kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV 1 2 kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV

evsjv Dcb¨vm
1. wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Ôc‡_i cvuPvjxÕ Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨ welq
ms‡¶‡c D‡jøL Kiæb| [38Zg wewmGm]
DËi : wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Ôc‡_i cuvPvjxÕ (1929)|
wek kZ‡Ki ïiæi w`‡K evsjvi GK cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvg wbwðw›`cy‡i Acy I Zvi
cwiev‡ii Rxeb hvÎvi K_vB Dcb¨v‡mi g~L¨ welq| Acy, Zvi evev nwini
ivq, gv me©Rqv, †evb `yM©v I `~i m¤ú‡K©i AvZ¥xq Bw›`i VvKziY GB wb‡q
Zv‡`i cwievi| `vwi‡`ª¨i mv‡_ msMÖvg K‡i Zv‡`i w`b Kv‡U| GKevi e„wó‡Z
wf‡R `yM©vi R¡i nq Ges R¡i †e‡o `yM©v gviv hvq| nwini RxweKvi mÜv‡b
Kvkx‡Z hvq| wKQzw`b ci nwini gviv †M‡j me©Rqv A‡b¨i evox‡Z ivbœvi
KvR K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| wKš‘ Acyi gb c‡o _v‡K wbwðw›`cy‡i|
Dcb¨v‡mi cvZvq cvZvq wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri cÖ_v-AvPvi,
†jvKHwZn¨, Ges ¯^vfvweK mijZv| Avi Gi m‡½ Ry‡o w`‡q‡Qb cÖKw… Zi
mv‡_ gvby‡li m¤úK©, gvby‡li mv‡_ cÖKw… Zi Dcnvi I Dcnv‡mi wPÎvejx|
welq-fvebv, PwiÎ, Rxe‡bi mKj e¨_v I K_v mnR ¯^”Q›` MwZ Ges
wkíixwZ Ôc‡_i cvuPvjxÕ‡K D”Qj MwZi GK Abb¨ Dcb¨vm K‡i Zz‡j‡Q|

2. KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi wZbwU Dcb¨v‡mi bvg wjLyb| [38Zg wewmGm]

DËi : KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg evsjv mvwnZ¨v½‡b Kwe wn‡m‡e mycwiwPZ n‡jI
K_vmvwn‡Z¨I Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| Zvi iwPZ Dcb¨v‡mi msL¨v wZbwU-
evuabnviv, g„Zz¨ÿzav, Kz‡nwjKv| evuab-nviv evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g c‡Îvcb¨vm|
G‡Z 18wU cÎ i‡q‡Q| KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg KivPx‡Z Ae¯’vbKv‡j Ôeuvab-
nvivÕ Dcb¨vm iPbv ïiæ K‡ib| Dcb¨v‡mi bvqK byiæj û`v Ii‡d byiæi
Pwi‡Î †h Dcb¨vwmK bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Qvqv Av‡Q Zv m‡PZb cvV‡Ki eyS‡Z
Amyweav nq bv| g„Zz¨ÿav Dcb¨vmwU bRiæj ev¯Íe AwfÁZv †_‡K wj‡L‡Qb|
1927 †_‡K 1929 mgqKv‡j wZwb g„rwk‡íi †K›`ªf~wg cwðge‡½i K…òbM‡i
wQ‡jb| G K…òbM‡ii Puv`mo‡Ki `wi`ª wn›`y-gymwjg-wLªóvb m¤úª`v‡qi `vwi`ª
I `ytL fiv Rxeb wb‡q Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb M‡o D‡V‡Q| bRiæ‡ji Dcb¨vm
wPšÍvi me©‡kl cÖKvk ÔKy‡nwjKvÕ| Gi g~j PwiÎ Rvnv½xi| Dcb¨v‡mi g~j
welq mgKvjxb ivR‰bwZK †cÖÿvcU | mv‡_ mgKvjxb bvbv mgvRwPÎ Ges
A_©‰bwZK wPÎI AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV 3 4
3. ÔµxZ`v‡mi nvwmÕ Dcb¨v‡mi iƒcKv_© e¨vL¨v Kiæb| [37Zg wewmGm]
DËi : kIKZ Imgv‡bi †jLv Dcb¨vm ÔµxZ`v‡mi nvwmÕ (1962)| GwU
GKwU iƒcKag©x Dcb¨vm| Dcb¨v‡mi g~j PwiÎ ZvZvix| AveŸvmxq Lwjdv
nviæbyi ikx` iv‡Z Gw`K-Iw`K Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z GKw`b †kv‡bb †Mvjvg ZvZvix
I evw›` †g‡niRv‡bi gb‡Lvjv nvwm| †mB nvwm Avevi †kvbvi Rb¨ ZvZvix‡K
e›`x K‡i cÖvmv‡` wb‡q G‡m wewfbœ my‡hvM myweav †`Iqv nq| wKš‘ ZvZvix Avi
nv‡m bv| kZ †Póv K‡i wedj n‡q nviæb hLb Pig D‡ËwRZ| ZvZvix ZLb
e‡j D‡V- Ô†kvb nviæbyi ikx`| `xinvg †`ŠjZ w`‡q µxZ`vm †Kbv P‡j,
ev›`x †Kbv m¤¢e wKš‘ µxZ`v‡mi nvwm bv bv bv bv|Õ Lwjdv nviæb Ai ikx`
eyS‡jb GKgvÎ ¯^vaxbZvB cv‡i gvby‡li gy‡L nvwm †dvUv‡Z| kIKZ Imgvb
iƒcKv‡_© AvBqye Lv‡bi ˆ¯^ikvmb‡KB KvVMovq `uvo Kwi‡qwQ‡jb| †mB mgq
MYZš¿ wQj Abycw¯’Z Avi evK ¯^vaxbZv wQj Pig m¼‡U| †jLK GUvB
eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h ¯^vaxbZv Qvov AvBqye Lv‡bi Dbœq‡bi `kK A_©nxb|
4. Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕi HwZnvwmKZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiæb| [35Zg]
DËi : Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕ gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi BwZnvm AvwkÖZ Dcb¨vm|
Kvievjvi i³ÿqx msNl© Ges mcwiev‡i Bgvg †nvmvB‡bi kvnv`v‡Zi
KvwnbxB Ôwelv` wmÜzÕi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq| †jLK g~j NUbvi HwZnvwmK
mZ¨Zv iÿv K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ BwZnv‡mi AÜ AbyKiY K‡ibwb| Bgvg nvmvb
†nv‡m‡bi m‡½ GwR‡`i we‡iva ivR‰bwZK ÿgZvi Ø›ØcÖm~Z G K_v
HwZnvwmK mZ¨| Kvievjvi cÖavb NUbvwU Bgvg †nv‡mb I Zuvi cwiRbe‡M©i
wbg©g nZ¨vKvÐ| wKš‘ welv` wmÜz‡Z G NUbvi Av‡Mi I c‡ii A‡bK Kvwnbx
ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †jLK Av‡eMZvwoZ n‡q G‡Z wKQz A‡jŠwKK NUbvi
eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| †h¸‡jv BwZnv‡mi Av‡jv‡K wePvi Kiv P‡j bv| †hgb-
GwR‡`i †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †_‡K †nv‡m‡bi LwÐZ wki A`„k¨ n‡q hvIqv,
Kvievjvi cÖvšÍ‡ii MvQ †_‡K i³ÿiY, †nv‡m‡bi `vd‡bi mgq Zvi
wcZvgvZvi g‡Z© AvMgb cÖfw… Z| welv`wmÜzi NUbv Kvievjvi HwZnvwmK
Kvwnbx AvwkÖZ n‡jI wkíxi Zzwji AvP‡o Zv n‡q D‡V‡Q RxešÍ|
5. evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi weKvk m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
DËi : evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¥ Dwbk kZ‡Ki c‡i| Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gw`‡K
bKkv RvZxq iPbv¸‡jv cÖ_g MívKv‡i †jLv M`¨| G¸‡jv‡Z Dcb¨v‡mi
mvgvb¨ j¶Y cvIqv hvq| n¨vbv K¨v_vwib gy‡j‡Ýi ÔdzjgwY I KiæYvi weeiYÕ
Dcb¨vm iPbvi cÖv_wgK cÖ‡Póv| 1858 mv‡j c¨vixPuv` wgÎ ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV
`yjvjÕ bv‡g †h bKkv iPbv K‡ib Zv mgwaK Dcb¨v‡mi j¶YvµvšÍ| 1865
mv‡j ew¼gP›`Ö P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ iPbvi gva¨‡g evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i
cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm m„wó nq| AZtci gxi gkviid †nv‡mb Dcb¨v‡m wKQzUv
MwZi mÂvi K‡ib| iex›`Öbv‡_i nv‡Z cÖ_g gb¯ÍvwË¡K, mvgvwRK, eyw×e„wËK I
we‡kølYag©x Dcb¨v‡mi m„wó nq| cieZ©x‡Z gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Dcb¨v‡m
G‡Kev‡iB wbgœweË gvbyl, Zv‡`i Rxeb msMÖvg Zz‡j ai‡jb| GQvov Zvivk¼i
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq I wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi K¬vwmK Dcb¨vm¸‡jv evsjv
Dcb¨vm‡K mg…× K‡i‡Q|
6. ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ Dcb¨vm m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
DËi : c¨vixPuv` wg‡Îi cÖ_g Dcb¨vmag©x iPbv ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ
(1858)| be¨wkwÿZ Bqs‡e½j‡`i Kvh©Kjvc I cwiYwZ G MÖ‡š’i g~j
cÖwZcv`¨| abx eveyiv‡gi AwZ Av`‡ii cyÎ gwZjvj Avevj¨ KLbI agx©q I
bxwZi wkÿv cvq wb| wcZvi g„Zy¨i ci cÖvß me m¤úwË bó K‡i †d‡j|
gwZjv‡ji ˆPZ‡b¨v`q Ges Av`k© Rxe‡bi cÖwZ AvKl©‡Yi gva¨‡g MÖ‡š’i
mgvwß| Dcb¨v‡mi mev©‡cÿv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ n‡jv †gvKvRvb wgTv ev
VKPvPv| Pwi‡Îi msjv‡c †jLK †h K_¨ fvlv e¨envi K‡i‡Qb Zv ÔAvjvjx
fvlvÕ bv‡g L¨vZ| MÖšw’ U‡Z ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L AvuKv mgKvjxb bMi I cwjøi
wewfbœ weË I †kÖwYi wP‡Î †jL‡Ki wbR¯^Zv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Dcb¨vm n‡Z †M‡j
†hme we‡kl ˆewkó¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb †hgb- Kvwnbx, PwiÎ, eY©bvi my`„p eÜb,
gb¯ÍvwË¡K‡eva Gi meKwU ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ G †bB| ZvB GwU‡K mv_©K
Dcb¨vm ejv hvq bv| Z‡e GwU cÖ_g M`¨ Kvwnbx e‡U, hv evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi
wfwË iPbv K‡iwQj|
7. Ôû‡Zvg c¨vPvi bKkvÕ m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c wjLyb|
DËi : KvjxcÖmbœ wms‡ni mvgvwRK mgm¨vg~jK iPbv Ôû‡Zvg c¨uvPvi bKkvÕ
(1862)| KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn G‡Z AZ¨šÍ †e`bvi mv‡_ e¨½vKv‡i KjKvZvi
mvgvwRK ÿZwP‡ýi Qwe dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i KjKvZvi nVvr abx
nIqv be¨mgv‡Ri wPÎ, wn›`y ˆeòe I eªvþmgv‡Ri †Muvovwg fÐvwgi K`h©
w`K¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| GKB mv‡_ Dwbk kZ‡K evOvwj‡`i Bs‡iR †ZvlY‡K
wb›`v K‡i‡Qb| †mKv‡ji kn‡ii bvbv cÖ_v, AvPvi-Abyôvb, hvbevnb I cwjøi
wPÎgq eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| GwU Dcb¨vm bv n‡jI Dcb¨v‡mi g‡ZvB myLcvV¨|
KvjxcÖmbœ hv‡`i weiæ‡× Kjg a‡iwQ‡jb Zviv mevB mgv‡Ri ÿgZvai gvbyl|
d‡j AvBwb RwUjZv †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ wZwb Ôû‡Zvg cu¨vPvÕ QÙbvg aviY
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV 5 6
K‡ib| Avi Ôcu¨vPvÕ bvg‡K †e‡Q †bIqvi KviY n‡jv cu¨vPv wbkvPi cÖvYx e‡j
mK‡ji †Mvcb KxwZ© †m Rvb‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z KjKvZv I KjKvZvi cvk¦©eZ©x
A‡ji gvby‡li K_¨ fvlv‡K e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb| †jLK Ôû‡ZvgÕ QÙbv‡g
wjL‡Zb e‡j Gi fvlv Ôû‡Zvgx evsjvÕ e‡j cwiwPZ cvq|
8. Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ †Kb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm?
DËi : ew¼gP›`Ö P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ (1865) BwZnvm AvwkÖZ
Dcb¨vm| ew¼gP›`Ö Gi ga¨ w`‡q BwZnv‡mi iæ×Øvi Ly‡j w`‡q Dcb¨v‡mi
mxgv, we¯Ívi I fwel¨r m¤¢vebv evwo‡q w`‡jb| Gi cUf~wg‡Z i‡q‡Q- †lvj
kZ‡Ki †kl ch©v‡q Dwol¨vi AwaKvi wb‡q †gvNj I cvVvb‡`i ga¨Kvi
msMÖv‡gi NUbv| G msNvZ Dcb¨v‡mi cUf~wg n‡jI, g~j DcRxe¨ nj †cÖg|
wn›`y †mbvcwZ RMrwms‡ni mv‡_ gymjgvb `yM©vwacwZi Kb¨v Av‡qkvi †cÖgwPÎ
G Dcb¨v‡m ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| we‡klÁM‡Yi g‡Z Gi PwiÎ wP·Y `~e©jZv
jÿYxq| ¯^í cwim‡i ex‡i›`Ö wms‡ni Amxg `vcU I AnsKvi Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
Imgv‡bi wnsmv Zv‡K ev¯Íe Pwi‡Îi Av`j w`‡q‡Q| wZ‡jvËgv, wegjv I
Av‡qkvi iƒc I cÖKw… Zi wewfbœZv wkíx †Kej A™¢zZ kã m¤ú‡`i ØvivB wPÎY
K‡i‡Qb| we‡klÁMY g‡b K‡ib cÖ_g Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e G‡Z wKQzUv ÎæwU
_vK‡jI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ|
9. ÔKcvjKzÐjvÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cÖwZcv`¨ welq eY©bv Kiæb|
DËi : ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq iwPZ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i wØZxq mv_©K Dcb¨vm
KcvjKzÐjv (1866)| Ai‡Y¨ KvcvwjK cvwjZv Kb¨v KcvjKzÐjv mvgvwRK
ms¯‹v‡ii m‡½ AcwiwPZv| KcvjKzÐjvi beKzgv‡ii mv‡_ we‡q Ges mgvR
e܇bi mv‡_ Zvi Ø›ØB Gi g~j Kvwnwb| Dcb¨v‡m †`Lv hvq Zx_© hvÎx‡`i
ivbœvi Rb¨ beKzgvi KvV Avb‡Z †M‡j Zv‡K †i‡LB †Rvqv‡ii Uv‡b †bŠKv P‡j
hvq| GB my‡hv‡M e‡bi KvcvwjK Zv‡K ˆfiexi Kv‡Q ewj w`‡Z Pvq| wKš‘
KcvjKzÐjvi mnvqZvq beKzgvi iÿv cvq Ges KcvjKzÐjv‡K ¯¿xi gh©v`v w`‡q
Zv‡K wb‡q evoxi c‡_ hvÎv K‡i| cw_g‡a¨ beKygv‡ii ag©všÍwiZ c~e© ¯¿x gwZ
Zv‡`i †`‡L Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ we‡”Q` NUv‡Z QÙ‡e‡k evwo ch©šÍ hvq| Gw`‡K
KvcvwjKI Av‡m KcvjKyÐjv‡K wb‡q †h‡Z| GKch©v‡q beKzgvi meB eyS‡Z
cv‡i| mgvRcÖ_vi mv‡_ we‡iva I Gme NUbvq w`‡knviv KcvjKzÐjv †¯ªvZgq
b`xi Zxi †_‡K nvwi‡q hvq| Zv‡K LuyR‡Z beKzgvi b`x‡Z bv‡g| Zv‡`i †KD
Avi wd‡i Av‡m bv| welqe¯‘i Awfbe‡Z¡, PwiÎ m„wói `¶Zvq, Mí ejvi
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV
mvejxjZv, NUbv mwbœ‡ek, cwi‡ek iPbv, fvlv wbg©vY BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i
KcvjKzÐjv Dcb¨v‡m †h K…wZZ¡ cÖ`wk©Z n‡q‡Q Zv wkíxi wkí m‡PZbZvi
cwiPq enb K‡i| mewgwj‡q GK †ivgvÝag©x Dcb¨v‡mi mv_©K cÖKvk|
10. ÔAve`yjøvnÕ Dcb¨v‡mi welqe¯‘ wjLyb|
DËi : KvRx Bg`v`yj n‡Ki GKwU Amgvß Dcb¨vm ÔAvãyjøvnÕ| Dcb¨v‡mi
†K›`ªxq PwiÎ Avãyjøvn| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g fv‡M evsjvi gymwjg mgv‡R †hme
mgm¨v, Kzms¯‹vi †`Lv hvq Dcb¨vmwU Zvi `ytmvnmx cÖwZev`| G mgq mgv‡R
cÖPwjZ Avkivd AvZivd †f`, fÐcxi fw³, my` mgm¨v, wn›`y-gymwjg
wZ³Zv, Bs‡iwR wkÿvi we‡ivaxZv, weÁvbm¤§Z AvaywbK wPwKrmv c×wZi cÖwZ
weiƒc aviYv, esk Mwigvi bv‡g e¨qeûj A_©nxb AvPvi Abyôvb Ges Ab¨vb¨
Kzms¯‹vi wZwb m~²fv‡e we‡kølY K‡ib| ïay mgm¨v Zz‡jB a‡ibwb mv‡_ mv‡_
hyw³ msMZ mgvavbI †`Iqvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| GQvov gymwjg mgv‡R bvixi
msKxY© e¨w³‡Z¡i ev¯ÍeZvq wbwg©Z PwiÎ gv nvwjgv I iv‡eqvi AšÍ‡ii J`v‡h©
cvVK gy» nq| Dcb¨vmwU Amgvß †i‡L †jLK g„Zy¨eiY Ki‡j KvRx
Av‡bvqviæj Kvw`i †i‡L hvIqv Lmov Aej¤^‡b †kl K‡ib| ÔAve`yjøvn'
Dcb¨v‡m wPwÎZ wP‡Îi g~j¨ GLbI D¾¡j|
11. KvRx bRiæ‡ji Ôg„Zz¨¶zavÕ Dcb¨v‡mi g~je³e¨ wjLyb|
DËi : KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Ôg„Zz¨ÿyavÕ Dcb¨vmwU ev¯Íe AwfÁZv †_‡K
wj‡L‡Qb| 1927 †_‡K 1929 mgqKv‡j wZwb g„rwk‡íi †K›`ªf~wg cwðge‡½i
K…òbM‡i wQ‡jb| G K…òbM‡ii Puv`mo‡Ki `wi`ª wn›`y-gymwjg-wLªóvb
m¤úª`v‡qi Rxeb wb‡q Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb| GB gvbyl‡`i GKw`‡K g„Zz¨,
Av‡iK w`‡K ÿzav| †mLvb †_‡K Dcb¨v‡mi bvgKiY Ôg„Zz¨ÿzavÕ| Dcb¨vm ïiæ
nq MRv‡ji gv Pwi·K †K›`ª K‡i| †hŠe‡b g„Z wZb †Q‡ji weaev ¯¿x (eo
eD, †g‡Sv eD, †m‡Rv eD) Avi Zv‡`i †Q‡j †g‡q wb‡q Zvi msmvi| †QvU
†Q‡j cu¨vKv‡j mevi fiY-†cvl‡Yi †Póv K‡i| Afve AbU‡bi g‡a¨ c¨vuKv‡j
Lªxóvb Kzwk©‡K cÖPÐ fvjev‡m| fvjevmvi Rb¨ ag©všÍwiZI nq| Afv‡ei
Zvobvq †gS eD L„óvb n‡q ewikv‡j _vK‡Z PvB‡jI mšÍvb‡`i Uv‡b Zv‡K
ew¯Í‡Z wd‡i Avm‡Z nq| Ab¨w`‡K c¨uvKv‡j‡K Lvub evnv`yi mv‡ne Kywo UvKv
†eZ‡bi PvKzix w`‡j †m Kzwk©‡K wb‡q gymjgvb n‡q weevn e܇b Ave× nq|
Gfv‡eB Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb †kl nq| Kvwnbx, PwiÎwPÎY, mgvR m‡PZbZv,
†ivgvw›UKZv mvwe©K wePv‡i Ôg„Zz¨¶zav' bRiæ‡ji mv_©K Dcb¨vm|
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV 7 8
12. iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii GKwU ivR‰bwZK Dcb¨v‡mi cwiPq w`b?
DËi : ÔN‡i evB‡iÕ iex›`Öbv‡_i ivR‰bwZK Dcb¨vm| ¯^‡`wk Av‡›`vj‡bi
†cÖ¶vc‡U Dcb¨vmwU iwPZ| Dcb¨v‡mi g~j PwiÎ wZbwU- wbwL‡jk, wegjv I
m›`xc| wbwL‡jk ivRes‡ki hyeK AwZgvÎvq ï×vPvix, wegjv mvaviY N‡ii
†g‡q, m›`xc ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv| ¯^vgx wbwL‡j‡ki cÖwZ AbyivM m‡Ë¡I
bvwqKv wegjv wecøex m›`x‡ci Øviv ZxeÖfv‡e AvKwl©Z| GKw`‡K evB‡i RvZxq
Av‡›`vj‡bi D‡ËRbv, Ab¨w`‡K wZbwU gvby‡li Rxe‡b Uvbv‡cv‡ob- GB `yB
Ø›Ø wg‡j Dcb¨vm| wZbR‡bi AvZ¥K_vq Zv‡`i Rxeb‡eva Avi ivR‰bwZK
†eva cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q cÖejfv‡e| wZbwU PwiÎ †mmgqKvi evsjvi wZb ai‡bi
wPšÍv-wek¦v‡mi gvbyl| Zv‡`i wPšÍv I ivR‰bwZK gZv`‡k©i cv_©K¨ †hb †mB
mg‡qi evsjv‡KB cÖKvk Ki‡Q| GQvov me Av‡›`vj‡bi gZ ¯^‡`wk
Av‡›`vj‡biI †ekwKQz †bwZevPK w`K wQj, †m¸‡jv ¯úófv‡eB †`Lv †M‡Q
Dcb¨v‡m|
13. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ MxwZag©x Dcb¨v‡mi cwiPq wjLyb|
DËi : iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii MxZag©x Dcb¨vm Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ (1929)|
Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb PwiÎ AwgZ ivq| e¨vwi÷vwi co‡Z we‡jZ wM‡qwQj| Zvi
eÜzi †P‡q evÜexi msL¨vB †ewk wQj| G‡`i g‡a¨ †KZKxi mv‡_ †cÖg nq I
AvswU civq| c‡i e¨vwi÷vi n‡q †`‡k wd‡i AwgZ wkjs‡q †eov‡Z †M‡j
Dcb¨v‡mi g~j bvwqKv jveY¨i mv‡_ cwiPq nq| AwP‡iB ev¯Íeev`x jveY¨
eyS‡Z cv‡i AwgZ †ivgvw›UK RM‡Zi gvbyl, hvi m‡½ cÖwZw`‡bi msmv‡ii
wn‡me wb‡Kk P‡j bv| Zey Zv‡`i we‡qi ÿY wVK nq| wKš‘ †mLv‡b †KZKx
nvwRi n‡j †fs‡M hvq Zv‡`i weevn Av‡qvRb| †kl ch©šÍ AwgZ-†KZKx
msmvi ïiæ K‡i, Avi jveY¨ MÖnY K‡i Zvi wcZvi QvÎ †kvfbjvj‡K|
Gfv‡e e¨w³ Pwi‡Îi Ø›Ø, cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i Uvbv‡cv‡o‡bi eY©bvi gva¨‡g
Dcb¨vmwU MxwZag©x gvÎv cvq| Dcb¨v‡mi Kve¨gq M`¨ fvlv QvovI i‡q‡Q
16wU `xN© KweZv| me wgwj‡q MxwZi Q›` myi AbyiwYZ n‡q Dcb¨vm n‡q I‡V
MxwZag©x|
14. iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ Kve¨ bvwK Dcb¨vm?
DËi : Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Dcb¨vm A_P wZwb Zuvi iPbvi bvg
w`‡q‡Qb Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ| †k‡li KweZv Dcb¨v‡m iex›`ªbv_ 16wU KweZv Ges
†gvU 394wU Kve¨PiY e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Dcb¨vmwUi hewbKvcvZI n‡q‡Q
GKwU KweZv w`‡q- ÔKv‡ji hvÎvi aŸwb ïwb‡Z wK cvI...|Õ G Dcb¨v‡m
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV
e¨eüZ Kve¨PiY GKwU Kve¨MÖš’ iPbvi Rb¨ h‡_ó| Gi fvlv gvayh© ü`‡q
†Mu‡_ _vKvi g‡Zv| GKUv kã Av‡iKUv‡K Qzu‡q _vKvi e¨vKzjZv GLv‡b
Av‡Q| Ges Zv cÖ_g †_‡K G‡Kev‡i †klvwã weivRgvb| M‡`¨i wfZiI †h
Q›`gqZvi e¨vKzj-web¨vm _v‡K ev _vK‡Z cv‡i ZvB iweVvKzi Zvi ¯^fveRvZ
Kwekw³ w`‡q †`wL‡q w`‡jb G Dcb¨v‡m| M‡`¨I i‡q‡Q Kve¨gqZv| G
Dcb¨v‡mi ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ fvlv, welqe¯‘, NUbv ci¤úivq gayiZv,
Aw¯’mwÜ Ges cvÎ-cvÎxi msjvc mewKQzi g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q Kve¨gqZv| ZvB
G‡K Kve¨‡cvb¨vmI ejv nq|
15. Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨ wjLyb|
DËi : iex›`ªbv‡_i gb¯ÍvwË¡K Dcb¨vm Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ (1903)-i g~j Av‡jvP¨
welq mgvR I hyMhyMvšÍiMZ ms¯‹v‡ii m‡½ e¨w³Rxe‡bi we‡iva| Kvwnbx‡Z
†`Lv hvq bvwqKv we‡bvw`bxi g‡n›`ªi mv‡_ we‡q nIqvi K_v _vK‡jI g‡n›`ª
ivwR bv nIqvq Ab¨Î we‡q nq Ges Aí w`‡bi g‡a¨B †m weaev nq|
cov‡kvbv Kiv ms¯‹…wZevb †g‡q we‡bvw`bx| NUbvP‡µ we‡bvw`bx g‡n›`ª‡`i
evwo‡Z Avm‡j Zv‡K †`‡L g‡n›`ª gy» nq Ges Dcjwä K‡i mg‡PZbv m¤úbœ
Rxebm½xi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv| Dcb¨v‡mi Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ- AvkvjZv,
ivRj²x I Abœc~Y©v| GmKj bvix PwiÎ wPÎvq‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Ab¨b¨ we‡bvw`bxi
¯^KxqZv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| we‡bvw`bx Pwi·K iex›`ªbv_ wenvix Pwi‡Îi gva¨‡g
Rxe‡bi ¯^vfvweK Q‡›` wdwi‡q Avb‡Z PvB‡jI †kl ch©šÍ Rxe‡bi mKj
†Kvjvnj Gwo‡q Kvkxi wbwj©ß Rxe‡b wb‡ÿc K‡i‡Qb| Av‡jvP¨ Dcb¨v‡m
†Zv e‡UB cy‡iv evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AZzjbxq PwiÎ we‡bvw`bxI †kl ch©šÍ mgvR
ms¯‹v‡ii Kv‡Q †n‡i hvq| cÖPwjZ mgvRe¨e¯’vq gvby‡li cvIqv bv cvIqvi
Ø›Ø I gvbwmK Uvbvc‡ob B G Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨|
16. ÔcyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_vÕ Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨ wjLyb|
DËi : gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨v‡qi Dcb¨vm ÔcyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_vÕ| Dcb¨vmwUi
cUf~wg‡Z Av‡Q KjKvZvi MvIw`qv MÖvg I MÖv‡gi gvbyl| my`x gnvRb
†Mvcv‡ji †Q‡j kkx KjKvZv †_‡K Wv³vwi cvk K‡i MÖv‡g Av‡m| wcZ…cv‡ci
cÖvqwðZ Ki‡Z kkx MÖv‡g Mixe `ytLxi †mevq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i| civb †Nv‡li
¯¿x Kzmyg kkx‡K cvM‡ji g‡Zv fvjev‡m| wKš‘ kkx wm×všÍnxbZvq †fv‡M|
GKmgq Kzmyg mewKQy‡ZB AvMÖn nvivq| GK ch©v‡q kkxi g‡b nq mewKQzi
g‡a¨ †_‡KI †m †hb GKv| Gevi †m Kzmy‡gi Kv‡Q †M‡j Kzmyg Zv‡K wdwi‡q
†`q| Zvici Kzmyg ¯^vgxmn MvIw`qv MÖvg †Q‡o ev‡ci evwo P‡j hvq| gb
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV 9 10
fvOv kkxI Gevi MvIw`qv MÖvg †Q‡o w`‡Z Pvq| we‡`k wM‡q eo wWwMÖ wb‡Z
Pvq wKš‘ MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi cwi‡ek ˆewPΨ Avi ev¯ÍeZvi Wvjcvjv Zv‡K
Ggbfv‡e AuvK‡o a‡i hv wQ‡o kkx †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv| wUjvi Dci D‡V kkx
Wv³v‡ii m~hv©¯Í `k©‡bi k‡Li AZ…ßZv w`‡q Dcb¨v‡mi †kl nq| kkxi Rxe‡b
Kvw•LZ m~‡h©i D`q Avi nq bv| weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j evOvwj wkwÿZ
ga¨we‡Ëi Uvbv‡cv‡ob I Aw¯ÍZ¡ msKU kkx Pwi‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q|
17. ÔcyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_vÕ Dcb¨v‡m ÔcyZzjÕ Avm‡j Kviv?
DËi : gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Dcb¨vm ÔcyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_vÕ (1936)|
Dcb¨v‡m AvÿwiK A‡_© †Kv_vI cyZzjbv‡Pi `„k¨ †bB| Z‡e gvby‡li gv‡SB
cyZzj †h bvbvfv‡e †Ljv K‡i A_ev gvbylB cyZzj n‡q bv‡P Zv ¯úó| †jLK
GLv‡b cyZzj ej‡Z †mme gvbyl‡K eywS‡q‡Qb hviv PvwiwÎK `„pZv wb‡q
`uvov‡Z cv‡i bv| †Mvcvj, kkx, Kzmyg, we›`y, †mb w`w`, hvwgbx KweivR, hv`e
cwÐZ Dcb¨v‡mi me Pwi‡Îi †¶‡ÎB Zv cÖ‡hvR¨| Giv †KDB wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K
wb‡Ri AwfcÖvq gZ M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i wb| KL‡bv mgvR I ms¯‹v‡i k„•L‡ji
my‡Zvq ew›`, KL‡bv wbqwZi nv‡Z| Jcwb‡ewkKZv G Dcb¨v‡m cÖ”Qbœ n‡jI
kkxi GB cyZzj mËvq Zv bvbvfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q| gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
weÁvbgb¯‹ A_©vr Kvh©KviY‡PZbvPvwjZ Rxe‡b wek¦vmx| ZeyI †Kb Dcb¨v‡mi
bvg ÔcyZzjbv‡Pi BwZK_vÕ| wZwb hLb GB bv‡g Dcb¨vm wjL‡jb cÖkœ
Avm‡ZB cv‡i GB cyZz‡ji A`„k¨ iwk Kvi nv‡Z? wKQzUv inm¨ve„ZB g‡b nq|
18. ÔcÙv b`xi gvwSÕ Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
DËi : gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi g‡bvmgxÿYg~jK Dcb¨vm ÔcÙv b`xi gvwSÕ
(1936)| cÙvi ZxieZ©x †KZzcyi MÖv‡gi `wi`Ö cwjø‡Z emevmiZ †R‡j-
gvwS‡`i RxebmsMÖv‡gi Kvwnwb wb‡q Dcb¨vmwU iwPZ| Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`ªxq
PwiÎ `wi`ª gvwS Kz‡ei| Kz‡ei weevwnZ n‡jI bvwqKv g~jZ Zvi k¨vwjKv
Kwcjv| Dcb¨v‡mi imn¨gq PwiÎ †nv‡mb wgqv| †m k¦vc`msKyj gqbvØx‡c
GKwU Rwg`vix cËb KiwQj| gvwS‡`i Amnvq‡Z¡i my‡hvM wb‡q Zv‡`i
†mLv‡b cvVvZ| GKmgq Kz‡eiI gqbvØx‡c cvwo Rgvq| Gfv‡eB P‡j
Amnvq Øxbnxb cÙvb`xi gvwSi Rxeb| wPiKvj Zviv GK AÁZvi †avqvkvi
†fZ‡i KvwU‡q †`q| †R‡j Rxe‡bi `y`©kvi mgvšÍiv‡j †jLK gvby‡li Avw`g
cÖew„ ˇKI dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| gqbvØx‡c hvIqvi mgq Kz‡ei Ges Kwcjv‡K
wb‡q hvIqv Avw`g cÖe„wËi Zvobvi Bw½Z| Ab¨w`‡K mv¤ªvR¨ev`x †kÖwY‡K Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb †nv‡mb wgqv Pwi‡Îi iƒcvq‡Y| cÙvcv‡oi gvwS‡`i Rxe‡bi Nwbô
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV
eY©bv Ges Pwi‡Îi gy‡Li fvlv wn‡m‡e AvÂwjK fvlv e¨env‡ii Rb¨ G
Dcb¨vm‡K A‡b‡K AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
19. ÔcÖPwjZ mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai weiæ‡× M„n`vn GK my¯úó cÖwZev`|Õ
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
DËi : kirP‡›`ªi Dcb¨vm ÔM„n`vnÕ (1920)| Dcb¨v‡mi bvwqKv APjv| gwng
I my‡ik `yB cyiæ‡li cÖwZ APjvi AvKl©Y-weKl©Y Dcb¨v‡mi g~jm~Î| gwng I
APjvi we‡qi c‡iB Kvwnbxi m~ÎcvZ| gwng Ges my‡i‡ki cÖwZ APjvi
†`vUvbv AvKl©‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q Kvwnbx GwM‡q‡Q| we‡qi ci gwng‡K †Q‡o APjv
my‡i‡ki Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i‡Q| Avevi my‡i‡ki cÖwZ †gvnfs‡Mi ci
gwn‡gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z APjvi fqvbK GKvKxZ¡ I `ytmn k~b¨Zvi g‡a¨
Dcb¨v‡mi BwZ N‡U‡Q| W. bxwjgv BeÖvwng e‡jb †h, ÔAPjv Pwi‡Îi ˆØa
mËv‡K Aej¤^b K‡iB G Dcb¨v‡mi Avi¤¢ I mgvwß|Õ GKB e¨w³i cÖwZ
KL‡bv Avmw³ KL‡bv Abxnv GUv gb¯Í‡Ë¡i wb¸p ZË¡ hv APjv Abyave‡b e¨_©
n‡q‡Q| M„n`vn Dcb¨v‡m APjv, gwng, my‡ik cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rxeb A_©‰bwZK
cUf~wg, wkÿv, `ye©jwPË I cwi‡ekMZ wfbœZvi Pv‡c Aweb¨¯Í n‡q‡Q| kirP›`ª
GLv‡b wÎf~R †cÖ‡gi Kvwnbxi gb¯ÍvwZ¡K we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| K_v mvwn‡Z¨i
Dc‡hvMx fvlv, cÖKvk fw½, welq wbe©vPb Ges wkí web¨v‡m M„n`vn kirP‡›`ªi
GK Ac~e© m„wó|
20. knx`yjøvn Kvqmv‡ii ÔmskßKÕ Dcb¨v‡mi welqfvebv Kx?
DËi : knx`yjøvn Kvqmv‡ii GK KvjRqx Dcb¨vm ÔmskßKÕ (1965)|
Dcb¨v‡mi e„nËg cUf~wg‡Z Av‡Q wØZxq wek¦hy×, gš^šÍi, cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vjb,
mv¤úª`vwqK `v½v I cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi NUbv| Kvwnwb‡Z evKzwjqv MÖv‡gi
gvby‡li RxebKvwnwb, Rwg`v‡ii †kvlY, bv‡q‡ei K~UPvj cÖfw… Z welq dz‡U
D‡V‡Q| evKzwjqv MÖv‡g igRvb bvbv KzUeywׇZ Rwg`vi wgqvi e¨vUv‡K mwi‡q
wb‡RB Rwg`vi e‡b hvq| igRvb gš^šÍ‡ii mgq gybvdv‡jvfx‡`i mv‡_ nvZ
wgjvq, `v½vi my‡hvM wb‡q wn›`y‡`i Nievwo `Lj †bq Ges ivR‰bwZK bvbv
cUcwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡Ri †ek e`‡j dvq`v jy‡U| Rv‡n` KjKvZv
†_‡K G‡m MÖvg †_‡K MÖvgvšÍ‡i mfv mwgwZ K‡i| †mKv›`i gv÷vi, †djy
wgTv, ivey Zvi m½x nq| wØZxq wek¦hy×, `v½vi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z RbMY‡K †kvlY
K‡i igRvbiv hLb Kvwo Kvwo UvKvi gvwjK nw”Qj Rv‡n`iv ZLb G
Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` K‡i| Zv‡`i ˆbwZK jovB Pvwj‡q hvq| Av‡›`vjb-
msMÖvg I gvby‡li †mev K‡i Rv‡n`iv wbt‡kwlZ nq| Zey Zviv gvbeZvi
Kj¨v‡Yi G c_ Qv‡o bv| Dcb¨v‡mi †k‡li w`‡K evgcš’x ivRbxwZi mv‡_
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV 11
RwoZ _vKvi Kvi‡Y Rv‡n`‡K cywjk a‡i wb‡q hvq| wbwðZ civRq †R‡bI
†h exi g„Zz¨i AvM ch©šÍ j‡o hvq †m-B mskßK| GLv‡b Rv‡n`iv mevB
mskßK|
21. Ô†LvqvebvgvÕ Dcb¨v‡mi welqe¯‘ Kx?
DËi : AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqv‡mi Dcb¨vm Ô†LvqvebvgvÕ (1996)-i DcRxe¨
Kvrjvnvi we‡ji `yÕav‡ii Pvlx-gvwS‡`i RxebPwiZ| ZwgR, Zwg‡Ri evc,
dwK‡ii bvZbx Kzjmyg, Pvlxi †g‡q dzjRvb, ˆeKzÚ- c~e© evsjvi Ggb me
cÖvwšÍK Pwi‡Îi mgvnvi i‡q‡Q Dcb¨v‡m| G‡`i Rxe‡bi NUbvmg~‡ni
eY©bv‡ZB Avgv‡`i mvg‡b nvwRi n‡q‡Q MÖvgxY cÖvšÍR‡bi wPiKvjxb ÿzav,
Kvbœvi Mí| Dcb¨v‡mi cÖvq `yB Z…Zxqvsk c‡i NUbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z cÖPÐfv‡e
Av‡m 1947 mv‡ji †`kwefvM| c~e© evsjvi gymjgvb‡`i ¯^vaxb cvwK¯Ívb
R‡b¥i cÖwZ Zxeª AvKv•ÿv, cieZ©x‡Z cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci `wi`ª gvby‡li ¯^cœ
f½, †`kfv‡Mi wbwg‡Ë wn›`y-gymwjg `v½v †KvbwKQzB Gwo‡q hvbwb Jcb¨vwmK
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm| †Lvqve k‡ãi A_© ¯^cœ| ¯^cœ Qvov gvbyl evPu‡Z cv‡i
bv| Ô†LvqvebvgvÕ Dcb¨v‡mi Kykxjeiv mevB ¯^cœ †`‡L| kivdZ gÐj ¯^cœ
†`‡L Av‡iv †ewk f~-m¤úwËi gvwjK nIqvi, gЇji †Q‡j Avãyj Kvw`i ¯^cœ
†`‡L ¯^vaxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi| ZwgR ¯^cœ †`‡L GK UzK‡iv avbx Rwgi| †Lvqve ev
¯^cœ e¨vL¨vq †PivM Avjx e¨envi K‡i †Quov‡Luvov GKwU eB| Avi GB
†Quov‡Luvov eBwU †hb evOvwj RvwZi Ô†LvqvebvgvÕ| GKUv RvwZi cÖvq evik
eQ‡ii wek¦vm, ¯^cœ I ¯^cœf‡½i weeiY, ˆewPÎc~Y© †køvK PgrKvifv‡e ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q G‡Z|
22. AvLZviæ¾gvb Bwjqv‡mi ÔwP‡j †KvVvi †mcvBÕi welqe¯‘ wjLyb|
DËi : AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqv‡mi Dcb¨vm ÔwP‡j †KvVvi †mcvBÕ (1986)|
Gi †cÖÿvcU g~jZ Dbmˇii MYAf~¨Ìvb| Av‡›`vjb cieZ©x mg‡q kÖgRxwe
gvbyl wKfv‡e cÖZvwiZ I ewÂZ n‡q‡Q Ges evgcš’x‡`i †`v`yj¨gvbZv Avi
fvO‡bi d‡j ivRbxwZi gq`vb †_‡K cðv`cmviY BZ¨vw` eY©bvi GK
PgrKvi AvL¨vb ÔwP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvBÕ| Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb PwiÎ Imgvb| wKš‘
Dcb¨v‡mi g~j NUbvejxi mv‡_ Zvi m¤ú„³Zv †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Imgvb
Pwi‡Îi gva¨‡g †jLK myweav‡fvMx ga¨we‡Ëi PwiÎ dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb|
ga¨weËiv Dc‡i DV‡Z Pvq, wb‡P bvg‡Z Pvq bv| d‡j Av‡›`vjb msMÖv‡g
Zv‡`i Kv‡Q cwic~Y© Av‡Z¥vrmM© Avkv Kiv hvq bv| wecix‡Z †`wL‡q‡Qb
cÖv‡šÍi gvbyl nvwÇwLwRi Av‡›`vj‡b mivmwi AskMÖnY K‡i cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z
cÖvY nvivq| †jLK eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb nvwÇ wLwRi‡`i gZ wb¤œweˇ`i ØvivB
12 kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV
wecøe msMwVZ nq| KviY Zv‡`i Avi nvivevi wKQz bvB| ÔwP‡j‡KvVvi
†mcvBÕ‡K ivR‰bwZK Dcb¨vm ejv hvq; KviY Gi gva¨‡g †jL‡Ki
ivR‰bwZK `„wófw½ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Avevi HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm ej‡jI fyj n‡e
bv| †jLK BwZnvm †_‡K Gi DcRxe¨ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
23. kIKZ Imgv‡bi ÔRbbxÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cÖwZcv`¨ welq wjLyb |
DËi : kIKZ Imgv‡bi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Dcb¨vm ÔRbbxÕ| cwjøRxeb, cwjøi
gvbyl Ges mvgwMÖKfv‡e cwjøi cwi‡ek‡K wb‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q G Dcb¨vm|
g‡nkWv½v MÖv‡gi `wi`Ö K…lK AvRnvi I Zvi ¯¿x `wiqvi wewei cvwievwiK
Uvbvc‡ob Dcb¨v‡mi g~j Ask| AvRnv‡ii cvwievwiK HwZn¨ _vK‡jI,
`vwi‡`Ö¨i KlvNv‡Z †m AvR me©¯^všÍ| cvwievwiK Kj‡n AvRnvi GKw`b evwo
†Q‡o P‡j †M‡j `wiqv wewe mšÍvb‡`i wb‡q AK‚j `wiqvq c‡o| G Ae¯’vq
AvRnv‡ii GK abx dzdvZ fvB BqvKze mg‡q mg‡q `wiqv‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z
_v‡K| cieZ©x‡Z `wiqv wewe BqvKz‡ei jvjmvi wkKvi nq| `wiqv wewe mšÍvb
m¤¢ev n‡q c‡o| GB mšÍvb Rb¥ w`‡q `wiqv wewe AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i| `vwi‡`ª¨i
my‡hvM wb‡q BqvKze‡`i gZ weËevbiv Amnvq gvbyl‡`i mv‡_ jvjmv PwiZv_©
K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K kZ `vwi‡`ªª¨i gv‡SI gvZ…Z¡‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y `wiqv mšÍvb‡`i
†Q‡o †h‡Z cv‡i bv| GB `wiqvB Avevi mšÍv‡bi wbKU Kjw¼bx gv n‡q †eu‡P
bv †_‡K †e‡Q †bq AvZ¥nb‡bi c_|
24. kIKZ Imgv‡bi ÔRbbxÕ I gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔRbbxÕi
Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
DËi : kIKZ Imgv‡bi ÔRbbxÕ Ges gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔRbbxÕ GKB
bv‡g `yÕwU Dcb¨vm n‡jI GB `yB Jcb¨vwmK wn›`y I gymwjg `yÕiKg cwiev‡ii
`yB gv‡qi PwiÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| kIKZ Imgv‡bi ÔRbbxÕ `wiqv wewe|
mšÍvb‡`i jvjb cvj‡bi Rb¨ `vwi‡`ª¨i Rb¨ †`eiiƒcx j¯úU BqvKz‡ei Kv‡Q
mvnvh¨ wb‡Z wM‡q Zvi jvjmvi wkKvi nq| Ab¨w`‡K gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi
ÔRbbxÕ k¨vgvi g‡a¨ GiKg gvbwmK Ø›Ø I Rxeb msKU †bB| k¨vgv‡K mgvR
wKsev cicyiæ‡li m‡½ jovB Ki‡Z nq bv| gvwbK wn›`y cwiev‡ii cUf~wg‡Z,
kIKZ Imgvb gymwjg cwiev‡ii cUf~wg‡Z Rbbx‡K wPÎvqb K‡i‡Qb| Zey
GB `yB Dcb¨v‡mi Rbbx‡K AkÖæwm³, †e`bvq wi³, A_P Rbbx‡Z¡i Zzjbvnxb
gwngvq gwngvwš^Z †`Lv hvq| †Kv‡bv mšÍvb gv‡qi Kjw¼Z cwiPq †g‡b †bq
bv| GUv †R‡bB `wiqv wewe AvZ¥nZ¨vi c_ †e‡Q †bq| `wiqv wewe gv‡qi
cwiPq‡K A¶zYœ iv‡L, wb‡Ri g„Zz¨i ga¨ w`‡q kvk¦Z RbbxZ¡‡K Rqx K‡i‡Q|
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV 13
25. ÔjvjmvjyÕ Dcb¨v‡mi welqe¯‘ wjLyb|
DËi : ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn iwPZ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm ÔjvjmvjyÕ (1948)| MÖvgxY
mgv‡R a‡g©i bv‡g fÐvgxi GK wbLuyZ wPÎ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q G Dcb¨v‡m|
Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ gwR`| Dcb¨v‡mi ïiæ‡Z †`Lv hvq gneŸZbMi
MÖv‡g G‡m gwR` GKwU fv½v Kei‡K cÖL¨vZ cx‡ii gvRvi wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv
K‡i| Zvi ÿgZv, cÖfve-cÖwZcwË e„w× †c‡j 2q ¯¿x wn‡m‡e wK‡kvix Rwgjv‡K
N‡i Av‡b| mnR-mij wKš‘ PÂjv Rwgjv cÖ_g †_‡KB ¯^vgx gwR‡`i Kg©KvÐ
†g‡b wb‡Z cv‡i bv| gvRv‡ii cÖwZ Zvi †Zgb kÖ×v fw³ †bB| G‡Z wePwjZ
n‡q D‡V gwR`| Rwgjv‡K kvw¯Í †`Iqvi Rb¨ gvRvi N‡i †eu‡a iv‡L| Gw`‡K
So ïiæ n‡j gwR` wM‡q †`‡L Rwgjv †g‡S‡Z c‡i Av‡Q, Zvi eyK Db¥y³
Ges †g‡nw` ivOv‡bv GKwU cv Ke‡ii mv‡_ jvMv‡bv| Ab¨w`‡K wkjve„wó‡Z
dm‡ji e¨vcK ÿwZ n‡j MÖvgevmx gwR‡`i Kv‡Q cÖwZKvi Pvq| Gfv‡eB
wech©¯Í cvwievwiK Rxeb, dm‡ji †ÿZ Ges `wi`ª MÖvgevmxi nvnvKv‡ii ga¨
w`‡q jvjmvjy Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb †kl nq| Dcb¨v‡m †`wL‡q‡Qb MÖv‡gi
gvby‡li Kzms¯‹vi, AÜ wek¦vm‡K cuywR K‡i Amvay e¨w³iv Kxfv‡e myweav †bq|
26. Ôm~h© `xNj evwoÕ Dcb¨v‡mi weqle¯‘ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb |
DËi : Avey Bmnv‡Ki weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm Ôm~h© `xNj evoxÕ (1948)| Dcb¨v‡mi
cUf~wg cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi, 1947-Gi †`kwefvM, beMwVZ cvwK¯Ívb wb‡q
evsjvi gvby‡li Avkvf½, MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri Kzms¯‹vi, †gvoj †kÖwYi gvby‡li
lohš¿, m‡e©vcwi MÖvgxY bvixi Rxeb msMÖvg I cÖwZev`x †PZbv| cÂv‡ki
gš^šÍ‡i eû `wi`ª gvbyl cÖvY nvivq| ¯^vgx cwiZ¨v³ Rq¸b kn‡ii j½iLvbvq
AvkÖq †bq| GKmgq Rq¸b Zvi †Q‡j-†g‡q I fvB‡qi ¯¿x-cy·`i mv‡_
wb‡q MÖv‡g wd‡i Av‡m| Acqv e‡j cwiwPZ c~e©-cwðg j¤^vjw¤^ wf‡U‡Z
m~h©`xNj evox ˆZwi K‡i| †hLv‡b iv‡Z N‡i Kw_Z f~‡Zi wUj c‡o| †mB
evwo‡Z †_‡K Zviv Rxebhy‡× cÖvYcb jovB K‡i| Dcb¨v‡mi †kl w`‡K
Rq¸‡bi wØZxq ¯^vgx GK iv‡Z †`‡L †d‡j iv‡Z f~Z n‡q evox‡Z wXj †Qvov
†gvoj M`y ciav‡bi KvimuvwR| †mB iv‡Zi Avuav‡iB M`y ciavb Zv‡K nZ¨v
K‡i Ges w`‡bi Av‡jv‡Z cÖPvi K‡i G nZ¨vKvÐ f~‡ZiB KvR| ZLb G
evwo‡Z _vKvi mvnm Rq¸b nvwi‡q †d‡j, cvwo Rgvq ARvbvi c‡_| Rq¸b,
nvmy, gvqgybv, kwd, Wv. i‡gk PµeZ©x cÖfw„ Z Pwi‡Îi gva¨‡g MÖv‡gi gvby‡li
`vwi`ª¨, Kzms¯‹vi, †gvoj †gvjøv‡`i †`ŠovZ¥¨ BZ¨vw`i Nwbô cwiPq cvIqv
hvq|
14 kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV
27. ÔnvRvi eQi a‡iÕ Dcb¨vm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
DËi : Rwni ivqnv‡bi Dcb¨vm ÔnvRvi eQi a‡iÕ (1964)| cixi `xwNi
cv‡oi ÿz`ª GKwU MÖv‡gi GKvbœeZ©x cwiev‡ii msNvZgq Rxeb Kvwnwb
Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`ªwe›`y| cwieviwUi KZ©v gKeyj ey‡ov| e„× gKey‡ji Z…Zxq ¯¿x
wK‡kvix Uzwb MÖvg evsjvi GK D”Q¦j wK‡kvixi cÖZxK| Uzwb gš‘‡K wb‡q iv‡Zi
Auvav‡i gvQ ai‡Z hvq, elv©q kvcjv Zzj‡Z hvq| fvjevmvi †Rvqv‡i fv‡m
`yRb wKš‘ †KD KvD‡K gyL dz‡U ej‡Z cv‡i bv| GKmgq gKeyj gviv hvq|
gšÍz hLb Zvi g‡bi K_v Uywb‡K e‡j ZLb A‡bK †`ix n‡q †M‡Q|
iv‡Z myiZ Avjxi cyw_ covi `„k¨ w`‡q Dcb¨vm ïiæ nq Avevi †k‡li w`‡K
Zvi †Q‡j ev‡ci g‡ZvB cuyw_ co‡Z _v‡K| nvRvi eQ‡ii cyiv‡bv †Rv¯œbv fiv
iv‡Z GKB cyuw_i myi †f‡m †eovq evZv‡m| G Dcb¨v‡m Rwni ivqnvb evsjvi
MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri wbLuyZ wPÎ Lye my›`ifv‡e dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| Jcb¨vwmK
†`wL‡q‡Qb Kv‡ji Ave‡Z© cÖKw… Z‡Z cwieZ©b Av‡m cwiewZ©Z nq A‡bK
wKQz| ïay cwieZ©b Av‡mbv AÜKvi, Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ MÖvg evsjvi mgv‡R|
28. ÔwZZvm GKwU b`xi bvgÕ Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
DËi : A‰ØZ gjøeg©Y b`x I b`x ZxieZ©x †R‡j m¤úª`vq wb‡q iPbv K‡ib
ÔwZZvm GKwU b`xi bvgÕ Dcb¨vm (1956)| wZZvm b`xi ZxieZ©x
†MvKY©Nv‡Ui gv‡jvcvov G Dcb¨v‡mi cUf~wg| Gi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ †Kvb gvbyl
bq GKwU b`x, bvg ÔwZZvmÕ| G‡Z grmRxex‡`i `ytL-`y`©kv, ixwZ bxwZ, ag©-
ms¯‹vi, Drme m‡e©vcwi Zv‡`i Rxeb hvc‡bi Abe`¨ Kvwnwb Zz‡j aiv
n‡q‡Q| RxweKvi Rb¨ Zviv KwVb cwikÖg Ki‡jI cÖvPz‡h©i gyL KL‡bvB †`‡L
bv| Afve Zv‡`i wbZ¨ m½x| A‰ØZ gjøeg©Y gv‡jv m¤úª`v‡qi †jvK wQ‡jb|
Zuvi cÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZv I myMfxi AšÍ`w©„ ó w`‡q Dcb¨vmwU‡Z gv‡jv Z_v axei
mgv‡Ri wbôzi Rxeb msMÖv‡gi Kvwnwb K‡i Zz‡j‡Q Awebk¦i I AmvaviY| G
Dcb¨v‡mi gva¨‡g b`xgvZ…K †`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i b`x m¤úwK©Z Dcb¨vm aviv
†c‡q‡Q c~Y©Zv|
29. Ô†ZBk b¤^i ˆZjwPÎÕ Dcb¨vm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
DËi : AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` Gi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Ô†ZBk b¤^i ˆZjwPÎÕ
(1960)| Rv‡n` bv‡g GKRb wkíx‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q Dcb¨v‡mi
Kvwnwb| Rv‡n‡`i AuvKv wPÎ Ôgv`vi Av_©Õ KivwP‡Z GK AvšÍ©RvwZK
GKwRwek‡b cÖ_g cyi¯‹vi cvq| GB QweUv AuvKvi †cQ‡bi MíB Dcb¨v‡mi
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV 15
g~j Kvwnwb| Qwe AvuKvi m~‡Î wPÎwkíx Rvwg‡ji evmvq Rv‡n‡`i hvZvqvZ|
GKmgq Rvwg‡ji †QvU‡evb ÔQweÕi m‡½ Rv‡n‡`i †cÖ‡gi m¤úK© M‡o I‡V|
Rvwg‡ji ¯¿x gxivi ga¨¯’Zvq Qwe I Rv‡n‡`i we‡q nq| we‡qi ciciB
Rv‡n` Qwei kix‡i mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi wPý Avwe®‹vi K‡i| c‡i Rvb‡Z cv‡i
Rvwg‡ji GK cwiwPZR‡bi Øviv Qwe awl©Z n‡q AšÍtmË¡v n‡j mšÍvbwU bó
K‡i †djv nq| Rv‡n‡`i mv‡_ weevwnZ Rxe‡b Qwe Avevi AšÍtmËv¡ nq|
Rv‡n` wK Zv‡K MÖnY Ki‡e? Ggb cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡q Rv‡n` mnwkíx
gZjy‡ei K_v g‡b c‡o- mšÍvb gviv hvevi ci gZjye Db¥v‡`i gZ n‡q
wM‡qwQj| Rv‡n` ¯^vfweKfv‡eB Qwe I Zvi mšÍvb‡K MÖnY K‡i msmvi ag©
cvjb K‡i| Dcb¨v‡m gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡kølY, d«‡qwWq †hŠbZË¡, `k©b, AvZ¥Ø›Ø,
g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw`i wPÎ M‡íi Avov‡j dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
30. kirP‡›`ªi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm ÔkÖxKvšÍÕ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi : kirP‡›`ªi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm ÔkªxKvšÍÕ| Dcb¨vmwU PviwU L‡Ð
wef³| Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb PwiÎ kÖxKv‡šÍi g‡a¨ †jL‡Ki e¨w³Rxeb cÖwZdwjZ
n‡q‡Q| ågYKvwnwb jÿYvµvšÍ G Dcb¨v‡mi Lиwj wew”Qbœ Kvwnwbi mgwó|
Z‡e cÖwZwU LÐB kÖxKv‡šÍi ¯§„wZPviY m~‡Î Ave× Ges †jL‡Ki eY©bv¸‡Y n‡q
D‡V‡Q cÖvYešÍ| Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb PwiÎ kÖxKv‡šÍi Rxeb AwfÁZvi eY©bv”Q‡j
G‡Z wewPÎ NUbv I AmsL¨ Pwi‡Îi mgv‡ek N‡U‡Q| †mB m‡½ ZrKvjxb
evsjvi Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’viI ev¯ÍevbyK wPÎ G‡Z AswKZ n‡q‡Q| kirP›`ª
hLb kÖxKvšÍ Dcb¨vm †j‡Lb ZLb fvi‡Z BD‡ivcxq ågY Kvwnwbi GKcÖKvi
m¯Ív cÖPvi I evRvi cwiwPwZ cvw”Qj| GRb¨ fvi‡Zi cwi‡e‡k I ev¯ÍeZvi
Av‡jv‡K mvwR‡q Zz‡jb †`kxq ågY mvwnZ¨ I AvZ¥Rxebxi GK aviv|
ÔkªxKvšÍÕ †mB avivi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc| e¨w³MZ fvebv I Abyf~wZi mv‡_ †jLK
mn‡RB wgwj‡q w`‡Z †c‡i‡Qb cÖKvk‰kjx, eY©bvPvZzh©, Kve¨gqZv Avi
Pwi·K `uvo Kwi‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i Avcb RvqMvq |
31. kirP‡›`Öi Ôc‡_i `vexÕ Dcb¨vmwU ev‡Rqvß n‡qwQj †Kb?
DËi : kirP›`Ö P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ivR‰bwZK Dcb¨vm Ôc‡_i `vexÕ (1926)|
weÖwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi weiæ‡× fviZe‡l©i ¯^vaxbZv Kvgbvi †cÖ¶vc‡U
†jLv Dcb¨vm| ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ me¨mvPx Ii‡d Wv³vi mv‡ne evg©v
gyjøy‡K M‡o †Zv‡jb Ôc‡_i `vexÕ bv‡gi msMVb| Dcb¨v‡mi bvwqKv PwiÎ
fviZx| me¨mvPx I fviZx `yÕR‡bi j¶¨ GK n‡jI Zvu‡`i gv‡S i‡q‡Q
GKUv cv_©K¨| me¨mvPxi D‡Ïk¨ mk¯¿ wecø‡ei gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZv AR©b Kiv|
16 kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV
Ab¨w`‡K fviZx bxie wecø‡ei c‡ÿ| M‡íi NUbv cwiµgvq Pwiθ‡jvi
Revwb‡Z civaxbZvi `ytmn hš¿Yvi K_v G‡m‡Q| ÔAvwg wecøex, fvi‡Zi
¯^vaxbZvB Avgvi GKgvÎ Kvg¨, Avgvi GKwUgvÎ mvabv|Õ GB e³e¨ w`‡qB
Dcb¨vm †kl nq| wbtm‡›`‡n GB Kvwnwb‡Z weÖwUk kvm‡bi ZxeÖ mgv‡jvPbv
Ges mk¯¿ wecø‡ei cÖwZ AvšÍwiK mg_©b Av‡Q| d‡j MÖšw’ U cÖKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½
miKvi KZ©K… wbwl× nq| bv›`wbK gvb`‡Ð Ôc‡_i `vexÕ DrK…ó mvwnZ¨ wKbv
G wb‡q cÖkœ _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ weÖwUkwe‡ivax ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g G Dcb¨vm
DÏxc‡Ki f~wgKv iv‡L|
32. ÔI¼viÕ Dcb¨vm m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
DËi : Avng` QdvÕi ÔI¼viÕ Dcb¨vmwU 69-Gi MYAf~¨Ìv‡bi cUf~wg‡Z
†jLv| G Dcb¨v‡mi bvq‡Ki evev weªwUk Avg‡ji GKRb ZvjyK`vi| weªwUkiv
P‡j hvIqvq ZvjyK`vi‡`i mvgvwRK gh©v`v K‡g hvq| `vjvj †kÖwYi be¨
abx‡`i cÖwZwbwa Avey bmi †gv³vi †KŠk‡j ZvjyK`v‡ii RwgRgv wb‡q †bq
Ges Zvi †evev †g‡q‡K ZvjyK`v‡ii †Q‡ji mv‡_ we‡q †`q| mvgwiK kvmK
AvBqye Lv‡bi m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i ÿgZve‡j Avey bmi RvgvB‡K PvKzix Ges kn‡i
GKwU evoxi e¨e¯’v K‡i †`q| bvqK, eD Avi †QvU‡evb‡K wb‡q kn‡i _v‡K|
†`‡ki Av‡›`vjb msMÖvg †evev eD‡K fxlYfv‡e bvov †`q| ivRc‡_ wgwQj
n‡j bvqK `iRv Rvbvjv eÜ K‡i cvwj‡q _vK‡Z Pvq, wKš‘ Zvi eD `iRv
Ly‡j wgwQ‡j †hvM w`‡Z Pvq| Dcb¨v‡mi †k‡l †`Lv hvq MYAf~¨Ìv‡b
Avmv‡`i g„Zz¨i ci RbZvi wgwQjwU evwoi mvg‡b G‡m co‡j ZLb wgwQ‡ji
mv‡_ †evev †g‡q e‡j I‡V ÔevOjvÕ| ejvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvi Mjv †_‡K MjMj
K‡i i³ †ewo‡q Av‡m| ZLb Zvi ¯^vgx fv‡e †Kvb i³ †ewk jvj Avmv‡`i
bv Zvi eD‡qi?| GLv‡bB †kl nq Dcb¨vm| †QvU cwim‡i, Aí K_vq
ev½vjxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLvi Av‡›`vjbg~Li w`b¸‡jv e¨³ K‡i Avng` Qdv
Dcb¨vmwU‡K wekvjZv `vb K‡i‡Qb|
33. Avng` Qdvi ÔAjvZPµÕ Dcb¨vm m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
DËi : gnvb gyw³hyׇK †K›`ª K‡i Avng` Qdvi Dcb¨vm ÔAjvZPµÕ|
Dcb¨v‡mi bvqK `vwb‡q‡ji Revwb‡Z †jLv A‡bKUvB AvZ¥Rxebx avu‡Pi
Dcb¨vm| `vwb‡qj †jLv‡jwL Ki‡Zb, GKmgq ivRbxwZ‡ZI RwoZ wQ‡jb|
gyw³hy‡×i mgq kiYv_©x n‡q fvi‡Z AvkÖq †bq `vwb‡qj| †m gyw³evwnbx‡Z
†hvM w`‡Z †P‡qI bv †c‡i KjKvZvq D‡Ïk¨nxb Rxeb hvcb K‡i| Dcb¨v‡m
hy×cwiw¯’wZi we‡kølYvZ¥K eY©bvq D‡V G‡m‡Q- KjKvZvq AvkÖq †bqv
kiYv_©x‡`i Kó, Zv‡`i cÖwZ KjKvZvi gvbyl‡`i `„wófw½, hy‡×i my‡hvM wb‡q
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV 17
¯^v_©v‡š^lx †bZv‡`i KjKvZvq dzwZ©i wPÎ| gywRebMi miKv‡ii GK gš¿x aiv
c‡o wbwl× cwjø‡Z, †KD ev Aviv‡g w`b KvUvq w_‡qUvi †iv‡W| wecix‡Z
†U«wbs K¨v‡¤ú gyw³‡hv×viv cvi KiwQj KwVb mgq| GQvov GKwU LÐwP‡Î
i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki Kw_Z eyw×Rxweiv ZLb Kx K‡i †ewo‡q‡Qb| Dcb¨vm
Ry‡o i‡q‡Q gyw³hy× wN‡i GK gb¯ÍvwË¡K jovB| †hb iY‡¶‡Îi evwn‡i
cÖwZw`b N‡U hvIqv Av‡iKUv gyw³hy‡×i wPÎ|
34. ÔRxeb Avgvi †evbÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cÖwZcv`¨ welq eY©bv Kiæb|
DËi : gvngy`yj n‡Ki Dcb¨vm ÔRxeb Avgvi †evbÕ| Dcb¨vmUv `„k¨Z GKvËi
mvj wb‡q| wKš‘ GKvˇii hy×Kvjxb NUbvcwćZ Dcb¨v‡mi e¨vwß bq| 7B
gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi `yBw`b c~e© †_‡K cuwP‡k gvP© ch©šÍ Dcb¨v‡mi e¨vwß| gyw³hy‡×i
wVK c~e© gyn‚‡Z© e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi †h msKU, Uvbv‡cv‡ob, Ø›Ø, wn‡me-wb‡Kk-
†mBme D‡V G‡m‡Q †LvKv bv‡gi GK hye‡Ki Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q| G
Dcb¨v‡m cÖZ¨¶ A_ev c‡iv¶fv‡e ZrKvjxb mgvR I ivRbxwZi D‡ËRbv
RvqMv K‡i wb‡q‡Q| ejv P‡j bv †h gyw³hy× GB iPbvi g~j welq, wKš‘ Zvi
†P‡qI eo K_v mgKv‡ji AšÍj©xb Uvbv‡cv‡ob I MwZ-cÖKw… Z G‡Z e¨w³i
Abyf~wZi ga¨ w`‡q we‡køwlZ n‡q‡Q| †m wn‡m‡e GB Dcb¨vmwU mgKv‡ji
AšÍ`©k©b e‡U| BwZnv‡mi Kvwnbx bw_Kv‡ii g‡Zv bv e‡jI †h BwZnv‡mi
`k©b‡K `„k¨gvb Kiv hvq, Rxeb Avgvi †evb Zvi DrK…ó cÖgvY|
35. ÔDËg cyiælÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cÖwZcv`¨ welq eY©bv Kiæb|
DËi : ikx` Kwi‡gi ÔDËg cyiælÕ (1961) Dcb¨vmwU †`k wefv‡Mi
†cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ| Dcb¨v‡m Pwjø‡ki `k‡Ki KjKvZvi †h wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q
Zv‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb kv‡Ki, mwjj, †kLi, †mwjbv, Awbgvi ga¨ w`‡q wn›`y-
gymwjg AvšÍ:m¤ú‡K©i PvjwPÎ D`NvwUZ nq, Ab¨w`‡K wØZxq wek¦hy‡×
†evgvZ‡¼i g‡a¨ Kvj KvUv‡bv A_©‰bwZK g›`vMÖ¯Í gvby‡li AeqeI ¯úó|
†`kfvM `iRvq Kov bvo‡Q, ivRbxwZ‡Z gymwjg jxM wb‡R‡`i `vex‡K evOvwj
gymjgvb gvb‡m †ek RbwcÖq K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| wn›`y-gymjgvb Ø›Ø eo AvKv‡i
†`Lv w`‡”Q| †`kwefv‡Mi †cÖÿvc‡U †kªYxMZ ˆelg¨, D”PweË-ga¨we‡Ëi
A›`ign‡ji Qwe dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| GQvovI †`k wefv‡Mi wVK Av‡M msL¨vjNy
gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi mvgwMÖK Ae¯’v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Dcb¨v‡m| kv‡K‡ii †QvU
†ejvq C‡`i Av‡Mi w`‡bi eY©bvi g‡a¨ Avwki `kK Av‡Mi KjKZvi gymwjg
ga¨weË cwiev‡ii GKwU cÖwZ”Qwe Av‡Q| KjKvZvi Av‡jv evZvm, c_ NvU,
18 kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV
gvbylRb G Dcb¨v‡mi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖm½| cy‡iv Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb
KjKvZv‡K wN‡iB|
36. Ô†RvnivÕ Dcb¨v‡mi welqe¯‘ wjLyb|
DËZ : †gvRv‡¤§j nK GKRb wfbœag©x Kwe I †jLK| wZwb Kwe wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ n‡jI Dcb¨vm-iPbv‡ZI `¶Zv †`wL‡q‡Qb| Ô†RvnivÕ Zvi
cvVKbw›`Z Dcb¨vm| GwU mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK Dcb¨vm| †m mgqKvi
gymjgvb‡`i mgvRwPÎ GB Dcb¨v‡m Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| ZLb †g‡q‡`i weev‡ni
†¶‡Î Zv‡`i gZvgZ ev B‡”Qi †Kv‡bv g~j¨ wQj bv| cwiev‡ii cQ‡›`i cv‡Îi
m‡½ weevn †`Iqv n‡Zv| G‡Z bvixi Rxe‡b `ytmn †e`bvi †h KiæY cwiYwZi
Rb¥ n‡Zv Dcb¨v‡m †m wPÎB Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| †Rvniv Dcb¨v‡m
mgvRwPÎwUI wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q ew¼‡gi KcvjKzÐjvi Abym„‡Z| fviZel©, Ag…Z
evRvi, †e½jx, gymjgvb cÖf…wZ cwÎKvq Dcb¨vmwU f~qmx cÖkswmZ n‡qwQj|
37. Ôc‡_i cvuPvjxÕ Dcb¨v‡m Aw¼Z cÖKw… Zi iƒc eY©bv Kiæb|
DËi : wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq MÖvgxY cUf~wgi mv_©K wkíx| Zvi Ôc‡_i
cvuPvjxÕ †h‡bv cÖKw… Zi mšÍvb| evsjvi k¦vk¦Z MÖvg, MÖv‡gi cÖKw… Z I gvbyl GB
Dcb¨v‡mi K_ve¯‘| gvbe Rxe‡bi AšÍj©xb mËvi m‡½ cwjø cÖK…wZi wbmM©
Rxeb Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb G‡Z| cÖKw… Z wbweo fv‡jvevmvi †Quvqv jvwM‡q, ggZv
gvwL‡q G‡ZvUvB gvqvgqx iƒc w`‡q‡Qb †h, cÖKw… Z Avi wef~wZf~lY wg‡jwg‡k
GKvKvi n‡q †M‡Q| fvlv nviv cÖKw… Z †h‡bv Zvui hv`y ¯ú‡k© RxešÍ iƒc aviY
K‡i‡Q| Abœ`vk¼i ivq Zv‡K ÔcÖK…wZ-cvMj mvwnwZ¨KÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ
K‡i‡Qb| Ôc‡_i cvuPvjxÕ ïaygvÎ GKwU Dcb¨vm bq, Gig‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
wef~wZf~l‡Yi cwjøcÖxwZ I ˆbmwM©K †PZbv| gvbyl †h cÖK…wZiB mšÍvb- GB
mZ¨ cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q G‡Z| cÖKw… Zi jZvcvZv, Nvm, †cvKvgvKo mewKQzB
¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| iex›`Öbv_ VvKzi Ôc‡_i cvuPvjxÕ m¤ú‡K© e‡jb,
ÔGB eBLvwb‡Z †c‡qwQ h_v_© M‡íi ¯^v`| Gi †_‡K †kLv nqwb wKQzB| †`Lv
n‡q‡Q A‡bK hv c~‡e© Ggb K‡i †`wLwb|Õ
38. ûgvqyb Avng‡`i Ô†`qvjÕ Dcb¨vm m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi : ûgvq~b Avn‡g` iwPZ me©‡kl Dcb¨vm Ô†`qvjÕ (2013)| Dcb¨vmwU
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× I gyw³hy× cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ| 1975
mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †gRi wRqvi g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ Kvjmxgvq N‡U
hvIqv NUbv¸wj M‡íi gZ K‡i e‡j †M‡Qb| Dcb¨v‡mi wKQz PwiÎ ev¯Íe
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV 19
†_‡K †bIqv| bvg-avg meB ev¯Íe, NUbv ci¤úivI ev¯Í‡eiB Ask| †jLK
†h‡nZz Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb, ZvB i‡q‡Q wKQz KvíwbK PwiÎ| BwZnvm AvwkÖZ
Dcb¨vm n‡jI ûgvq~b Avn‡g` Zuvi †jLKmËvi ¯^KxqZv eRvq †i‡L‡Qb|
Dcb¨v‡m Qwo‡q Av‡Q Zuvi ¯^fvewm× †kølvZ¥K Dw³| gv‡S gv‡S †jLK
KweZvi PiY, Lbvi ePb BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Ô†`qvjÕ ivR‰bwZK
Dcb¨vm bq, BwZnvm AvwkÖZ Dcb¨vm| 2011 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS‡Z ûgvq~b
Avn‡g` G Dcb¨vm iPbv ïiæ K‡ib| Ab¨w`b cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e
cÖKvwkZ n‡j wKQz Z_¨ wb‡q weZ©‡Ki m„wó nq| cieZ©x‡Z nvB‡Kv‡U©i civgk©
Abyhvqx †jLK Dcb¨vmwU‡Z cwieZ©b mvab K‡ib| Zuvi g„Zz¨i GK eQi ci
Dcb¨vmwU MÖšv’ Kv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq|
39. ÔAvb›`gVÕ Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨ wjLyb|
DËi : ew¼gP›`Ö P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi †`kvZ¥‡evaK Dcb¨vm ÔAvb›`gVÕ| Dcb¨v‡mi
cUf~wg wQqvˇii gš^šÍi †_‡K ïiæ n‡q‡Q, mbœ¨vmx we‡`Öv‡ni `yM© Avb›`gV,
fvIqvj AÂj, Zvi ebebvbx, cÖKw… Z Ges wewfbœ ch©v‡q Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_
hy‡×i NUbv Ny‡i wd‡i G‡m‡Q| evsjvq gymwjg ivRkw³i cZb I Bs‡iR
ivR‡Z¡i cÖwZôv GK ˆbiv‡R¨i m„wó K‡i| GB msKUKv‡j Bs‡iR kvm‡bi
Aemvb NwU‡q †`kgvZvi gyw³i Rb¨ mšÍvb `‡ji Avwef©ve N‡U| GB mšÍvb
`jB Dcb¨v‡mi g~j PwiÎ| Zv‡`i Av`k© AbymiY K‡i †`‡ki hyemgvR‡K
†`kgvZvi civaxbZvi k„•Lj‡gvP‡bi Rb¨ GwM‡q Avmvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb
ew¼gP›`Ö| ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b GK`j AvZ¥Z¨vMx mbœ¨vmxi Kvh©vewji weeiYI
Av‡Q| Dcb¨v‡m ew¼gP›`Ö civaxb †`kgvZvi jvwÃZ iƒc Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Ges
mZ¨vb‡›`i AvnŸv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q weÖwUk kvm‡bi weiæ‡× fviZxq‡`i
RvZxqZv‡eva RvMv‡bvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| e‡›`gvZig MvbwU G Dcb¨v‡mi
AšÍf©z³| fviZxq‡`i RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai weKv‡k ew¼gP‡›`Öi Avb›`gV I Zvui
e‡›`gvZig MvbwUi Ae`vb Acwimxg|
40. ÔPuv‡`i Agvem¨vÕ Dcb¨v‡m wea„Z †PZbv cÖevnixwZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
DËi : ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn Rxe‡bi wmsnfvM KvwU‡q‡Qb d«v‡Ý| BD‡ivcxq
Dcb¨vm †_‡K †PZbvcÖevnixwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †bb| Zvici evsjv mvwn‡Z¨
†PZbvcÖevnixwZi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Zuvi †PZbvcÖevn ixwZi `„óvšÍ cvIqv hvq
ÔPvu‡`i Agvem¨vÕ Dcb¨v‡m| Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ Av‡id Avjx| †m eo
evwo‡Z AvkÖqcÖvß GK ¯‹zj wk¶K hyeK| GK iv‡Z evB‡i wM‡q evwoi
†QvUKZ©v Kv‡`i‡K †`‡L| AZtci euvkSv‡o bvixK‡Éi Kvbœv Ges GK hyeZxi
20 kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV
Aa©bMœ g…Z‡`n †`‡L| cÖ_‡g wØavwš^Z n‡jI c‡i Av‡id Avjx eyS‡Z cv‡i
Kv‡`iB hyeZxi nZ¨vKvix| nZ¨vi welqwU wb‡q Av‡id Avjxi wPšÍv-†PZbv
AvewZ©Z| nZ¨vi NUbv‡K msniY K‡i, e¨w³‡K NUbv Af¨šÍ‡i wb‡¶c K‡i
Zvi g‡bvRvMwZK wµqv cÖwZwµqv wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| G Dcb¨v‡mi evB‡ii NUbv
†MŠY, Av‡id Avjxi AšÍ‡j©v‡K m„ó NUbv‡mÖvZB g~L¨| Av‡id Avjxi
AšÍ‡j©v‡K K‡jøvwjZ NUbv‡K ZviB gMœ‰PZ‡b¨i `„wó‡Kv‡Y Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|
Av‡id Avjxi ˆPZ‡b¨ †h cÖengvbZv Zvi m~² e¨Äbvq Pvu‡`i Agvem¨v n‡q
D‡V‡Q †PZbvcÖevn ixwZag©x Dcb¨vm|
41. kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjv‡gi ÔKvke‡bi Kb¨vÕ Dcb¨v‡mi g~je³e¨ wjLyb|
DËi : kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjv‡gi ÔKvke‡bi Kb¨vÕ (1954) wefv‡MvËiKv‡ji
wewkó iPbv| `w¶Y evsjvi b`xZxieZ©x gvby‡li msMÖvgkxj I MwZgq Rxeb
Dcb¨v‡mi welq| Dcb¨v‡mi ïiæ‡Z †ivgvw›UK gvb‡mi cwiPq Awfe¨³
n‡q‡Q| †cÖg, cÖKw… Z I gvby‡li GB Awš^ó Rxebiƒc Jcb¨vwm‡Ki AšÍg©q
Ae‡jvK‡bi wel‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| c~e©evsjvi gvbyl MZ cvuP kZvãx a‡i †h
ai‡bi Avb›`‡e`bvgq Kvwnwb‡Z †n‡m‡Q, †Ku‡`‡Q, Zv‡K bZzb iƒ‡c G‡b‡Qb
†jLK| †jvKMxwZi Av‡e`bwU GLv‡b iw¶Z n‡q‡Q| `w¶Y evsjvi Kvke‡bi
†`‡ki gvbyl Avi cÖKw… Zi cÖwZ †jL‡Ki wbwñ`Ö AvbyMZ¨| Dcb¨v‡mi g‡a¨
e¨eüZ †jvKmsMxZ, AvÂwjK cwi‡ek I Dcfvlvi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨, Dcb¨v‡mi
cÖwZ c‡e©i m~Pbvq D×…Z †jvKmsMxZ- Gme wKQzB †jvKRxe‡bi cÖwZ †jL‡Ki
†ivgvw›UK AvbyM‡Z¨i cwiPvqK| b`x I gvby‡li GB GKxf~Z iƒc A¼b Ki‡Z
wM‡q Jcb¨vwmK MxwZgq Rxebv‡e‡M n‡q‡Qb D‡ØwjZ, D”Q¦wmZ|
42. knx`yjøv Kvqmv‡ii Ômv‡is †eŠÕ Dcb¨vm Kx A‡_© ¯^Zš¿?
DËi : knx`yjøv Kvqmv‡ii GK Abe`¨ m„wó Ômv‡is †eŠÕ Dcb¨vm| Zvi
cÖMwZkxj I gvbegyLx `„wófw½ G Dcb¨vm‡K mv_©K K‡i‡Q| †fŠ‡MvwjK
AvqZ‡bi e¯‘ mgMÖZv, mgy`Ö I mgy`Ö DcK‚jeZ©x Rbc‡`i ev¯ÍeRxeb, cÖKw… Zi
`vw¶Y¨ I †µv‡a m„wó I fvObkxj gvbecÖevn cÖf…wZ welq‡K `¶Zvi mv‡_
iƒc`vb K‡i‡Qb Jcb¨vwmK| K`g I bweZz‡bi msMÖvg Jcb¨vwm‡Ki j¶¨we›`y
n‡jI eY©bvq cvwicvwk¦©K Rxeb ev¯ÍeZvi Awbevh©ZvI ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Q| weiƒc
Rxeb‡mÖvZ I weaŸsmx cÖKw… Zi weiæ‡× msMÖvg K‡i UÖvwRK AwfÁZvi ga¨ w`‡q
Rqhy³ n‡q‡Q K`g I bweZz‡bi msMÖvgx Rxeb| mv‡is Rxe‡bi †ev‡ngxq
¯^fv‡ei wecÖZx‡c cÖZx¶vKvZi, m¤£g I Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vq msMÖvgkxj bweZzb G
Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`Öxq PwiÎ| Zvi e¨w³Z¡ m„wó‡Z AvaywbK Rxeb †PZbvi cÖeZ©bvB
kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV 21 22 kxKi evsjv mvwnZ¨ cvV
g~L¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q e‡j g‡b nq| †jvKRxe‡bi iƒc iƒcvšÍi, wek¦vm- 45. wiwRqv ingv‡bi Ôes †_‡K evsjvÕ Dcb¨v‡mi welqfvebv wjLyb|
ms¯‹v‡ii AvÂwjKZv, †kÖwYPwi‡Îi ev¯Íem¤§Z Dc¯’vcb, m‡e©vcwi DcKi‡Yi DËi : wiwRqv ingv‡bi Dcb¨vm Ôes †_‡K evsjvÕ| wiwRqv ingvb G Dcb¨v‡m
Awfbe‡Z¡ evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡mi avivq mv‡is †eŠ ¯^Zš¿| Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb kZvãx ci¤úivq cÖengvb GB e-Øx‡ci Ae‡nwjZ D‡cw¶Z
43. kIKZ Avjxi ÔcÖ‡`v‡l cÖvK…ZRbÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cwiPq w`b| AwaKvinxb gvby‡li hvwcZ Rxeb, Avi †m m~‡ÎB G Dcb¨v‡m D‡V G‡m‡Q
DËi : kIKZ Avjxi HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm ÔcÖ‡`v‡l cÖvK…ZRbÕ| Øv`k kZ‡Ki evOvwj RvwZ MV‡bi AZxZ BwZnvm| Dcb¨vmwU m¤ú‡K© ¯^^qs †jL‡Ki gšÍe¨-
cÖ_g fv‡M eLwZqvi wLjwR jÿY †mb‡K civwRZ K‡i evsjvq gymwjg evsjv‡`‡ki RvwZMVb I fvlvi weeZ©‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i Ôes †_‡K evsjvÕ
kvm‡bi m~Îcv‡Zi cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ G Dcb¨vm| cÖ‡`vl nj Av‡jv Ges Dcb¨v‡mi m„wó| AvovB nvRvi eQi Av‡M es †MvÎ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Dwbkk
Auvav‡ii ga¨eZ©x mgq, mKvj ev mܨv| jÿY †m‡bi we`vq A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q GKvˇii ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i weRqKvj ch©šÍ `xN© cwie¨vwßi g‡a¨ G Dcb¨v‡mi
cÖ‡`vl ev mܨvKvj| eLwZqvi wLjwRi AvMgb A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q cÖ‡`vl ev Kvwnwbweb¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjvi wmsnvmb wPiKvj we‡`wk ¶gZvwjáy Ges
mKvj| Avi cÖvK…ZRb A_© cÖv‡šÍ hviv evm K‡i| A_©vr G cÖ‡`v‡l cÖv‡šÍi m¤ú` †jvfxi Øviv kvwmZ n‡q‡Q| RvwZ wn‡m‡e mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I
gvby‡li wPšÍv-fvebv I Ae¯’v wb‡q Dcb¨vmwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q| MÖv‡gi gvby‡li MYZvwš¿K gh©v`v Zviv †Kvbw`b cvqwb| Ôes †_‡K evsjvÕ †hgb GKw`‡K
gy‡L gy‡L i‡U †M‡Q †mbivR kvmb †_‡K öwjZ n‡q hv‡”Q, ZzK©x AvµgY BwZnv‡mi m‡½ †mB K_vwUB cÖKvk K‡i‡Q, †Zgwb K‡i my`xN© w`‡b †hfv‡e
Avmbœ| ZzK©x Avµg‡Y Zviv A‡b‡KB †ek DjøwmZ| AšÍZ Zviv mvgšÍ GKwU RvwZ ¯^vaxbZvi gh©v`vq G‡m `vuwo‡q‡Q ZviB wPÎiƒc|
gnvmvg‡šÍi AZ¨vPvi †_‡K gyw³ cv‡e| Avevi GwUI wbwðZ bq bZzb kvmK
†Kgb n‡e| Z‡e Zviv GUzKy †`‡L‡Q heb‡`i (gymjgvb) a‡g© I ag©xq
AvPvivwa Abyôv‡b RvZcv‡Zi †f`v‡f` †bB| GKB cv‡Î cÖfz-f…Z¨ Avnvi
MÖnY K‡i| G¸‡jv †`‡L cÖ‡`vl Z_v ZzwK© AvMgb‡K A‡b‡K ¯^vMZ
Rvwb‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb evsjvi †Kvb GK MÖvgxY cÖvšÍ‡i mvaviY gvbyl wK fve‡Q
m¤¢ve¨ AvµgY wb‡q, ZviB wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb kIKZ Avjx Zuvi G Dcb¨v‡m|
44. †mwjbv †nv‡m‡bi Ônv½i b`x †MÖ‡bWÕ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
DËi : †mwjbv †nv‡m‡bi gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm Ônv½i b`x †MÖ‡bWÕ|
Dcb¨v‡mi †Kw›`ªq PwiÎ ÔeywoÕi Aí eq‡m we‡q nq wecZœxK PvPvZ fvB
Mdz‡ii mv‡_| Mdz‡ii Av‡Mi `yB †Q‡j mjxg I Kjxg Ges eywoi cÖwZeÜx
†Q‡j iBm‡K wb‡q Zvi msmvi| GiB g‡a¨ Mdzi gviv hvq| †`‡k gyw³hy×
ïiæ nq| mjxg hvq hy‡×, Kjxg‡K cvwK¯Ívbx ˆmb¨ I †`vmiiv †Pv‡Li mvg‡b
wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v K‡i| nv‡dR I Kv‡`i `yB gyw³‡hv×v GKw`b hy× Ki‡Z
Ki‡Z eywoi N‡i AvkÖq †bq| eywo gyw³‡hv×v‡`i evuPv‡Z wb‡Ri cÖwZewÜ
mšÍvb iBm‡K e›`y‡Ki b‡ji gy‡L Zz‡j †`q| eywoi cÖwZeÜx mšÍvb iB‡mi
gva¨‡g †jwLKv nq‡Zv c~e© cvwK¯Ívbx RbM‡Yi wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© gyK
I ewai n‡q hvIqv‡K eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Avevi iwgRvi †Kv‡j dzUdz‡U ev”Pv;
gyw³hy‡×i Ae¨vnwZi Av‡M gyw³i evZ©v K‡iB Av‡bb| mZ¨ NUbv Aej¤^‡b
Dcb¨vmwU iwPZ| gyw³hy‡×i GK e¨wZµgx Mí wn‡m‡e Dcb¨vmwU AvRI
e¨vcKfv‡e RbwcÖq|