Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 1 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42

fvm©b : Rvbyqvwi, 2022

wLª.
‡U÷-42

wm‡jevm

Zi½ I kã, Zvc I ZvcMwZwe`¨v, Av‡jvi

cÖK…wZ, w¯’i I Pj Zwor, B‡j±ªwb· I AvaywbK
c`v_© weÁvb

GB ‡U‡÷i UwcKmg~n Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY- 10g-

wewmGm †_‡K-43Zg wewmGm ch©šÍ GB UwcKmg~‡n
AmsL¨evi cÖkœ n‡q‡Q| †Lqvj Kiæb-
UwcK G hveZ hZwU cÖkœ n‡q‡Q
Zi½ I kã 15
Zvc I ZvcMwZwe`¨v 18
Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ 24
w¯’i I Pj Zwor 21
B‡j±ªwb· I AvaywbK 17
c`v_© weÁvb
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 2 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42

Zi½ Ges kã
Zi½ : Zi½ n‡”Q GKUv gva¨‡gi ‡fZi w`‡q GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq kw³ cvVv‡bvi cÖwµqv, †hLv‡b gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jv
Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b ¯úw›`Z n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ †mLvb †_‡K m¤ú~Y© m‡i hv‡e bv| A_ev, w¯’wZ¯’vcK gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jvi mgwóMZ
K¤ú‡bi d‡j m„ó Av‡›`vjb‡K Zi½ ejv nq|
o Zi½ GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b mÂvwiZ K‡i— kw³|
o kã Zi½ mÂvwjZ nq bv— k~b¨ gva¨‡g ev f¨vwKDqv‡g|
Zi‡½i cÖKvi‡f` : 2 cÖKvi| h_v : AMÖMvgx ev Pj Zi½ Ges w¯’i Zi½|
welq AMÖMvgx ev Pj Zi½ w¯’i Zi½
msÁv ‡Kvb Zi½ hw` †Kvb we¯Í…Z gva¨‡gi GK ¯Íi n‡Z Ab¨ GKB ai‡bi `ywU AMÖMvgx Zi½ wecixZ w`K n‡Z
¯Í‡i µgvMZ mÂvwjZ n‡q m¤§y‡Li w`‡K AMÖmi nq, mgfv‡e AMÖmi n‡q G‡K Ac‡ii Dci AvcwZZ n‡j †h
Zv‡K AMÖMvgx Zi½ e‡j| Zi½ D™¢e nq Zv‡K w¯’i Zi½ e‡j|
D`vniY cvwbi DcwiZ‡j mÂvwiZ Zi½| GKwU Uvbv Zvi AvNvZ Ki‡j †h Zi½ Drcbœ nq|
Zi½ cÖev‡ni w`‡Ki ZviZg¨‡f‡` Zi½‡K AviI `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
welq jw¤^K ev Aby‣`N¨© Zi½ Avo ev AbycÖ¯’ Zi½
msÁv KYv¸‡jvi K¤ú‡bi w`K Zi½ cÖev‡ni w`‡Ki mgvšÍiv‡j KYv¸‡jvi K¤ú‡bi w`K Zi½ cÖev‡ni w`‡Ki mg‡Kv‡Y
nq| nq|
D`vniY K_v ejvi mgq gy‡Li ga¨Kvi evqy K¤úb| cyKz‡ii cvwb‡Z wXj Qzo‡j †h Zi‡½i m„wó nq|
kã GK ai‡bi Aby‣`N©¨ Zi½| Av‡jv GK ai‡bi AbycÖ¯’ Zi½|
Zi½ •`N¨© : GKwU K¤úgvb KYv ev e¯‘i GK `kv †_‡K cieZx© GKB `kvi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡‡K ejv nq Zi½ •`N¨©| Zi½ ‣`N¨©
cÖKvk Kiv j¨vgWv (  ) Øviv| †QvU Zi½ •`‡N©¨i Øviv m„wó B‡gwRs— Avëªvb‡bvMÖvwd|
K¤úv¼ (f) :  GKwU K¤úgvb KYv GK †m‡K‡Û hZwU c~Y© K¤úb m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K Zvi K¤úv¼ e‡j|
 K¤úv‡¼i GKK nvR© (Hz), evi/‡m‡KÛ, mvB‡Kj/‡m‡KÛ, fvB‡eªmb/‡m‡KÛ|
 kã hLb evqy †_‡K cvwb‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb K¤úv‡¼i †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
Zi½ †eM (v) : wbw`©ó w`‡K, cÖwZ †m‡KÛ mg‡q Zi½ †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i, Zv‡K H Zi‡½i Zi½ †eM e‡j| me Zi‡½B
GKUv †eM _v‡K †mB †eM Zvi gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i| evZv‡m k‡ãi †eM 330 m/s, cvwb‡Z GB k‡ãi †eM 1493 m/s. wXj
K‡i evuav GKwU `wo‡Z Zi‡½i †eM hZ n‡e Uvb K‡i ivLv `wo‡Z Zvi †_‡K †ewk n‡e|
Zi½ †eM, K¤úv¼ I Zi½ •`‡N©¨i g‡a¨ m¤úK :

kã :  kã GK cÖKvi kw³| kã †Kvb K¤úbkxj hš¿ †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q Ro

gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Kv‡b †c․u‡Q kÖe‡Yi Abyf~wZ Rb¥vq|
 kã GK ai‡bi Aby‣`N¨© Zi½ (ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY NUvq)|
 kãvbyf~wZi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj— 0.10 †m‡KÛ|
 gvbe‡`‡n kã Drcbœ nq— lohš¿ w`‡q|
 kã mÂvj‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb— Ro gva¨g hv cÖgvY K‡ib A‡Uvfb
‡MwiK|
k‡ãi cÖKvi‡f` : kã 2 cÖKvi| h_v : AvëªvmwbK ev k‡ãvËi Zi½ I Bbd«vmwbK ev k‡ãZi Zi½|
2 cÖKvi AvëªvmwbK ev k‡ãvËi Zi½ Bbd«vmwbK ev k‡ãZi Zi½
msÁv †h k‡ãi K¤úv¼ 20,000 nvR© Gi †ewk Zv‡K k‡ãvËi ev AvëªvmwbK †h Zi‡½i K¤úv¼ 20 nv‡R©i Kg Zv‡K
Zi½ e‡j| ev`yo GB Zi½ e¨envi K‡i Lv`¨ A‡š^lY K‡i| k‡ãZi ev Bbd«vmwbK Zi½ e‡j|
D`vniY KzKzi, weovj GB kã e¨envi K‡i| ÿwZKi e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm nvwZ GB Zi‡½i gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
Ki‡ZI GB Zi½ e¨envi Kiv nq| m~² •e`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ cwi®‥vi‡i †hvMv‡hvM K‡i|
Rb¨|
k‡ãi †eM : †Kvb w¯’wZ¯’vcK mgmZ¡ gva¨‡g kã Zi½ GK †m‡K‡Û †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i, Zv‡K k‡ãi †eM e‡j| `~iZ¡
AwZµg Ki‡Z wKQz mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq, A_©vr kã, wbw`©ó gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó †e‡M P‡j|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 3 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
k‡ãi †e‡Mi ZxeªZvi µg : KwVb ˃ Zij ˃ evqexq|
A_v©r evqexq gva¨‡g k‡ãi †eM— me‡P‡q Kg Ges KwVb gva¨‡g k‡ãi †eM— me‡P‡q †ewk|
nxiv (KwVb gva¨‡g me‡P‡q †ewk) 12000 ‡jvnv‡Z 5130
wewfbœ gva¨‡g cvi` 1450 cvwb‡Z 1493
k‡ãi MwZ‡eM evqy‡Z (me‡P‡q Kg) 330 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb 1284
k~b¨ gva¨‡g (k~b¨ A_© Kg bq) 0 Z_¨m~Î : beg-`kg †kÖwYi c`v_©weÁvb (mßg Aa¨vq : Zi½ I kã)

AvKv‡k eRªcvZ n‡j GKRb AÜ I GKRb ewa‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡M eyS‡e— ewai| KviY- Av‡jvi †eM k‡ãi †e‡M‡i †P‡q †ewk|
kÖve¨Zvi mxgv : K¤úv‡¼i †h mxgvi g‡a¨ m„ó kã gvbyl ïb‡Z cvq Zv‡K e‡j- kÖve¨Zvi mxgv| gvby‡li kÖve¨Zvi mxgv- 20-
20000 Hz.
wewfbœ cÖvYxi kÖve¨Zvi EaŸ© mxgv KzKzi— 35000 Hz ev`yo— 100,000 Hz weovj— 50,000 Hz
k‡ãi `~lY : k‡ãi `~lY ej‡Z mnbkxj gvÎvi AwZwi³ Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq| gvbyl ewai n‡Z cv‡i- 105 dB Gi Dc‡ii kã
kÖeY Ki‡j| wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î D™¢zZ k‡ãi gvÎv-
‡RU BwÄb 110-140 dB ‡Uwjwfkb 50-60 dB Mvwo 60-80 dB
UªvwdK 80-90 dB K_vevZ©v 40-60 dB bxie GjvKv 45 dB
wbtk^vm 10 dB wgkÖ GjvKv 60 dB evwYwR¨K GjvKv 70 dB
wkí GjvKv 75 dB
kã `~l‡Yi d‡j m„ó  D”Pi³Pvc m„wó nq,
mgm¨v  cvK¯’jx‡Z mgm¨v †`Lv hvq,
 kÖeY kw³ ax‡i ax‡i n«vm cvq,
 †gRvR wLUwL‡U nq|
kÖeYvf~wZi w`K n‡Z k‡ãi cÖKvi‡f` : 2 cÖKvi| h_v : ¯^ihy³ I kÖæwZKUz|
myihy³ kÖæwZKUz
K¤úb hw` wbqwgZ, ch©ve„Ë I wbiwew”Qbœ nq| Dr‡mi K¤úb hw` AwbqwgZ, Ach©ve„Ë I ÿY¯’vqx nq|
cÖwZaŸwb : †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K kã Drcbœ n‡q `~ieZx© †Kv‡bv gva¨‡g evuav †c‡q Dr‡mi Kv‡Q wd‡i Avm‡j g~jaŸwbi †h cybive„wË
N‡U, Zv‡K g~j k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb e‡j| Avgiv hLb wKQz ïwb Zvi Abyf~wZUv 0.1s ch©šÍ gw¯Í‡®‥ †_‡K hvq| cÖwZaŸwb m„wói Rb¨
DrK…ó— B‡Ui †`qvj|
Avgiv Rvwb, Drm n‡Z cÖwZdj‡Ki ga¨eZx© wbY©q Kiv hvK-
`~iZ¡ = †eM mgq aiv hvK,
 `~iZ¡ = h (hvIqv + Avmv = 2h),
 g~jaŸwb I cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi ga¨eZ©x mgq = t Ges
k‡ãi †eM = v|
 evZv‡m k‡ãi `ªæwZ 330
 wgUvi
AZGe, cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi Rb¨ Drm I cÖwZdj‡Ki ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ Kgc‡ÿ 16 5 wgUvi ev 56 dzU n‡Z nq|
k‡ãi cÖwZdjb : k‡ãi †h bxwZ mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv gvc‡Z mnvqZv K‡i- cÖwZdjb| k‡ãi cÖwZdj‡bi e¨envi-
o LwbR c`v‡_©i mÜvb| o ‡÷‡_v‡¯‥vc| o wdmwdmvwi|
o mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv wbY©q| o D‡ovRvnv‡Ri D”PZv wbY©q| o AvaywbK nj Ni|
Abybv`  Abybv` n‡jv GKwU ag© hv GKwU K¤úbkxj wm‡÷g‡K m‡e©v”P we¯Ív‡i K¤úgvb n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 hLb e¯‘i K¤úb I e¯‘i Ici Av‡ivwcZ K¤úb mgvb nq ZLb Zv cÖej we¯Ív‡i †Ku‡c I‡V GwU— Abybv`|
 1940 mv‡j IqvwksU‡bi U¨v‡Kvgv b¨v‡ivR weªRwU †f‡½ hvq— Abybv‡`i Kvi‡Y|
 ‡jvKfwZ© njN‡i k~b¨ N‡ii †P‡q ÿxY nevi KviY— k~b¨ N‡i k‡ãi †kvlY Kg nq|
 Pvu‡` †Kvb kã Ki‡j Zv †kvbv hvq bv KviY— Pvu‡` evqygÐj †bB| gnvk~‡b¨ kã m„wó n‡j †mwU c„w_ex‡Z— Avm‡e bv|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 4 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
 k‡ãi ZxeªZv cwigvc Kiv nq— IwWIwgUvi Øviv|
welq myi ¯^i m‡jv ev GKK m½xZ
msÁv GKwU gvÎ K¤úv¼ wewkó kã| GKvwaK K¤úv½ wewkó kã| GKwU gvÎ ev`¨hš¿ evRv‡j m„ó myi|
D`vniY myi kjvKv †_‡K Drcbœ kã| ev`¨hš¿ †_‡K Drcbœ kã|
 cyiæ‡li Mjvi ¯^i †gvUv I †g‡q‡`i Zxÿè nevi KviY— cyiæ‡liv Kg K¤úv‡¼i kã •Zwi K‡i, †g‡qiv †ewk K¤úv‡¼i kã
•Zwi K‡i|
 kã KZ †Rv‡i †ei n‡”Q †evSvq— m‡ev©”PZv|
 GKwU k~b¨ cv·K AvNvZ Ki‡j cvwbfiv cv‡Îi †P‡q kã †ewk nq KviY— evZv‡m kã Zi‡½i we¯Ívi †ewk|
 ‡ij ‡÷k‡b AvMgbiZ Bwćb evuwk evRv‡Z _vK‡j d¬vUd‡g© `vuov‡bv e¨w³i Kv‡Q evuwki K¤úv¼ Avm‡ji †P‡q †ewk
n‡e|
 iv‡Zi †ejv w`‡bi †ejvi †P‡q k‡ãi †eM †ewk nevi KviY— f~-c„ô msjMœ evqy¯Íi DËß I nvjKv _v‡K|
 evqy‡Z Av`ª©Zv e„w× †c‡j— k‡ãi †eM e„w× cvq| ZvB el©vKv‡j kã †Rv‡i ‡kvbv hvevi KviY— evqy‡Z Rjxq ev®ú †ewk
_v‡K| evqy‡Z Rjxq ev®ú †exk _vK‡j evqyi NbZ¡ K‡g hvq Ge k‡ãi †eM ev‡o|
 evZv‡m k‡ãi †eM cÖfvweZ nq— ZvcgvÎv, Av`©ªZv I evqy cÖevn Øviv|
 evqy‡Z k‡ãi †eM kxZKv‡ji †P‡q MÖx®§Kv‡j †ewk KviY— MÖx®§Kv‡j evqyi DòZv kxZKv‡ji †P‡q †ewk _v‡K|
 hw` kã cÖev‡ni w`‡K evqyi MwZ‡eM _v‡K, Z‡e k‡ãi †eM e„w× cvq| G‡ÿ‡Î evqy cÖev‡ni †eM k‡ãi †e‡Mi mv‡_ †hvM
Ki‡Z nq|
 cyiæ‡li Mjvi †P‡q wkï ev †g‡q‡`i Mjvi ¯^i miæ KviY— gvby‡li Mjvi †h ¯^iZš¿x i‡q‡Q Zv cyiæ‡li w`‡K †gvUv I `~p
nq| †g‡q‡`i Mjvi ¯^iZš¿x big I cvZjv nIqvq wkï ev †g‡qi ¯^i miæ nq|
‡Uc †iKW©vi GwU Zwor cÖevn‡K Pz¤^K †ÿ‡Î iƒcvšÍi K‡i wewfbœ Z_¨ †iKW© K‡i|
gvB‡µv‡dvb kã Zi½‡K we`y¨r Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
jvDW w¯úKvi we`y¨r Zi½‡K kã Zi‡½ iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
IwWIwgUvi k‡ãi ZxeªZv cwigvcK hš¿|

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. we`y¨r kw³‡K kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq †Kvb h‡š¿i gva¨‡g- [40Zg I 20Zg wewmGm]
K. jvDW w¯úKvi L. A¨vgwcødvqvi M. †Rbv‡iUi N. gvwëwgUvi D: K
02. k~b¨ gva¨‡g k‡ãi †eM KZ? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. 280 m/s L. 0 M. 332 m/s N. 1120 m/s D: L
03. iwOb †Uwjwfkb †_‡K ÿwZKi iwk¥ †ei nq- [30Zg wewmGm]
K. Mvgv iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥ M. KmwgK iwk¥ N. iÄb iwk¥ D: N
04. ‡Kvb gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ me©v‡cÿv Kg? [30Zg wewmGm]
K. k~b¨Zvq L. KwVb c`v‡_© M. Zij c`v‡_© N. evqexq c`v‡_© D: N
05. ‡Kvb kã †kvbvi c‡i KZ †m‡KÛ ch©šÍ Gi ‡ik Avgv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‥ _v‡K? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. 1 †m‡KÛ L. 0.1 †m‡KÛ M. 0.01 †m‡KÛ N. 0.001 †m‡KÛ D: L
06. ev`yo AÜKv‡i Pjv‡div K‡i wKfv‡e? [27Zg wewmGm]
K. Zx² `„wóm¤úbœ †Pv‡Li mvnv‡h¨ L. µgvMZ kã Drcbœ K‡i Ae¯’vb
M. m„ó k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb ï‡b N. A‡j․wKKfv‡e D: M
07. k‡ãi ZxeªZv wbY©vqK hš¿- [27Zg wewmGm]
K. AwWIwgUvi L. A¨vwgUvi M. AwWI‡dvb N. AjwUwgUvi D: K
08. ‡Kvb gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ me‡P‡q †ewk? [25Zg I 13Zg wewmGm]
K. k~b¨Zvq L. †jvnv M. cvwb N. evZvm D: L
09. ‡jvK fwZ© nj N‡i k~b¨ N‡ii †_‡K kã ÿxY nq KviY- [23Zg wewmGm]
K. k~b¨ Ni bxie _v‡K L. †jvK fwZ© N‡i gvby‡li †kvi‡Mvj nq
M. k~b¨ N‡i k‡ãi †kvlY Kg nq N. k~b¨ N‡i k‡ãi †kvlY ‡ewk nq D: M
10. d‡bvMÖvd †K Avwe®‥vi K‡ib? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. i›U‡Rb L. d¨viv‡W M. gvK©wb N. GwWmb D: N
11. AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd wK? [15Zg wewmGm]
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 5 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
K. bZzb ai‡bi GKvª‡i L. †QvU Zi½ •`‡N¨©i k‡ãi Øviv B‡gwRs
M. kix‡ii Af¨šÍ‡ii kã we‡kølY N. kw³kvjx kã w`‡q wcË cv_i weP~Y©xKiY D: L
12. ‡ijI‡q †÷k‡b AvMgbiZ Bwćb evuwk evRv‡Z _vK‡j cøvUd‡g© `vuov‡bv e¨w³i Kv‡Q euvwki K¤úv¼- [14Zg wewmGm]
K. Avm‡ji mgvb n‡e L. Avm‡ji †P‡q †ewk n‡e
M. Avm‡ji †P‡q Kg n‡e N. Avmj MwZi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ K‡g hv‡e D: L
13. ‡Kvb gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ me‡P‡q Kg? [14Zg wewmGm]
K. k~b¨Zvq L. KwVb c`v‡_© M. Zij c`v‡_© N. evqexq c`v‡_© D: N
14. wK‡mi mvnv‡h¨ mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv wbY©q Kiv hvq? [14Zg wewmGm]
K. cÖwZdjb L. cÖwZaŸwb M. cÖwZimY N. cÖwZmiv¼ D: L
15. ‡h m‡e©v”P kÖæwZ mxgvi Dc‡i gvbyl ewai n‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡”Q- [12Zg wewmGm]
K. 75 wWwe L. 90 wWwe M. 105 wWwe N. 120 wWwe D: M

Zvc I ZvcMwZwe`¨v
Zvc : Zvc GK ai‡bi kw³| kw³ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i A_©vr ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i e¯‘‡K e‡ji w`‡K miv‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- †Uªb ev
Mvwo‡Z R¦vjvwb †Zj R¦vwj‡q Zvc •Zwi Kiv nq hv †Uªb ev Mvwo‡K QzwU‡q wb‡q hvq| 1 K¨vjwi = 4.20 Ryj|
ZvcgvÎv : ZvcgvÎv n‡”Q e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v hv Ab¨ e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v hv Ab¨ e¯‘i Zvcxq ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡j Zvc MÖnY Ki‡e bv
eR©b Ki‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i|
welq Zvc ZvcgvÎv
msÁv Zvc n‡jv GK ai‡bi kw³, hvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv KZUzKz VvÛv ev Mig jvM‡Q Zv cÖKvk Kivi gvÎv‡K ZvcgvÎv
wKQz‡K VvÛv ev Mig jv‡M| e‡j|
GKK kw³i g‡ZvB Zv‡ci GKK Ryj (J)| GQvovI AvšÍR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎvi GKK †Kjwfb (K)| c~‡e©
Zv‡ci GKK K¨vjwi (Cal)| ZvcgvÎvi GKK wQj wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm|
ZvcgvÎvi wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv mvaviY ZvcgvÎv D”P ZvcgvÎv
cÖKvi‡f` 00c ZvcgvÎvi wb‡Pi ZvcgvÎv| 00c †_‡K 5000c ZvcgvÎv| 5000c ZvcgvÎvi E‡aŸ©i ZvcgvÎv|
K¨vjwiwgwZ : c`v_© weÁv‡bi †h kvLvq Zv‡ci cwigvY cwigvc Kiv nq, Zv‡K K¨vjwiwgwZ e‡j|
_v‡g©vwgwZ : c`v_© weÁv‡bi †h kvLvq ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kiv nq, Zv‡K _v‡g©vwgwZ e‡j|
ZvcgvÎvi wewfbœ cwigvcK hš¿
h‡š¿i bvg e¨envi
K¨vjwiwgUvi Zvc cwigvc Kivi hš¿|
wK¬wbK¨vj _v‡g©vwgUvi kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv wbY©qKvix hš¿|
cvB‡ivwgUvi D”P ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kivi hš¿|
cvB‡iv‡nwjI 60000c ch©šÍ ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kiv nq|
_v‡g©vd¬v¯‥ Mig I VvÛv e¯‘‡K A‡bK ÿY Mig ev VvÛv wn‡m‡e a‡i ivLvi hš¿|
nvB‡MÖvwgUvi evqyi Av‡cwÿK Av`ª©Zv gvcvi hš¿|
wnm‡cvwgUvi cvi` _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii EaŸ© w¯’iv¼ cwigvc Kivi hš¿|
_v‡g©v‡÷U wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq Zvc wbqš¿YKvix hš¿|
ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci †¯‥j
†Kvb wKQz cwigv‡ci Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó Av`k©gvb wVK K‡i †bqv nq| Zvici †mB Av`k© gv‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i bZzb ‡Kv‡bv
wKQzi cwigvc ‡ei Kiv nq| ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci Av`k© gv‡bi me©wb¤œ gvb‡K wb¤œ w¯’iv¼ Ges m‡ev©”P gvb‡K D”P w¯’iv¼ ejv
nq| ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci K‡qKwU †¯‥j Pvjy Av‡Q| †hgb-
‡¯‥j me©wb¤œ gvb m‡e©v”P gvb ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ Avwe®‥viK I mvj
‡mjwmqvm (C) myBwWm weÁvbx A¨vbWvg© †mjwmqvm ‡¯‥j (1742 mv‡j)|
†Kjwfb (K) weªwUk weÁvbx †Kjwfb (1850 mv‡j)|
dv‡ibnvBU (F) Rvg©vb `vk©wbK dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥j (1720 mv‡j)|
0 0 0
†ivgvi (R) 0 80 80 divwm weÁvbx †ivgvi (1731 mv‡j)|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 6 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42

wewfbœ ZvcgvÎv †¯‹‡ji m¤úK©  ‡mjwmqvm ZvcvgvÎvq— cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk|
 ‡mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j ei‡di Mjbv¼— †mjwmqvm|
= =  GKRb my¯’ e¨w³ †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv- |
 ZvcgvÎv— ‡mwjqvm †¯‥‡j †mwjwmqvm|
 = =  wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq †mjwmqvm I dv‡ibnvBU †¯‥‡ji gvb GKB nq|
 Gfv‡i÷ ce©‡Zi Dc‡i cvwb dzU‡Z kyiæ K‡i- †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq|
 cigk~b¨ ZvcgvÎv— -273 c ZvcgvÎv ev 0 K ZvcgvÎv| cig k~b¨ ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb— k~b¨|
0 0

 cig †mw›U‡MÖW cvV— ‡mw›U‡MÖW cvV + 273| cig dv‡ibnvBU cvV— dv‡ibnvBU cvV + 459.4|
 cÖgvY ZvcgvÎv— 00 ev 2730 K ZvcgvÎv‡K e‡j cÖgvY ZvcgvÎv|
 me‡P‡q D”P ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kiv nq— wewKiY _v‡g©vwgUvi w`‡q|
 wK¬wbK¨vj _v‡g©vwgUv‡i `vM KvUv _v‡K— 950 dv‡ibnvBU †_‡K 1100 dv‡ibnvBU ch©šÍ|
 1 MÖvg cvwbi ZvcgvÎv †mjwmqvm evov‡Z n‡j †h cwigvY Zv‡ci `iKvi †mUv n‡”Q 1 K¨vjwi|
 M¨vm _v‡g©vwgUv‡i Zij c`v_© wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq— cvi`, M¨vwjqvg, A¨vj‡Kvnj, Zij †c‡›Ub BZ¨vw`|
 NPT Gi c~Y©iƒc— Normal Temperature and Pressure.
 cvwb †dv‡U— 1000 ‡mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎvq|
_v‡g©vwgUv‡i cvi`  cvi` Zvc mycwievnx c`v_©|  cvi` Kv‡Pi Mv‡q †j‡M _v‡K bv
e¨env‡ii myweav  cvi` weï× Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq  cvi‡`i Zvc aviY ÿgZv Lye Kg
 cvi` A¯^”Q Zij c`v_© nIqvq Kv‡Pi b‡ji †fZi w`‡q PjvP‡ji mgq †`Lv hvq
Zv‡ci mÂvjb : Zvc †ewk ZvcgvÎv wewkó ¯’vb †_‡K Kg ZvcgvÎv wewkó A‡j hvq, G‡K Zvc mÂvjb e‡j| Zvc mÂvjb
wZb fv‡e nq| h_v- K. cwienb, L. cwiPjb Ges M. wewKiY|
Zvc cwienb Zvc cwiPjb Zvc wewKiY
KwVb c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jvi ¯’vb cwieZ©b ev Zij I evqexq c`v‡_© G cÖwµqvq Zvc †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv Ro gva¨g ‡bB
¯ú›`‡bi gva¨‡g GK AYy †_‡K Ab¨ AYy‡Z mÂvwjZ nq| c`v‡_©i AYy¸‡jvi (f¨vKzqvg ev k~b¨ gva¨g) †mLv‡b
Zvc mÂvjb cÖwµqv‡K e‡j Zvc cwienb| PjvPj Øviv DòZi †_‡K kxZjZi Zvc wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g mÂvwjZ nq|
As‡k Zvc mÂvwjZ nIqvi c×wZ‡K m~h© GKwU wewKiK ZvB Zvc wewKiY
e‡j Zv‡ci cwiPjb| K‡i|
KwVb c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ avZe c`v_©¸‡jv kx‡Zi mgq Av¸‡bi cv‡k `vuov‡bv‡Z m~h© Zv‡ci g~j Drm| m~h© †_‡K Zvc
‡hgb- ‡jvnv, wcZj, A¨vjywgwbqvg, `¯Ív Mig jvMvi KviY n‡jv Zvc cwiPjb| wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g c„w_ex‡Z †c․uQvq|
G¸‡jv `ªæZ Zvc cwienb K‡i| G Kvi‡YB iv‡Zi †ejv DËß c„w_ex Zvc wewKiY
avZzi •Zwi ivbœvi nvuwo e¨envi Kiv nq| K‡i kxZj nq|
 AavZz †hgb KvV, mywZ Kvco, gvwU Gme Zvc cwienb K‡i LyeB Kg| ZvB Mig nvuwo aivi Rb¨ Avgiv Kvc‡oi UzKiv
e¨envi Kwi| GKB Kvi‡Y ivbœvi Rb¨ Kv‡Vi bvovwb e¨envi myweavRbK|
 Mig ZiKvwii evwU †_‡K Pvg‡Pi gva¨‡g Zvc cwienb c×wZ‡Z mÂvwjZ nq|
 AvKvk †gNjv _vK‡j Mig †ewk jvMvi KviY †gN c„w_ex c„ô †_‡K weKxY© Zvc‡K Dc‡i †h‡Z evuav †`q|
 ZvcgvÎv wewKi‡Yi mv‡_ e¯‘i is cwieZ©b nevi KviY— wewKi‡Yi Zi½ •`‡N©¨i cwieZ©b|
 wMÖb nvD‡Ri †K․kj— wMÖb nvD‡Ri Kvu‡Pi ga¨ w`‡q ÿz`ª Zi½ •`‡N©¨i Zvc mn‡R P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ `xN© Zi½
•`‡N©¨i weKxY© Zvc †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv|
 Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M me‡P‡q †ewk cÖmvwiZ nq— evqexq c`v_© Ges me‡P‡q Kg cÖmvwiZ nq— KwVb c`v_©|
 wkwk ev †evZ‡ji wQwc †Lvjvi Rb¨ Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, G‡Z— KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi NUbv N‡U|
 ‡ij jvB‡bi ‡jvnvi cv‡Zi gv‡S dvuK ivLv nq KviY— †i‡ji †jvnvi PvKvi msN‡l© †ij jvB‡bi cvZ cÖmvwiZ n‡q
`yN©Ubv m„wó bv nq| GwU KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi D`vniY|
 Kv‡jv i‡½i Pv‡qi Kv‡c— Pv ZvovZvwo VvÛv nq| (14Zg wewmGm)
 Pv‡qi Kvc gm„Y Kivi KviY— hv‡Z evwni †_‡K wewKiY cÖwZdwjZ nq|
 mv`v i‡Oi Kv‡c— Pv †ewkÿY Mig _v‡K| mv`v i‡½i e¯‘i— Zvc †kvlY ÿgZv me‡P‡q Kg|
 Kvc‡oi Kvj i‡½i Zvc wewKiY I †kvlY Kivi ÿgZv me‡P‡q †ewk| ZvB MÖx®§Kv‡j Avgiv Kvj Kvco cwiavb Kwi bv|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 7 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
 kxZKv‡j kix‡ii Pvgov dvUvi KviY— Av`ª©Zvi Afve| ev®úxq Bwćbi RbK— †Rgm IqvU|
 kxZKv‡j— evZv‡m Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY Kg _v‡K|
 GKwU e× N‡i GKwU Pvjy wd«‡Ri `iRv Ly‡j ivL‡j N‡ii ZvcgvÎv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
 kx‡Z kixi Kvucvi KviY— kix‡ii ZvcgvÎvi †P‡q evwn‡ii ZvcgvÎv Kg|
 el©vKv‡j †fRv Kvco ïKv‡Z †`ix nevi KviY— evZv‡m Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY ‡ewk _v‡K|
 GK LÐ eid‡K DËß K‡i cvwb‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡j Gi AvqZb K‡g hvq|
 cyiæ Kv‡Pi Møv‡m Mig cvwb ivL‡j Zv †d‡U hvq KviY Møv‡mi ‡fZ‡i I evwn‡i Amg AvqZb cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨|
 Avgiv hLb cÖ¾¡wjZ Av¸‡bi mvg‡b ewm ZLb Avgiv Mig Abyfe Kwi— Zv‡ci wewKiY Øviv|
 UªvwdK cywjk mv`v Kvco c‡o _v‡K _v‡K— Zv‡ci wewKiY ‡_‡K iÿvi Rb¨|
 QvZvi Kvco Kv‡jv nq KviY— Kv‡jv is Gi e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY I wewKiY Kivi ÿgZv †ewk| QvZvi GB Kv‡jv Kvco
m~‡h©i Zv‡c `ªæZ Mig n‡jI ZvovZvwo Zvc weKxY© K‡i| d‡j QvZvq Kv‡jv Kvco e¨eüZ nq|
 Zvc †kvlY Kivi ÿgZv †ewk nIqvq— MÖx®§Kv‡j Kv‡jv Kvco e¨envi Kiv AbywPZ|
 ivbœvi mgq KvwjgvLv cvÎ AwaK Dc‡hvMx †Kbbv— Kv‡jv e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY ÿgZv AwaK|
 ‡gvUi Mvwoi BwÄb‡K VvÛv ivLvi Rb¨ cvwb e¨envi Kivi KviY— cvwb Zvc A‡bK ‡kvlY Ki‡jI cvwbi DòZv Aí
e„w× cvq| ‡c‡Uªvj BwÄb mdjfv‡e cÖ_g Pvjy K‡ib— W. A‡Uv|
 ZvcBwćbi KvR— Zvckw³‡K hvwš¿Kkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv| Zvc cwievnK‡Z¡i gvb wbf©i K‡i— cwievn‡Ki Dcv`v‡bi
Dci| †iwd«Rv‡iU‡i K‡¤úªmv‡ii KvR— †dqb‡K ev‡®ú cwiYZ Kiv|
 Kvey©‡iUi _v‡K— †c‡Uªvj Bwćb| (27Zg wewmGm)
Zzwnbxfeb ‡Kvb M¨vmxq c`v_© Zvc eR©b K‡i Zij c`v‡_© iæcvšÍwiZ bv n‡q mivmwi KwVb c`v‡_© cwiYZ nIqvi
NUbv‡K e‡j— Zzwnbxfeb|
EaŸ©cvZb ‡Kvb KwVb c`v_© Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M Zij c`v‡_© iæcvšÍwiZ bv n‡q mivmwi ev‡®ú cwiYZ nIqvi NUbv‡K e‡j—
EaŸ©cvZb| A_©vr Eae©cvZb n‡jv Zzwnbxfe‡bi wecixZ|
ev®úxfeb Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M †Kvb Zij c`v‡_©i evqexq Ae¯’vq iæcvšÍwiZ nIqvi NUbv‡K e‡j— ev®úxfeb|
Nbxfeb Zvc eR©‡b ‡Kvb M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i Zi‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqvi NUbv‡K e‡j— Nbxfeb|
Zijxfeb Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M KwVb c`v‡_©i Zi‡j cwiYZ nIqv‡K e‡j— Zijxfeb ev Mjb|
KwVbxfeb Zvc eR©‡b †Kvb Zij c`v‡_©i KwVb c`v‡_© iæcvšÍwiZ nIqvi NUbv‡K e‡j— KwVbxfeb ev wngvqb|
cybtwkjxfeb Pvc cÖ‡qv‡M eid‡K Mjv‡bv ev Pvc gy³ K‡i H eid‡K cybivq ei‡d cwiYZ Kiv‡K e‡j— cybtwkjxfeb|
Zi‡j cÖK…wZ evqyi Pvc ‡Kvb Zi‡ji Dc‡i evqyi Pvc hZ Kg n‡e Zvi ev®úvq‡bi nviI ZZ `ªZ n‡e|
evqyi Av`ª©Zv evqy hZ ï®‥ n‡e Zij c`v‡_©i ev®úvq‡bi nviI Z‡Zv e„w× cv‡e|
evqy cÖevn Zij c`v‡_©i Dci w`‡q hZ `ªæZ evqy PjvPj Ki‡e Gi ev®úvqb ZZ `ªæZ n‡e|
 ce©‡Zi P~ovq Av‡ivnYKv‡j bvK w`‡q i³ co‡Z cv‡i KviY— DuPz ce©‡Zi P~ovq evqyi Pvc Kg _v‡K| (13Zg wewmGm)
 ‡cÖmvi KzKv‡i ivbœv ZvovZvwo nq KviY— D”PPv‡c Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ e„w× cvq| (10g I 27Zg wewmGm)
 cvnv‡oi Dc‡i ivbœv Ki‡Z †ewk mgq jv‡M KviY— evqyi Pvc Kg _vKvi Kvi‡Y| (24Zg wewmGm)
 gvwUi cv‡Î cvwb VvÛv _v‡K KviY— gvwUi cvÎ cvwbi ev®úxfe‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| (23Zg wewmGm)
 Mi‡gi w`‡b KzKzi wRnŸv †ei K‡i iv‡L KviY— wRnŸvi cvwb ev®úxf~Z n‡q kxZjZvi m„wó nq|
 ‣e`y¨wZK cvLv Pvjv‡j Avgiv VvÛv Abyfe Kwi KviY— cvLvi evZvm kixi †_‡K ev®úxfe‡bi nvi evwo‡q †`q|
 cvLvi evZv‡m †`‡ni Ng© (cvwb) ev‡®ú cwiYZ n‡Z †h cwigvY Zvc cÖ‡qvRb Zv kixi †_‡K MÖnY K‡i| d‡j kixi VvÛv
nq Ges Avivg †eva nq|
 Zvc aviY ÿgZv— ‡Kvb e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv 1 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm evov‡Z †h Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K H e¯‘i Zvc aviY ÿgZv e‡j|
 mgvb Zvc w`‡jI cvwb `ya A‡cÿv Av‡M †dv‡U KviY— `y‡ai Zvc MÖwnZv †ewk|
¯’jfv‡Mi Zzjbvq mvgyw`ªK A‡ji ZvcgvÎv A‡bK ax‡i ax‡i e„w× ev n«vm cvq— cvwbi Av‡cwÿK Zvc gvwUi †P‡q †ewk
nIqvi Kvi‡Y|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv gvcvi h‡š¿i bvg wK? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. gvB‡KvwgUvi L. nvB‡MÖvwgUvi M. e¨v‡ivwgUvi N. MÖvwfwgUvi D: L
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 8 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
02. Zvc Bćbi KvR- [37Zg wewmGm]
K. hvwš¿K kw³‡K Zvc kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi L. Zvc kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi
M. we`y¨r kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi N. Zvc kw³‡K we`y¨r kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi D: L
03. Ngv©³ †`‡n cvLvi evZvm Avivg †`q †Kb? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. Mv‡qi Nvg †ei n‡Z †`q bv L. ev®úvqb kxZjZvi m„wó K‡i
M. cvLvi evZvm kxZj Rjxqev®ú aviY K‡i N. cvLvi evZvm mivmwi †jvgK~c w`‡q kix‡i Xz‡K hvq D: L
04. ‡Kvb Bwćb Kve©y‡iUi _v‡K? [27Zg wewmGm]
K. †c‡Uªvj Bwćb L. wW‡Rj Bćb M. i‡KU Bwćb N. wegvb Bwćb D: K
05. ‡cÖmvi KzKv‡i ivbœv ZvovZvwo nq, KviY- [27Zg wewmGm]
K. ivbœvi Rb¨ ïay Zvc bq PvcI Kv‡R jv‡M L. eÜ cv‡Î Zvc msiwÿZ nq
M. D”P Pv‡c Zi‡ji ùzUbvsK e„w× cvq N. mwÂZ ev‡®úi Zvc ivbœvi mnvqK D: M
06. KZ ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk? [25Zg I 22Zg wewmGm]
K. 00 †mw›U‡MÖW L. 100 †mw›U‡MÖW M. 40 †mw›U‡MÖW N. 1000 †mw›U‡MÖW D: M
07. ‡cÖmvi KzKv‡i cvwbi ùzUbvsK- [25Zg wewmGm]
K. Kg nq L. †ewk nq M. wVK _v‡K N. †KvbwUB bq D: L
08. cvnv‡oi Dci ivbœv Ki‡Z †ewk mgq jv‡M †Kb? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. evqyi Pvc †ewk _vKvi Kvi‡Y L. cvnv‡oi Dci evZvm Kg _vKvi Kvi‡Y
M. evqyi Pvc Kg _vKvi Kvi‡Y N. cvnv‡oi Dci ZvcgvÎv †ewk _vKvi Kvi‡Y D: M
09. Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M me‡P‡q †ewk cÖmvwiZ nq †Kvb c`v_©? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. Zij c`v_© L. evqexq c`v_© M. KwUb c`v_© N. big c`v_© D: L
10. dv‡ibnvBU I †mjwmqv‡mi †¯‥‡j KZ wWwMÖ ZvcgvÎvq mgvb ZvcgvÎv wb‡`©k K‡i? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. 00 L. 1000 M. 40 N. -400 D: N
11. gvwUi cv‡Î cvwb VvÛv _v‡K †Kb? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. gvwUi cvÎ fvj Zvc cwievnx L. gvwUi cvÎ cvwb †_‡K Zvc †kvlY K‡i
M. gvwUi cvÎ Zvc Kzcwievnx N. gvwUi cvÎ cvwbi ev®úxfe‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i D: N
12. AvKvk †gNjv _vK‡j Mig †ewk jv‡M †Kb? [23Zg wewmGm]
K. †gN DËg Zvc cwievnK L. m~h©v‡jv‡Ki AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥i cÖfv‡e †gN Zvc Drcbœ K‡i
M. eRªcv‡Zi d‡j Zvc Drcbœ nq e‡j N. †gN c„w_exi c„ô †_‡K weKxY© Zvc‡K Ic‡i †h‡Z evav †`q e‡j D: N
13. AvenvIqvi 90% Av`ª©Zv gv‡b- [16Zg wewmGm]
K. e„wócv‡Zi m¤¢vebv 90% L. 100 fvM evZv‡m 90 fvM Rjxq ev®ú
M. evZv‡m Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY m¤ú„³ Ae¯’vi 90% N. evZv‡m Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY e„wócv‡Zi mg‡qi 90% D: M
14. ‡Kvb i‡Oi Kv‡c Pv ZvovZvwo VvÛv nq? [13Zg wewmGm]
K. mv`v L. Kv‡jv M. jvj N. a~mi D: L
15. D”P ce©‡Zi P~ovq DV‡j bvK w`‡q i³cv‡Zi m¤¢vebv _v‡K; KviY D”P P~ovq- [13Zg wewmGm]
K. AwKvª‡Rb Kg L. VvÛv †ewk M. evqyi Pvc †ewk N. evqyi Pvc Kg D: N
16. kn‡ii iv¯Ívq UªvwdK cywjk mvaviYZ mv`v QvZv I mv`v Rvgv e¨envi K‡i _v‡K KviY- [12Zg wewmGm]
K. miKvwi wb‡`©k L. `~i †_‡K †Pv‡L co‡e e‡j M. †`L‡Z my›`i jv‡M N. Zvc wewKiY †_‡K evuPvi Rb¨ D: N
17. ivbœv Kivi nvwo-cvwZj mvaviYZ A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi •Zwi nq| Gi cÖavb KviY- [12Zg wewmGm]
K. GwU nvév I `v‡g m¯Ív L. GwU me †`‡kB cvIqv hvq
M. GZ `ªæZ Zvc mÂvwiZ n‡q Lv`¨`ªe¨ ZvovZvwo wm× nq N. GwU mn‡R †f‡½ hvq bv Ges Mig mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i D: M
18. ‡cÖmvi KzKv‡i ivbœv ZvovZvwo nq, KviY- [10g wewmGm]
K. ivbœvi Rb¨ ïay Zvc bq PvcI Kv‡R jv‡M L. e× cv‡Î Zvc msiwÿZ nq
M. D”P Pv‡c Zi‡ji ùzUbvsK e„w× cvq N. mwÂZev‡®úi Zvc ivbœvi mnvqK D: M
w¯’i Zwor I Pj Zwor
Zwor : Zwor GK ai‡bi kw³| w¯’i ev MwZkxj Avav‡bi cÖfve I cÖK…wZ ev wµqv‡K Zwor e‡j|
cÖKvi‡f` : Zwor `yB cÖKvi| h_v : w¯’i Zwor Ges Pj Zwor|
2 cÖKvi w¯’i Zwor Pj Zwor
msÁv we`y¨r ev Avavb hLb †Kvb e¯‘‡Z Ave× _v‡K, PjvPj K‡i bv| we`y¨r ev Avavb hLb †Kvb cwievnx e¯‘i
ga¨ w`‡q PjvPj K‡i|
D`vniY ‡Kvb AvwnZ `ЇK KvM‡Ri UzK‡ivi Kv‡Q Avb‡j `‡Ði ga¨w¯’Z e¨vUvwi, †Rbv‡iUi BZ¨vw`|
w¯’i we`y¨‡Zi Kvi‡Y KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv¸‡jv AvKwl©Z nq|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 9 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
 w¯’i we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi : d‡UvKwc †gwk‡b mv`v KvM‡R Kvwji `vM emv‡Z, f¨vb wW MÖvd †gwk‡b, R¦vjvwb Uªv‡K, eRªcvZ I eRªwb‡ivaK
h‡š¿, Mvwo, mvB‡Kj, w÷‡ji Avjgvwi ev Ab¨vb¨ avZe wRwbm is Kivi Rb¨ w¯’ i ‣e`y¨wZK is †¯úª cÖf…wZ‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
Zwor gva¨g wZb cÖKvi| h_v— cwievnx, Aa©cwievnx I Acwievnx|
cwievnx c`v_© Aa©cwievnx c`v_© AšÍiK ev Acwievnx
‡h me c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q Avavb ev wKQz wKQz c`v‡_©i we`y¨r cwienb ÿgZv mvaviY ‡hme c`v‡_©i ga¨ Avavb ev Zwor
Zwor AwZ mn‡RB cÖevwnZ n‡Z ZvcgvÎvq cwievnx Ges Acwievnx c`v‡_©i †gv‡UB PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr
cv‡i| gvSvgvwS, Z‡e ZvcgvÎv evov‡j cwienb Zwor ev we`y¨r cwien‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv gy³
ÿgZv ‡e‡o hvq| GB ai‡bi c`v_©‡K B‡jKUªb †bB †mB c`v_©¸‡jv n‡”Q we`y¨r
Aa©cwievnx ev †mwgKÛv±i e‡j| Acwievnx ev AšÍiK c`v_©|
†hgb- †mvbv, iƒcv, Zvgv, ‡hgb- Rv‡g©wbqvg, wmwjKb, dmdivm, †hgb- cøvw÷K, ivevi, KvV, KvP| g~jZ
A¨vjywgwbqvg BZ¨vw` we`y¨r mycwievnx| Av‡m©bvBU BZ¨vw`| AavZz¸‡jv we`y¨r Acwievnx nq|

‡iva :
†iva n‡”Q we`y¨r cªev‡ni evav| ZvB †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i •`N¨© hZ †ewk n‡e Zvi evav ZZ †ewk n‡e| | cÖ¯’‡”Q` (A) hZ
†ewk n‡e †iva (R) A_©vr | Gfv‡e †jLv hvq- |
 evmvevwo‡Z mieivnK…Z we`y¨‡Zi wd«Kz‡qwÝ n‡jv- 50 Hz. evsjv‡`‡k we`y¨‡Zi K¤úv¼ cÖwZ †m‡KÛ 50 mvB‡Kj Gi
A_©- we`y¨r cÖevn cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 50 evi w`K e`jvq|
 AvevwmK evwoi eZ©bx‡Z mvwK©U †eªKvi e¨envi Kiv nq AwZgvÎvq we`y¨rcÖevnRwbZ `yN©Ubv †iv‡ai Rb¨|
 Mv‡qi Pvgov ïK‡bv _vK‡j †iva— 50,000 Ω| Mv‡qi Pvgov †fRv _vK‡j †iva A‡bK K‡g hvq cÖvq— 10,000 Ω|
GKwU Zwor †Kv‡li Af¨šÍixY †iva— k~b¨|
 GKB Dcv`v‡bi •Zwi †gvUv Zvi I wPKb Zv‡ii g‡a¨ †iva †ewk— wPKb Zv‡ii|
 ZvcgvÎv evo‡j cÖvq mKj cwievn‡Ki— ‡iva e„w× cvq|
 ZvcgvÎv evo‡j †iva e„w× cvq bv— Kve©b, wmwjKb, Rv‡g©wbqvg cÖf…wZi|
I‡gi In‡gi m~Î †_‡K Rvbv hvq, †iva (R) †ewk n‡j we`y¨r cÖevn (I) Kg n‡e, †iva (R) Kg n‡j we`y¨r cÖevn (I)
m~Î †ewk n‡e| m~ÎwUi MvwYwZK iƒc-
Kzj‡¤^i weÁvbx Kzj¤^ `ywU Pv‡R©i gv‡S KZLvwb ej KvR K‡i †mUv †ei K‡iwQ‡jb| GiKg GKUv e‡ji m~Î i‡q‡Q hv
m~Î weÁvbx wbDU‡bi gva¨vKl©Y e‡ji m~Î| ‡mwU wQj G iKg- | Kzj‡¤^i m~ÎwU - |
`ywU m~‡Îi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨- fi ( ) Gi cwie‡Z© PvR© ( ) Ges aªæeK G Gi cwie‡Z© K| Kzj¤^ n‡”Q
Pv‡R©i GKK|
we`y¨r welqK wewfbœ GKK Zwor cÖevn— A¨vw¤úqvi †iva— Ing wefe cv_©K¨— ‡fvë Zwor Avavb— Kzj¤^
Av‡cwÿK †iva— Ing wgUvi|
 B‡jK‡Uªv‡¯‹vc : B‡jK‡Uªv‡¯‥vc w¯’i we`y¨r cixÿvi GKwU hš¿| GLv‡b Pv‡R©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ ‡evSvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q LyeB nvjKv †mvbv,
A¨vjywgwbqvg ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv avZzi `ywU cvZ|
 ‣e`y¨wZK wgUv‡i GK BDwbU ej‡Z †evSvq— GK wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv| ‣e`y¨wZK Pv‡ci cwigvY‡K e‡j— ‡fv‡ëR|
 ‡gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q kã kw³ Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq hv †kÖvZvi wbKU kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q †kÖvZvi
Kv‡b †c․uQvq| AvKv‡k we`y¨r PgKvq †g‡Ni AmsL¨ RjKYv I eid KYvi g‡a¨ PvR© mwÂZ n‡j|
 ‣e`y¨wZK cvLv ax‡i ax‡i Nyi‡jI we`y¨r LiP— GKB nq|
 we`y¨revnx Zv‡i cvwL em‡j mvaviYZ we`y¨r ¯ú„ó nq bv KviY— gvwUi mv‡_ ms‡hvM nq bv|
 ‡m․i †Kv‡li we`y¨r iv‡ZI e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e hw` Gi m‡½ _v‡K †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi|
 WªvB †m‡ji B‡j±ªW wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q Kve©b `Ð I `¯Ívi †K․Uv|
 `~‡ii we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª n‡Z we`y¨r wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ nvB‡fv‡ëR e¨envi Kiv nq KviY G‡Z we`y¨r AcPq Kg nq|
 AwaKvsk d‡UvKwc †gwkb KvR K‡i— †cvjvi‡qW d‡UvMÖvwd c×wZ‡Z|
 ‡Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq— Zwor kw³|
 Gwm Kv‡i‡›Ui •ewkó¨ mg‡qi mv‡_ w`‡Ki cwieZ©b| evsjv‡`‡ki evmvevwo‡Z mvcøvBK…Z we`y¨‡Zi †fv‡ëR 220 †fvë Gwm|
 ‣e`y¨wZK wnUvi I Bw¯¿‡Z e¨eüZ nq— bvB‡µvg Zvi| ‡jKwUªK evj¦-Gi wdjv‡g›U hvi Øviv •Zwi— Uvs‡÷b Øviv|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 10 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
 ‡h hš¿ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn, wefe cv_©K¨ I ‡iva gvcv nq Zv‡K e‡j— gvwëwgUvi|
 ‣e`y¨wZK wdD‡R e¨envi Kiv nq— mxmv I wUb|
 K¨vcvwmU‡ii cÖavb KvR— kw³ msiÿY Kiv| Kgy‡UUi _v‡K— wWwm †Rbv‡iU‡i|
 we`y¨r‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ‡ewk Ae`vb— Ugvm Avjfv GwWm‡bi|
 ‣e`y¨wZK evwZi Mv‡q 220 †fvë-60 IqvU ej‡Z eySvq— 220 †fvë wefe cv_©‡K¨ evwZwU ms‡hvM Ki‡j evwZwU
me‡P‡q †ewk Av‡jv wewKiY K‡i Ges G‡Z cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 60 Ryj nv‡i •e`y¨wZK kw³i e¨q nq|
 we`y¨revnx Zv‡i cvwL em‡j we`y¨r c„ó nq bv KviY— cvwL mvaviYZ GKwU Zv‡i e‡m| GRb¨ eZ©bx m¤ú~Y© nq bv| Z‡e
cvwLwU GKwU cv GK Zv‡i Ges Ab¨ cv gvwU‡Z ev Ab¨ Zv‡i emv‡j cvwLwUi kix‡i we`y¨r cÖevwnZ n‡e| cwiYv‡g cvwLwU
gviv hv‡e|
hš¿ e¨envi hš¿ e¨envi
G¨vwgUvi we`y¨r cÖevn gvcK hš¿ †fvëvwgUvi •e`y¨wZK wefe ev Pvc cwigvcK hš¿
AYyexÿY hš¿ ‡QvU e¯‘‡K eo K‡i †`Lvq ZworexÿY hš¿ e¯‘i Avav‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbY©qK hš¿
Zwo”PvjK kw³
†Kvb eZ©bx‡Z Zworc«evn Pvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Zworkw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Kvb Zwor Drm GKK abvZ¥K Avavb‡K eZ©bxi GK
we›`y †_‡K Drmmn m¤ú~Y© eZ©bx Nywi‡q H we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z †h cwigvY KvR m¤úbœ nq Zv‡K H Dr‡mi Zwo”PvjK kw³ e‡j|
Zwo”PvjK kw³i GKK †fvë (V)|
 wefe cv_©K¨ : GKK abvZ¥K Avavb‡K eZ©bxi GK we›`y †_‡K Aci we›`y‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z †h cwigvY KvR m¤úbœ nq
Zv‡K H `yB we›`yi wefe cv_©K¨ e‡j| GKK †fvë (V)
 Zড়িr ¶gZv : Avgiv Rvwb KvR m¤úv`‡bi nvi Z_v kw³ iƒcvšÍ‡ii nvi‡K ¶gZv e‡j| myZivs, †Kv‡bv ‣e`¨ywZK
h‡š¿ Zworkw³ Ab¨vb¨ kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq, ZvB n‡jv G h‡š¿i ¶gZv P| A_©vr, ¶gZv = K…Z KvR/mময় =
iƒcvন্তwiZ kw³/mgq| ∴ P=W/t = VI= I2R= V2/R
 Avgiv Rvwb ¶gZvi GKK nj ওয়াU (W)| Zড়িr kw³ wn‡m‡ei mময় mvaviYZ ওয়v‡Ui cwie‡Z© KW, MW
BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv হয় | 1KW = 103W Ges 1MW = 106W
 ‣e`¨ywZK ev‡j¦i ¶gZv 40, 60, 100 W হয়য় _v‡K| ‣e`¨ywZK cvLvi ¶gZv mvaviYZ 65-75 W হয়|
 ‡Uwjwfk‡bi ¶gZv mvaviYZ 60-70 W| AvRKvj Avgiv †h mKj GbvwR© †mwfs evj¦ e¨envi Kwi G¸‡jvi ¶gZv
mvaviYZ 11-30 W হয়|
Zড়িrkw³ e¨য়েi wnmve
 wek¦e¨vcx Zwor mieivn c«wZôvb wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv (kWh) GKK‡K e¨wqZ Zworkw³i cwigvY wba©viY K‡i| Avgiv
GB wK‡jvওয়vU-N›Uv GKK‡K †evW© Ae †U«W BDwbU ev ms‡¶‡c BDwbU e‡j _vwK|
 hw` P=1kW Ges t= 1h হয়, ZLb W= kW × 1h = 1kWh হয়|
 A_©vr GK wK‡jvIqvU ¶gZvm¤úbœ †Kv‡bv Zwor hš¿ GK NÈv a‡i KvR Ki‡j †h cwigvY Zworkw³‡K Ab¨ kw³‡Z
iƒcvন্তi K‡i ev ব্যয় K‡i Zv‡K GK wK‡jvওয়vU-NÈv ev GK BDwbU e‡j|
Zwo‡Zi wm‡÷g jm
we`¨yr †K‡›`« kw³ wbgœ †fv‡ë‡R Drcv`b Kiv nq| c‡i GB †fv‡ëR‡K †÷c Avc U«vÝdg©vi- Gi mvnv‡h¨ D”P‡fv‡ëR
iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| Gi d‡j ZworcÖev‡ni gvb K‡g hvq wKš‘ ¶gZv GKB _v‡K| †h mKj cwievnx Zvi w`‡q Zwor cÖevwnZ
nq Zv‡`i Af¨šÍixY †iv‡ai Rb¨ Zworkw³i GKUv Ask e¨q nq| ZworcÖev‡ni gvb hZ †ewk n‡e kw³i jm ev ¶q ZZ
†ewk n‡e| ZvB mÂvjb jvB‡bi †fv‡ëR‡K e…w× K‡i wm‡÷g jm Kgv‡bv nq|
Zwo‡Zi wbivc` I Kvh©Ki e¨envi
Zworkw³i e¨envi wbgœewY©Z wZbwU Kvi‡Y wec¾bK n‡Z cv‡i|
১) Aন্তi‡Ki ¶wZmvab ২) K¨ve‡ji AwZ DËß nIqv ৩) Av`ª© Ae¯’v
evwo‡Z Zwor e¨env‡ii mgq wbgœewY©Z wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
mvwK©U †eªKvi wdDR myB‡Pi mwVK ms‡hvM f~-ms‡hvM Zvi
 eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖev‡ni m„wó K‡i— B‡j±ª‡bi cÖevn|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 11 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. GKwU Av`k© Zwor Dr‡mi Af¨šÍixY †iva KZ? [43Zg wewmGm]
(K) k~b¨ (L) Amxg (M) AwZÿz`ª (N) †h †Kvb gvb D:K
e¨vL¨v : Zwor †Kv‡li mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn Ki‡j eZ©bx‡Z †Kvl ab cvZ †_‡K FY cv‡Z Ge †Kv‡li
Af¨šÍ‡i FY cvZ †_‡K ab cv‡Z Zwor cÖevn nq| cvZ؇qi ga¨eZ©x ivmvqwbK c`v_© Zwor cÖev‡n †h evavi m„wó K‡i
Zv‡K †Kv‡li Af¨šÍixY †iva e‡j| Av`k© Zwor Dr‡mi Af¨šÍixY †iva‡K k~b¨ aiv n‡q _v‡K|
02. 100 IqvU evj¦-Gi GKwU wdjv‡g›U 1 NÈv Pj‡j KZ kw³ e¨q nq? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) 100 Ryj (L) 60 Ryj (M) 6000 Ryj (N) 360000 Ryj D: N
e¨vL¨v: Avgiv Rvwb, W = pt
GLv‡b, W = e¨wqZ kw³, P = ÿgZv Ges t = mgq|
myZivs W = 100 (60 60) = 360000 Ryj|
01. B‡jKwUªK evj¦-Gi wdjv‡g›U hvi Øviv •Zwi- [41Zg I 29Zg wewmGm]
(K) Avqib (L) Kve©b (M) Uvs‡÷b (N) †jW D: M
03. ‡gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡bi jvB‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq- [36Zg wewmGm]
K. kã kw³ L. Zwor kw³ M. Av‡jvK kw³ N. †P․¤^K kw³ D: L
04. GKwU ev‡j¦ “60W-220V” †jLv Av‡Q| evj¦wUi †iva KZ Ing (ohm)? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. 16.36 L. 160 M. 280 N. 806.67 D: N
05. evmv evox‡Z mieivnK…Z we`y¨‡Zi wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ n‡jv- [32Zg wewmGm]
K. 50 nvR© L. 220 nvR© M. 200 nvR© N. 100 nvR© D: K
06. ‡Kv‡bv e¯‘‡Z Avav‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbY©‡qi hš¿ n‡jv- [35Zg wewmGm]
K. G¨vwgUvi L. AbyexÿY hš¿ M. †fvëvwgUvi N. ZworweÿY hš¿ D: N
07. ‡KvbwU we`y¨r cwievnx bq? [33Zg wewmGm]
K. Zvgv L. iƒcv M. †jvnv N. ivevi D: N
08. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi we`y¨r cwievwnZv me‡P‡q †ewk? [34Zg wewmGm]
K. Zvgv L. iƒcv M. †mvbv N. Kve©b D: L
09. ‣e`y¨wZK wgUv‡i GK BDwbU we`y¨r LiP ej‡Z eySvq- [32Zg wewmGm]
K. GK wK‡jvIqvU-N›Uv L. GK IqvU-N›Uv M. GK wK‡jvIqvU N. GK IqvU D: K
10. ‡KvbwU Aa©cwievnx (Semi-conductor) bq? [31Zg wewmGm]
K. †jvnv L. wmwjKb M. Rv‡g©wbqvg N. M¨vwjqvg D: K
11. we`y¨‡Zi D”PZi †fvë †_‡K wb¤œZi †fvë cvIqv hvq- [31Zg wewmGm]
K. UªvÝwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ L. †÷c-Avc UªvÝdigv‡ii mvnv‡h¨
M. †÷c-WvDb UªvÝdigv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ N. GWvcUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ D: M
11. ‣e`y¨wZK cvLv ax‡i ax‡i Nyi‡jv we`y¨r LiP- [30Zg, 23Zg I 11Zg wewmGm]
K. Kg nq L. Lye Kg nq M. GKB nq N. †ekx nq D: M
13. ‣e`y¨wZK wnUvi ev Bw¯¿‡Z †Kvb avZzi Zvi e¨envi Kiv nq? [29Zg I 27Zg wewmGm]
K. Zvgv L. bvB‡µvg M. †÷wbqvg N. cøvwUbvg D: L
14. we`y¨r we‡ji wnmve wKfv‡e Kiv nq? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. IqvU AvIqv‡i L. Iqv‡U M. †fv‡ë N. wK‡jvIqvU N›Uvq D: N
15. we`y¨revnx Zv‡i cvwL em‡j mvaviYZ we`y¨r¯ú„ó nq bv, KviY- [27Zg wewmGm]
K. cvwLi Mv‡q we`y¨r‡ivax AveiY _v‡K L. cvwLi †`‡ni wfZi w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevwnZ nq bv
M. we`y¨r¯ú„ó n‡jI cvwL g‡i bv N. gvwUi m‡½ ms‡hvM nq bv D: N
16. AvKv‡k weRjx PgKvq- [27Zg I 12Zg wewmGm]
K. `yB LÐ †gN ci ci G‡j L. †g‡Ni g‡a¨ we`y¨r †Kvl •Zwi n‡j
M. †gN we`y¨r cwievnx Ae¯’vq G‡j N. †g‡Ni AmsL¨ cvwb I eid KYvi g‡a¨ PvR© mwÂZ n‡j D: N
14. AvevwmK evwoi eZ©bx‡Z mvwK©U †eªKvi e¨envi Kiv nq- [25Zg wewmGm]
K. we`y¨r LiP Kgv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ L. AwZgvÎvq we`y¨r cÖevnRwbZ `yN©Ubv †iv‡ai D‡Ï‡k¨
M. •e`y¨wZK evj¦ †_‡K †ewk Av‡jv cvIqvi Rb¨ N. •e`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ hv‡Z myôzfv‡e KvR K‡i D: L
15. we`y¨r‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kvb weÁvbxi Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk? [18Zg wewmGm]
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 12 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
K. †eÄvwgb d«v¼wjb L. AvBR¨vK wbDUb M. Ugvm GwWmb N. †fvëv D: M
16. wWwRUvj †Uwj‡dv‡bi cÖavb •ewkó¨- [16Zg wewmGm]
K. wWwR¨vj wmMb¨v‡j evZ©v ‡cÖiY L. †evZvg wUwcqv Wv‡qj Kiv
M. AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii e¨envi N. bZzb ai‡bi gvB‡µv‡dvb D: K
17. evsjv‡`‡ki Zwor-Gi K¤úvsK cÖwZ †m‡KÛ 50 mvB‡Kj-Gi Zvrch© wK? [15Zg wewmGm]
K. cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û we`y¨r cÖevn 50 evi eÜ nq L. cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û we`y¨r cÖevn 50 evi w`K e`jvq
M. cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û we`y¨r cÖevn 50 evi DVvbvgv K‡i N. cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û we`y¨r cÖevn 50 GKK •`N¨© AwZµg K‡i D: L
18. eRªcv‡Zi mgq Avcwb wb‡Ri Mvox K‡i hv‡”Qb| wb‡R‡K myiwÿZ ivLvi Rb¨ Avcwb †Kvb DcvqwU MÖnY Ki‡eb? [14Zg wewmGm]
K. Mvoxi g‡a¨B e‡m _vK‡Zb L. †Kvb Mv‡Qi Zjvq AvkÖq wb‡eb
M. evB‡i G‡m gvwU‡Z Dcyi n‡q ï‡q co‡eb N. evB‡i G‡m AvKv‡ki w`‡K gyL K‡i `vuwo‡q _vK‡eb D: M
19. mvaviY •e`y¨wZK ev‡j¦i wfZ‡i wK M¨vm mvaviYZ e¨envi Kiv nq? [14Zg wewmGm]
K. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb L. wnwjqvg M. wbqb N. AwKvª‡Rb D: K
20. `~‡ii we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª n‡Z we`y¨r wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡j nvB‡fv‡ëR e¨envi Kivi KviY- [10g wewmGm]
K. G‡Z we`y¨r Gi AcPq Kg nq L. c‡_ K‡g wM‡qI cÖ‡qvRbxq †fv‡ëR eRvq _v‡K
M. AwaK we`y¨r cÖevn cvIqv hvq N. cÖ‡qvRbgZ †fv‡ëR Kwg‡q e¨envi Kiv hvq D: K
21. ‣e`y¨wZK gUi Ggb GKwU hš¿‡K․kj hv- [10g wewmGm]
K. Zvc kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍnwiZ K‡i L. Zvc kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i
M. hvwš¿K kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i N. Zwor kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i D: N

Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ I Av‡jvK hš¿cvwZ

Av‡jv  Av‡jv GK cÖKvi kw³ hv †Pv‡L (†iwUbv) cÖ‡ek K‡i gw¯Í‡®‥ `k©‡bi Abyf~wZ RvMvq wKš‘ wb‡R A`„k¨ _v‡K|
 Av‡jvi Zi½ •`N©¨ 400nm ‡_‡K 700nm Gi †fZ‡i n‡j Avgiv we`y¨r †P․¤^Kxq Zi½ †`L‡Z cvB Ges
†mUv‡K Avgiv Av‡jv ewj| d‡Uv B‡jKwUªK †Kv‡li Dci Av‡jvK co‡j— we`y¨r Drcbœ nq|
Av‡jvi  Av‡jv n‡”Q— we`y¨r †P․¤^Kxq Zi½| mijc‡_ P‡j| wbw`©ó iO I wbw`©ó gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM wbw`©ó|
cÖK…wZ  k~b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM— |
 Av‡jv KL‡bv Zi‡½i g‡Zv (nvB‡Mb, 1678), KL‡bv KYvi g‡Zv (wbDUb, 1672) AvPiY K‡i|
 Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi, we”QziY, AceZ©b I mgeZ©b N‡U|
Av‡jK  †Kvb gva¨‡g Av‡jvKiwk¥ GK eQ‡i †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i, Zv‡K GK Av‡jvK el© e‡j|
eQi  GK Av‡jvK el©— 9.4608 1012 Km.

Av‡jvi  k~b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM— m‡e©v”P| Av‡jvi †eM wbY©q K‡ib— weÁvbx wd‡Rv (1849 wLª÷v‡ã)|
MwZ‡eM  Av‡jvi Zi½ Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ Rvbv hvq— k~b¨ ¯’v‡b Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM me‡P‡q ‡ewk|
Av‡jvi ZË¡
ZË¡ mvj cÖe³v welqe¯‘
KYvZË¡ 1672 m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUUb Av‡jv ¶y`ª ¶y`ª KYv AvKv‡i wbM©Z nq|
Zi½ ZË¡ 1678 nvB‡Mb Av‡jv Zi½ AvKv‡i wbM©Z nq|
Zwor †P․¤^K ZË¡ 1864 g¨v·I‡qj Av‡jv Zvwo‡”P․¤^K Zi½ AvKv‡i wbM©Z nq|
‡Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ 1900 g¨v· cø¨v¼ Av‡jv ¶y`ª ¶y`ª c¨v‡KU AvKv‡i wbM©Z nq|

AwZ‡e¸bx Av‡jv : Zi½‣`N¨© hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½‣`N©¨ †_‡KI †QvU (‡e¸bx) nq wKš‘ G· iwk¥i †P‡q
eo nq, Zv‡K AwZ†e¸bx Av‡jv (Ultraviolet Light) e‡j|
Ae‡jvwnZ Av‡jv : Zi½‣`N©¨ hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi me‡P‡q eo Zi½‣`N©¨ (jvj) †_‡KI eo wKš‘ gvB‡µvI‡qf Av‡jv
†_‡K †QvU nq Z‡e Zv‡K Ae‡jvwnZ Av‡jv (Infrared Light) e‡j|
`„k¨gvb Av‡jv : †h Zi½ •`‡N©¨i mxgvi g‡a¨ gvbyl †`L‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K `„k¨gvb Av‡jv e‡j|
`„k¨gvb Av‡jv Av‡jvi bvg Zi½ •`N©¨ we‡ÿcY wePz¨wZ
me‡P‡q †ewk jvj ‡e¸bx ‡e¸bx
me‡P‡q Kg ‡e¸bx jvj jvj
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 13 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
Av‡jvK iwk¥i Zi½ •`N©¨, we‡ÿcY I wePz¨wZi Zzjbv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
Zi½ •`N©¨ we‡ÿcY wePz¨wZ
me‡P‡q Kg me‡P‡q †ewk me‡P‡q †ewk
me‡P‡q †ewk me‡P‡q Kg me‡P‡q Kg

Mvgv-‡i

G·-‡i
Avëªv fv‡qv‡jU

Bbd«v‡iW
gvB‡µvI‡qf

‡iwWI I‡qf
`„k¨gvb Av‡jvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ •`N©¨—
me‡P‡q †ewk Ges we‡ÿcY me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq
me‡P‡q eû`~i ch©šÍ †`Lv hvq|
wewfbœ iwk¥i Zi½‣`N©¨
iwk¥ Zi½‣`N©¨
`„k¨gvb Av‡jvi
Mvgv iwk¥ wgUv‡ii Kg (me‡P‡q †QvU)
G· iwk¥ g‡a¨ me‡P‡q Kg
n‡Z wgUvi
AwZ‡e¸bx iwk¥ n‡Z wgUvi
Zi½‣`N¨©- ‡e¸wb
`„k¨gvb Av‡jv †_‡K wgUvi Av‡jvi Ges me‡P‡q
Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ †_‡K wgUvi †ewk- jvj Av‡jvi
gvB‡µvI‡qf †_‡K 1 wgUvi
‡eZvi Zi½ 1 ‡_‡K wgUvi
 Zi½ •`N©¨ hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi me‡P‡q †QvU nq Zi½ •`N©¨ †_‡KI †QvU nq, †mUv‡K Avgiv ewj AvjUªv fv‡qv‡jU
Av‡jv, Av‡iv †QvU n‡j G· ‡i, Av‡iv †QvU n‡j Mvgv †i †hUv †ZRw¯…q wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K †ei nq|
 Zi½ •`N©¨ hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi †P‡q eo Zi½ •`N©¨ †_‡KI eo nq, †mUv‡K Avgiv ewj Bbd«v‡iW, Av‡iv eo n‡j †iwWI
I‡qf, AviI †QvU n‡j Zv‡K ewj †iwWI I‡qf|
 ‡dvUb KwYKv : Av‡jvKiwk¥ †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K Awew”Qbœ Zi‡½i AvKv‡i bv ‡ewi‡q AmsL¨ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª kw³¸”Q AvKv‡i †ei
nq| kw³i GB me© wb¤œgv‡bi KwYKv‡K ‡dvUb KwYKv e‡j|
gvby‡li m‡e©v”P : njy` - meyR m‡ev©”P— bxj|
Av‡jv‡Z AÜKv‡i
`k©bvf~wZ me©wb¤œ : jvj ev †e¸wb me©wb¤œ— jvj|
Av‡jvi  Av‡jv GK gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ gva¨‡g cª‡ek Ki‡j wKQz Av‡jv nvwi‡q hvq, GB NUbv‡K †kvlY e‡j|
 jvj Av‡jv‡Z bxj i‡½i e¯‘ ‡`Lvq— Kvj|
†kvlY  w`‡bi †ejv Mv‡Qi cvZv meyR †`Lvi KviY cvZvi †K¬v‡ivwdj meyR e¨wZZ mKj eY© †kvlY K‡i|

Av‡jvi we‡ÿcb:
Av‡jvK Zi½ †Kvb ÿz`ª KwYKvi Dci co‡j, Av‡jvK Zi½ wewfbœ w`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o, Zv‡KB Av‡jvi we‡ÿcY e‡j| `ycyi
†ejvq m~h©‡K njy` †`Lv hvq— Av‡jvi we‡ÿc‡Yi Rb¨|
Av‡jvi we”QziY :
‡h․wMK Av‡jvKiwk¥i wewfbœ e‡Y© wef³ nIqv‡K Av‡jvK ‡Kv‡bv ÿz`ªZg KwYKvi Dci Av‡jvK Zi½ co‡j Av‡jvK Zi½
wewfbœ w`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o, GB NUbv‡K Av‡jvi we”QziY e‡j| 1666 mv‡j AvBR¨vK wbDUb Av‡jvK we”Qzi‡Yi cÖgvY †`b|
Av‡jvi we”Qzi‡Yi V (‡e)- †e¸bx (Violet) G (m)- meyR (Green) R (jv)- jvj (Red)
mvZwU is wb‡Pi I (bx)- bxj (Indigo) Y (n)- njy` (Yellow) g‡b ivLvi Dcvq- VIBGYOR
Q‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv- B (Av)- Avmgvwb (Blue) O (K)- Kgjv (Orange) (‡ebxAvmnKjv)
 isaby m„wói mgq cvwbi KYv¸‡jv wcÖR‡gi b¨vq KvR K‡i|
 AvKv‡k isaby m„wói KviY— e„wói KYv|
 iOaby mvZwU i‡½i g‡a¨ ga¨ eY©— meyR|
 Av‡jvi eY© wba©viY K‡i— Zi½ •`N¨©|
 eY©vjxi cÖvšÍxq eY©— †e¸bx I jvj|
 e„wói KYvi Kvi‡Y AvKv‡k isaby m„wó nq| e„wói KYvq hLb Av‡jvKiwk¥ c‡o, ZLb e„wói KYv wcÖR‡gi gZ KvR K‡i
m~h©iwk¥ (mv`v Av‡jv) †K 7wU i‡O wef³ K‡i hv isaby bv‡g cwiwPZ| m~‡h©i wecixZ w`‡K isaby m„wó nq|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 14 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
 wec` ms‡K‡Zi Rb¨ jvj Av‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq KviY— jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ •`N¨© me‡P‡q †ewk nIqvq A‡bK`~i ch©šÍ
†`Lv hvq|
 jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ •`N©¨ †ewk I we‡ÿcY Kg nIqvq— m~‡hv©`q I m~hv©‡¯Íi mgq m~h©‡K jvj †`Lvq|
 ‡Kvb e¯‘ hLb ‡Kvb Av‡jv †kvlY bv K‡i mg¯Í Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ K‡i ZLb e¯‘wU‡K— mv`v †`Lv‡e|
 ‡Kvb e¯‘ hLb mg¯Í Av‡jv †kvlY K‡i ZLb e¯‘wU— Kv‡jv †`Lv‡e|

Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb :
Av‡jv hLb k~b¨ ev evqy ev Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨‡gi †fZi w`‡q hvIqvi mgq wØZxq †Kvb gva¨‡g evav cvq, ZLb wKQz cwigvY Av‡jv
cÖ_g gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m| GB NUbv‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb e‡j| cÖwZmiY
<r
Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY : cÖwZdjb ‡kvlY
Av‡jvKiwk¥ GK ¯^”Q gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g Zxh©Kfv‡e cÖ‡ekKv‡j
Awfj‡¤^i w`‡K ev Awfj¤^ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvq| G NUbv‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY <i
e‡j| D‡jøL¨ ‡h. nvjKv gva¨g †_‡K Nb gva¨‡g hvevi mgq Av‡jv Awfj‡¤^i AvcwZZ
w`‡K †eu‡K hvq Ges Nb gva¨g ‡_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g hvevi mgq Av‡jv Awfj¤^
†_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvq| cÖ_g gva¨g
iwk¥ wØZxq gva¨g

 Pvu` w`M‡šÍi Kv‡Q A‡bK eo †`Lvq— evqygÛjxq cÖwZmi‡Yi Kvi‡Y|

 eid mv`v †`Lvq KviY— Av‡jvi me iwk¥ cÖwZdjb K‡i|
 cvwb‡Z †b․Kvi ‣eVv evuKv †`Lv hvevi KviY— Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY|
 iv‡Zi AvKv‡k Zviv¸‡jv wgU wgU K‡i R¦‡j— Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi Kvi‡Y|
 wcÖR‡g cwZZ Av‡jv— mvaviYZ cÖwZmwiZ nq|
cÖwZdj‡bi m~Î cÖwZmi‡Yi m~Î
 AvcwZZ iwk¥, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥  AvcZb iwk¥ Ges Awfj¤^ w`‡q †h mgZjwU Kíbv Kiv nq, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥
Ges AvcZb we›`y‡Z Aw¼Z Awfj¤^ †mB GKB mgZ‡j _vK‡e|
GKB mgZ‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i|  GK †Rvov wbw`©ó gva¨‡g GK wbw`©ó e‡Y©i Av‡jvKiwk¥i Rb¨ AvcZb †Kv‡Yi
 cÖwZdjb †KvY (< r) = AvcZb mvBb I cÖwZmiY ‡Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ me©`v aªæeK| GB aªye msL¨vwU‡K
†KvY (< i)| cÖwZmiYv¼ ejv nq Ges wØZxq m~ÎwU‡K †¯ø‡bi m~Î ejv nq|

m¼U †KvY:
Av‡jvKiwk¥ Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g hvevi mgq AvcZb ‡Kv‡Yi †h gv‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb †Kv‡Yi gvb nq, Zv‡K
m¼U †KvY e‡j| †hgb- cvwbi mv‡c‡ÿ evZv‡mi m¼U †KvY |
m¼U †KvY c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb
c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb :
Av‡jvKiwk¥ Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g hvIqvi mgq AvcZb †Kv‡Yi gvb
msKU †Kv‡Yi †P‡q †ewk n‡j Av‡jvKiwk¥ cÖwZmwiZ bv n‡q cybivq Nb gva¨‡g
wd‡i Av‡m| GB NUbv‡K c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb e‡j| c~Y© Af¨šÍixY
cÖwZdjb †Kv‡Yi e¨envi I D`vniY-
 AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i Av‡jvi c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb e¨envi Kiv nq|
 wcP Xvjv iv¯Ívq giæf~wg‡Z evZv‡mi Nb‡Z¡i cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y gwiPxKv †`Lv hvq|

Ab¨vb¨ cÖvmw½K Z_¨ :

 iv‡Zi †ejv weovj I KzKz‡ii †PvL R¦jR¦j K‡i- KviY KzKz I weov‡ji †Pv‡L †U‡cUvg bvgK iÄK †Kvl _v‡K|
 GKwU Mwo‡Z njy` evwZ R¦vjv‡bv nq MvwowU †gvo Nyievi mgq|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 15 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
‡gŠwjK eY© (Prime Colour)
 ‡h mKj eY© Ab¨ e‡Y©i mgš^‡q •Zwi Kiv hvq bv Zv‡`i‡K †g․wjK eY© ejv nq| †g․wjK jvj
e‡Y©i mgš^‡q Ab¨ me is •Zwi Kiv nq|
 †g․wjK eY© wZbwU| g‡b ivLvi Dcvq- Avmj (Avmgvwb, meyR, jvj)/ bxjvm (bxj, jvj,
meyR)| g¨v‡R›Uv
 kn‡ii iv¯Ívq UªvwdK jvBU †h µg Abymv‡i R¦‡j- jvj, njy`, meyR, njy`, jvj njy`
(jvnmnjv) mv`v
 iwOb wUwfi †g․wjK eY©— Avmgvbx (bxj), jvj, meyR|
 Pvu‡`i nj‡` Av‡jv‡Z njy` †Mvjvc †`Lv‡e— Kv‡jv| Avmgvbx/bxj gqyiKÉx meyR
 bxj Kvu‡Pi ga¨ w`‡q mv`v dzj †`Lv‡e— bxj|
 ‡mvwWqvg jvB‡U jvj †Mvjvc †`Lv‡e— Kv‡jv| cyiæ bxj Kv‡P mv`v e¯‘ I njy` e¯‘— h_vµ‡g bxj I bxjKvj †`Lv‡e|
 meyR Av‡jv‡Z— njy` i‡½i e¯‘‡K Kvj †`Lvq| ‡mvwWqvg jvB‡Ui wb‡P— iv‡Z jvj Kvco Kvj †`Lvq|
Av‡jvK hš¿cvwZ
`c©Y : ‡h gm„Y Z‡j Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K `c©Y e‡j| `c©‡Y Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb N‡U| Kvu‡Pi Dci avZzi cÖ‡jc
w`‡q (cviv jvMv‡bv ev wmjfvwis) `c©Y •Zwi Kiv nq| cÖ‡jc mvaviYZ iƒcv A_ev gvK©vwi w`‡q •Zwi Kiv nq|
`c©‡Yi cÖKvi‡f` : `c©Y cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v— mgZj `c©Y I †Mvjxq `c©Y| ‡Mvjxq `c©Y `yB cÖKvi| h_v— DËj
`c©Y I AeZj `c©Y|
mgZj `c©Y AeZj `c©Y DËj `c©Y
e¯‘ †hgb †ZgbB †`Lvq| ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi ‡P‡q eo †`Lvq| e¯‘‡K ev¯Í‡ei †P‡q †QvU †`Lvq|
†hgb— mij †cwi‡¯‥vc e¨envi K‡i jÿ¨e¯‘‡K †`Lv, †hgb— wPwKrmK KZ©„K bvK, †hgb— Mvwoi jywKs Møv‡m
Avqbvq wb‡Ri †Pnviv †`Lv cÖf…wZ| mgZj `c©‡Y Kvb, Mjv ch©‡eÿY| w÷gv‡ii jÿ¨e¯‘‡K †`Lv| iv¯Ívi jvB‡U
wb‡Ri we¤^ †`L‡Z n‡j `c©‡Yi •`N©¨ `k©‡Ki D”PZvi mvP© jvB‡Ui cÖwZdjK Ges cÖwZdjK wn‡m‡e DËj `c©Y
Kgc‡ÿ A‡a©K nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| mgZj `c©Y n‡Z e¯‘i b‡fv `~iexÿ‡Y AeZj `c©‡Yi e¨envi Kiv nq|
`~iZ¡ hZ, `c©Y n‡Z we‡¤^i `~iZ¡I ZZ nq| e¨envi †`Lv hvq|
mij †cwi‡¯‹vc : mij †cwi‡¯‥vc •Zwi Kiv nq— cÖwZdjb I e¨wZPvi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i| mvaviYZ A‡bK `~‡ii e¯‘
†mvRvmywR †`Lvi Rb¨ GwU e¨envi Kiv nq|| Wz‡evRvnvR I mve‡gwi‡b bvwe‡Kiv mij †cwi‡¯‥v‡ci mvnv‡h¨ cvwbi wbP †_‡K
Dc‡ii Ask †`Lvi Rb¨ e¨envi K‡i|
wbivc` WªvBwfs
 Mvwoi WªvBfv‡ii wm‡Ui `iRvi mvg‡bi w`‡K mvBW wfD wgii bv‡g `ywU Avqbv ev `c©Y _v‡K|
 Mvwoi wfZ‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K gvSLv‡bI wiqvi wfD wgii bv‡g Av‡iKwU Avqbv ev `c©Y _v‡K| G¸‡jv Mvwoi `ycv‡k Ges
‡cQ‡bi w`‡K †`Lvi Kv‡R mvnvh¨ K‡i| d‡j WªvBfvi gv_v bv Nywi‡qB Pvicv‡k †`L‡Z cv‡i|
 cvnvwo iv¯Ívi wewfbœ evu‡K eo mvB‡Ri †Mvjxq `c©Y ÷¨v‡Û `vuo Kwi‡q ivLv nq| iv¯Ívi euvK n‡jI G `c©Y †`‡L
wfbœ w`K n‡Z Avmv Mvwoi Ae¯’vb Rvbv hvq|
‡jÝ
`ywU †Mvjxq c„ô w`‡q mxgve× †Kvb ¯^”Q cÖwZmviK gva¨g‡K †jÝ e‡j| †jÝ `yB cÖKvi| h_v— DËj ev Awfmvix †jÝ
(Convex lens) Ges AeZj ev Acmvix †jÝ (Concave lens)|
DËj †jÝ AeZj †jÝ
Pkgv, AvZkx KvuP wn‡m‡e, K¨v‡givq, AYyexÿY h‡š¿ Pkgv, M¨vwjwjIi `~iexÿY hš¿, weea©K KvuP I wm‡bgv‡¯‥vc
Ges Av¸b R¦vjv‡bvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| cÖ‡R±‡i e¨eüZ nq|
 ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv (P) I †dvKvm `~i‡Z¡i (f) g‡a¨ m¤úK©, | ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZvi GKK WvqvÞi (D)|
 ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv ej‡Z eySvq, †jÝwU AeZj Ges GwU cÖavb A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj GK¸”Q Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K Ggbfv‡e
AcmvwiZ K‡i †h, G¸‡jv †Kvb †jÝ †_‡K 50 †mwg `~‡ii †Kvb we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b nq| =
ev 50 ‡mw›UwgUvi|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 16 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
 ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv ej‡Z eySvq, †jÝwU DËj Ges GwU cÖavb A‡ÿi 1 wgUvi `~‡i Av‡jvKiwk¥¸”Q‡K wgwjZ Ki‡e|
ev 1 wgUvi|

‡Pv‡Li wµqv
†Pv‡Li Ask¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †iwUbv, †Pv‡Li †jÝ, A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi, wfwUªqvm wnDgvi Ges KwY©qv| †Pv‡Li †jÝ DËj ev
Awfmvix †j‡Ýi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| Awfmvix †jÝ me mgq D‡ëv cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi K‡i| Avgv‡`i mvg‡b e¯‘ _v‡K, ZLb H e¯‘
†_‡K Av‡jvKiwk¥ GB †jÝ Øviv cÖwZmvwiZ nq Ges †iwUbvi Dci GKwU D‡ëv cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi K‡i| ‡iwUbvi Dci Av‡jv
co‡j ¯œvqyi mv‡_ mshy³ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª iW Ges †KvY †Kvl¸‡jv †mB Av‡jv MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K Zwor ev we`y¨r wmMb¨v‡j cwiYZ K‡i|
¯œvqy GB we`y¨r ev Zwor wmMb¨vj‡K ZvrÿwYKfv‡e AcwUK bvf© ev Awÿ ¯œvqyi mv‡_ gw¯Í‡®‥ cvVvq| ‡KvY †Kvl¸‡jv Zxeª
Av‡jv‡Z mvov †`q Ges i‡Oi Abyf~wZ I i‡Oi cv_©K¨ eywS‡q †`q| Ab¨w`‡K iW‡Kvl¸‡jv Lye Kg Av‡jv‡Z ms‡e`bkxj nq|
G Kvi‡Y †R¨vr¯œvi Av‡jv‡Z Avgiv ÔÔiWÕÕ †Kvl¸‡jvi Kvi‡Y †`L‡Z cvB wKš‘ †Kvb is eyS‡Z cvwi bv| gw¯Í®‥ †iwUbvq m„ó D‡ëv
cÖwZwe¤^‡K †mvRv K‡i †`q e‡j Avgiv e¯‘wU‡K †h iKg _v‡K †miKgB †`wL|
¯úó `„wói b~¨bZg `~iZ¡ : †Pv‡Li me‡P‡q Kv‡Q †h we›`y ch©šÍ jÿ¨e¯‘‡K Lvwj †Pv‡L ¯úó †`Lv hvq, Zv‡K ¯úó `„wói wbKU
we›`y e‡j| GB `~iZ¡ eqm evovi m‡½ m‡½ cwiewZ©Z nq| GKRb wkïi GB `~iZ¡ 5 †mw›UwgUv‡ii KvQvKvwQ Ges GKRb
¯^vfvweK eq¯‥ †jv‡Ki 25 †mw›UwgUvi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
‡Pv‡Li ÎæwU Ges Zvi cÖwZKvi : my¯’ Ges ¯^vfvweK †PvL ÔÔwbKU we›`yÕÕ (Near point) ‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i Amxg `~i‡Z¡i Ò`~i
we›`yÓ-Gi gvSLv‡b †h ¯’v‡bB †Kv‡bv e¯‘ _vKzK bv †Kb †mUv ¯úó †`L‡Z cv‡i| GUvB †Pv‡Li ¯^vfvweK `„wókw³| GB ¯^vfvweK
`„wókw³ e¨vnZ n‡jB Zv‡K †Pv‡Li ÎæwU ejv nq| GwU `yB cªKvi| h_v—
n«¯^`„wó ev ÿxY`„wó (Myopia) : hLb †PvL Kv‡Qi e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvq wKš‘ `~‡ii e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvq bv, ZLb †Pv‡Li GB ÎæwU‡K
n«¯^`„wó e‡j| `ywU Kvi‡Y GB ÎæwU n‡q _v‡K— ‡Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix kw³ e„w× ‡c‡j ev †dvKvm `~iZ¡ K‡g †M‡j I ‡Kv‡bv
Kvi‡Y Awÿ-‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© e„w× †c‡j| Gi d‡j `~‡ii e¯‘ †_‡K Avmv Av‡jvKiwk¥ †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci
†iwUbvi Dc‡i cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi bv K‡i GKUz mvg‡b cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi K‡i| d‡j †PvL e¯‘wU ¯úó †`L‡Z cvq bv|
cÖwZKvi : GB ÎæwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ GKwU AeZj †j‡Ýi Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
`xN©`„wó ev `~i`„wó (Hypermetropia) : hLb †Kvb †PvL `~‡ii e¯‘ †`‡L wKš‘ Kv‡Qi e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvq bv, ZLb GB
ÎæwU‡K `xN©`„wó ÎæwU e‡j| mvaviYZ eq¯‥ e¨w³‡`i g‡a¨ GB ÎæwU †`Lv hvq| wb¤œwjwLZ `ywU Kvi‡Y GB ÎæwU N‡U-
‡Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix ÿgZv n«vm †c‡j A_ev †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ †e‡o †M‡j|
‡Kvb Kvi‡Y Awÿ-‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© K‡g †M‡j|
Gi d‡j `~i †_‡K Avmv Av‡jv mwVKfv‡e †Pv‡Li †iwUbv‡Z cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi Ki‡jI KvQvKvwQ we›`y †_‡K Avmv Av‡jvKiwk¥
†Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †iwUbvi wVK Dc‡i bv n‡q wcQ‡b wgwjZ nq|
cÖwZKvi : GB ÎæwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ DËj †j‡Ýi Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. ‡Kvb gva¨‡g Av‡jvi cvjm& e¨eüZ nq? [43Zg wewmGm]
(K) Zvgvi Zvi (L) †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej (M) AcwUK¨vj dvBevi (N) Iq¨vi‡jm wgwWqv D : M
e¨vL¨v : dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej GKwU `ªæZMvgx, mnR Ges ¯’vqxfv‡e †cÖi‡Yi gva¨g hv ¯^”Q dvBevi Møv‡mi cvZjv `wo
w`‡q evuav K¨vej Øviv MwVZ| ‡WUv Av‡jvi ¯ú›`‡bi (Pulse) g‡Zv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq, hv dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji ga¨
w`‡q †jRvi wWfvBm Øviv †cÖwiZ nq| dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej Iq¨vi wgwWqvi †_‡K †ewk `ªæZMvgx, nvjKv Ges AwaK
¯’vqx Ges A‡bK †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ LyeB Dc‡hvMx|
02. Av‡jvKel© e¨envi K‡i Kx cwigvc Kiv nq? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) `~iZ¡ (L) mgq (M) fi (N) IRb D: K
e¨vL¨v: Av‡jvKel© ej‡Z †evSvq †mB cwigvY `~iZ¡ hv Av‡jv GK eQ‡i AwZµg K‡i| Av‡jv cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û
wgUvi `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i| A_©vr Av‡jvKel© cwigvc K‡i `~iZ¡ cwigvc Kiv hvq|
03. Rxe RM‡Zi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ÿwZKi iwk¥ †KvbwU? [36Zg I 28Zg wewmGm]
K. Avjdv iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥ M. Mvgv iwk¥ N. AvjUªvfv‡qv‡jU iwk¥ D: M
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 17 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
04. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z mvaviYZ Bbd«v‡iW wWfvBm e¨envi Kiv nq? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. WAN L. Satellite Communicaton
M. MAN N. TV wi‡gvU© K‡›Uªv‡j D: N
05. ‡Kvb is ‡ewk `~i †_‡K †`Lv hvq? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. mv`v L. Kv‡jv M. njy` N. jvj D: N
06. AvKv‡k isabyi m„wói KviY- [37Zg wewmGm]
K. a~wjKYv L. evqy¯Íi M. e„wói KYv N. AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ D: M
07. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi Av‡jvi †Kvb NUbvwU N‡U? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. cÖwZmiY L. we”QziY M. AceZ©b N. c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb D: N
08. AvKv‡k we`y¨r PgKvq- [31Zg wewmGm]
K. †g‡Ni AmsL¨ RjKYv/eidKYvi g‡a¨ PvR© mwÂZ n‡j L. `yBLÛ †gN ci¯úi msNl© n‡j
M. †g‡Ni g‡a¨ we`y¨r †Kvl •Zwi n‡j N. †gN we`y¨r cwievnx Ae¯’vq G‡j D: K
12. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi (Optical fibre) n‡”Q- [31Zg wewmGm]
K. Lye miæ I bgbxq KvuPZš‘i Av‡jvKbj L. Lye m~² mycwievnx Zvgvi Zvi Zš‘ bj
M. Lye miæ Gm‡e‡÷vm dvBevi bj N. m~² cøvw÷K NwUZ bj D: K
13. nxiK D¾¡j †`Lvq †Kb? [31Zg wewmGm]
K. c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨ L. cÖwZmi‡Yi Rb¨
M. cÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨ N. AceZ©‡bi Rb¨ D: K
14. ‡Kvb Av‡jvKZi½ gvbe †Pv‡L †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq? [31Zg wewmGm]
K. 10 †_‡K 400 b¨v.wg (nm) L. 400 †_‡K 700 b¨v.wg (nm)
M. 100 gvB‡µvwgUvi (um) †_‡K 1 wg. (m) N. 1 wg. (m) Gi D‡aŸ© D: L
15. jvj Av‡jv‡Z bxj i‡Oi e¯‘ †Kgb ‡`Lvq? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. †e¸wb L. meyR M. Kv‡jv N. njy` D: M
14. Pvu` w`M‡šÍi Kv‡Q A‡bK eo ‡`Lvq †Kb? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. evqygÛjxq cÖwZmi‡Y L. Av‡jvi we”Qzi‡Y M. `„wóå‡g N. AceZ©‡b D: K
15. d‡UvB‡jKwUªK †Kv‡li Dci Av‡jv co‡j wK Drcbœ nq? [29Zg wewmGm]
K. we`y¨r L. Zvc M. Pz¤^K N. wKQzB nqbv D: K
16. me©v‡cÿv †QvU Zi½ •`‡N¨©i wewKiY n‡”Q- [27Zg wewmGm]
K. Avidv iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥ M. Mvgv iwk¥ N. iÄb iwk¥ D: M
17. ‡h gm„Y Z‡j Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K wK e‡j? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. `c©Y L. †jÝ M. wcÖRg N. we¤^ D: K
18. ivWv‡i †h Zwor †P․¤^K e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi bvg wK? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. Mvgv iwk¥ L. gvB‡µvI‡qf M. Ae‡jvwnZ wewKiY N. Av‡jvK Zi½ D: L
19. AvKvk bxj †`Lvq ‡Kb? [15Zg wewmGm]
K. bxj mgy‡`ªi cÖwZdj‡bi d‡j L. bxj Av‡jvi Zi½ •`N¨© †ewk e‡j
M. bxj Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb †ewk e‡j N. bxj Av‡jvi we‡ÿcY A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk D: N
20. `„k¨gvb eY©vjxi ÿ`ªZg Zi½ •`N¨© †Kvb i‡Oi Av‡jv? [14Zg wewmGm]
K. jvj L. meyR M. bxj N. †e¸wb D: N
21. wm‡bgv‡¯‥vc cÖ‡R±v‡i †Kvb ai‡bi †jÝ e¨eüZ nq? [13Zg wewmGm]
K. DËj L. AeZj M. Ryg N. wmwjbwWªK¨vj D: L
22. cvwb‡Z †b․Kvi •eVv evuKv †`Lv hvIqvi KviY, Av‡jvi-
K. cÖwZmiY L. c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb M. we”QziY N. †cvjvivqb D: K
23. isaby m„wói †ejvq cvwbi KYv¸‡jv- [11Zg wewmGm]
K. `c©‡Yi KvR K‡i L. AvZmx Kvu‡Pi KvR K‡i M. †j‡Ýi KvR K‡i N. wcÖR‡gi KvR K‡i D: N
24. ‡h wZbwU gyL¨ e‡Y©i mgš^‡q Ab¨vb¨ eY© m„wó Kiv hvq, †m¸‡jv n‡jv- [10g wewmGm]
K. jvj, njy`, bxj L. jvj, Kgjv, †e¸wb M. njy`, meyR, bxj N. jvj, bxj, meyR D: N
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 18 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb I B‡j±ªwbKm
‡ZRw¯ŒqZv
1896 mv‡j †nbwi †eK‡ij cÖ_g BD‡iwbqvg †_‡K †ZRw¯…q iwk¥i Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z Av‡b©÷ iv`vi‡dvW©, wcqv‡i Kzwi,
†gwi Kzwi I Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbxiv Ab¨vb¨ †g․‡ji †ZRw¯…qZv Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| †Kvb c`v_© n‡Z ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e Aweivg Giƒc KYv ev
iwk¥ wbM©Z nIqv‡K †ZRw¯…qZv e‡j Ges †h c`v_© n‡Z Giƒc KYv ev iwk¥ wbM©Z nq Zv‡K †ZRw¯…q c`v_© (Radioactive
Substance) e‡j|
†ZRw¯ŒqZvi  †h mKj †g․‡ji cvigvYweK IRb 206 Gi AwaK, †m mKj c`v_© †ZRw¯…qZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
•ewkó¨  †ZRw¯…qZv GKwU ¯^Ztù‚Z© NUbv| †ZRw¯…qZv GKwU Aweivg cÖwµqv|
 †ZRw¯…q iwk¥ ev KYv abPvR© hy³, FYPvR© hy³ Ges PvR© wbi‡c¶ n‡Z cv‡i|
 †ZRw¯…qZv GKwU wbDwK¬qvi NUbv| Avjdv iwk¥ ev Avjdv KYv GKwU wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qvm| BD‡iwbqv‡gi
GKwU AvB‡mv‡Uvc Avjdv KYv wewKiY K‡i †_vwiqv‡gi GKwU AvB‡mv‡Uv‡c cwiYZ nq|
| weUv iwk¥ ev weUv KYv n‡jv B‡jKUªb| Mvgv iwk¥ Avm‡j kw³kvjx we`yy¨r †P․¤^Kxq
Zi½|
 †ZRw¯…qZvi d‡j bZzb †g․‡ji m„wó nq| †hgbÑ †iwWqvg n‡Z wnwjqvg I i¨vWb m„wó nq|
†ZRw¯Œq  1900 wLª÷v‡ã weÁvbx iv`vi‡dvW© Ges wfjvW© cix¶vi gva¨‡g †`Lvb †h, †ZRw¯…q c`v_© n‡Z wZb cÖKvi
iwk¥ iwk¥ wbM©Z nq; h_vÑ 1| Avjdv iwk¥ (α-rays) 2| weUv iwk¥ (β-rays) Ges 3| Mvgv iwk¥ (γ-
rays)|
†ZRw¯ŒqZvi  †ZRw¯…qZv `yB cÖKvi| h_vÑ (1) cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯…qZv (Natural radioactivity) Ges (2) K…wÎg
cÖKvi‡f` †ZRw¯…qZv (Artificial radioactivity)|
 †Kvb c`v_© n‡Z ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e †h †ZRw¯…qZv N‡U, Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯…qZv e‡j| †hgbÑ BD‡iwbqvg,
†_vwiqvg, †cv‡jvwbqvg, †iWb, cøy‡Uvwbqvg, †bcPzwbqvg cÖf…wZ| ‡hme †g․‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v 82 Gi
AwaK ‡mme †g․‡j ‡ZRw¯…q ag© cwijwÿZ nq|
 K…wÎg Dcv‡q †Kvb †g․j‡K †ZRw¯…q †g․‡j cwiYZ Ki‡j †h †ZRw¯…qZv N‡U, Zv‡K K…wÎg †ZRw¯…qZv
e‡j| †Kvb cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡m `ªæZ MwZm¤úbœ PvwR©Z KYv w`‡q AvNvZ Ki‡j Dnv‡K †ZRw¯…q †g․‡j
cwiYZ Kiv hvq|
 gnvk~b¨ †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z AvMZ iwk¥‡K e‡j— KmwgK iwk¥| me©cÖ_g †ZRw¯…q c`v_© wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
nq— BD‡iwbqvg|
†ZRw¯ŒqZvi  †ZRw¯…qZv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h GKK e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K †ZRw¯…qZvi GKK ejv nq, †ZRw¯…qZvi
GKK `yBwU GKK Av‡Q|
Kzix  cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 3.7×1010 Avjdv KYvi wewKiY‡K GK Kzix e‡j| G GKKwU AZ¨ন্ত eo e‡j wgwj Kzix ev
gvB‡µv Kzix GKK mvaviYZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
iv`vi‡dvW©  cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 106 Avjdv KYvi wewKiY‡K GK iv`vi‡dvW© e‡j|
Aa©vqy  ‡h mg‡q †Kvb †ZRw¯…q c`v‡_©i cÖviw¤¢K †gvU cigvYyi msL¨v †f‡½ A‡a©K nq, †m mgq‡K H c`v‡_©i
(Half life) Aa©vqy e‡j|

B‡jKUªwbKm
B‡jKUªwbKm µgweKvk
Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb mf¨ZvwUi †cQ‡b me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q B‡jKUªwbKm| B‡jKUªwbK‡mi µgweKvk‡K †gvUvgywU wZbwU
As‡k fvM Kiv hvq- f¨vKzqvg wUDe, UªvbwR÷i Ges Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U|
 f¨vKzqvg wUDe : 1883 mv‡j GwWmb †`‡LwQ‡jb jvBU ev‡j¦i †fZ‡i wdjv‡g›U †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU avZe †cø‡U dvuKv
RvqMv w`‡qI we`y¨r cwienb n‡Z cv‡i| GB cÖwµqvwU GwWmb wµqv bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1904 mv‡j Rb †d¬wgs GwWmb
wµqv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q cÖ_g `yB B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi GKwU f¨vKzqvg wUDe •Zwi K‡ib †hwU ‡iKwUdvqvi wn‡m‡e KvR KiZ
A_©vr cwieZ©bkxj we`y¨rcÖevn‡K GKw`‡K cÖevwnZ KiZ| GB f¨vKzqvg wUDe‡K B‡jKUªwbK‡mi m~Pbv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
Kiv hvq|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 19 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
 UªvbwR÷i : UªvbwR÷i n‡jv p-UvBc Ges n-UvBc †mwg KÛv±i w`‡q •Zwi GK ai‡bi wWfvBm †hwU Zvi wfZi w`‡q
we`y¨‡Zi cÖevn wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| p-n-p Ges n-p-n (p AskwU wfwË) `y ai‡bi UªvbwR÷i i‡q‡Q| 1947 mv‡j †ej
j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cÖ_g UªvbwR÷i •Zwi Kiv nq| GB Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ Rb eviwWb, Iqvëvi eªvB‡UBb Ges DBwjqvg kKwj‡K
†bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi †`Iqv nq| UªvbwR÷i f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei g‡ZvB KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei Zzjbvq GwU Aí
ÿz`ª, IRb LyeB Kg, GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z Lye Aí we`y¨‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq| UªvbwR÷i e¨env‡ii d‡j c„w_exi gvbyl ¯^í
g~‡j¨ B‡jKUªwbKm hš¿cvwZ †c‡Z ïiæ Kij| UªvbwR÷‡ii MVb A‡bKUv m¨vÛDB‡Pi g‡Zv| Rvwg©qvg †mwgKÛv±i wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ nq|
 Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) : GKvwaK •e`y¨wZK eZ©bx ev mvwK©U GKwU wmwjK‡bi cvZjv †cø‡U mvwR‡q •Zwi Kiv nq IC|
1952 mv‡ji w`‡K Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U wb‡q K_v ïiæ n‡jI •Zwi ïiæ nq lv‡Ui `k‡K| UªvbwR÷‡ii mv‡_ Wv‡qvW wKsev
†iwR÷vi Ges K¨vcvwmUi ewm‡q c~Y©v½ GKwU mvwK©U •Zwi Kiv nq hv ciewZ©‡Z Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U ev IC bv‡g cwiwPwZ
cvq| gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi, wPwKrmvi hš¿cvwZ, wfwWI K¨v‡giv Ges †hvMv‡hvM DcMÖ‡ni g‡Zv AZ¨vaywbK AvBwm Qvov
KL‡bvB m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| D™¢veK †R Gm †Kjwe (1958)|
fwel¨‡Zi  B‡jKUªwbKm cÖhyw³ GL‡bv GwM‡q hv‡”Q Ges fwel¨‡Z B‡jKUªwbKm mvwK©‡U AcwUKm ev Av‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨
B‡jKUªwbKm wewbgq msµvšÍ AvBwm †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡e| GKB mv‡_ ‡cÖvMÖvg K‡i wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv mvwK©U •Zwi Kivi AvBwm
(FPGA- Field Programmable Gate Array) AviI †ewk †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ n‡e|
 Wv‡qvW me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq— †iKwUdvqvi wn‡m‡e| Wv‡qvW AC ‡K DC Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 AvaywbK gy`ªY e¨e¯’vq avZz wbwg©Z Aÿ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb dz‡ivevi KviY— d‡Uvwj‡_vMÖvwd|
 wi‡gvU †mwÝs ev `~i Abyaveb ej‡Z †evSvq DcMÖ‡ni mvnv‡h¨ `~i †_‡K f~gЇji Ae‡jvKb|
 gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi gva¨‡g †h †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖPwjZ Zv‡Z gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi AwaKvsk `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i- I‡qf
MvB‡Wi ga¨ w`‡q| eø¨vK e· hš¿wU e¨envi Kiv nq— D‡ovRvnv‡R|
 ‡h wWfvBm ev †K․k‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Zwor cÖevn‡K GKgyLx Kiv hvq ev Gwm‡K wWwm Kiv hvq Zv‡K e‡j— †iKwUdvqvi|
 B‡j±ªwb· wk‡í wmwjK‡bi e¨envi me‡P‡q †ewk|
 LASER Gi c~Y©iƒc— Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

‡ivM wbY©‡q e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ

1950 mv‡j c„w_exi gvby‡li Mo Avqy wQj 50 eQ‡ii KvQvKvwQ| 60 eQ‡i †mB Avqy 20 eQi e„w× †c‡q‡Q| c„w_exi gvby‡li
Rxebavi‡Yi gvb DbœZ nIqv, †ivM cÖwZ‡laK e¨envi, ¯^v¯’¨m‡PZb nIqv Ges wPwKrmvi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mviv c„w_ex‡Z
gvby‡li Mo Avqy e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

G·-‡i
Rvg©vb weÁvbx wfj‡nj&g iÄb (Wilhelm Rontzen) j¶ K‡ib hLb D”P MwZkxj B‡jKUªb 103 ev 106 †fvë wefe
cv_©‡K¨ Z¡wiZ (accelerated) n‡q †Kvb avZzi Ici AvcwZZ nq ZLb H avZzi cv‡k Av‡jvK wPÎ wd¤§ _vK‡j Zv
cwiùzU‡bi ci Kv‡jv `vM c‡o| iÄb G wm×v‡šÍ DcwbZ nb †h Zvi cix¶vq Ggb †Kvb iwk¥ Drcbœ nq hv †Pv‡L `„k¨gvb bq|
GRb¨ G iwk¥‡K wZwb A‡Pbv e‡j G· iwk¥ (X-rays) bvg †`b| iÄb Gi Avwe¯‥vi‡K ¯§iY ivLvi Rb¨ G iwk¥‡K iÄb iwk¥
(Rontzen rays) ejv nq| c‡i iÄb iwk¥‡K Zwor †P․¤^K Zi½ (Electromagnetic waves) wnmv‡e mbv³ Kiv nq hvi
Zi½ •`N©¨ 1×10-11 meter †_‡K 10-9 meter Gi g‡a¨ c‡o|
iÄb iwk¥i •ewkó¨
 iÄb iwk¥ ZvwoZ †P․¤^K Avo Zi½| iÄb iwk¥ mij‡iLvq Mgb K‡i|
 iÄb iwk¥i Zi½ •`N©¨ 10-11 m n‡Z 10-9 m ch©ন্ত nq|
 iÄb iwk¥i MwZ‡eM Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi mgvb (3×108 m/sec.)|
 iÄb iwk¥ †f`b ¶gZv (Penetrating Power) m¤úbœ| iÄb iwk¥i †Kvb Avavb bvB|
 iÄb iwk¥ M¨v‡mi ga¨ w`‡q hvevi mgq M¨vm‡K AvqbvwqZ Ki‡Z m¶g|
iÄb iwk¥i e¨envi
 iÄb iwk¥ wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿ e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| iÄb iwk¥ gvs‡mi †fZi w`‡q mn‡RB P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i ড়িন্তুz nvo ev Abyiƒc
wKQyi ga¨ w`‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv| GKvi‡Y kix‡ii nvo †f‡O †M‡j ev ¯’vbPy¨Z n‡j iÄbiwk¥i mvnv‡h¨ Zv mbv³ Kiv hvq|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 20 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
Z‡e Gi me‡P‡q †ewk e¨envi nq dzmdz‡mi g‡a¨ †Kvb RwUjZv Av‡Q wKbv cix¶v Kivi Rb¨| ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq dzmdz‡mi
†fZi w`‡q iÄb iwk¥ P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| wKন্তু e¨vK‡Uwiqv BZ¨vw` dzmdz‡mi ¶wZmvab Ki‡j Zv iÄb iwk¥‡Z aiv c‡o|
 †Mv‡q›`v wefv‡M iÄbiwk¥ e¨envi K‡i jyKvwqZ †Kvb wbwl× ব্স্তুz ev †mvbv, iƒcv A_ev e›`y‡Ki ey‡j‡Ui Dcw¯’wZ aiv nq|
 wk퇶‡Î †Kvb Drcbœ ব্স্তুzi g‡a¨ dvUj Av‡Q wKbv Zv iÄb iwk¥i mvnv‡h¨ aiv hvq|
 iÄb iwk¥i e¨envi M‡elYvi Kv‡R me©vwaK| iÄb iwk¥i Zi½ •`N©¨ c`v‡_©i cigvYyi cvkvcvwk Ae¯’v‡bi `~i‡Z¡i cÖvq
KvQvKvwQ|
 ey‡Ki G·-‡i K‡i dzmdz‡mi †ivM †hgb h²v, wbD‡gvwbqv, dzmdz‡mi K¨vÝvi wbY©q Kiv hvq|
G·-‡i K¨vÝvi †Kvl‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i, ZvB GwU †iwWI‡_ivwc‡Z wPwKrmvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
nvB †fv‡ëR
i›U‡Rb 1885 mv‡j DBj‡n‡jvg i›U‡Rb nvB †fv‡ëR
D”Pkw³m¤úbœ GK ai‡bi iwk¥ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib, K¨v‡_vW (+)
A¨v‡bvW (-)
†hwU kix‡ii gvsm‡cwk †f` K‡i wM‡q
d‡UvMÖvwdK †cø‡U Qwe Zzj‡Z cviZ| GB iwk¥i
bvg ZLb Rvbv wQj bv e‡j Gi bvg †`Iqv Uvs‡÷b wdjv‡g›U
wPÎ. G·-‡i
n‡qwQj G·-‡i| G·-‡i wUD‡ei Kvh©
c×wZ
AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd : AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd w`‡q kix‡ii †fZ‡ii A½cÖZ¨½, gvsm‡cwk BZ¨vw`i Qwe †Zvjv nq| GwU Kivi Rb¨ Lye
D”P K¤úv‡¼i kã e¨envi K‡i Zvi cÖwZaŸwb‡K kbv³ Kiv nq| k‡ãi K¤úv¼ 1-10 ‡gMvnvU©R n‡q _v‡K e‡j G‡K
AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd ejv n‡q _v‡K|

wmwU ¯‹¨vb (CT Scan) : wmwU ¯‥¨vb kãwU Bs‡iwR Computed Tomography Scan Gi mswÿß iƒc| U‡gvMÖvwd
ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq wÎgvwÎK e¯‘i GKwU dvwji ev wÎgvwÎK As‡ki cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi Kiv| wPwKrmv weÁv‡b GB h‡š¿ G·-‡i
e¨envi Kiv nq| wmwU ¯‥¨vb K‡i wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Kiv m¤¢e-
 wmwU ¯‥¨v‡bi mvnv‡h¨ kix‡ii big wUmy¨, i³evnx wkiv ev agbx, dzmdzm, †eªb BZ¨vw`i c~Y©v½ Qwe cvIqv hvq|
 hK…r, dzmdzm Ges AMœ¨vk‡qi K¨vÝvi kbv³ Kivi Kv‡R wmwU ¯‥¨vb e¨envi Kiv nq|
 gv_vi wmwU ¯‥¨v‡bi mvnv‡h¨ gw¯Í‡®‥i †fZi †Kvb i³cvZ n‡q‡Q wK bv, agbx dz‡j ‡M‡Q wK bv, †mwU e‡j †`Iqv
hvq| kix‡i i³ mÂvj‡b mgm¨v Av‡Q wK bv †mwUI wmwU ¯‥¨vb †_‡K Rvbv hvq|

GgAviAvB (MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging) : gvby‡li kix‡ii cÖvq mËifvM cvwb, hvi A_© gvby‡li
kix‡ii cÖvq me A½cÖZ¨‡½ cvwb _v‡K| cvwbi cÖwZwU AYy‡Z _v‡K _v‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Ges nvB‡Wªv‡R wbDwK¬qvm n‡”Q †cÖvUb|
kw³kvjx †P․¤^K †ÿÎ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j ‡cÖvUb¸‡jv †mB Zi½ †_‡K kw³ MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i w`K cwieZ©b K‡i Ges GB cÖwµqvwU‡K
e‡j wbDwK¬qvi g¨vM‡bwUK †i‡Rv‡bÝ| GB NUbvi Dci wfwË K‡i g¨vM‡bwUK †i‡Rv‡iÝ ev GgAvivB •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
BwmwR (ECG): BwmwR n‡jv B‡jK‡UªvKvwW©IMÖvg (Electro cardiogram) k‡ãi mswÿß iƒc| BwmwR K‡i gvby‡li
ürwc‡Ði •e`y¨wZK Ges †cwkRwbZ KvRKg©¸‡jv ch©‡eÿY Kiv hvq| ürwc‡Ûi †hme A¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v BwmwR Kiv hvq,
†m¸‡jv n‡”Q ürwc‡Ûi †hme A¯^vfvweK ¯ú›`b, A_©vr ¯ú›`‡bi nvi †ewk ev Kg n‡j, nvU© GUvK n‡q _vK‡j, ürwc‡Ûi
AvKvi eo n‡q _vK‡j|
G‡ÛvmKwc (Endoscopy) : wPwKrmvi Kvi‡Y kix‡ii †fZ‡ii †Kv‡bv A½ ev MnŸi‡K evB‡i †_‡K mivmwi †`Lvi
cÖwµqvwUi bvg G‡ÛvmKwc| G‡ÛvmKwc h‡š¿i gva¨‡g kix‡ii dvucv A½¸‡jvi †fZ‡i cixÿv Kiv hvq| G‡ÛvmKwc Kivi mgq
†h‡nZz GKwU bj mivmwi ÿZ¯’v‡b cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq †mwU w`‡q †mB ÿZ ¯’v‡bi Sample wb‡q Avmv m¤¢e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b GUv
e¨envi K‡i wKQz wKQz mvR©vwi Kiv m¤¢e|
BwUwU (ETT) : Bs‡iwR Exercise Tolerance Test Gi mswÿß iƒc n‡jv BwUwU| e¨vqvg ev Abykxjb Kivi mgq BwmwR
Kiv‡KB BwUwU ejv n‡q _v‡K|
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 21 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
‡ivM wbivg‡q c`v_©weÁvb (Physics in Treatment)
‡iwWI‡_ivwc (Radio Therapy) : ‡iwWI‡_ivwc kãwU Bs‡iwR Radiation Therapy kãwUi mswÿß iƒc|
†iwWI‡_ivwc n‡”Q †Kvb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq ‡ZRw¯¿q wewKi‡Yi e¨envi| GwU g~jZ K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq e¨envi Kiv nq|
†iwWI‡_ivwc‡Z mvaviYZ D”P ÿgZvi G·-‡i e¨envi K‡i K¨vÝvi †Kvl‡K aŸsm Kiv nq| GB G·-‡i e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡li
†fZiKvi wWGbG (DNA) aŸsm K‡i †Kv‡li msL¨v e„w× Kivi ÿgZv bó K‡i †`q| GKwU wUDgvi‡K mvR©vwi Kivi Av‡M
†QvU K‡i †bIqvi Rb¨ wKsev mvR©vwii ci wUDgv‡ii Aewkó Ask aŸsm Kivi Rb¨I †iwWI‡_ivwc Kiv nq|
AvB‡mv‡Uvc Ges Gi e¨envi : GKwU †g․wjK c`v‡_©i wbDwK¬qvm wbDUª‡bi msL¨v wfbœ n‡j Zv‡K †mB †g․wjK c`v‡_©i
AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j| cÖK…wZ‡Z A‡bK †g․‡ji wewfbœ AvB‡mv‡Uvc‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †ZRw¯…q wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq Avevi wbDwK¬qvi
wewµqv K‡i ‡ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡Uvc evbv‡bv m¤¢e|
 ‡ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡Uvc e¨env‡ii GKwU D`vniY PET ev Positron Emission Tomography ‡hLv‡b †ZRw¯…q
AvB‡mv‡UvcwU cwRUªb wewKiY K‡i| cwRUªb B‡j±ª‡bi cÖwZwU KYv (anti-particle) Ges GwU B‡j±ª‡bi mv‡_ hy³
n‡q kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| GB kw³ Mvgv †i wn‡m‡e wecixZ w`‡K †ei n‡q Av‡m| Kv‡RB wecixZ w`‡K `ywU wbw`©ó
kw³ Mvgv †i kbv³ K‡i cwRUªbwU †Kv_v †_‡K †ei n‡q‡Q †mwU †ei K‡i †bIqv hvq|
AvB‡mv‡Uvc ‡iv‡Mi bvg AvB‡mv‡Uvc ‡iv‡Mi bvg
Av‡qvwWb- 131 [ I] _vBi‡qW K¨vÝvi BwiwWqvg ‡eªBb K¨vÝvi
‡Kvevë- 60 [ Co] wUDgvi dmdivm- 32 [ p] i‡³i wjD‡Kvwgqv

cÖkœ mgvavb
01. RFID ej‡Z †evSvq- [43Zg wewmGm]
(K) Random Freuency Identification (L) Random Freduency Information
(M) Radio Freuency Information (N) Radio Frequency Identification D:N
e¨vL¨v : RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Ggb GKwU Iq¨vi‡jm cÖhyw³i B‡j±ªwbK wWfvBm †hLv‡b Lye
†QvU GKwU wPc, K‡qj I A¨v‡›Ubv _v‡K| ‡WweU Kv‡W©i g‡Zv †`L‡Z RFID Gi KvR A‡bKUv evi‡KvW wiWv‡ii
g‡Zv| †iwWI wd«Kz‡qwÝ e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K mbv³ Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb : †Kvb wKQzi Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kiv,
Awdm-evmvq gvby‡li PjvPj wbqš¿Y, †`vKv‡b c‡Y¨i Pzwi cÖwZ‡iva, cwiPq wbw`©ó Kiv cÖf…wZ Kv‡R RFID e¨envi Kiv
nq|
02. K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ Mvgv wewKi‡Yi Drm wK? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. AvB‡mv‡Uvb L. AvB‡mv‡Uvc M. AvB‡mvevi N. AvB‡mvgvi D: L
03. K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ Mvgv wewKi‡Yi Drm n‡jv- [36Zg wewmGm]
K. AvB‡mv‡Uvb L. AvB‡mv‡Uvc M. AvB‡mvevi N. ivmvqwbK c`v_© D: L
04. w÷‡db nwKÝ GKRb- [38Zg, 30Zg I 18Zg wewmGm]
K. `vk©wbK L. c`v_©we` M. imvqbwe` N. Kwe D: L
05. K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq †h wewKiY e¨envi Kiv nq Zv n‡jv- [38Zg wewmGm]
K. Avjdv †im L. weUv †im M. Mvgv †im N. G· †im D: M
06. ‡Mv‡q›`v wefv‡M wb‡¤œi †Kvb iwk¥ e¨eüZ nq? [35Zg wewmGm]
K. †e‡K‡ij iwk¥ L. X- iwk¥ M. Mvgv iwk¥ N. weUv iwk¥ D: M
07. wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvRb‡K wK ejv nq? [37Zg wewmGm]
K. wdkb L. †gmb M. wdDkb N. wdDkb I ‡gmb D: K
05. ‡Kvb h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ hvwš¿K kw³‡K we`y¨r kw³‡Z iƒcvwšÍwiZ Kiv nq? [36Zg wewmGm]
K. UªvÝdigvi L. Wvqbv‡gv M. •e`y¨wZK gUi N. ûBj D: L
06. Wv‡qvW me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq- [32Zg wewmGm]
K. K¨vcvwmUi wn‡m‡e L. UªvÝdigvi wn‡m‡e M. †iwR÷i wn‡m‡e N. †iw±dvqvi wn‡m‡e D: N
09. cvi¯úvwiK Av‡ek‡K e¨envi Kiv nq †KvbwU‡Z? [32Zg wewmGm]
K. Wv‡qvW L. UªvbwR÷i M. UªvÝdigvi N. A¨vwcødvqvi D: M
11. weM e¨vs (Big Bang) Z‡Ë¡i AvaywbK e¨vL¨v Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb- [31Zg wewmGm]
K. w÷‡db nwKs L. wR ‡j‡gUvi M. Avãym mvjvg N. GWzBb nvej D: K
 Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ # 22 # ‡fŠZweÁvb (c`v_©weÁvb) # †U÷- 42
12. ‡Uwjwfk‡bi iwOb Qwe Drcv`‡bi R‡b¨ KqwU †g․wjK is Gi Qwe e¨envi Kiv nq? [28Zg wewmGm]
K. 1wU L. 2wU M. 3wU N. 4wU D: M
13. ‡h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ cwieZ©x D”P wefe‡K wb¤œ wef‡e Ges wb¤œ wefe‡K D”P wef‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq Zvi bvg wK? [28Zg
wewmGm]
K. UªvÝdigvi L. †gvUi M. †Rbv‡iUi N. Wvqbv‡gv D: K
14. iwOb †Uwjwfkb n‡Z ÿwZKi †Kvb iwk¥ †ei nq? [25Zg I 16Zg wewmGm]
K. g„`y iÄb iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥ M. Mvgv iwk¥ N. KmwgK iwk¥ D: K
16. ‡iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc e¨eüZ nq- [23Zg wewmGm]
K. wKWwbi cv_i Mjv‡Z L. wcËcv_i Mjv‡Z M. MjMÛ †ivM wbY©‡q N. bZzb cigvYy •Zwi‡Z D: M
17. iwOb †Uwjwfkb †_‡K ÿwZKi iwk¥ †ei nq- [23Zg wewmGm]
K. Mvgv iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥ M. iÄb iwk¥ N. KmwgK iwk¥ D: M