D”P gva¨wgK ■ mgvRweÁvb (cÖ_g cÎ) ■ m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
cÖ_g Aa¨vq: mgvRweÁv‡bi DrcwË I weKvk
1. mgvRweÁvb K¬v‡m m¨vi †ev‡W© GKwU wel‡qi wKQy ˆewkó¨ wjL‡jb|
h_v: 1. AwZ cªvK…Z kw³‡Z wek¦vm, 2. Ávb, Abyf~wZ I wµqvi GK
mv_©K mgš^q †`Lv †`q, 3. gvbyl cvw_©e ev Acvw_©e †Kv‡bv wKQy
cvIqvi Avkvq G AwZcªvK…Z kw³‡Z wek¦vm K‡i|
K. AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi cðv‡Z gvbwmK KviY Qvov Avi †Kvb kw³i
cªfve i‡q‡Q?
L. mgvRweÁv‡bi weKv‡k g¨vwKqv‡fwj Kxiƒc Ae`vb
†i‡LwQ‡jb?
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ welqwU mgvRweÁv‡bi cwiwafy³— e¨vL¨v
K‡iv|
N. D³ welqwU QvovI mgvRweÁv‡bi cwiwa Av‡iv e¨vcK- G
m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi gZvgZ Dc¯’vcb K‡iv|
 1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
K. AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi cðv‡Z gvbwmK KviY Qvov A_©‰bwZK,
HwZnvwmK, mvs¯‹…wZK cªf…wZ kw³i cªfve i‡q‡Q|
L. mgvRweÁv‡bi weKv‡k †h K‡qKRb e¨w³i Ae`vb ¯^xKvh© Zvi g‡a¨
g¨vwKqv‡fwj Ab¨Zg| mgvR`k©b cªPvi Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb ev¯ÍeZvi
Avkªq wb‡q‡Qb| Gi gva¨‡g g¨vwKqv‡fwj mgv‡Ri wewfbœ w`K
m¤ú‡K© Zvi The Prince Mª‡š’ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zvi mgvR
Av‡jvPbvi g~j wfwË wQj gvbe cªK…wZ I gvbe g‡bvfve| ZrKvjxb
mg‡q mgv‡Ri gvbyl †h ˆbivR¨Ki Ae¯’vq wQj g¨vwKqv‡fwj Zvi
myôy e¨vL¨v †`b hv mgvRweÁvb weKv‡k ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ welqwU n‡jv ag©| KviY ag© n‡”Q AwZcªvK…Z
kw³‡Z wek¦vm| a‡g© Ávb, Abyf~wZ I wµqvi GK mv_©K mgš^q †`Lv
†`q| GQvov gvbyl cvw_©e I Acvw_©e †Kv‡bv wKQy cvIqvi Avkvq G
kw³‡Z wek¦vm K‡i| ag© mgvRweÁv‡bi cwiwafy³|
mgvRRxe‡b a‡g©i cªfve AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| a‡g©i wfwˇZ gvby‡li
g‡a¨ RvwZ I †MvôxMZ cv_©K¨ Ges †kªwYwefvRb cwijw¶Z nq|
ag© gvby‡li AvPiY, A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v BZ¨vw`‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| Ges
mgvR ev †MvôxMZ ¯^KxqZv `vb K‡i| ag©xq g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm, a‡g©i
DrcwË I Gi weKvk, a‡g©i ¸iæZ¡, a‡g©i cªfve, a‡g©i cªKvi‡f`,
RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK cwim‡i Gi Kvh©KvwiZv BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q
mgvRweÁvb Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K|
myZivs Avgiv h_v_©B ej‡Z cvwi †h, m¨v‡ii Av‡jvwPZ ag© m¤úwK©Z
Ávb mgvRweÁv‡bi cwiwafy³|
N. ag© QvovI mKj mvgvwRK NUbvB mgvRweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welqe¯Íyi
AšÍM©Z|
cªwZwbqZ mgvRweÁv‡bi bZyb bZyb kvLvi D™¢e NU‡Q| wb‡P
mgvRweÁv‡bi kvLvmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv gvbemgv‡Ri me‡P‡q
Avw`g msMVb n‡jv cwievi| cªvPxbKv‡j cwievi‡K †K›`ª K‡iB
gvbemgv‡Ri me Kg©KvÐ m¤úvw`Z n‡Zv| mgvRweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg
kvLv n‡jv cwiev‡ii mgvRweÁvb|
HwZnvwmK mgvRweÁv‡b cªvPxb mgvR, mgv‡Ri D™¢e, weKvk Ges
eZ©gvb mgv‡Ri RxebhvÎv m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv Kiv nq| hvi
mgvRweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‡”Q RbmsL¨v| RbMYB mgv‡Ri
†MvovcËb K‡i| mgvR m¤ú‡K© c~Y©v½ Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j
RbmsL¨vi KvVv‡gv, eÈb, eqtKvVv‡gv, Av`gïgvwi, RbmsL¨v ZË¡
BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Acwinvh©|
Aciva, AcivacªeYZv, `vwi`ª¨, wK‡kvi Aciva, Aciv‡ai KviY,
Aciv‡ai ¯^iƒc cªf…wZ wb‡q Aciva mgvRweÁvb Av‡jvPbv K‡i
_v‡K|
ivR‰bwZK mgvRweÁvb iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK welqvw`i m‡½ mgv‡Ri
wewfbœ †kªwY, †Mvôx Z_v bvMwi‡Ki m¤úK© wbiƒcY K‡i| cwi‡k‡l
Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, mgvRweÁv‡bi cwiwa e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z|
2. ¯^cœf‡½i BwZnvm wd‡K n‡Z n‡Z AveviI bZyb D`¨‡g ïiæ n‡q
hvq ¯^cœgq Aa¨vq| 1947 mv‡j †`k ¯^vaxb n‡jI †h mgvRe¨e¯’vi
¯^cœ †`‡LwQ‡jb wecøexiv, †m ¯^cœ c~iY nq wb AvRI| MZ kZvãxi
Pvi `k‡K †`kRy‡o †h wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv ˆZwi n‡qwQj, †m wecøe
†Kb Amgvß _vKj, †Kb e¨_© n‡jv †m cª‡Póv, †mB BwZnv‡miB
we‡kølYg~jK Mªš’ 'DËvj Pwjøk' Amgvß wecøe|
K. Ôe¨w³MZ m¤úwË I gvwjKvbv me Øb&Ø-msNvZ Ges †kvl‡Yi
g~jÕ - Dw³wU Kvi?
L. mgvRweÁv‡bi D™¢‡e gM©v‡bi Ae`vb e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
M. D‡Ïk¨ I `…wófw½MZ w`K †_‡K mgvRweÁv‡bi mv‡_
DÏxc‡K ewY©Z welqwUi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. Zywg wK g‡b Ki, mgvRweÁv‡bi mv‡_ D³ welqwUi ga¨Kvi
m¤úK© n‡jv mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi? gZvgZ `vI|
 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
K. Dw³wU Rvg©vb `vk©wbK I A_©bxwZwe` Kvj© gvK©m-Gi|
L. mgvRweÁv‡bi weKv‡k Av‡gwiKvb AvBbwe` I mvgvwRK b…weÁvbx
jyBm †nbwi gM©vb Amvgvb¨ f~wgKv †i‡L‡Qb|
B‡ivKyqv BwÛqvb b…‡Mvôxi DrcwË I weeZ©b m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv K‡i
†nbwi gM©vb 1877 mv‡j iPbv K‡ib ÔAncient SocietyÕ, †hLv‡b
wZwb mgvR weeZ©‡bi wZbwU avc wPwýZ K‡ib; h_v— eb¨`kv,
ee©i`kv I mf¨Zv| GQvov gM©vb Avw`g cwievie¨e¯’v, weevn Ges
m¤úwËi weKvk wb‡q Zvrch©c~Y© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb, hv mvgvwRK
b…weÁv‡bi wfwËg~j wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| e¯ÍyZ bZyb GKwU weÁvb
wn‡m‡e mgvRweÁv‡bi c_Pjvq jyBm †nbwi gM©v‡bi we‡kølY
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|
M. DÏxc‡K †h welqwU m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvn‡jv
BwZnvm| D‡Ïk¨ I `…wófw½MZ w`K †_‡K mgvRweÁv‡bi mv‡_
BwZnv‡mi m¤úK© wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
 mgvRweÁvb I BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ `…wófw½MZ cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq|
BwZnv‡m Kv‡ji mv‡_ ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ gvbexq wewfbœ NUbv
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| c¶všÍ‡i, mgvRweÁv‡b mvgvwRK
m¤ú‡K©i w`K †_‡K †mme wel‡q wePvi we‡kølY Kiv nq|
mgvRweÁvb I BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ D‡Ïk¨MZ cv_©K¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|
¯’vb-Kv‡ji cwi‡cªw¶‡Z wewfbœ NUbvi ch©vqµwgK Av‡jvPbv KivB
n‡jv BwZnv‡mi D‡Ïk¨| c¶všÍ‡i, mgvRweÁv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv
NUbvewji AšÍf©y³ AvšÍtgvbweK m¤úK© welqK hveZxq Kg©Kv‡Ði
e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Ges g~j¨vqb Kiv| myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h,
mgvRweÁv‡bi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi D‡Ïk¨ I `…wófw½i †¶‡Î h‡_ó
cv_©K¨ weivRgvb|
N. n¨vu, Avwg g‡b Kwi †h, mgvRweÁv‡bi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi ga¨Kvi
m¤úK© n‡jv mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi| G m¤ú‡K© Avgvi gZvgZ wb‡gœ
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
BwZnvm n‡jv gvbemgv‡Ri AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbvi avivevwnK
weeiY| Ab¨w`‡K gvbemgv‡Ri cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i GK mvgwMªK
AbykxjbB mgvRweÁvb| †mw`K †_‡K †`L‡Z †M‡j mgvRe× gvbyl
wb‡qB Dfq welq Av‡jvPbv K‡i| GB AwfbœZvi wfwˇZ Df‡qi
g‡a¨ †hgb cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv we`¨gvb, †Zgwb Giv G‡K
A‡b¨i cwic~iKI| GQvov mgvRe× gvby‡li Rxebavivi wewfbœ w`K
m¤ú‡K© mym½Z Ávb AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ mgvRweÁvbx‡`i‡K Z_¨wbô
BwZnv‡mi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq GKBfv‡e BwZnv‡mi welqe¯Íymg~n
mwVKfv‡e Abyaveb Kivi Rb¨ BwZnvmwe`‡`i‡KI mgvRweÁv‡bi
mnvqZv MªnY Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr G `…wó‡KvY †_‡K BwZnvm I
mgvRweÁv‡bi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© n‡jv mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK©|
AZGe ejv hvq, mgvRweÁv‡bi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi ga¨Kvi m¤úK©
g~jZ mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi|
3. GjvKvwUi AwaKvsk gvbyl K…wlRxex| AbybœZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v,
`vwi`ª¨ Avi wbi¶iZv Zv‡`i wbZ¨m½x| AÂjwU‡Z RbemwZ †Zgb
bv _vK‡jI mvgvwRK Abyôvbvw`‡Z Zviv G‡K Aci‡K `vIqvZ
†`q| GLbI bvix wk¶vi cªwZ Zviv †hgb D`vmxb †Zgwb evj¨weevn
wel‡q Am‡PZb| GKwU M‡elYv cªwZôvb AÂjwU‡Z Gme mgm¨v
wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q|
K. Gwgj Wy‡L©Bg cª`Ë mgvRweÁv‡bi msÁvwU wjL|
L. `wjj-`¯Ív‡eRwbf©i M‡elYv c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡Ki eY©bvq mgvRweÁv‡bi †Kvb cwiwai cªwZ BswMZ
Kiv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. DÏxc‡Ki cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mgvR‰eÁvwbK Ávb KZUyKy djcªm~
n‡e e‡j Zywg g‡b Ki? hyw³mn we‡kølY K‡iv|
 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
K. divwm mgvRweÁvbx Gwgj Wy‡L©Bg mgvRweÁv‡bi msÁvq e‡jb,
ÒmgvRweÁvb n‡”Q mvgvwRK cªwZôv‡bi weÁvb|Ó
L. `wjj-`¯Ív‡eRwbf©i M‡elYv c×wZ ej‡Z HwZnvwmK c×wZ‡K
†evSvq|
HwZnvwmK eY©bvi wfwˇZ AZxZ NUbv m¤ú‡K© hyw³wbf©i M‡elYv
cª‡Póv‡K HwZnvwmK c×wZ e‡j| G c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ
mvgvwRK NUbv, cªwµqv Ges cªvPxb mf¨Zvi wewfbœ Abyôvb I
cªwZôvb m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv Kiv nq| G c×wZi gva¨‡g AZx‡Zi
†Kv‡bv we‡kl mg‡qi mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi MwZ-cªK…wZ, DrcwË,
ˆewkó¨, cwieZ©b BZ¨vw` welq m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq|
HwZnvwmK c×wZi Z‡_¨i Drm n‡jv `wjj ev bw_cÎ, AvZ¥Rxebx,
e¨w³MZ †ivRbvgPv, wPwVcÎ BZ¨vw`|
M. DÏxc‡Ki eY©bvq mgvRweÁv‡bi cwiwai AvIZvfy³ MªvgxY
mgvRweÁv‡bi cªwZ Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq, Mªvg‡Kw›`ªK mgvRRxeb wb‡q †h weÁvb
Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K MªvgxY mgvRweÁvb e‡j| evsjv‡`k Mªvgcªavb
†`k| G †`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl Mªv‡g evm K‡i| d‡j MªvgxY K…wl,
K…wl KvVv‡gv, A_©bxwZ, weevn, evj¨weevn, cwievi, ÁvwZm¤úK©,
†bZ…Z¡, ¶gZv KvVv‡gv, gh©v`v, mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv BZ¨vw` wb‡q
wePvi-we‡køl‡Yi ZvwM‡` MªvgxY mgvRweÁvb cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e
M‡elYv K‡i|
DÏxc‡K D‡jøL Kiv GjvKvwUi AwaKvsk gvbyl K…wlRxex|
†mLvbKvi †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v AbybœZ| ZvQvov GjvKvwU `vwi`ª¨ Avi
wbi¶iZvi g‡Zv mgm¨vq AvKxY©| MªvgwU‡Z i‡q‡Q evj¨weev‡ni Pj
Avi bvix‡`i wk¶vi e¨vcv‡i D`vmxbZv| G welq¸‡jv mvaviYZ
MªvgxY mgvRe¨e¯’vq †ewk †`Lv hvq| ZvB ejv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki
eY©bvq MªvgxY mgvRweÁv‡bi cwiwai Bw½Z i‡q‡Q|
N. DÏxc‡Ki MªvgwU‡Z `vwi`ª¨, wbi¶iZv, bvix wk¶vi cªwZ
D`vmxbZv, evj¨weevn, AbybœZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vmn bvbvwea mgm¨v
i‡q‡Q| Gme mgm¨vi mgvav‡b mgvRweÁv‡bi Ávb djcªm~ n‡Z
cv‡i e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi|
†h‡Kv‡bv Av_©-mvgvwRK I cªkvmwbK cwiKíbv cªYqb Ges
ev¯Íevq‡b mgvRweÁv‡bi Ávb Acwinvh©| †Kv‡bv cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb
A_ev †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv, hw` †m cwiKíbv
mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K cªYxZ bv nq| mgv‡R Kx mgm¨v
i‡q‡Q, Zvi mgvav‡b evav †Kv_vq, Gi gva¨‡g †Kvb †kªwYi gvbyl
KZUv DcK…Z n‡e, M…nxZ cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡_ Kx Kx
mvgvwRK evav i‡q‡Q, Avi Kxfv‡eB ev Zv `~i Kiv hvq Gme wel‡q
Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨ mgvRweÁvb mnvqZv K‡i|
DÏxc‡Ki MªvgwU‡Z bvbvwea mgm¨v weivRgvb| †hgb— wbi¶iZv,
`vwi`ª¨, evj¨weevn, bvix wk¶vi cªwZ D`vmxbZv BZ¨vw`| Gme
mgm¨vi mgvav‡b mgvRweÁv‡bi Ávb Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i, hv Dc‡ii
Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q|
Av‡jvPbvi cwimgvw߇Z ejv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki cwiw¯’wZ †gvKvwejvmn
mvgvwRK †h‡Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡b mgvRweÁv‡bi Ávb djcªm~
f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
4. Kwei wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Abvm© 1g e‡l©i QvÎ| †m Zvi Lvjvi evmvq
†_‡K cov‡jLv Ki‡Q| Zvi Lvjy GKRb miKvwi PvKwiRxex|
GKw`b wZwb wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, Kwei Zywg †Kvb wel‡q cov‡jLv
Ki‡Qv? Kwei DËi w`j Avwg Ggb GKwU wel‡q cov‡jLv KiwQ hv
 gvby‡li PvjPjb, AvPvi-AvPiY, eZ©gvb I fwel¨r wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
K‡i|
K. ÔmgvRweÁvb n‡jv mvgvwRK cªwZôv‡bi weÁvbÕ - Dw³wU Kvi?
L. Îq¯Íi m~ÎwU e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb welqwU m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. mgvRweÁvb mgv‡Ri c~Y©v½ cvV— DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †Zvgvi
gZvgZ hyw³mn Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
K. ÔmgvRweÁvb n‡jv mvgvwRK cªwZôv‡bi weÁvbÕ Dw³wU divwm
mgvRweÁv‡bi RbK Gwgj Wy‡L©B‡gi|
L. gvbe Áv‡bi µ‡gvbœwZ Ges mgv‡Ri DbœwZ I µgweKvk e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z wM‡q divwm `vk©wbK AMv÷ †Kvur †h ZË¡ cª`vb K‡ib, Zv
Îq¯Íi m~Î bv‡g cwiwPZ|
AMv÷ †Kvur-Gi g‡Z, gvby‡li wPšÍvfvebv, a¨vbaviYvmg~n, Áv‡bi
wewfbœ kvLv Ges c…w_exi me mgvR AZ¨vek¨Kxqfv‡e wZbwU ¯Íi
AwZµg K‡i G‡m‡Q| †Kvur-Gi mgvR weKv‡ki GB wZbwU ¯ÍiB
'Îq¯Íi' bv‡g cwiwPZ| Îq¯Í‡ii g~j cªwZcv`¨ welq †n gvby‡li
†gŠwjK aviYv ag©xq hy‡Mi ¯Íi, Awawe`¨v m¤^Üxq ¯Íi I `…óev` G
wZbwU weeZ©wbK ch©vq AwZµvšÍ K‡i‡Q| A_©vr gvby‡li Ávb I eyw×
cª_‡g ag©xq ev Theological aviYv †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q
Metaphysical ev Awawe`¨vMZ n‡q Positivism ev `…óev‡` Av‡m|
M. DÏxc‡K mgvRweÁvb welqwU m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q| mgvRweÁvb
kãwUi Bs‡iwR cªwZkã ÔSociologyÕ kãwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q
j¨vwUb kã ÔSociusÕ Ges wMªK kã ÔLogosÕ-Gi = mgš^‡q|
ÔSociusÕ k‡ãi A_© mgvR Ges ÔLogosÕ k‡ãi A_© Ávb| A_©vr
DrcwËMZ A‡_© mgvRweÁvb ej‡Z †evSvq, mgv‡Ri Ávb|
†h kv¯¿ mgvR m¤ú‡K© e¯Íywbô ev weÁvbwfwËK Av‡jvPbv K‡i ZvB
mgvRweÁvb| Z‡e mgvRweÁv‡bi me©Rb¯^xK…Z †Kv‡bv msÁv †bB|
Z_vwc †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgvRweÁvbx wewfbœ `…wó‡KvY †_‡K
mgvRweÁvb‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, mgvRweÁvbx Gwgj
Wy‡L©Bg e‡jb, ÒmgvRweÁvb n‡jv mvgvwRK cªwZôv‡bi weÁvb|Ó
mgvRweÁvbx Avi.wU. †kdvi Zvi ÔSociologyÕ Mª‡š’ e‡jb,
ÒmgvRweÁvb n‡jv mvgvwRK AvPiY I mvgvwRK †Mvôxmg~‡ni
myk…•Lj cvV|Ó †gvUK_v mgvR I mgv‡Ri gvby‡li mv‡_ RwoZ me
ai‡bi welq wb‡q †h kv¯¿ Av‡jvPbv K‡i ZvB mgvRweÁvb|
DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq, Kwe‡ii Lvjy Kwei‡K †Kvb wel‡q †jLvcov
Ki‡Q wRÁvmv Ki‡j Kwei e‡j, Avwg Ggb GKwU wel‡q †jLvcov
KiwQ hv gvby‡li PvjPjb, AvPvi-AvPiY, eZ©gvb I fwel¨r wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Dc‡i cª`Ë mgvRweÁv‡bi cªvgvY¨ msÁvi †cªw¶‡Z
†evSv hvq †h, Kwe‡ii G e³e¨ mgvRweÁvb‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i|
N. mgvR‡K mvgwMªK Ges e¨vcKfv‡e Aa¨qb K‡i e‡j mgvRweÁvb‡K
mgv‡Ri c~Y©v½ cvV ejv nq| G cªm‡½ DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Avgvi
gZvgZ hyw³mn Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv— mgvRweÁvb n‡”Q Ggb GKwU
weÁvb hv mgv‡Ri m‡½ RwoZ me wel‡qi weÁvbwfwËK we‡kølY
K‡i| A_©vr, mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ †hme welq i‡q‡Q Zvi cª‡Z¨KwU welq
mgvRweÁvb cy•Lvbycy•L Aa¨qb K‡i| mgvR, msN, mvgvwRK
cªwZôvb, mgvRKvVv‡gv, mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vm, mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y,
mvgvwRK mgm¨v, mvgvwRK cwieZ©b, mvgvwRK BwZnvm, mvgvwRK
Dbœqb BZ¨Kvi welq¸‡jv mgvRweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi AvIZvfy³
Ges Gi m‡½ RwoZ me welq wb‡qB mgvRweÁvb Mfxifv‡e e¨vL¨v-
we‡kølY K‡i| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi kvLvmg~n †hgb— ivóªweÁvb,
A_©bxwZ, mgvRKj¨vY, b…weÁvb BZ¨vw` g~jZ mgv‡Ri GK GKwU
we‡kl w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| A_©vr mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi D³
kvLvmg~‡ni †Kv‡bvUvB mgvR m¤úwK©Z c~Y©v½ Aa¨q‡bi `vwe Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| c¶všÍ‡i, †MvUv mgvRB mgvRweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi welq
ev †¶Î| g~jZ G Kvi‡YB mgvRweÁvb‡K mgv‡Ri c~Y©v½ cvV ejv
nq|
DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq, Kwei Ggb GKwU wel‡q †jLvcov Ki‡Q, †h
welqwU gvby‡li PvjPjb, AvPvi-AvPiY, eZ©gvb I fwel¨r wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Avi G welq¸‡jv †Kej mgvRweÁv‡bi
Av‡jvP¨m~wPi Ask| G Kvi‡YB ejv nq †h, mgvRweÁvb mgv‡Ri
c~Y©v½ cvV|
5. iwb Zvi Rb¥w`‡b GKwU eB Dcnvi †c‡jv| eBwU c‡o iwb mgv‡Ri
¶y`ª msMV‡bi DrcwË, weKvk, cªKiY, Kvh©vewj Ges mgm¨v m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cvij| †m gvby‡li AvPvi AvPiY, Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©,
cª_v, wek¦vm, ms¯‹…wZ Ges wewfbœ RvwZ m¤^‡ÜI Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
Ae‡k‡l iwb gvby‡li cvwicvwk¦©K NUbvmg~‡ni Kvh©KviY m¤úK©
Avwe®‹vi K‡i|
K. ÒmgvRweÁvbB GKgvÎ weÁvb hv mgvR I mvgvwRK m¤úK©
wel‡q Aa¨qb K‡iÓ- Dw³wU †Kvb mgvRweÁvbxi?
L. wk¶vi mgvRweÁvb ej‡Z Kx eyS? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
M. DÏxc‡Ki iwb eB c‡o †h ¶y`ª mvgvwRK msMVb m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cv‡i Zv mgvRweÁv‡bi †Kvb kvLvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv
nq? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ welqwU gvbe mgv‡Ri mvgwMªK cvV—-
we‡kølY K‡iv|
 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
K. ÒmgvRweÁvbB GKgvÎ weÁvb hv mgvR I mvgvwRK m¤úK© wel‡q
Aa¨qb K‡iÓ- Dw³wU mgvRweÁvbx ievU© Gg g¨vKvBfvi I Pvj©m
GBP †cR Gi|
L. wk¶vi mgvRweÁvb n‡jv mgvRweÁvb AbymÜv‡bi GKwU we‡kl
wPÎ|
wk¶v‡K mgvRZvwË¡K `…wófw½ †_‡K ch©v‡jvPbv ev AbymÜv‡bi
D‡Ïk¨ mgvRweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg kvLv wn‡m‡e 'wk¶v mgvRweÁv‡bi'
DrcwË| mgvRweÁv‡bi G kvLvwU wk¶v cªwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨,
cvV¨m~wP, cvV¨welq ewnf©~Z bvbvwea Kvh©Kjvc, wk¶v e¨e¯’vi
cªkvmwbK w`K, wk¶vi gva¨g, wk¶v e¨e¯’vi aib, wk¶vi mv‡_
mvgvwRK †kªwYi m¤úK© Ges wk¶v mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ welq wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| GQvov GwU mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ welq †hgb- A_©bxwZ,
ivóªe¨e¯’v, ÁvwZ m¤úK© BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ wk¶vi m¤úK© wb‡qI cVb-
cvVb Ges M‡elYv K‡i|
M. DÏxc‡Ki iwb eB c‡o †h ¶y`ª mvgvwRK msMVb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
cv‡i Zv n‡jv cwievi| cwievi I cwievi m¤úwK©Z Ab¨vb¨ welq
mgvRweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg kvLv weevn I cwievi mgvRweÁv‡b
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
Ôweevn I cwievi mgvRweÁvb' n‡jv mgvRweÁv‡bi Ggb GKwU
kvLv, hv cwiev‡ii wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mgvRweÁv‡bi
G kvLv cwiev‡ii DrcwË, cªKvi‡f`, Kvh©vewj, weKvk,
cwieZ©bkxjZv, mgvRRxe‡b cwiev‡ii cª‡qvRbxqZv cªf…wZ welq
wb‡q Aa¨qb K‡i| GQvov cwiev‡ii wewfbœ mgm¨v Ges cwiev‡ii
mvgvwRKxKiY cªwµqv BZ¨vw` welqI mgvRweÁv‡bi GB kvLv
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| cvkvcvwk cwievi MwVZ nIqvi g~j wfwË weevn I
Zvi aib, cªK…wZ, ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-Abyôvb cªf…wZ welqI
mgvRweÁv‡bi G kvLvi Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨ welq| †gvUK_v cwiev‡ii
mv‡_ mswkøó mKj welq wb‡qB mgvRweÁv‡bi G kvLv Av‡jvPbv
K‡i|
DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq, iwb Rb¥w`‡b GKwU eB Dcnvi cvq| eBwU
c‡o †m mgv‡Ri GKwU ¶y`ª msMV‡bi DrcwË, weKvk, cªKiY,
Kvh©vewj Ges mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i| †m Av‡iv Rvb‡Z cv‡i
gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY, cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©, cª_v wek¦vm, ms¯‹…wZ
BZ¨vw` m¤^‡Ü| Zvi G Rvbvi gva¨gwU mgvRweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg kvLv
weevn I cwievi mgvRweÁvb‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv
†k‡l ejv hvq, iwb †h ¶y`ª mvgvwRK msMVb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i,
Zv mgvRweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg kvLv weevn I cwievi mgvRweÁv‡b
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ welqwU mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi bexbZg kvLv
mgvRweÁvb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| GB K_v Ab¯^xKvh© †h, welqwU gvbe
mgv‡Ri mvgwMªK cvV| mgvRweÁvb kãwUi Bs‡iwR cªwZkã
Sociology, hv j¨vwUb kã Socius (A_©-mgvR) I wMªK kã
Logos (A_©-weÁvb ev we‡kl Ávb) GB `ywU kã †_‡K DrcwË
jvf K‡i‡Q| ZvB / DrcwË A‡_© ejv hvq, mgvR m¤úwK©Z we‡kl
ÁvbB mgvRweÁvb| cvwifvwlK A‡_© ejv hvq, mgvRweÁvb n‡jv
H weÁvb hv mgv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ mKj welq wb‡q weÁvbwfwËK
Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
mgvRweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi cwiwa AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK| e¯ÍyZ gvbe
mgv‡Ri Ggb †Kv‡bv w`K †bB hv 'mgvRweÁv‡b Av‡jvwPZ nqwb|
e¨w³MZ Rxeb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK,
mvs¯‹…wZK cªf…wZ w`K wb‡q mgvRweÁvb cy•Lvbycy•L Aa¨qb K‡i|
mgvRweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi e¨vcKZvi Kvi‡Y mgvRweÁvb‡K wewfbœ
kvLvq wef³ K‡i Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯Íy wba©viY K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
†hgb— HwZnvwmK mgvRweÁvb mgv‡Ri AZxZ BwZnvm wb‡q, weevn
I cwievi mgvRweÁvb cwiev‡ii wewfbœ w`K wb‡q, bMi
mgvRweÁvb bM‡ii ¯^iƒc, MªvgxY mgvRweÁvb Mªv‡gi ¯^iƒc, a‡g©i
mgvRweÁvb a‡g©i wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Ggwbfv‡e
mgvRweÁv‡bi Av‡iv eûwea kvLv i‡q‡Q †h kvLv¸‡jv welq‡Kw›`ªK
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| A_©vr mgvRweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq gvbe mgv‡Ri
mv‡_ RwoZ mKj welqB Av‡jvwPZ nq| G Kvi‡YB mgvRweÁvb‡K
gvbe mgv‡Ri mvgwMªK cvV ejv nq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi cwimgvw߇Z ejv hvq, mgvRweÁvbB
gvbemgv‡Ri mvgwMªK cvV, G e¨vcv‡i m‡›`‡ni †Kv‡bv AeKvk
†bB|
6. mgvRweÁv‡bi cªfvlK Rbve we wm wek¦vm D³ kv‡¯¿i DrcwË I
µgweKv‡ki Av‡jvPbvq e‡jb, G weÁvb mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
kvLvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ bexbZg| hv j¨vwUb I wMªK k‡ãi mgš^‡q MwVZ|
G wel‡q †Kv‡bv me©Rbwew`Z msÁv †bB| Z‡e wewfbœ gbxlx GKwU
wel‡q GKgZ, G weÁvb mgvR I mvgvwRK m¤úK© wel‡q Aa¨qb
K‡i|
K. mgvRweÁv‡bi msÁvq g¨vKvBfvi Kx e‡j‡Qb?
L. mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mgvRweÁv‡bi f~wgKv †jL|
M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb kv¯¿ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q? D³ welqwUi
ey¨rcwËMZ DrcwË e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ welqwUi D™¢e I weKvk we‡kølY K‡iv|
 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
K. mgvRweÁv‡bi msÁvq g¨vKvBfvi e‡jb, ÒmgvRweÁvbB GKgvÎ
weÁvb, hv mgvR Ges mvgvwRK m¤úK© wel‡q Aa¨qb K‡i|Ó
L. myôyfv‡e mgvR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cª‡qvRb wbôv I AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_
`vwqZ¡ cvjb| mvgvwRK Rxe wn‡m‡e mgv‡Ri cªwZ gvby‡li i‡q‡Q
A‡bK `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨| †hgb- mgvR I iv‡óªi AvBb gvb¨ Kiv, Ki
cª`vb Kiv, mvgvwRK k…•Ljv cªwZôv Kiv BZ¨vw`| Avi
mgvRweÁv‡bi wk¶v G‡¶‡Î gvbyl‡K Zvi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b
DØy× K‡i|
M. DÏxc‡K mgvRweÁvb kv¯¿wUi eyrcwËMZ DrcwËi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
mgv‡R emevmKvix wewfbœ gvby‡li g‡a¨ †h wewea m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq
†mB m¤úK©i&Rv‡ji we‡kølY Kivi ZvwM` †_‡KB mgvRweÁv‡bi
m~ÎcvZ| 1839 mv‡j divwm mgvRwPšÍvwe` AMv÷ †Kvur me©cª_g
mgvRweÁvb cªZ¨qwU e¨envi K‡ib| wZwb ïiæ‡Z mgvRweÁvb‡K
mvgvwRK c`v_©we`¨v (Social Physics) ej‡Z AvMªnx wQ‡jb,
wKš‘ †m mgq †ejwRqv‡gi cwimsL¨vbwe` GWjd Ky‡qU‡jU Zvi
mgv‡Ri msL¨vevPK we‡køl‡Yi eY©bvq cªZ¨qwU e¨envi Kivi d‡j
†Kvr wfbœ GKwU cªZ¨q Lyu‡R Ae‡k‡l mgvRweÁvb‡K
(Sociology) wbe©vPb K‡ib| Sociology kãwU j¨vwUb kã
Socius Ges wMªK kã Logos †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Socius k‡ãi A_©
m½x hv mgvR‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K Logos kãwU Øviv Ávb‡K
wb‡`©k Kiv nq| myZivs kãMZ ev ey¨rcwËMZ A‡_© mgvRweÁvb
n‡jv Áv‡bi †mB kvLv hv mvaviYxKiY ev weg~Z©vqb ch©v‡q mgv‡Ri
mv‡_ m¤ú…³|
DÏxc‡K mgvRweÁv‡bi cªfvlK e‡jb, G kv¯¿wU j¨vwUb I wMªK
k‡ãi mgš^‡q MwVZ| hv mgvRweÁv‡bi ey¨rcwËMZ A_©‡KB wb‡`©k
K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq, DÏxc‡K mgvRweÁvb kv¯¿wUi K_v ejv
n‡q‡Q|
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ weÁvb A_©vr mgvRweÁv‡bi D™¢e I µgweKvk
we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv|
 mgvRweÁvb GKwU ¯^Zš¿ weÁvb wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cªKvk K‡i Ebwesk
kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M| Z‡e mgvR m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv-fvebvi BwZnvm
mgv‡Ri gZB AwZ cªvPxb Ges `xN© w`‡bi| e¯ÍyZ mgvRweÁv‡bi
Rb¥ nq cvðv‡Z¨i wkí-wecøeKv‡j| divwm wPšÍvwe` AMv÷ †Kvur‡K
ejv nq mgvRweÁv‡bi RbK| †Kbbv, wZwbB me©cª_g 1839 mv‡j
'Sociology' kãwU Pqb K‡ib| wZwb gvbe mgv‡Ri cªK…wZ
wba©viY, mgv‡Ri D™¢e Ges weKv‡ki wbqgbxwZ e¨vL¨vq Ges
mvgvwRK NUbvmg~‡ni e¨vL¨vq Zvi Rxe‡bi A‡bK mgq e¨q K‡ib|
wZwb mgvR we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU c…_K weÁv‡bi cª‡qvRbxqZv
Abyfe K‡ib| GB Abyfe †_‡KB wZwb GKwU weÁv‡bi Rb¥ †`b
Ges H weÁv‡bi bvg †`b Social Physics. cieZ©x‡Z wZwb
GwU‡K Sociology bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib| Gfv‡eB mgvRweÁv‡bi
D™¢e nq| D‡jøL¨ mgvRweÁv‡bi D™¢‡e g¨vwKqv‡fwj, Ugvm gy¨i,
Kvj© gvK©‡mi gZ mgvRweÁvbx‡`i Ae`vbI A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †k‡l ZvB ejv hvq, mgvRweÁvb GKwU bexb kv¯¿
n‡jI-Gi D™¢e I µgweKv‡ki BwZnvm mycªvPxb|
7. myigv wWMªx K‡j‡Ri mgvRweÁv‡bi wk¶K kvwKj mv‡ne GKv`k
†kªwYi gvbweK kvLvi cª_g K¬v‡k cov‡Z G‡m‡Qb| wZwb QvÎ-
QvÎx‡`i D‡Ï‡k ej‡jb, AvR †Zvgv‡`i Ggb GKwU welq cove,
hv mgv‡Ri wk¶v, cwievi, ag© GgbwK wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi c×wZMZ
w`K¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ïay ZvB bq, kv¯¿wU GKwU MwZkxj
weÁvb wn‡m‡e mgvRRxe‡bi cªvq mKj welq Aa¨qb I we‡kølY
K‡i _v‡K|
K. j¨vwUb kã 'Socius'-Gi A_© Kx?
L. ÒmgvRweÁvb n‡jv mgvRKvVv‡gvi Aa¨qbÓ- e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
M. DÏxc‡Ki kvwKj mv‡ne QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i †Kvb welqwU cov‡eb?
e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. Zywg wK g‡b Ki, DÏxcK Øviv wb‡`©kK…Z welqwU Aa¨qb Kiv
eZ©gvb mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Avek¨K? Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb
K‡iv|
 7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
K. j¨vwUb kã ÔSociusÕ-Gi A_© ÔCompanionÕ ev 'm½x'|
L. mgvRweÁvb Aa¨q‡bi gva¨‡g mgvRKvVv‡gvi c~Y©v½ cvV m¤¢e
nIqvq G kv¯¿‡K mgvRKvVv‡gvi Aa¨qb wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
mgvRKvVv‡gvi wfwË n‡”Q gvbe m¤úK©| gvby‡li mv‡_ gvby‡li
m¤ú‡K©i ewntcªKvk wewfbœ mvgvwRK cªwZôvb I mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi
ØvivB myk…•Ljfv‡e cªwZwôZ nq| e¨w³, mvgvwRK †Mvôx, c&ৰ _v,
mvgvwRK cªwZôvbmg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wel‡q mgvRweÁvb
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq, mgvRweÁvb n‡jv mgvRKvVv‡gv
m¤úwK©Z cvV|
M. DÏxc‡Ki kvwKj mv‡ne QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i mgvRweÁvb welqwU
cov‡eb|
Avgiv Rvwb, cªK…wZMZfv‡e mgvRweÁvb GKwU MwZkxj weÁvb|
KviY GwU mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv ev cwieZ©‡bi aviv we‡kølY K‡i|
†mBmv‡_ GKwU MwZkxj weÁvb wn‡m‡e mgvRweÁvb mgv‡Ri wewfbœ
w`K m¤ú‡K© Zvi cVb-cvVb Ges M‡elYv Ae¨vnZ iv‡L| ïay ZvB
bq, mgv‡Ri wewfbœ w`K cVb-cvVb Ges M‡elYvi Rb¨
mgvRweÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv-cªkvLvi D™¢e N‡U‡Q| †hgb- wk¶vi
mgvRweÁvb' wk¶v-cªwZôvb¸‡jvi D‡Ïk¨ Ges Gi mv‡_ mgv‡Ri
Ab¨vb¨ cªwZôv‡bi m¤úK© m¤^‡Ü Aa¨qb I M‡elYv K‡i| Avevi
Ôcwievi mgvRweÁvb cwiev‡ii DrcwË, weeZ©b, weKvk, aib,
Kvh©vewj I cwiev‡ii mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i| GQvov Ôa‡g©i
mgvRweÁvb ag©xq AvPvi-Abyôvb, cª_v, wek¦vm, cªwZôvb BZ¨vw`i
mvgvwRK ¸iæZ¡ Ges mvgvwRK m¤úK© wba©vi‡Y a‡g©i f~wgKv cªm‡½
Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K 'wPwKrmv mgvRweÁvb' Amy¯’ e¨w³i
mvgvwRK cUf~wg, cªPwjZ wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi mdjZv I e¨_©Zv, Amy¯’
†ivMxi my¯’ nIqvi ci cybe©vmb cªwµqv msµvšÍ wel‡q c~Y©v½
Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
DÏxc‡Ki kvwKj mv‡ne QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i †h welqwU cov‡Z †P‡q‡Qb,
†m kv¯¿wUI GKwU MwZkxj weÁvb wn‡m‡e mgv‡Ri wk¶v, cwievi,
ag© I wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi cvkvcvwk
mgvRRxe‡bi cªvq mKj w`K wb‡q Aa¨qb I M‡elYv K‡i| c~‡e©v³
Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ZvB wbwðZfv‡eB ejv hvq †h, kvwKj
mv‡ne QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i mgvRweÁvb welqwU cov‡eb|
N. n¨vu, Avwg g‡b Kwi, DÏxcK Øviv wb‡`©wkZ welq Z_v mgvRweÁvb
Aa¨qb Kiv eZ©gvb mgv‡Ri Rb¨ LyeB cª‡qvRb| G wel‡q Avgvi
hyw³ wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
mgvRweÁvb mgv‡Ri mvgvwRK cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© Ávb AR©‡b
g~j f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| myZivs †KD hw` mgvR m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv
cwiKíbv Ki‡Z Pvq, Zvn‡j Zv‡K Aek¨B mgvRweÁvb cvV Ki‡Z
n‡e| Avevi mgvRweÁvb cvV e¨ZxZ †`‡ki mvgvwRK mgm¨vi
KviY Ges Zvi mgvav‡bi DcvqI Lyu‡R †ei Kiv m¤¢e bq| †Kbbv
mgvRweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨B n‡”Q, we`¨gvb mvgvwRK mgm¨vi
KviY, djvdj Ges mgvav‡bi Dcvq AbymÜvb Kiv| GQvov
cwieZ©bkxj mgv‡Ri Aa¨qb Ges G cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ gvby‡li
m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z wM‡q mgvR¯’ gvbyl mgvRweÁvb cv‡Vi
cª‡qvRbxqZv cªwZwbqZ Abyfe Ki‡Q| KviY cwieZ©bkxj mgvR
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GKgvÎ mgvRweÁvb kv¯¿B mgv‡Ri
ev¯ÍeZv Abyave‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| cvkvcvwk †Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK
cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡_ Kx Kx mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK evav i‡q‡Q,
Avi Kxfv‡e Zv `~i Kiv hvq, †m wel‡q Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨I
mgvRweÁv‡bi cvV GKvšÍ Riæwi|
Avgiv Rvwb, eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j I
¯^v_©‡Mvôxmg~n msKxY©Zv †`v‡l `yó| cªkvm‡bi i‡Üª i‡Üª `yb©xwZ Xy‡K
c‡o‡Q| †eKvi mgm¨v, Kg eqmx‡`i g‡a¨ Aciva cªeYZv,
bvbviKg AmvgvwRK KvRKg©, Pywi-ivnvRvwb BZ¨vw` mvgvwRK e¨vwa
†Qvuqv‡P †iv‡Mi g‡Zv e¨vcKfv‡e Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| cvkvcvwk bvbv
Kvi‡Y wewfbœ mvgvwRK †Mvôxi g‡a¨ Amš‘wó, we‡¶vf I we‡`ªvn †`Lv
w`‡”Q| Gme mgm¨v mgvav‡b mgvRweÁv‡bi ÁvbB cv‡i
Kvh©Kifv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡Z| DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z
ZvB `…pZvi mv‡_B ejv hvq †h, eZ©gvb cwieZ©bkxj mgv‡Ri Rb¨
mgvRweÁvb cvV Kiv GKvšÍ Avek¨K|
8. wiqv GKwU evsjv eø‡Mi gva¨‡g Rvb‡Z cvij, ga¨hy‡Mi mgvR wQj
HwZn¨wbf©i, myw¯’i, MwZnxb I AcwieZ©bxq| †m mgqKvi MªvgxY
Rxe‡b eZ©gv‡bi g‡Zv mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv wQj bv| FZyP‡µi
g‡ZvB Zv‡`i Rxeb, wQj Rb¥-g…Zy¨i P‡µ Ave×| A_P eZ©gvb
mgvR n‡”Q cªPÐiKg MwZkxj GKwU mgvR| GwU covi ci wiqvi
g‡b n‡jv †h, G e³e¨wU mgvR Rxeb m¤úwK©Z GKwU kv‡¯¿i
cªK…wZi mv‡_ mv`…k¨c~Y©|
K. gvK©mev`x mgvR weKv‡ki aviv Abyhvqx cªv_wgK mgvR
†KvbwU?
L. m‡PZbZv RvMªZ Ki‡Z mgvRweÁv‡bi cª‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v
K‡iv|
M. DÏxc‡Ki wiqv †Kvb kv¯¿ m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. DÏxcK Øviv wb‡`©kK…Z welqwU wK GKBmv‡_ w¯’wZkxjZv I
MwZkxjZv wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i? gZvgZ cª`vb K‡iv|
 8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
K. gvK©mev`x mgvR weKv‡ki aviv Abyhvqx cªv_wgK mgvR n‡”Q Avw`g
mvg¨ev`x mgvR|
L. mgvRweÁvb Avgv‡`i‡K AvZ¥m‡PZb, †kªwYm‡PZb, mgvRm‡PZb
Ges mvgvwRK I cªvK…wZK cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i Zyj‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i|
e¨w³ wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i cª‡Z¨‡Ki cwiPq Kx, mvgvwRK †Kvb †kªwY‡Z
Avgv‡`i Ae¯’vb Ges †Kvb mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡k Avgiv mgvRRxeb
AwZevwnZ Kwi Zv Rvb‡Z I eyS‡Z mgvRweÁvb mnvqK f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| GR‡b¨B ejv nq †h, m‡PZbZv RvMªZ Kivi Rb¨
mgvRweÁv‡bi weKí Lye Kg kv‡¯¿B i‡q‡Q|
M. wiqv gvbemgvR m¤úwK©Z Ab¨Zg kv¯¿ mgvRweÁvb m¤ú‡K©
†R‡b‡Q| Zvi cwVZ eø‡Mi welqe¯Íy ch©v‡jvPbvq welqwU my¯úó n‡q
I‡V|
Avgiv Rvwb, mgvRweÁvb GKvav‡i mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv I
mvgvwRK MwZkxjZvi weÁvb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| GUv †hgb GKw`‡K
mgv‡Ri w¯’wZ Ae¯’vi eY©bv I we‡kølY, Ab¨w`‡K GUv Avevi
mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv ev cwieZ©‡bi eY©bv I we‡kølY| A_©vr
mgvRweÁvb mgv‡Ri MwZkxjZv I w¯’wZkxjZv Dfq welq wb‡qB
Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K|
DÏxc‡Ki wiqv eø‡Mi †jLvi gva¨‡g Rvb‡Z cvi‡jv †h, ga¨hy‡Mi
mgvR wQj ¯’wei, MwZnxb| hv‡K mgvR weÁvbxiv AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb
mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv wn‡m‡e| Avevi eZ©gvb AvaywbK mgvR cªPÐ
MwZm¤úbœ| mgvRweÁvbxiv hv‡K mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv wn‡m‡e
e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| c~‡e©v³ Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv †R‡bwQ †h, G `ywU
welqB mgvRweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨ welq| myZivs GUv wbwðZ
K‡iB ejv hvq †h, DÏxc‡Ki wiqv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi AšÍf©y³ kv¯¿
mgvRweÁvb m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Q|
N. n¨vu, DÏxcK Øviv wb‡`©kK…Z welq Z_v mgvRweÁvb GKBmv‡_
w¯’wZkxjZv I MwZkxjZv wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i| kv¯¿wUi cªK…wZ
ch©‡e¶‡Y Zv my¯úó nq|
mgvRweÁv‡bi g‡bv‡hvMx QvÎ gvÎB Rv‡bb mgvRweÁv‡bi RbK
AMv÷ †Kvur divwm wecø‡evËi mgv‡Ri w¯’wZkxjZv wdwi‡q Avbvi
Rb¨ ÔmgvRweÁvb' bvgK GKwU ¯^Zš¿ weÁv‡bi K_v eY©bv K‡ib|
Avi G weÁvb‡K wZwb GKBmv‡_ mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv I mvgvwRK
MwZkxjZvi weÁvb wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Z K‡ib| †Kvur-Gi g‡Z,
mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv mgv‡Ri MVb Ges KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ hy³| Avi
mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv gvbe mgv‡Ri cªMwZ Ges DbœwZ we‡kølY K‡i|
Zvi g‡Z, me mgv‡RB G `ywU welq j¶Yxq| KviY, w¯’wZkxjZv
ej‡Z APj; AbW় Ae¯’v †evSvq bv, myk…•Lj mgvR‡K †evSvq|
Avi GB myk…•Lj mgv‡R †h cwieZ©b N‡U ZvB mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv|
eZ©gvb AvaywbK mgv‡Ri w`‡K j¶ Ki‡j Avgiv †`L‡ev, G mgvRI
mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv I mvgvwRK MwZkxjZvi mgš^‡q MwVZ| Avi
†h‡nZy mgvRweÁvb mgv‡Ri mvgwMªK cvV †m‡nZy ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB
mgvRweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯Íy‡Z mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv Ges
mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv mwe‡kl ¸iæ‡Z¡i `vwe`vi|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cw¶‡Z GK_v wbwðZfv‡eB ejv hvq †h,
mgvRweÁvb hyMcr mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv I mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv
wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i|
9. XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mgvRweÁvb wefv‡Mi wk¶v_©x ivRb 'XvKv
kn‡ii ew¯Í: GKwU Av_©-mvgvwRK mgx¶v' kxl©K g‡bvMªvd ˆZwii
Rb¨ gnvLvjx †ij‡MU ew¯Í‡Z †Mj| †mLv‡b wM‡q †m j¶ Kij †h,
ew¯ÍwU‡Z weï× cvwbi Pig Afve| m¨vwb‡Uk‡biI fv‡jv †Kv‡bv
e¨e¯’v †bB| d‡j Wvqwiqv, Pg©‡ivM, Avgvkq, mw`©R¡i cªf…wZ
†Qvuqv‡P †ivM ew¯Íevmx‡`i wbZ¨m½x| †m AviI j¶ Kij, ew¯ÍwUi
AwaKvsk wkïB wk¶vi Av‡jv †_‡K ewÂZ|
K. 'Sociology' kãwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q KZ wLªóv‡ã?
L. ÔmgvRweÁvb cªvK…wZK weÁvb bq' eywS‡q †jL|
M. DÏxc‡Ki gnvLvjx †ij‡MU ew¯Í‡Z weivRgvb mgm¨v
mgvRweÁv‡bi †Kvb kvLvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z mgm¨v mgvav‡b mgvRweÁv‡bi Ávb
Acwinvh©|'- Zywg wK G e¨vcv‡i GKgZ? hyw³mn gZvgZ
`vI|
 9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
K. ÔSociologyÕ kãwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q 1839 wLªóv‡ã|
L. mgvRweÁvb GKwU we‡kølYag©x weÁvb n‡jI GwU cªvK…wZK weÁv‡bi
wewfbœ wel‡qi (imvqbkv¯¿, c`v_©we`¨v BZ¨vw`) g‡Zv e¨envwiK
kv¯¿ bq| †Kbbv cªvK…wZK weÁv‡b cªK…wZi wewfbœ welq‡K †hfv‡e
M‡elYvMv‡i wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k cix¶v-wbix¶v Kiv hvq,
mgvRweÁv‡bi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq mgv‡R emevmKvix gvbyl nIqvq
Zv cªvq Am¤¢e| KviY gvby‡li AvPiY †Kv‡bv w¯’i welq bq, eis
Zv memgqB cwieZ©bkxj I ˆewPZª¨gq| Avi G Rb¨B
mgvRweÁvb‡K cªvK…wZK weÁvb ejv hvq bv|
M. DÏxc‡Ki gnvLvjx †ij‡MU ew¯Í‡Z weivRgvb mgm¨v mgvRweÁv‡bi
Ab¨Zg kvLv ÔwPwKrmv mgvRweÁvbÕ-G Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Avgiv Rvwb, wPwKrmv mgvRweÁvb' mgq,
Kvj, hyM I mgvR‡f‡` wewfbœ †iv‡Mi KviY, Drm, cªfve I
cªwZKvi m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv K‡i Ges G wel‡q wewfbœ †kªwYi gvby‡li
a¨vb-aviYv m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb Pvjvq| GQvovI ÔwPwKrmv
mgvRweÁvb' wewfbœ mgv‡R Lv`¨ I cvbx‡qi e¨envi Ges cywó I
¯^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`q| cvkvcvwk G msµvšÍ M‡elYvq wb‡qvwRZ
_v‡K| GQvov wPwKrmv mgvRweÁvb' wPwKrmv bxwZ cªYqb Ges Zv
ev¯Íevq‡bi c×wZ wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv I M‡elYv K‡i|
DÏxc‡Ki ivRb j¶ Kij †h, gnvLvjx †ij‡MU ew¯Í‡Z weï×
cvwbi Afve I m¨vwb‡Ukb mgm¨v Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q| d‡j
Wvqwiqv, Pg©‡ivM, Avgvkq, mw`©R¡i cªf…wZ †Qvuqv‡P †ivM
ew¯Íevmx‡`i wbZ¨m½x| c~‡e© ewY©Z ÔwPwKrmv mgvRweÁvbÕ-Gi
Av‡jvPbvi cwiwa Ges gnvLvjx †ij‡MU ew¯Íi Ae¯’v ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i
ejv hvq †h, DÏxc‡Ki ew¯Í‡Z weivRgvb mgm¨v 'wPwKrmv
mgvRweÁvb'-G Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
N. n¨vu, G wel‡q Avwg GKgZ †h, DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wewfbœ mgm¨v
mgvav‡b mgvRweÁv‡bi Ávb Acwinvh©| wb‡P G wel‡q Avgvi
hyw³mn gZvgZ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
mgvRweÁv‡bi g~j cªwZcv`¨ welq n‡”Q, mgvR m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ
welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv I M‡elYv Kiv| G Rb¨B mvgvwRK mgm¨v
mgvRweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨ welq| A_©vr- mvgvwRK mgm¨v|
Kx, Kxfv‡e GB mgm¨vi m…wó, Gi djvdj Kx, Kxfv‡e GB - mgm¨v
†_‡K cwiÎvY cvIqv hvq BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q mgvRweÁvb
cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡i| G Kvi‡YB ejv nq †h,
mgvRweÁv‡bi Ávb AR©b e¨ZxZ mvgvwRK mgm¨v †gvKvwejv Kiv
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB m¤¢e bq|
DÏxc‡Ki gnvLvjx †ij‡MU ew¯Í‡Z `y'ai‡bi mgm¨v j¶ Kiv hvq|
h_v- 1. ¯^v¯’¨ welqK Ges 2. wk¶v msµvšÍ| G¸‡jvi KviY we‡kølY
Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, mgm¨v¸‡jv m…wó n‡q‡Q g~jZ m‡PZbZvi
Afve Ges bvMwi‡Ki mvgvwRK AwaKvi ev¯Íevqb bv Kivq| Gi
gv‡b n‡”Q, cªZ¨¶fv‡e mgm¨v¸‡jv ¯^v¯’¨ I wk¶v m¤úwK©Z n‡jI
cªK…Zc‡¶ G¸‡jv 'mvgvwRK mgm¨v' wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| Avi G¸‡jv
mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡j mgm¨vi KviY, cªK…wZ, cªfve Ges cªwZKv‡ii
Dcvq †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| c~‡e©v³ Av‡jvPbvi m~Î a‡i ejv hvq, Ávb-
weÁv‡bi AšÍf©y³ bvbvb kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ †Kej mgvRweÁvbB
e¯Íywbôfv‡e mvgvwRK mgm¨vi KviY, cªK…wZ, cªfve I cªwZKv‡ii
Dcvq Lyu‡R †eovq| myZivs G welqwU ¯úó †h, DÏxc‡Ki gnvLvjx
†ij‡MU ew¯Í‡Z †h ai‡bi mgm¨v weivR Ki‡Q, Zv mgvavb Ki‡Z
n‡j mgvRweÁv‡bi Ávb AR©b Kiv Acwinvh©|
10. kvqK m¨vi K¬v‡m mgv‡Ri DrcwË msµvšÍ weeZ©bev`x gZev`
m¤ú‡K© covw”Q‡jb| m¨vi e‡jb, Avw`‡Z gvbyl †eu‡P _vKvi ZvwM‡`
`je× n‡q emevm Ki‡Zv| ZLb †_‡KB †Mvôx msnwZi wfwˇZ
mgvR m…wó nq| Zvici cwievi, weevn, e¨w³MZ m¤úwË cªf…wZ
wel‡qi D™¢e N‡U| Gfv‡e ax‡i ax‡i mgvR mnR †_‡K RwUj
Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges GK mgq mgv‡Ri Af¨šÍ‡i iv‡óªi DrcwË
N‡U| ZvB ejv hvq, eZ©gvb mgv‡Ri AZxZ Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
AZxZ Z_¨mg~‡ni cª‡qvRb nq|
K. mgvRKj¨vY Kx?
L. cªvK…wZK weÁv‡bi c×wZ AbymiYK‡í `…óev`x gZev` †Mvôxi
f~wgKv Kxiƒc?
M. DÏxc‡K mgvRweÁv‡bi mv‡_ †Kvb welqwUi m¤úK© m¤ú‡K©
Bw½Z †`Iqv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. D³ welqwUi mv‡_ mgvRweÁv‡bi †h mKj cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z
nq †m¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡iv|
 10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 
K. mgvRKj¨vY n‡”Q gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi
D‡`¨v‡M cwiPvwjZ msNe× cª‡Póv|
L. cªvK…wZK weÁv‡bi c×wZ Abymi‡Y `…wóev`x gZev‡`i Abymvix
mgvRweÁvbxiv BwZevPK I AMªMvwg f~wgKv †i‡L‡Qb| `…óev`x
gZev` †Mvôxi Ab¨Zg wPšÍvwe` AMv÷ †Kvur, Wy‡L©Bg Ges c¨v‡i‡Uv
mgvR we‡køl‡Y cªvK…wZK weÁv‡bi c×wZ AbymiY Kivi Ici ¸iæZ¡
†`b| Zviv mgvR mgx¶vq msL¨vZvwË¡K we‡køl‡YI mycvwik K‡ib|
Zv‡`i g‡Z, cªvK…wZK wbqg Ges mvgvwRK m¤úK© I bxwZgvjvi
g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv ¸YMZ cv_©K¨ †bB|
M. DÏxc‡K mgvRweÁv‡bi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi m¤ú‡K©i Bw½Z †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q|
BwZnvm n‡”Q AZxZ NUbvi eY©bv I we‡kølY| Avevi gvbe mgv‡Ri
cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i mvgwMªK cvV n‡jv mgvRweÁvb| BwZnvm
AZxZ NUbv Av‡jvPbvq iv‡R¨i DÌvb-cZb, w`b, ZvwiL, mb,
kZvãx, mwÜ, Pyw³ BZ¨vw` wel‡q AZ¨waK ¸iæZ¡ †`q| Avi
mgvRweÁvb Gm‡ei ¸iæZ¡ A¯^xKvi bv K‡i mgvR¯’ gvby‡li
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© we‡køl‡Y mgvRRxe‡bi Mfx‡i cª‡ek K‡i|
mgvRe× gvby‡li Rxebavivi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© mym½Z Ávb
AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ mgvRweÁvbx‡`i‡K e¯Íywbô BwZnv‡mi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z
nq Avevi GKBfv‡e BwZnv‡mi welqe¯Íy mwVKfv‡e Abyaveb Kivi
Rb¨ BwZnvm‡eËv‡`i mgvR m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vK‡Z nq|
DÏxc‡Ki kvqK m¨vi K¬v‡m mgv‡Ri DrcwË msµvšÍ weeZ©bev`x
gZev` cov‡Z wM‡q AZxZ NUbvewji Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb| A_©vr,
mgvRweÁvb cov‡Z wM‡q BwZnv‡mi Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb|
N. DÏxc‡K mgvRweÁv‡bi mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi m¤ú‡K©i Bw½Z Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cªK…wZ, Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯Íy, cwiwa I we‡køl‡Yi c×wZi
w`K †_‡K Dfq kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| †hgb—
mgvRweÁvb eZ©gvb mgv‡Ri IciB AwaK ¸iæZ¡ †`q| AZxZ‡K
Aek¨ D‡c¶v K‡i bv| Aciw`‡K BwZnvm AZxZ NUbvewj‡KB
e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY K‡i|
mgvRweÁv‡bi cwiwa e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| †Kbbv AZxZ I eZ©gvb Gi
AvIZvfy³| Ab¨w`‡K, BwZnv‡mi cwiwa hw`I e¨vcK Z_vwc Zv
AZxZ‡K wb‡q AvewZ©Z|
mgvRweÁv‡bi w`b, ZvwiL, ¶Y, mwÜ, Pyw³, Rq-civRq BZ¨vw`
wel‡q †KŠZ~nj _vK‡jI Zv BwZnv‡mi g‡Zv cªvavb¨ cvq bv| wKš‘,
BwZnvm w`b, ZvwiL mb, mwÜ, Rq-civRq, DÌvb-cZb BZ¨vw`i
mwe‡kl ¸iæZ¡ cª`vb K‡i|
mgvRweÁvbxiv mvaviYZ GKwU mvaviYxK…Z m~Î wb‡q KvR ïiæ
K‡ib Ges c‡i Abyiƒc KZK¸‡jv NUbvi djvd‡ji †cªw¶‡Z m~ÎwU
hvPvB K‡ib| wKš‘, HwZnvwmKiv †Kej mvaviYZ NUbvewji †Kv‡bv
GKwU we‡kl cwiYwZ ev djvdj ch©v‡jvPbvi Kv‡R AMªmi nb|
mgvRweÁvb mvgvwRK m¤úK©MZ w`K †_‡K gvbexq NUbvewji wePvi
we‡kølY K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, BwZnvm Kv‡ji mv‡_ ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³
gvbexq wewfbœ NUbvewj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, mgvRweÁvb I
BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© _vK‡jI Df‡qi g‡a¨ eûwe` cv_©K¨I
we`¨gvb|