D”P gva¨wgK ● hyw³we`¨v (cÖ_g cÎ) ● Aa¨vqwfwËK m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
wØZxq Aa¨vq : hyw³we`¨vi cªv‡qvwMK w`K
1. DÏxcK-1: wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi weL¨vZ
wK‡kvi Mí Ôc‡o cvIqv'| G M‡í wK‡kv‡iiv GK ev·
UvKv †c‡q †jv‡fi cwiPq †`qwb| eis Zviv mwVK
e¨w³i wbKU UvKv †diZ w`‡q mZZv, wbôv I
PvwiwÎK `…pZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q|
DÏxcK-2: mZ¨-wg_¨v GK bq| `vk©wbK m‡µwUm
†ngjK wel cvb K‡i mZ¨‡K cªwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb|
wg_¨v‡K †g‡b wb‡j nq‡Zv Zv‡K welcvb K‡i
g…Zy¨eiY Ki‡Z n‡Zv bv| e¨envwiK Rxe‡b mZ¨‡K
cªwZwôZ Kivi GUv GK D¾¡j `…óvšÍ|
K. hyw³we`¨v Kx?
L. bxwZwe`¨v Av`k©wbô weÁvb †Kb?
M. DÏxcK-1 G D‡jøwLZ welqwU cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki
Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. DÏxcK-1 I DÏxcK-2 Gi cv_©K¨ we‡kølY
K‡iv|
1 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. A‰ea b¨vq ev hyw³ †_‡K ˆea b¨vq‡K c…_K Kivi
c×wZ I bxwZmg~‡ni GKwU wewkó we`¨v n‡jv
hyw³we`¨v|
L. mgv‡R emevmKvix gvby‡li Hw”QK AvPiY‡K ˆbwZK
Av`‡k©i wfwˇZ g~j¨vqb K‡i e‡j bxwZwe`¨v
Av`k©wbô weÁvb|
bxwZwe`¨v gvby‡li Hw”QK AvPiY g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î
ˆbwZK Av`k©‡K e¨envi K‡i| Avi Av`k©wbô weÁvb
Av`k© ev gvb`‡Ûi wfwˇZ wbR¯^ welqe¯Íy g~j¨vqb
K‡i| †h‡nZy, bxwZwe`¨v ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i wfwˇZ
wbR¯^ welqe¯Íyi g~j¨vqb K‡i, ZvB bxwZwe`¨v‡K
Av`k©wbô weÁvb ejv nq|
M. DÏxcK-1-Gi gva¨‡g bxwZwe`¨vi cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
g~j¨we`¨vi wZbwU kvLvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU n‡jv
bxwZwe`¨v|
bxwZwe`¨vi Bs‡iwR cªwZkã n‡jv 'Ethics'| Bs‡iwR
'Ethics' kãwU wMªK kã 'Ethica' †_‡K G‡m‡Q|
'Ethica' kãwU G‡m‡Q 'Ethos' kã †_‡K, hvi A_©
n‡jv AvPvi-AvPiY, ixwZ-bxwZ, Af¨vm BZ¨vw`|
ZvB kãMZ A‡_© bxwZwe`¨v AvPvi-AvPiY, ixwZ-
bxwZ msµvšÍ weÁvb| bxwZwe`¨v‡K wewfbœ bxwZ
`vk©wbK wewfbœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e
bxwZwe`¨v mgvRe× gvby‡li Hw”QK AvPi‡Yi mv‡_
hy³ Ges gvbe AvPi‡Yi fv‡jv-g›` g~j¨vqb KivB
bxwZwe`¨vi KvR| hw`I eZ©gv‡b bxwZwe`¨vi cwiwa
A‡bK e…w× †c‡q‡Q wKš‘ Av`k©MZ w`K †_‡K
bxwZwe`¨v gvbe AvPi‡Yi g~j¨vq‡bi mv‡_ hy³|
DÏxc‡K wK‡kvi‡`i ˆbwZKZv I mZZv
bxwZwe`¨v‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i|
ZvB ejv hvq, bxwZwe`¨v Ggb GKwU Av`k©wbô weÁvb
hv mgv‡R emevmKvix gvby‡li Hw”QK AvPi‡Yi
fv‡jvZ¡-g›`Z¡ BZ¨vw` ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i wfwˇZ
g~j¨vqb K‡i|
N. DÏxcK-1 I DÏxcK-2-Gi gva¨‡g h_vµ‡g
bxwZwe`¨v I hyw³we`¨vi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| GB `ywU
wel‡qi g‡a¨ †ekwKQy cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
bxwZwe`¨v gvbe AvPi‡Yi mv‡_ hy³| GB welqwU
gvby‡li Hw”QK AvPi‡Yi fv‡jvZ¡-g›`Z¡ BZ¨vw`
ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i wfwˇZ g~j¨vqb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K,
hyw³we`¨v hyw³i ˆeaZv-A‰eaZvi mv‡_ hy³| A‰ea
hyw³ †_‡K ˆea hyw³i cv_©K¨ wbY©q KivB hyw³we`¨vi
cªavb KvR| ˆbwZK wbq‡gi †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, ¯’vb-
Kvj-cvÎ †f‡` GB we`¨vi wfbœZv _v‡K| A_©vr, ¯’vb-
Kvj-cvÎ †f‡` bxwZwe`¨v wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K, †hŠw³K wbq‡gi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv wfbœZv †`Lv
hvq bv| A_©vr, ¯’vb-Kvj-cvÎ †f‡` †hŠw³K wbqg
GKB n‡q _v‡K| Avevi †`Lv hvq, ˆbwZK wbq‡gi
mv‡_ ev¯ÍeZvi wgj _v‡K| A_©vr, ˆbwZK wbqg
ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©| wKš‘ †hŠw³K wbq‡gi mv‡_
memgq ev¯ÍeZvi wgj _v‡K bv| A_©vr, ev¯ÍeZvi
Abyiƒc bv n‡qI A‡bK mgq hyw³ ˆea nq| ˆbwZK
wbqg mgv‡Ri gvby‡li Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b
Kiv nq| †Kbbv ˆbwZK wbqg bv gvb‡j mvgvwRK
gvbyl‡K A‡bK Lvivc †Pv‡L †`Lv nq| Aciw`‡K,
†hŠw³K wbqg hyw³i ˆeaZv-A‰eaZvi mv‡_ hy³| GB
wbqg gvbv mvgvwRK gvby‡li Rb¨ Acwinvh© bq|
DÏxc‡K wK‡kvi‡`i ˆbwZKZv I mZZv bxwZwe`¨v‡K
Ges `vk©wbK m‡µwU‡mi †ngjK wel cvb
hyw³we`¨v‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| GB `ywU NUbvi wfbœZv
g~jZ hyw³we`¨v I bxwZwe`¨vi cv_©K¨‡K Zy‡j a‡i‡Q|
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, bxwZwe`¨v I hyw³we`¨vi g‡a¨
wewfbœ w`K w`‡q cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e wewfbœ w`K w`‡q
GB `ywU wel‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK©I i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv DfqB
g~j¨we`¨vi AšÍM©Z `ywU kvLv|
2. wecøe miKvi I Zvui ¯¿x myRvZv miKvi `y'Rb GKwU
 we`¨vj‡q Rbwcªq wk¶K| wecøe miKvi Zvui cvV`v‡b
Rxeb I wk‡íi bv›`wbK ˆewPZª¨, ˆkwíK wPšÍv I
ms¯‹…wZi mvgwMªK mËv‡K Zy‡j a‡ib| c¶všÍ‡i,
myRvZv miKvi Zvui cvV`v‡b cªZxKg~jK c×wZi
e¨envi K‡ib| Zvui cvV`v‡bi ˆewkó¨ nj mijZv,
h_v_©Zv I Dˇii wbðqZv| Bnv cwigvY I cwigv‡ci
my¯úó aviYv †`q|
K. hyw³we`¨vi AwfavwbK A_© Kx?
L. †mŠ›`h© welqK weÁvb' ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wecøe miKvi I myRvZv
miKv‡ii cvV`v‡bi welqwU cvV¨m~wPi †Kvb
wel‡qi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. wecøe miKvi I myRvZv miKv‡ii cvV`v‡bi
wel‡qi Zyjbvg~jK we‡kølY K‡iv|
2 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. hyw³we`¨v (Logic) wMªK kã Logos †_‡K G‡m‡Q|
hvi A_© n‡”Q, wPšÍv, kã ev fvlv|
L. †mŠ›`h© welqK weÁvb ej‡Z †evSvq b›`bZË¡‡K
(Aesthetics)|
b›`bZË¡ Ggb GKwU we`¨v hv wewfbœ cªKv‡i †mŠ›`h©
PP©vi Rb¨ wbqg Kvbyb cªYqb K‡i Ges †m¸‡jv‡K
Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cª‡qvM K‡i my›`ifv‡e Rxeb
hvcb Kivi wb‡`©kbv `vb K‡i| †hgb: my›`i K‡i K_v
ejv, my›`i †cvkvK civ, wbR †`‡ni A½-cªZ¨‡½i
cwiPh©v K‡i my›`ifv‡e mvRv‡Z cviv| G mKj †mŠ›`h©
weÁv‡bi AšÍf©y³|
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wecøe miKvi I myRvZv miKv‡ii
cvV`v‡bi welqwU h_vµ‡g cvV¨m~Pxi b›`bZË¡
(Aestheticis) Ges MwYZ (Mathematics)
wel‡qi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©|
b›`bZË¡ n‡”Q †mŠ›`h© welqK weÁvb| b›`bZ‡Ë¡
wewfbœ cªKv‡i †mŠ›`h© PP©vi Rb¨ wbqg-Kvbyb cªYqb
K‡i Ges †m¸‡jv‡K ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cª‡qvM K‡i
my›`ifv‡e Rxeb hvcb Kivi wb‡`©kbv †`q| †hgb:
GKRb wPÎ wkíxi AswKZ wkíK‡g©i Øviv mvgwMªK
mËvi †mŠ›`h© dy‡U I‡V| Aciw`‡K, MwYZ GKwU
cwigvY msµvšÍ weÁvb| †Kv‡bv wKQyi MYbv ev cwigvY
KivB MwY‡Zi g~j j¶¨| msL¨v ev cªZxK n‡”Q
MwY‡Zi cªvY hvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv A‡hŠw³K ZË¡ †bB Ges
GwU mij, h_v_© I wbwðZ Ávb `vb K‡i| †hgb: 2
+ 2 = 4, GwU wbwðZ Ávb|
DÏxc‡K wecøe miKvi Zvui cvV`v‡b Rxeb I wk‡íi
†h bv›`wbK ˆewPΨ Zy‡j a‡ib Zv b›`bZ‡Ë¡i Áv‡bi
Dci wfwË K‡i| †hLv‡b b›`bZË¡ †mŠ›`h© PP©vi wbqg
wk¶v †`q Ges Zv ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cª‡qv‡Mi wb‡`©kbv
cª`vb K‡i| Aciw`‡K, Zvui ¯¿x myRvZv miKvi
cvV`v‡b cªZxKg~jK c×wZi e¨envi K‡ib| †h
c×wZ me©`v mwVK, mij Ges wbwðZ Z_¨ cª`vb
K‡i|
N. wecøe miKvi I myRvZv miKv‡ii cvV`v‡bi welq
n‡jv b›`bZË¡ (Aesthetics) Ges MwYZ
(Mathematics)| hv‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ wel‡q wgj I
Awgj i‡q‡Q|
b›`bZË¡ n‡”Q †mŠ›`h© welqK weÁvb| †mŠ›`h©‡K
AvqË¡ Kiv b›`bZ‡Ë¡i Av`k©| GB we`¨v wewfbœ
cªKv‡i †mŠ›`h© PP©vi Rb¨ wbqg-Kvbyb cªYqb K‡i Ges
†m¸‡jvi ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cª‡qvM K‡i| Aciw`‡K, MwYZ
GKwU cwigvY msµvšÍ weÁvb| †Kv‡bv wKQyi MYbv ev
cwigvY KivB MwY‡Zi g~j j¶¨| ms‡KZ ev cªZxK
e¨envi Kivi gva¨‡g MwY‡Zi AvKvi cªKvk cvq|
b›`bZË¡ I MwYZ DfqB Ôhyw³wbf©i e¨envwiK
weÁvb| KviY Dfq welq wbR¯^ j¶¨ AR©‡b wewfbœ
wbqg-Kvbyb cªYqb K‡i Ges †m¸‡jv ev¯Íe Rxe‡b
cª‡qv‡Mi wb‡`©k `vb K‡i Aciw`‡K b›`bZË¡
Av`k©g~jK ¸Y n‡jI MwY‡Zi †Kvb Av`k© †bB|
MwY‡Zi j¶¨ †KejB cwigvc| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ welqMZ
cv_©K¨I we`¨gvb| b›`bZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq †mŠ›`h©|
c¶všÍ‡i, MwY‡Zi Av‡jvP¨ welq msL¨v ev cwigvY|
DÏxc‡K wecøe miKvi cvV`v‡b Rxeb I wk‡íi †h
bv›`wbK ˆewPΨ Zy‡j a‡ib Zv b›`bZ‡Ë¡i Áv‡bi
Dci wfwË K‡i| Zvi cvV`v‡bi welqwU †mŠ›`h©‡eva
Ges Zv PP©vi Ici ¸iæZ¡ †`q| Aciw`‡K, Zvi ¯¿x
myRvZv miKvi cvV`v‡b cªZxKg~jK c×wZi e¨envi
K‡ib| hv MwY‡Zi mv‡_ mswkøó| Gi c×wZ me©`v
mwVK, mij I wbwðZ Ávb cª`vb K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, e¨envwiK Ges hyw³wbf©i wgj Qvov
b›`bZË¡ Ges MwY‡Zi cªK…wZ wfbœiƒc| Av`k©,
welqe¯Íy Ges wbqgvewji †¶‡Î Df‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
we`¨gvb| hyw³we`¨v GB `ywU wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK©
ˆZwi‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
3. `…k¨Kí-1: wg. ingvb †h‡Kv‡bv welq my›`ifv‡e
Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| A‡b¨i e³‡e¨ fyj _vK‡j wZwb Zv
kbv³ K‡ib Ges †KŠk‡j ms‡kvab K‡i †`b|
`…k¨Kí-2: wg. Rvgvb †µZv‡`i mv‡_ fv‡jv e¨envi
K‡ib Ges mxwgZ jv‡f gvbm¤úbœ cY¨ weµq K‡ib|
K. hyw³we`¨vi RbK †K?
L. hyw³we`¨v †Kvb ai‡bi weÁvb?
M. DÏxc‡Ki `…k¨Kí-1 G †Kvb welqwUi
cªwZdjb N‡U‡Q? ms‡¶‡c e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
 N. cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K `…k¨Kí-1 I 2 Gi
ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ we‡kølY K‡iv|
3 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. wMªK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj (Aristotle) hyw³we`¨vi
RbK|
L. hyw³we`¨v n‡jv Av`k©wbô weÁvb (Normative
Science)|
†h weÁvb GKwU Av`‡k©i wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv AvPi‡Yi
welq ev NUbvi g~j¨ wba©viY K‡i Zv‡K Av`k©wbô
weÁvb e‡j: hyw³we`¨v Zvi welqe¯Íy‡K mZ¨Zvi
gvb`‡Ð hvPvB K‡i _v‡K| †hgb: mKj gvbyl nq
giYkxj| †h‡nZy AZxZ †_‡K GLb ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv
gvbyl Agi †bB †mRb¨ G hyw³wU mZ¨| G Kvi‡Y ejv
nq, hyw³we`¨v GKwU Av`k©wbô weÁvb|
M. DÏxc‡K `…k¨Kí-1 G hyw³we`¨vi (Logic)
cªwZdjb N‡U‡Q|
hyw³we`¨v n‡”Q wPšÍv ev Abygvb m¤úwK©Z weÁvb|
A_©vr hyw³we`¨v wPšÍvi wbqgvewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
†hme wbqg AbymiY K‡i hyw³i ˆeaZv wbY©q Kiv hvq
†m¸‡jv Avwe®‹vi Kiv hyw³we`¨vi KvR| hyw³we`¨vi
Ávb Avgv‡`i‡K wb‡R‡`i I Ac‡ii wPšÍvi ga¨Kvi
ÎywU Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z Ges Zv cwinvi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i| †hgb: †KD hw` e‡j, nvwZ nq cïivR| Zvn‡j
†mwU Aï× n‡e| KviY Avgiv Rvwb, cïivR n‡”Q
wmsn| Giƒc Z_¨MZ ÎywU cwinvi Ki‡Z hyw³we`¨v
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
DÏxc‡K `…k¨Kí-1-G ewY©Z wg. ingvb †h‡Kv‡bv
welq my›`ifv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| A‡b¨i e³‡e¨ fyj
_vK‡j wZwb Zv kbv³ K‡i †KŠk‡j ms‡kvab K‡i
†`b| Zvi Giƒc Kg©KvÐ hyw³we`¨vi Áv‡bi Abyiƒc|
KviY hyw³we`¨v wb‡Ri Ges Ac‡ii wPšÍvi ÎywU Lyu‡R
†ei Ki‡Z Ges Zv cwinvi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
N. DÏxc‡K `…k¨Kí-1 G cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki hyw³we`¨v Ges
`…k¨Kí-2 G bxwZwe`¨vi e¨emvq I †ckvMZ wel‡qi
Ici Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
hyw³we`¨v n‡”Q wPšÍv ev Abygvb m¤úwK©Z weÁvb|
myk…•Lj wbqg- Kvbyb cª‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g cªK…Z mZ¨
Avwe®‹vi Kiv hyw³we`¨vi KvR| †hgb- gvbyl nq
giYkxj| G evK¨wU gvby‡li giYkxjZvi Ici wbf©i
K‡i| cªK…Zc‡¶, c…w_exi †Kv‡bv gvbyl Agi bq|
myZivs G hyw³wU mZ¨| Avi bxwZwe`¨v mgv‡R
emevmKvix gvby‡li AvPiY m¤úwK©Z weÁvb| Kj¨vY
n‡”Q bxwZwe`¨vi Av`k©| GwU gvby‡li wewfbœ KvR‡K
DwPZ-AbywPZ A‡_© g~j¨vqb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb-
e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î IR‡b Kg †`Iqv A‰bwZK KvR|
e¯ÍyZ hyw³we`¨v mwVK hyw³c×wZ Avwe®‹vi Z_v NUbvi
mZ¨Zv wbY©q K‡i| hv GKwU gvbwmK cªwµqv|
Ab¨w`‡K, bxwZwe`¨v Avgv‡`i AvPi‡Yi fv‡jv-g›`
w`K g~j¨vqb K‡i _v‡K|
DÏxc‡K `…k¨Kí-1 G wg. ingv‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv welq
my›`ifv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv, Kv‡iv e³‡e¨ fyj _vK‡j
Zv kbv³ K‡i †KŠk‡j ms‡kvab Kiv n‡”Q Zvi
gvbwmK cªwµqvi dj| wZwb wPšÍv ev Abygv‡bi gva¨‡g
G KvR m¤úv`b K‡ib| myZivs, Zvi Kg©KvÐ
hyw³we`¨vi mv‡_ mv`…k¨c~Y©| Acic‡¶, `…k¨Kí-2 G
wg. Rvgvb e¨emvq‡¶‡Î †µZv‡`i mv‡_ fv‡jv
e¨envi Ges mxwgZ jv‡f cY¨ wewµ K‡i _v‡Kb| Zvi
G Kg©Kv‡Ð ˆbwZKZvi w`KwU cªKvk cvq| A_©vr GwU
Zvi evwn¨K AvPi‡Yi cªwZdjb| G Kvi‡Y wg.
Rvgv‡bi Kg©KvÐ bxwZwe`¨vi mv‡_ mv`…k¨c~Y©|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, hyw³we`¨v I bxwZwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨
welq wfbœ| Avgiv Rvwb, wPšÍv GKwU gvbwmK cªwµqv
Ges AvPiY GKwU evwn¨K cªwµqv| DÏxc‡K wg.
ingv‡bi KvRwU Abygvb wbf©i Avi wg. Rvgv‡bi
KvRwU AvPiY wbf©i| G Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i g‡a¨ welqMZ
cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb|
4. wgRvb mv‡ne `k©‡bi wk¶K| Zvi †g‡q wgwj GKv`k
gvbweK wefv‡M hyw³we`¨v wb‡q c‡o| †m evev‡K
ej‡jv, 'evev hyw³i cªKvi‡f` I ˆeaZv-A‰eaZv
eyS‡Z cviwQ bv|' wgRvb mv‡ne iæ‡jb, 'hyw³ MV‡bi
Dcv`vb n‡jv hyw³evK¨| hyw³i cªKvi‡f` I h_v_©Zv
wePvi Ki‡Z n‡j cª_‡g aviYv, c`, AeaviY I
hyw³ev‡K¨i cªK…wZ, cªKvi‡f` Ges e¨vKi‡Yi kã I
ev‡K¨i mv‡_ G‡`i m¤úK© my¯úófv‡e Rvbv `iKvi|
†mB mv‡_ hyw³ev‡K¨ c‡`i e¨vc¨Zv Aek¨B Rvb‡Z
n‡e| Zvn‡jB Zywg mn‡R hyw³i MVb, cªKvi‡f` Ges
ˆeaZv wePvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e|'
K. GKwU hyw³ev‡K¨i Ask KqwU I Kx Kx?
L. AeaviY ej‡Z Kx †evS?
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K hyw³i Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx Kx?
Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wgRvb mv‡n‡ei welq Ges
Zvi †g‡q wgwji cvV¨ wel‡qi g‡a¨ AvšÍtm¤úK©
Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
4 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. GKwU hyw³ev‡K¨i 3wU Ask| h_v- D‡Ïk¨, ms‡hvRK
I we‡aq|
L. `ywU aviYvi gvbwmK mshyw³‡K AeaviY e‡j|
AeaviY n‡jv Ggb GKwU gvbwmK cªwµqv hv‡K
†PZbvi cªv_wgK ¯Íi ejv nq| Aeavi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨
 Avgiv `ywU mvwe©K aviYv‡K g‡b g‡b Zyjbv K‡i
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ m¤^Ü ¯’vcb Kwi| †hgb- KvK nq Kv‡jv'
GLv‡b 'KvK' I 'Kv‡jv' GB `yBwU c‡`i g‡a¨ mgÜ
¯’vcb Kwi e‡j GwU AeaviY|
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K hyw³i Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv c`,
kã I hyw³evK¨|
c`, I evK¨ hyw³we`¨vi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| c`
n‡”Q ev‡K¨i ev eP‡bi D‡Ïk¨ ev we‡aq wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ kã| c‡`i gva¨‡g Avgiv †Kej wee…wZ ev
wPšÍv cªKvk Ki‡Z cvwi| hyw³we`¨vq kã ev k‡ãi
mgwó‡Z c` MwVZ nq| ZvB kã n‡”Q aŸwb ev
A¶‡ii A_©c~Y© mgwó| kã‡K c`‡hvM¨ kã, mn-
c`‡hvM¨ kã Ges c`- wbi‡c¶ k‡ã wef³ Kiv nq|
hyw³we`¨vq `ywU c‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv m¤ú‡K©i eY©bv‡K
hyw³evK¨ e‡j| MVbMZ w`K †_‡K hyw³ev‡K¨i wZbwU
Ask _v‡K| h_v— D‡Ïk¨, ms‡hvRK I we‡aq|
DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wgRvb mv‡n‡e hyw³we`¨v †evSv‡Z
†g‡q wgwj‡K hyw³i Dcv`vbmg~n Rvbvi cª‡qvRbxqZv
D‡jøL K‡ib| cvkvcvwk hyw³i Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e c`,
AeaviY, hyw³ev‡K¨i cªK…wZ, kã BZ¨vw` welq D‡jøL
K‡ib| Zvi e³‡e¨i gva¨‡gB hyw³i Dcv`vb kã,
c` I hyw³ev‡K¨i welq cwijw¶Z nq|
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wgRvb mv‡n‡ei welq Z_v `k©b
Ges †g‡q wgwji cvV¨ wel‡q hyw³we`¨vi welq
cwijw¶Z nq|
Rbve wgRvb mv‡ne `k©‡bi wk¶K| Ab¨w`‡K, Zvi
†g‡q GKv`k †kªwYi gvbweK wefv‡Mi QvÎx wn‡m‡e
hyw³we`¨v welq‡K cvV¨ K‡i‡Q | wb‡P `k©b I
hyw³we`¨vi AvšÍtm¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
hyw³we`¨vq hyw³c×wZi †h wbqgvewj wb‡`©k K‡i
`k©b‡K Zv †g‡b Pj‡Z nq Ges mËvi ¯^iƒc I Aw¯ÍZ¡
m¤ú‡K© `k©b †h hyw³ cª`k©b K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K Aek¨B
†hŠw³K wbqgvewji mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© n‡Z nq| Gw`K
†_‡K `k©b hyw³we`¨vi Ici wbf©ikxj| Ab¨w`‡K,
`k©b hyw³we`¨vi †gŠwjK wbqgvewji wbðqZv weavb
K‡i _v‡K| †hgb- 'A‡f` wbqg', 'we‡iva wbqg',
'cªK…wZi wbqgvbyewZ©Zv wbqg', ÔKvh©KviY wbqg'
cªf…wZ| hyw³we`¨v G wbqg¸‡jv‡K ¯^Ztwm× wn‡m‡e
¯^xKvi K‡i| `k©b hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ G¸‡jvi ˆeaZv
cªwZwôZ K‡i|
cªK…Zc‡¶ `k©b I hyw³we`¨v G‡K A‡b¨i cwic~iK,
G‡K A‡b¨i Ici wbf©ikxj| `k©b Qvov †hŠw³K
wPšÍvi AMªMwZ m¤¢e bq, wVK †Zgwb hyw³we`¨vi
wbqgvewj Qvov `vk©wbK we‡kølY m¤¢e bq| `k©‡bi
Kwócv_‡i hyw³we`¨vi wbqg¸‡jv hvPvB Kiv nq e‡jB
hyw³we`¨v †m¸‡jv‡K wbwØ©avq †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡i|
hyw³we`¨vi †hŠw³K c_cª`k©b `k©‡bi Rb¨ GK AwZ
g~j¨evb I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mnvqZv| GRb¨ hyw³we`¨v I `k©b
ci¯úi Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤ú‡K© Ave×|
5. mf¨Zvi Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li RxebhvÎvq
cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g gvbyl
bZyb bZyb m¤¢vebvi w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡”Q| Gi wcQ‡b
KvR K‡i‡Q †Kej gvby‡li DbœZ wPšÍv| †invbv ejj,
mwVK wPšÍvB gvbyl‡K ˆea †_‡K A‰ea wel‡qi cv_©K¨
†evSv‡Z m¶g| Avi GwUB gvby‡li Kv‡Q m‡Z¨i
Av`k©| mZ¨ ZvB hv mevi Rb¨ Kj¨vY e‡q Av‡b|
Ab¨w`‡K †mvnvbv ejj gvbyl †hme KvR K‡i
†m¸‡jvi mv‡_ Zv‡K ˆbwZK w`KwUI we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z
nq|
K. Kjvwe`¨v Kx?
L. hyw³we`¨v‡K wK weÁvb ejv hvq? eywS‡q †j‡Lv|
M. DÏxcK Abyhvqx †invbvi e³‡e¨ †h w`KwU dy‡U
D‡V‡Q Zvi ev¯Íe Dc‡hvwMZv e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. DÏxcK Abyhvqx †invbv Avi †mvnvbvi e³‡e¨
†h `ywU w`K dy‡U D‡V‡Q Zvi Zyjbvg~jK
we‡kølY K‡iv|
5 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. †Kv‡bv we‡kl Ávb‡K ev¯Í‡e cª‡qvM Kivi Kjv‡KŠkj
m¤úwK©Z we`¨v‡K Kjvwe`¨v e‡j|
L. n¨vu, hyw³we`¨v‡K weÁvb ejv hvq|
weÁvb †hgb mvaviY bxwZ cªYq‡bi †Póv K‡i, Avi
we‡kl †¶‡Î mywbw`©ó m~Î cªeZ©b K‡i, hyw³we`¨v
†Zgwb ˆea hyw³ †_‡K A‰ea hyw³i cv_©K¨ wbY©‡qi
Rb¨ wKQy wbqg wba©viY K‡i| ZvB Gme we‡ePbvq
hyw³we`¨v‡K h_v_©B weÁvb ejv P‡j|
M. DÏxc‡K †invbvi e³e¨ hyw³we`¨v‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
Rxe‡bi mKj †¶‡Î †h †Kv‡bv mgm¨vq h_v_© mgvavb
m¤ú‡K© †Kej hyw³we`¨vB h_v_© c_ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z
cv‡i| ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cª‡Z¨KwU gvby‡li PvKwii Dbœqb
I †ckvMZ cªwk¶‡Yi †¶‡Î hyw³we`¨v mnvqZv Ki‡Z
cv‡i| e¨e¯’vcbv, cªkvmb, AvBb, A_©, c`v_© Ab¨vb¨
Ávb kvLv mKj †¶‡ÎB hyw³we`¨vi Ávb Acwinvh©|
Avgv‡`i wPšÍv-fvebv I KvR †hŠw³Kfv‡e cwiPvwjZ
n‡j e¨w³MZ cwigÛj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cvwievwiK,
mvgvwRK I ivóªxq †¶‡Î mgm¨v A‡bK K‡g Avm‡e|
A‡b¨i g‡Zi cªwZ Avgiv †hgb mnbkxj n‡Z cvie
†Zgwb wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi A‡bK mgm¨vB Avi mgm¨viƒ‡c
cªZxqgvb n‡e bv|
DÏxc‡K †invbvi e³e¨ Abymv‡i †`Lv hv‡”Q †h,
hyw³we`¨v ïay †kªwYK‡¶ mxgve× †bB eis ev¯Íe
Rxe‡bI Gi Dc‡hvMxZv Ab¯^xKvh©|
N. DÏxc‡K †mvnvbv I †invbvi e³‡e¨ h_vµ‡g
bxwZwe`¨v I hyw³we`¨vi cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
bxwZwe`¨v gvbe AvPi‡Yi mv‡_ hy³| GB welqwU
gvby‡li Hw”QK AvPi‡Yi fv‡jvZ¡-g›`Z¡ BZ¨vw`
ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i wfwˇZ g~j¨vqb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K,
hyw³we`¨v hyw³i ˆeaZv-A‰eaZvi mv‡_ hy³| A‰ea
hyw³ †_‡K ˆea hyw³i cv_©K¨ wbY©q KivB hyw³we`¨vi
cªavb KvR| ˆbwZK wbq‡gi †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, ¯’vb-
Kvj-cvÎ †f‡` GB we`¨vi wfbœZv _v‡K| A_©vr, ¯’vb-
Kvj-cv·f‡` bxwZwe`¨v wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K, †hŠw³K wbq‡gi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv wfbœZv †`Lv
hvq bv| A_©vr, ¯’vb-Kvj-cv·f‡` †hŠw³K wbqg
GKB n‡q _v‡K| Avevi †`Lv hvq, ˆbwZK wbq‡gi
mv‡_ ev¯ÍeZvi wgj _v‡K| A_©vr, ˆbwZK wbqg
ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©| wKš‘ †hŠw³K wbq‡gi mv‡_
memgq ev¯ÍeZvi wgj _v‡K bv| A_©vr, ev¯ÍeZvi
Abyiƒc bv n‡qI A‡bK mgq hyw³ ˆea nq| ˆbwZK
wbqg mgv‡Ri gvby‡li Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b
Kiv nq| †Kbbv ˆbwZK wbqg bv gvb‡j mgv‡R
gvbyl‡K A‡bK Lvivc †Pv‡L †`Lv nq| Aciw`‡K,
†hŠw³K wbqg hyw³i ˆeaZv-A‰eaZvi mv‡_ hy³| GB
wbqg gvbv mvgvwRK gvby‡li Rb¨ Acwinvh© bq|
DÏxc‡K †invbv mwVK wPšÍvi gva¨‡g ˆea-A‰ea
wel‡qi cv_©‡K¨i K_v e‡j‡Q hv hyw³we`¨v| †mvnvbv
gvbyl †hm KvR Zvi gvb ˆbwZK w`KwU we‡ePbvq
ivLvi K_v e‡j hv bxwZwe`¨v| GB `ywU NUbvi wfbœZv
g~jZ hyw³we`¨v I bxwZwe`¨vi Zyjbvg~jK w`K¸‡jv‡K
a‡i‡Q|
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, bxwZwe`¨v I hyw³we`¨vi g‡a¨
wewfbœ w`K w`‡q cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e wewfbœ w`K w`‡q
GB `ywU wel‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK©I i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv DfqB
g~j¨we`¨vi AšÍM©Z `ywU kvLv|
6. `…k¨Kí-1: AvKei Avjx mxwgZ jv‡f e¨emv K‡ib|
IR‡b mwVK †`b| †dªk dj weµq K‡ib| wZwb me
mgq †hŠw³K wPšÍv I KvR Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡ib| wZwb
mZ¨‡K MªnY K‡ib| AmZ¨‡K eR©b K‡ib|
`…k¨Kí-2: AvuwL PgrKvi Qwe Avu‡K Ges Mvb ï‡b,
PgrKvi K‡i K_v e‡j| †m gvwR©Z †cvkvK cwiavb
K‡i| Avm‡j †m my›`‡ii c~Rvix |
K. hyw³we`¨vi RbK †K?
L. hyw³we`¨v GKwU wPšÍvi weÁvb eywS‡q †j‡Lv|
M. `…k¨Kí-2 G †Zvgvi cvV¨eB Gi †Kvb wel‡qi
cªwZdjb N‡U‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. `…k¨Kí-1 G †h `ywU wel‡qi cªwZdjb i‡q‡Q
Zv‡`i m¤úK© we‡kølY K‡iv|
6 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. hyw³we`¨vi RbK n‡jb cªL¨vZ wMªK `vk©wbK
Gwi÷Uj|
L. 'hyw³we`¨v wPšÍvi weÁvb'- Dw³wU h_v_© |
wPšÍv gvby‡li GKwU eyw×g~jK cªwµqv| wPšÍv wewfbœ
ai‡bi| †hgb- ¯§…wZ, Kíbv, ¯§iY, ch©‡e¶Y,
Abygvb BZ¨vw`| mg¯Í wPšÍvi g‡a¨ DbœZZi wPšÍv n‡jv
hyw³c×wZ ev Abygvb| AZGe ejv hvq, wPšÍv c×wZ
g~jZ hyw³we`¨v‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| wbqg Abyhvqx wPšÍv
K‡i mZ¨‡K AR©b I fyj‡K eR©b KivB n‡jv wPšÍvi
cªK…wZ ev hyw³we`¨vi cªK…wZ|
M. DÏxc‡K `…k¨Kí-2 G cvV¨eB‡qi b›`bZË¡
(Aesthetics) wel‡qi cªwZdjb N‡U‡Q|
b›`bZË¡ n‡”Q †mŠ›`h© welqK weÁvb| GwU Ggb
GKwU we`¨v hv wewfbœ bv›`wbK wel‡qi wbqgKvbyb
cªYqb K‡i Ges †m¸‡jv‡K Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b
cª‡qvM K‡i my›`ifv‡e Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i| e¯ÍyZ gvbyl gvÎB my›`‡ii c~Rvix| b›`bZ‡Ë¡i
Av`k© n‡”Q my›`i‡K AvqË Kiv| †hgb: my›`i K‡i
K_v ej‡Z cviv, my›`i †cvkvK cwiavb Kiv, ˆ`wnK
cwiPh©v BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv b›`bZ‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g wk¶v
†bq|
`…k¨Kí-2 G AvuwLi PgrKvi Qwe AvuKv, Mvb †kvbv,
PgrKvi K‡i K_v ej‡Z cviv Ges gvwR©Z †cvkvK
cwiav‡bi ¸Y¸wj †m b›`bZË¡ †_‡K MªnY K‡i‡Q|
KviY b›`bZË¡ Rxe‡bi cªwZwU †¶‡Î †mŠ›`h© PP©vi
wk¶v †`q| ZvB AvuwL †mŠ›`h© PP©vi wbqgKvbyb, Kjv-
‡KŠkj wk¶v wb‡q ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Zvi h_vh_ cª‡qvM
NwU‡q‡Q|
N. `…k¨Kí-1 G bxwZwe`¨v (Ethics) Ges hyw³we`¨v
(Logic) welq `ywUi cªwZdjb N‡U‡Q|
†h we`¨v mgv‡R emevmKvix gvby‡l AvPi‡Yi fv‡jv-
g›` DwPZ- AbywPZ ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb
K‡i Zv‡K bxwZwe`¨v e‡j| Avi †h we`¨v ˆea hyw³
†_‡K A‰ea hyw³‡K c…_K Kivi c×wZ I wbqgvewj
wk¶v †`q Zv‡K hyw³we`¨v e‡j| bxwZwe`¨v I
hyw³we`¨vi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wKQy
mv`…k¨ I ˆemv`…k¨ cwijw¶Z nq| mv`…‡k¨i †¶‡Î
DfqB g~j¨vqbg~jK we`¨v| Df‡qB wKQy wbw`©ó
gvb`Ð AbymiY K‡i Ges Av`k© cªwZôvq Zrci|
ˆemv`…‡k¨i †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq — bxwZwe`¨v AvPvi AvPiY
msµvšÍ we`¨v| Avi hyw³we`¨v hyw³ msµvšÍ we`¨v|
bxwZwe`¨vi Av`k© n‡jv Kj¨vY| Avi hyw³we`¨vi
Av`k© n‡jv mZ¨| bxwZwe`¨vi welq¸‡jv ¯’vb, Kvj,
cvÎ †f‡` wfbœ nq| wKš‘ hyw³we`¨vi welq¸‡jv ¯’vb,
 Kvj, cvÎ †f‡` GKB iƒc nq| bxwZwe`¨vi wbqg bv
gvb‡j gvbyl‡K mgv‡R Lvivc †Pv‡L †`Lv nq| wKš‘
†hŠw³K wbq‡gi †¶‡Î †ZgbUv Kiv nq bv|
bxwZwe`¨v gvby‡li me ai‡bi Kg©Kv‡Ði ˆbwZK gvb
wePvi K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, hyw³we`¨v gvby‡li wPšÍv I
K‡g©i †hŠw³KZv wePvi K‡i|
DÏxc‡K `…k¨Kí-1 G AvKei Avjxi mxwgZ jv‡f
e¨emv, IR‡b mwVK †`Iqv Ges †dªk dj wewµ Kiv
ˆbwZKZvi cªwZdjb| Avevi Zvi me mg‡q †hŠw³K
wPšÍv I KvR Kiv, mZ¨‡K MªnY Ges AmZ¨‡K eR©b
Kivi welq¸‡jv hyw³we`¨vi Kjv-‡KŠk‡ji e¨envwiK
iƒc|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, AvKei Avjxi wPšÍv I Kv‡Ri mv‡_
hyw³we`¨v Ges bxwZwe`¨vi wgj j¶Yxq| Zvi e¨emvq
†¶‡Î mxwgZ jvf, IR‡b mwVK †`Iqv, †dªk dj
wewµ bxwZwe`¨vi Av`‡k© D¾xweZ n‡q Kiv|
Aciw`‡K, †hŠw³K wPšÍv I KvR, mZ¨‡K MªnY Ges
AmZ¨‡K eR©b Kivi w`K¸‡jv hyw³we`¨vi Kjv-
‡KŠkj| hvi j¶¨ fyj-ÎywU ms‡kvab K‡i mZZvi
mv‡_ Rxeb cwiPvjbv Kiv|
7. dvinvb I gy» `yB fvB| DfqB †gavex wk¶v_©x|
dvinvb †h‡Kv‡bv welq †hŠw³Kfv‡e wPšÍv Kivi
gva¨‡g †evSvi †Póv K‡i| GBP.Gm.wm.‡Z covi mgq
†m hyw³we`¨v †bq| ZLb †_‡KB †m AÜwek¦vm I
Kyms¯‹vi‡K AcQ›` K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K gy» Zvi †P‡q
Rywbqi| AvaywbK Z_¨ cªhyw³i cªwZ Zvi cªej †SvuK|
KviY Lye mn‡RB Gi gva¨‡g †m Z_¨ msi¶Y,
we‡kølY I wb‡Ri Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K. `k©b Kv‡K e‡j?
L. †ckvMZ Rxe‡b bxwZwe`¨vi cª‡qvRb †Kb?
M. gy» †Kvb welq wb‡q co‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. dvinv‡bi Rxe‡b hyw³we`¨vi ev¯Íe cª‡qvM
N‡U‡Q- K_vwUi g~j¨vqb K‡iv|
7 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. RMZ I Rxeb m¤úwK©Z wKQy †gŠwjK wel‡qi †hŠw³K
AbymÜvbB n‡jv `k©b|
L. cªwZwU †ckvq †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ˆbwZK wfwË KvR K‡i
weavq †ckvMZ Rxe‡b bxwZwe`¨vi cª‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
mKj †ckvi mv‡_ fv‡jv-g›`, b¨vq-Ab¨vq Ges
ˆeaZv-A‰eaZv I KZ©e¨‡ev‡ai cªkœ RwoZ Av‡Q|
ZvB bxwZwe`¨vi bxwZmg~n AbymiY Ki‡j gvbyl Lye
mn‡R mdjZv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| bxwZwe`¨vi Av`k©
gvby‡li †ckvMZ Rxeb‡K ˆbwZK K‡i †Zv‡j| GRb¨
†ckvMZ Rxe‡b bxwZwe`¨vi wk¶v AZxe cª‡qvRbxq|
M. DÏxc‡K gy» †h welqwU wb‡q co‡Q Zv n‡jv
Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb (Computer Science)|
Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb Áv‡bi GKwU kvLv †hLv‡b Z_¨ I
MYbvi ZvwË¡K wfwËi M‡elYv Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi
bvgK h‡š¿ Gme MYbv m¤úv`‡bi e¨envwiK c×wZi
cª‡qvM I ev¯Íevqb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| Gi g~j
j¶¨ n‡”Q, Z‡_¨i DbœZ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g gvbe
RvwZi eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi DbœwZ mvab| ZË¡,
cª‡KŠkj I cix¶v- wbix¶v G wZb wg‡jB Kw¤úDUvi
weÁvb| †hgb: Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbxiv †iveU ˆZwii ZË¡
`vuo K‡i H Z‡Ë¡i Ici wfwË K‡i nvW©Iq¨vi I
mdUIq¨v‡ii mgš^‡q h_vh_ e¨e¯’v MªnY K‡ib|
DÏxc‡K gy» AvaywbK Z_¨ cªhyw³‡K cQ›` K‡i|
†Kbbv Gi gva¨‡g †m mn‡RB Z_¨ msi¶Y, we‡kølY
I wb‡Ri Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Z_¨ cªhyw³i
gva¨‡g Z_¨ msi¶Y I Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi GB c×wZ
Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
N. hyw³we`¨v Ggb GKwU we`¨v hv gvbyl‡K †hŠw³Kfv‡e
wPšÍv Ki‡Z †kLvq Ges mZ¨‡K Rvb‡Z mn‡hvwMZv
K‡i| dvinv‡bi Rxe‡b Gi cª‡qvM †`Lv hvq|
hyw³we`¨v Avgv‡`i ï×fv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
åvwšÍ‡K D˜NvUb I Avgv‡`i eyw×e…wˇK kvwYZ Ki‡Z
hyw³we`¨vi Ávb Acwinvh©| G Áv‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv
†hgb wb‡R‡`i wPšÍvi fyj-åvwšÍ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi
†Zgwb Ab¨ gvby‡li wPšÍvi fyj-åvwšÍI awi‡q w`‡Z
cvwi| hyw³we`¨v PP©v I Abykxj‡bi d‡j Avgv‡`i
wPšÍvkw³i DrKl© mvwaZ nq| Gi d‡j Avgiv m~²
wPšÍv Kivi ¶gZv AR©b Kwi|
DÏxc‡K dvinvb †h‡Kv‡bv welq †hŠw³Kfv‡e wPšÍv
K‡i Ges AÜ wek¦vm I Kyms¯‹vi AcQ›` K‡i| Zvi
GB g‡bvfve hyw³we`¨vi ¯úó cªwZdjb Ges
hyw³we`¨vi ev¯Íe cª‡qvM‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
myZivs ejv hvq, hyw³we`¨v gvby‡li Rxeb c×wZ‡K
cwieZ©b K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB cªv‡qvwMK w`K
we‡ePbvq ev¯Íe Rxe‡b hyw³we`¨vi cª‡qvM AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
8. w`e¨‡`i cwiev‡ii mevB Lye wQgQvg _v‡K| N‡ii
wRwbmcÎI Zviv mevB ¸wQ‡q RvqMv g‡Zv iv‡L|
w`e¨i evev Ni-evwo mvwR‡q ivLvi Rb¨ my›`i dy‡ji
Ue, dyj I wewfbœ ai‡bi DcKiY wK‡b Av‡bb|
w`e¨i gv †m¸wj w`‡q Lye my›`i K‡i mvwR‡q Ni-evwo
cwicvwU K‡i iv‡Lb| Zv‡`i N‡i †M‡jB mevi `…wó
AvK…ó nq Avi Zv‡`i iæwP-‡ev‡ai cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
Ab¨w`‡K w`e¨i KvKv ingvb mv‡ne I Zvi eÜy Avwe`
GKB gnvR‡bi KvQ †_‡K Kvco wK‡b †`vKv‡b wewµ
 K‡i| ingvb mv‡ne Zvi †`vKv‡bi me Kvco my›`i
K‡i mvwR‡q iv‡Lb, b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ Kvco weµq K‡ib
I gnvR‡bi UvKv mgqg‡Zv cwi‡kva Ki‡jI Avwe`
Zv K‡ib bv| d‡j Avwe‡`i †`vKv‡b †jvKmvb †`Lv
hvq|
K. Av`k©wbô weÁvb Kv‡K e‡j?
L. †Kvb w`K †_‡K hyw³we`¨v MwY‡Zi mv‡_
m¤úK©hy³? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
M. w`e¨‡`i cwiev‡ii wP‡Î hyw³we`¨vi cªv‡qvwMK
w`‡Ki †Kvb welqwU dy‡U I‡V?
N. DÏxc‡K ingvb mv‡ne I Avwe‡`i Kg©Kv‡Ð †h
cªv‡qvwMK w`KwU dy‡U D‡V‡Q Zvi mv‡_
hyw³we`¨vi Zyjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
8 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. †h weÁvb †Kv‡bv Av`‡k©i Av‡jv‡K †Kv‡bv welq ev
NUbv Avm‡j †Kgb nIqv DwPZ Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
K‡i Zv‡K Av`k©wbô weÁvb e‡j|
L. ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK w`K †_‡KB hyw³we`¨v I MwYZ
ci¯úi wbf©ikxj|
hyw³we`¨v MwYZ‡K weKwkZ nIqvi my‡hvM K‡i
w`‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K MwY‡Zi ZvwË¡K cª‡qvM
hyw³we`¨vi mgKvjxb weKvk‡K K‡i‡Q mg…× †_‡K
mg…×Zi| d‡j hyw³we`¨v I MwYZ G‡K Aci‡K Qvov
weKwkZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| eZ©gv‡b ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK
Dfq w`K †_‡KB hyw³we`¨v I MwYZ welq `ywU ci¯úi
ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK|
M. DÏxc‡K w`e¨‡`i cwiev‡ii wP‡Î b›`bZË¡
(Aesthetics) wel‡qi cªwZdjb N‡U‡Q|
b›`bZË¡ n‡”Q †mŠ›`h© welqK weÁvb| GwU Ggb
GKwU we`¨v hv wewfbœ bv›`wbK wel‡qi wbqgKvbyb
cªYqb K‡i Ges †m¸‡jv‡K Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b
cª‡qvM K‡i my›`ifv‡e Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i| e¯ÍyZ gvbyl gvÎB my›`‡ii c~Rvix| b›`bZ‡Ë¡i
Av`k© n‡”Q my›`i‡K AvqË Kiv| †hgb: my›`i K‡i
K_v ej‡Z cviv, my›`i †cvkvK cwiavb Kiv, ˆ`wnK
cwiPh©v BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv b›`bZ‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g wk¶v
†bq|
w`e¨‡`i evwo my›`i dy‡ji Ue, dyj I wewfbœ ai‡bi
DcKiY w`‡q cwicvwU K‡i mvRv‡bv| GLv‡b Zv‡`i
iæwP‡ev‡ai cwiPq cvIqv hvq hv †m b›`bZË¡ †_‡K
MªnY K‡i‡Q| KviY b›`bZË¡ Rxe‡bi cªwZwU †¶‡Î
†mŠ›`h© PP©vi wk¶v †`q| ZvB w`e¨i evev-gv, †mŠ›`h©
PP©vi wbqgKvbyb, Kjv-‡KŠkj wk¶v wb‡q ev¯Íe
Rxe‡b Zvi h_vh_ cª‡qvM NwU‡q‡Q|
N. DÏxc‡K Avwe` mv‡ne I ingv‡bi Kg©Kv‡Ð
bxwZwe`¨vi e¨emvq I †ckvMZ w`K Ges hyw³we`¨vi
g‡a¨ wKQy mv`…k¨-‰emv`…k¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|
hyw³we`¨v n‡”Q wPšÍv ev Abygvb m¤úwK©Z weÁvb|
myk…•Lj wbqg- Kvbyb cª‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g cªK…Z mZ¨
Avwe®‹vi Kiv hyw³we`¨vi KvR| †hgb- gvbyl nq
giYkxj| G evK¨wU gvby‡li giYkxjZvi Ici wbf©i
K‡i| cªK…Zc‡¶, c…w_exi †Kv‡bv gvbyl Agi bq|
myZivs G hyw³wU mZ¨| Avi bxwZwe`¨v mgv‡R
emevmKvix gvby‡li AvPiY m¤úwK©Z weÁvb| Kj¨vY
n‡”Q bxwZwe`¨vi Av`k©| GwU gvby‡li wewfbœ KvR‡K
DwPZ-AbywPZ A‡_© g~j¨vqb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb-
e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î IR‡b Kg †`Iqv A‰bwZK KvR|
e¯ÍyZ hyw³we`¨v mwVK hyw³c×wZ Avwe®‹vi Z_v NUbvi
mZ¨Zv wbY©q K‡i| hv GKwU gvbwmK cªwµqv|
Ab¨w`‡K, bxwZwe`¨v Avgv‡`i AvPi‡Yi fv‡jv-g›`
w`K g~j¨vqb K‡i _v‡K|
DÏxc‡K ingvb mv‡ne †`vKv‡bi me Kvco my›`i
K‡i mvwR‡q iv‡Lb, b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ Kvco wewµ K‡ib I
gnvR‡bi UvKv mgqgZ cwi‡kva K‡ib| A_©vr Zvi
evwn¨K AvPi‡Y ˆbwZKZvi cªwZdjb †`Lv hvq hv
†ckvMZ bxwZwe`¨v Avevi, Avwe` mv‡ne G KvR¸‡jv
K‡ib bv| G Rb¨ Zvi Kg©KvÐ †ckvMZ bxwZ
cwicš’x| †ckvMZ bxwZwe`¨v n‡jv evwn¨K AvPi‡Yi
cªwZdjb| Aciw`‡K hyw³we`¨v n‡jv A‰ea hyw³
†_‡K ˆea hyw³ c…_K Kivi cªwµqv, hv GKwU gvbwmK
cªwµqv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, hyw³we`¨v I bxwZwe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨
welq wfbœ| Avgiv Rvwb, wPšÍv GKwU gvbwmK cªwµqv
Ges AvPiY GKwU evwn¨K cªwµqv|
9. gybgyb I wg_yb `yB evÜex| Zviv Zv‡`i †`k‡K
g‡bcªv‡Y fv‡jvev‡m| wbgœ Av‡qi †`k †_‡K ga¨g
Av‡qi †`‡k DbœxZ nIqvi Le‡i Zv‡`i gb †hgb
Avb‡›` f‡i hvq| †Zgwb †`‡ki gvby‡li g‡a¨ AkvwšÍ,
we‡iva, bvix I wkï wbh©vZ‡bi Le‡i Zviv Kó Abyfe
K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡Z, hv wKQy †hŠw³K, my›`i I
Kj¨vYKi Zv mevB‡K †g‡b Pjv DwPZ|
K. b›`bZ‡Ë¡i Bs‡iwR cªwZkã Kx?
L. b›`bZË¡ Kv‡K e‡j?
M. hyw³we`¨vi mv‡_ b›`bZ‡Ë¡i cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY
K‡iv|
N. DÏxc‡K †h `ywU wel‡qi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i
m¤úK© e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
9 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. b›`bZ‡Ë¡i Ds‡iwR cªwZkã Aesthetics|
L. †mŠ›`h©welqK weÁvb‡K b›`b ZË¡ e‡j|
b›`bZË¡ Ggb GKwU we`¨v hv wewfbœ cªKv‡ii †mŠ›`h©
PP©vi Rb¨ wbqg-Kvbyb cªYqb K‡i Ges †m¸‡jv‡K
Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cª‡qvM K‡i my›`ifv‡e
Rxebhvcb Kivi wb‡`©kbv †`q| †hgb: my›`i K‡i
K_v ejv, my›`i †cvkvK civ, evwoi †mŠ›`h© e…w×i
Rb¨ evMvb Kiv G¸‡jv †mŠ›`h© weÁv‡bi AšÍf©y³|
M. wewfbœ w`K †_‡K hyw³we`¨v I b›`bZ‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ wgj
_vK‡jI †ekwKQy w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨I i‡q‡Q|
hyw³we`¨v I b›`bZ‡Ë¡i cv_©K¨ wb‡P wbiƒcY Kiv
n‡jv| †hgb: hyw³we`¨v eP‡bi mZ¨Zv I hyw³i ˆeaZv
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| c¶všÍ‡i b›`bZË¡ †mŠ›`h©, wkí,
iæwP‡eva, im‡eva wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| hyw³we`¨vq
Av‡eM-Abyf~wZi ¯’vb †bB| wKš‘ b›`bZ‡Ë¡ H¸‡jv
we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| hyw³we`¨v GKwU weÁvb
wKš‘ b›`bZË¡ weÁvb e‡j we‡ewPZ nq bv| hyw³we`¨vi
mywbw`©ó c×wZ i‡q‡Q| b›`bZ‡Ë¡i †Kv‡bv c×wZ
cvIqv hvq bv| hyw³we`¨v wbw`©ó wKQy wbqg AbymiY
K‡i| wKš‘ b›`bZ‡Ë¡i †Kv‡bv wbqg †bB| hyw³we`¨v
eyw×wbf©i| c¶všÍ‡i b›`bZË¡ AwfÁZvg~jK|
hyw³we`¨vq †Kv‡bv wKQy‡K cªksmv Kiv nq bv| wKš‘
b›`bZË¡ †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯Íy m¤ú‡K© cªksmv K‡i
_v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, hyw³we`¨v I b›`bZË¡ GKB
kvLvi `ywU DckvLv n‡jI A‡bK †¶‡ÎB Df‡qi
g‡a¨ wecixZgyLx m¤úK© we`¨gvb|
N. DÏxc‡K hyw³we`¨v I bxwZwe`¨v welq `ywUi Bw½Z
i‡q‡Q|
†h we`¨v mgv‡R emevmKvix gvby‡li AvPvi‡Yi fv‡jv-
g›`, DwPZ- AbywPZ ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i Av‡jv‡K
g~j¨vqb K‡i Zv‡K bxwZwe`¨v e‡j| Avi †h we`¨v ˆea
hyw³ †_‡K A‰ea hyw³‡K c…_K Kivi c×wZ I
wbqgvewji wk¶v †`q Zv‡K hyw³we`¨v e‡j|
bxwZwe`¨v I hyw³we`¨vi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wKQy mv`…k¨ I ˆemv`…k¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|
mv`…‡k¨i †¶‡Î DfqB g~j¨vqbg~jK we`¨v| DfqB
wKQy gvb`Ð AbymiY K‡i Ges Av`k© cªwZôvq Zrci|
ˆemv`…‡k¨i †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq bxwZwe`¨v AvPvi-AvPiY
msµvšÍ we`¨v Avi hyw³we`¨v n‡jv hyw³ msµvšÍ we`¨v|
bxwZwe`¨vi Av`k© Kj¨vY| c¶všÍ‡i hyw³we`¨vi Av`k©
mZ¨| bxwZwe`¨vi welq¸‡jv ¯’vb, Kvj, cv·f‡`
wfbœ nq | wKš‘ hyw³we`¨vi welq¸‡jv ¯’vb, Kvj,
cv·f‡` GKB iƒc nq|
DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K hyw³we`¨v I bxwZwe`¨vi m¤úK©
AZ¨šÍ Nwbô| hyw³we`¨v I bxwZwe`¨v Av`k©MZ w`K
†_‡K, m‡Z¨i w`K †_‡K m¤úwK©Z | Df‡qi D‡Ïk¨
mZ¨, my›`i I Kj¨v‡Yi w`‡K avweZ nIqv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Av`k©wbô weÁvb wn‡m‡e
hyw³we`¨v I bxwZwe`¨v GKB m~‡Î Mvu_v| Av`‡k©i
weKv‡ki Rb¨ Zv wfbœ wfbœ c×wZ cª‡qvM K‡i|
gvbeRxeb‡K my›`i I mv_©K K‡i †Zvjvi †¶‡Î
Df‡qi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i ¸iæZ¡ AZ¨waK|
10. `…k¨Kí-1: cª_g Av‡jvPK ej‡jb- Òm‡µwUm
kvixwiK †mŠ›`h© bq eis cªLi hyw³evw`Zvi Rb¨ hy‡M
hy‡M gvby‡li AšÍ‡i kª×vi cvÎ wn‡m‡e weivRgvb|"
`…k¨Kí-2: wØZxq Av‡jvPK ej‡jb Òm‡µwU‡mi
g‡Z, hvi hv KZ©e¨ Zv cvjb KivB n‡jv b¨vq|"
K. `k©‡bi wZbwU kvLv Kx Kx?
L. hyw³we`¨v, bxwZwe`¨v I b›`bZË¡ `k©‡bi †Kvb
kvLvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq?
M. `…k¨Kí-1 Gi g~j welq `k©‡b cª‡qvRb Av‡Q
wK?
N. `…k¨Kí-1 I 2 Gi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
10 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. `k©‡bi wZbwU kvLv n‡jv- i. Ávbwe`¨v ii. ZË¡we`¨v
Ges iii. g~j¨we`¨v|
L. hyw³we`¨v, bxwZwe`¨v I b›`bZË¡ `k©‡bi g~j¨we`¨v
kvLvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
`k©‡bi Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi Ab¨Zg n‡jv g~j¨we`¨v|
Avevi g~j¨we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡jv mZ¨, my›`i I
g½j| Gi g‡a¨ mZ¨ n‡”Q hyw³we`¨vi Av`k©, my›`i
n‡”Q b›`bZ‡Ë¡i Av`k© Ges g½j Kj¨v‡Yi Av`k©|
A_©vr †h we`¨v gvby‡li Hw”QK AvPi‡Yi mZ¨, my›`i
I Kj¨vYKi welq¸‡jv g~j¨vqb K‡i Zv‡K g~j¨we`¨v
e‡j |
M. `…k¨Kí-1 Gi g~j welq n‡jv hyw³we`¨v hvi cª‡qvRb
`k©‡b Avek¨K| †Kbbv hyw³we`¨v n‡jv `k©‡bi GKwU
kvLv|
`k©b I hyw³we`¨vi wbqg¸‡jv GKB nIqvi Kvi‡Y
Zviv ci¯ú‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj| hyw³we`¨vi †¶‡Î
†hgb `k©‡bi cª‡qvM †`Lv hvq, †Zgwb `k©‡bi †¶‡ÎI
hyw³we`¨vi cª‡qvM †`Lv hvq| `k©b †hgb †hŠw³K wPšÍv
Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i †Zgwb †hŠw³K wbqg¸‡jv `vk©wbK
we‡køl‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| `k©b n‡jv mZ¨ ev Áv‡bi
cªwZ AbyivM| c¶všÍ‡i hyw³we`¨v n‡jv †hŠw³K wPšÍvi
wfwˇZ AmZ¨ eR©b K‡i cªK…Z mZ¨‡K AR©b Kiv|
ZvB ejv hvq, `…k¨Kí-1 Gi g~j welq hyw³we`¨v
`k©‡b cª‡qvRb Av‡Q Ges welq `ywU wfbœ welq n‡jI
G‡K A‡b¨i Ici wbf©ikxj|
N. `…k¨Kí-1 I 2 n‡jv hyw³we`¨v Ges bxwZwe`¨v| wb‡P
Df‡qi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
†h we`¨v ˆea hyw³ †_‡K A‰ea hyw³‡K c…_K Kivi
c×wZ I wbqgvewji wk¶v †`q Zv‡K hyw³we`¨v e‡j|
Avi †h we`¨v gvby‡li Hw”QK AvPi‡Yi fv‡jv-g›`,
DwPZ-AbywPZ ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb K‡i
Zv‡K bxwZwe`¨v e‡j| hyw³we`¨v I bxwZwe`¨vi m¤úK©
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wKQy mv`…k¨ I ˆemv`…k¨
j¶ Kiv hvq| mv`…‡k¨i †¶‡Î DfqB g~j¨vqbg~jK
we`¨v| DfqB wKQy wbw`©ó gvb`Ð AbymiY K‡i Ges
Av`k© cªwZôvq Zrci| ˆemv`…‡k¨i †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq
hyw³we`¨v hyw³ msµvšÍ we`¨v| Avi bxwZwe`¨v AvPvi-
AvPiY msµvšÍ we`¨v| hyw³we`¨vi Av`k© mZ¨,
c¶všÍ‡i bxwZwe`¨vi Av`k© Kj¨vY| hyw³we`¨vi
welq¸‡jv ¯’vb, Kvj, cv·f‡` GKB iƒc nq| Avi
bxwZwe`¨vi welq¸‡jv ¯’vb, Kvj, cv·f‡` wfbœ nq|
`…k¨Kí-1: cª_g Av‡jvPK e‡jb, Òm‡µwUm kvixwiK
†mŠ›`h© bq eis cªLi hyw³evw`Zvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M
gvby‡li AšÍ‡i kª×vi cvÎ wn‡m‡e weivRgvb|"
hyw³we`¨vi Áv‡bi cªwZdjb Ges `…k¨ 2: Ò
m‡µwU‡mi g‡Z, hvi KZ©e¨ Zv cvjb KivB n‡jv
b¨vq|" bxwZwe`¨vq Áv‡bi cªwZdjb nq| hyw³we`¨v
I bxwZwe`¨vi mv‡_ GLv‡b wPšÍv I Kv‡Ri wgj
j¶Yxq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, hyw³we`¨v I bxwZwe`¨v ci¯úi
Nwbôfv‡e m¤úK©hy³| Df‡qi D‡Ïk¨ mZ¨‡K cªwZôv
Kiv Ges mvwe©K Kj¨vY mvab Kiv|