswKs myweav
AvBb k„•Ljv

mvims‡ÿc
†h me cÖvK…wZK I AcÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb Øviv e¨emvwqK msMV‡bi MVb, Kvh©vejx, DbœwZ cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e
cÖfvweZ nq †m¸‡jvi mgwó‡K e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek e‡j|
e¨emvq evwY‡R¨ Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vb mgy‡ni Dbœqb LyeB Riyix| e¨emvq
evwY‡R¨ I wkí Dbœq‡b| AbyKyj cwi‡ek ˆZix‡Z miKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk Avgv‡`i mKj‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z
n‡e|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 12
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. †Kvb ¯’v‡b e¨emvq evwYR¨ M‡o D‡V ?
K. we`¨gvb e¨emvwqK cwi‡e‡ki wfwˇZ L. wbKv e¨e¯’vi wfwˇZ
M. wgjb mvwn‡Z¨i wfwˇZ N. ms¯’vi wfwˇZ
2. AcÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki wZbwU g~j¨evb DcKiY nj ?
K. Rjevqy L. f‚wg
M. HwZh¨ N. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`
5. evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb †`k, wKš‘ wk¶Y I e¨emvq evwYR¨ AbybœZ, Kvib G †`‡k
i. gvÎvwZwi³ RbmsL¨v we`¨gvb ii. `~e©j A_© I FY e¨e¯’v
iii. Ávb weÁvb I wk¶v w`¶vi AbMÖmi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. i I ii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
6. GKwU †`‡ki wkí, evwYR¨ I A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ?
i. Rjevqy ii. f~wg
iii. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. i I ii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co–b Ges 7 I 8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b:

†Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ Zvi RbmsL¨vi Dci wbf©ikxj| mgv‡Ri gvby‡li GKw`‡K Drcv`bKvix Ab¨w`‡K
†fv³v| Rbkw³ Drcv`‡bi GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| ZvB gvbyl GKwU m¤ú` I e‡U| ZvB mgv‡Ri RbM‡bi
a¨vb-aviYv, wk¶v-w`¶v, I AvPi-AvPiY e¨emv‡qi AbyK‚j nIqv AZ¨vek¨Kxq|
7. gvbyl e¨emv‡qi †Kvb cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb ?
K. A_©‰bwZK L. mvgvwRK
M. ivR‰bwZK N. cÖvK…wZK
8. gvby‡li a¨vb-aviYv e¨emv‡qi cÖwZKzj n‡Z e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î †KvbwU mZ¨ n‡e ?
K. Rbkw³ QvovI Dbœqb m¤¢e L. ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek cÖwZK‚j n‡e
M. e¨emv‡qi Dbœqb m¤¢e N. e¨emv‡qi Dbœqb m¤¢e bq

BDwbU GK c„ôv 13
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t 1
nvUnvRvix MÖv‡gi `kg †kÖYxi QvÎ bvwd‡mi evev MÖv‡gi cÖwk¶YcÖvß GKRb cwjø wPwKrmK| wPwKrmvi cvkvcvwk
wZwb gvbm¤§Z Jla I wewµ K‡ib| MÖv‡g wewfbœ †iv‡Mi Jl‡ai e¨cK Pvwn`v _vKv m‡Z¡I wKQz mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y
wZwb me ai‡bi Jla µq Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| myô †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Afv‡e Jla †Kv¤úvwbi G‡R›Uiv I cÖ‡qvRbxq
Jla mgqgZ †cŠQv‡Z cv‡ib bv| †`vKv‡b Jl‡ai msi¶‡Yi my-e¨e¯’v bv _vKvq A‡bK Jla bó n‡q hvq|
(K) e¨emv‡q‡i cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ Kx ?
(L) wkí ej‡Z wK eySvq ?
(M) bvwd‡mi evevi e¨emvwU †Kvb ai‡bi ? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) bvwd‡mi evevi c‡¶ GjvKvevwmi Pvwn`v gvwdK Jla mieivn Ki‡Z bv cvivi cÖavb KviY †KvbwU e‡j
Avcwb g‡b K‡ib| Avcbvi Dˇii c‡¶ hyw³ w`b|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t 2
gvbyl AvRb¥ cwi‡ek Øviv cÖfvweZ| Zvi Rxeb aviv, AvPvi AvPiY, agx©q wek¦vm, wk¶v ms¯‹…wZ I A_©‰bwZK
Kg©Kv‡Ûi MwZ cÖK…wZ wKiyc n‡e Zv cwi‡ekB wbw`©ó K‡i †`q| Avevi gvbyl I Zvi Ávb eyw× I cÖfve Øviv
cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbqš¿b cÖwZôv K‡i cÖK…wZ I cwi‡ek‡K ¯^xq Kj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ Kivi cÖqvm cvq| Rbve Kvgvj
Zvi c~e© c~iyl hgybv b`xi cv‡o emevm KiZ Ges dmjx Rwg Pvlvev` K‡i msmvi cwiPvjbv KiZ| m¤úªwZ eb¨vi
Kvi‡Y Pv‡li Rwg b`xM‡f© wejxb nIqvq Rbve Rvgvj grm kÖwgK wnmv‡e A‡b¨i †bŠKvq KvR K‡i RxweKv wbev©n
Ki‡Qb|
(K) e¨emvq cwi‡ek ej‡Z wK eySvq ?
(L) mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki 2wU Dcv`vb eY©bv Kiæb |
(M) Rbve Rvgv‡ji RxweKvi Dci e¨emvwqK cwi‡e‡ki †Kvb&& †Kvb&& Dcv`vb cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Q Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
(N) Rbve Rvgv‡ji grm kÖwg‡K cwiYZ nIqvi †¶‡Î cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve we‡kølY Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.1 : 1. N 2. N 3. L 4. M 5. K 6. L 7. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.2 : 1.K 2.N 3.M 4.N 5.N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.3 : 1.N 2.L 3.M 4.M 5.M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.4 : 1.K 2.K 3.N 4.N 5.L 6.N

BDwbU GK c„ôv 14