†dmey‡K bvix-cyiæ‡li cÖwZ AegvbbvKi †cR¸‡jvi evQvBK…Z

bgybvi Av‡aq we‡kølY

kixdv D‡¤§ wkwibv

Z_¨cÖhyw³i G hy‡M †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Afvebxq cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui myev‡`

†fŠ‡MvwjK `~iZ¡‡K Rq K‡i †MvUv c„w_ex GLb gvby‡li nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq| GUv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q
Z_¨cÖhyw³i e¨vcK AMÖMwZi d‡j| weL¨vZ †jLK nv·wj Zuvi †eªf wbD Iqvì© MÖ‡š’ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
Ggb we¯§qKi AMÖMwZ Kíbv K‡i‡Qb, hLb gvbyl Avi Kó K‡i wPwVcÎ wj‡L †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡e
bv| Ggb GK hš¿ Avm‡e hv gvby‡li gb‡K co‡Z cvi‡e Ges wb‡RB †m Abyhvqx KvR Ki‡Z
cvi‡e (wgÎ I IqvUm 2002; D×…Z: Bmjvg 2010)| nv·wji KwíZ fwel¨r †Kv‡bvw`b m‡Z¨
cwiYZ n‡e wK bv †m wel‡q Rvbv bv †M‡jI gvbyl †h AK¬všÍ †Póv w`‡q †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi
DbœwZi gva¨‡g c„w_ex‡K B‡Zvg‡a¨B nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq wb‡q G‡m‡Q Zv me©Rb¯^xK„Z|
eZ©gvb hy‡M †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi n‡”Q B›Uvi‡bU| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g N‡i e‡mB mgMÖ
c„w_ex m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| ejv hvq, Internet has changed the way we communicate
entirely. We email instead of write and we text instead of call.| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_
bZzb gvÎv †hvM K‡i‡Q 2004 mv‡ji gvK© RyKvievM©-Gi D™¢vweZ †dmeyK| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvnv‡h¨
†dmey‡Ki gva¨‡g gvbyl GLb N‡i e‡mB GKRb Av‡iKR‡bi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
eZ©gv‡b Am¤¢e RbwcÖq AbjvBb mvgvwRK †bUIqvK© n‡”Q †dmeyK| †dmey‡K gvbyl wb‡R‡`i
†cÖvdvBj ˆZwi QvovI A‡b¨i †cÖvdvBj †`L‡Z cv‡ib| GLv‡b e¨enviKvixMY wb‡R‡`i cwiwPwZ
Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡ib| Zv Qvov, e¨w³MZ I ag©xq `„wófw½, ivR‰bwZK g‡bvfve, kL, KvR,
ˆeevwnK Ae¯’v, m¤úK©, cQ‡›`i Mvb, Pjw”P‡Îi K_v Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡ib| GLv‡b eÜzZ¡ Kiv, MÖæc
ˆZwi, Qwe, Mvb Ges wfwWI Avc‡jvW I WvDb‡jvW Kiv hvq|
†dmey‡Ki gva¨‡g ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ NwbôZv †hgb evo‡Q, Zvi mv‡_ cvjøv w`‡q evo‡Q bvix-
cyiæ‡li Aegvbbvi wPÎ| †dmey‡Ki wewfbœ mvB‡U m‡PZb I Am‡PZbfv‡e †RÛvi-ˆelg¨g~jK
KvR Kiv n‡”Q| 2015 mv‡ji gvP© ch©šÍ wek¦e¨vcx †dmey‡Ki 10 †KvwUiI †ewk †iwR÷vW©
MÖvnK i‡q‡Q| cÖwZgv‡m 10 †KvwU †dmeyK e¨enviKvix GLv‡b mwμq _v‡Kb
(www.statista.com/ statistics 272014)|
†dmeyK †fŠ‡MvwjK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK mxgv AwZμg K‡i gvbyl‡K hy³ Ki‡Z mÿg|
Z‡e GLv‡b e¨eüZ fvlv, kã, Qwe, wewfbœ cÖZxK BZ¨vw` e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwZwbqZ bvix-
cyiæl‡K Aegvbbv Kiv n‡”Q| †dmey‡K wKQz †cR Av‡Q †h¸‡jv mevi Rb¨ Db¥y³| cÖwZw`b GB
†cR¸‡jv‡Z †RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxj fvlv, kã, gšÍe¨, Qwe BZ¨vw` Avc‡jvW Kiv n‡”Q|

bvix I cÖMwZ 43
 
†dmey‡Ki GB cvewjK †cR¸‡jvi Av‡aq we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g bvix-cyiæ‡li Aegvbbvi wPÎ Zz‡j
aievi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q M‡elYvq|
M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv
†dmey‡Ki gva¨‡g c„w_exi †h †Kv‡bv cÖv‡šÍ Ae¯’vbiZ eÜzi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kiv hvq|
evj¨Kv‡ji nvwi‡q hvIqv eÜz‡KI Lyu‡R cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i GB †dmey‡K| Kiv hvq cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb| Avevi †dmeyK RM‡Z Z_¨ †kqv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv _vKvq A‡b‡K Gi
Ace¨enviI K‡i _v‡K| B‡”Qg‡Zv K…wÎg AvBwW I wewfbœ cvewjK †cR Ly‡j AvcwËKi bvbv
gšÍe¨, Qwe I wfwWI †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g GLv‡b Aegvbbv Kiv nq bvix-cyiæl‡K| †h‡nZz
†dmey‡Ki wewfbœ cvewjK †c‡R evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li gvZ…fvlv evsjvqB bvix-cyiæl‡K Aegvbbv
K‡i Pig †RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxjZvi cwiPq †`Iqv n‡”Q, Kv‡RB GB †cR¸‡jvi Av‡aq m¤ú‡K©
Avgv‡`i fv‡jvfv‡e Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| GB wfwË †_‡KB Ô†dmey‡K bvix-cyiæ‡li cÖwZ AegvbbvKi
†cR¸‡jvi evQvBK…Z bgybvi Av‡aq we‡kølYÕ kxl©K M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j
bvix-cyiæ‡li Aegvbbvi wPÎwU GKwU KvVv‡gvMZ c×wZi gva¨‡g mvg‡b D‡V Avm‡e Ges G
m¤ú‡K© fwel¨‡Z Av‡iv M‡elYvi my‡hvM m„wó n‡e| GgbwK Ab¨ M‡elYvi cÖvmw½K mvwnZ¨
ch©v‡jvPbvi †ÿ‡ÎI GwU mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|
M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨
GB M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc :
• †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bv‡g bvix-cyiæ‡li cÖwZ †h AegvbbvKi gšÍe¨, fvlv, kã, cÖZxK e¨envi
Kiv nq Zv LwZ‡q †`Lv Ges KvVv‡gvMZ c×wZ‡Z we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g bvix-cyiæ‡li
Aegvbbvi mvwe©K wPÎ Zz‡j aiv;
• †cR¸‡jvi †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv hvPvB;
• bvix‡`i weK…Zfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq wK bv Zv LwZ‡q †`Lv;
• A‡nZzK †KŠZzK Kivi bv‡g bvix-cyiæl‡K †nq Kivi wPÎ Zz‡j aiv;
• AvcwËKi I Ams‡e`bkxj Qwe I wfwWI ch©‡eÿY Kiv|
cÖvmw½K Z_¨ ch©v‡jvPbv
†dmeyK wb‡q evsjv‡`‡k ¯^í cwim‡i †ek wKQz M‡elYv I cÖeÜ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| we‡`‡k
†dmeyK wb‡q cÖPzi KvR n‡q‡Q| Ô†dmey‡K bvix-cyiæ‡li cÖwZ AegvbbvKi †cR¸‡jvi evQvBK…Z
bgybvi Av‡aq we‡kølYÕ kxl©K M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvR‡b GLv‡b wKQz cÖvmw½K M‡elYvi ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv :
2010 mv‡j ivBmyj Bmjvg Ô†dBmey‡K †RÛvi gyL”QweÕ kxl©K M‡elYvq †`Lvb †h, eZ©gvb hy‡M
B›Uvi‡bU, †dmeyK, B‡gBj, †gvevB‡ji Øviv nqivwbi wkKvi n‡”Q bvixiv| †dmey‡Ki Iqv‡j

bvix I cÖMwZ 44
 
wewfbœ e¨w³MZ evZ©v †cv÷ Kiv, bvix‡`i wewfbœ nqivwb I ˆelg¨g~jK evZ©v cvVv‡bv, A‡Pbv
KvD‡K eÜz‡Z¡i Rb¨ Avgš¿Y Kiv BZ¨vw` mvBevi eywjs| bvix‡`i cvkvcvwk cyiæl m`m¨ivI GB
mvBevi eywjs-Gi wkKvi n‡”Q| Z‡e Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e bvixiv †ewk mwnsmZvi wkKvi nq| wewfbœ
MÖæ‡c †cv÷ Kiv bvix‡`i Qwe¸‡jv‡Z kix‡ii we‡kl we‡kl RvqMvq U¨vM K‡i Akøxj gšÍe¨ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv Ki‡Q †Q‡jiv| Z‡e A‡bK bvix Best Cool model bvgK MÖæ‡c Akvjxb gšÍe¨
K‡i‡Qb| A‡bK MÖæ‡c Qwei m‡½ mswkøó bvix-cyiæ‡li wVKvbv, †dvb b¤^i †`Iqv n‡”Q| d‡j
we‡klZ bvix‡`i †dv‡b ïiæ n‡”Q DrcvZ| G †_‡K †`Lv hvq, cÖwZwbqZ †dmeyK Kxfv‡e
†RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxj Kg©KvЇK cÖ‡gvU Ki‡Q (Bmjvg 2010)|
PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x I wkÿK‡`i Ici cwiPvwjZ GKwU mgxÿv Ôevsjv‡`‡ki
†dmey‡Ki mvgvwRK cÖfveÕ-G †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, †dmeyK RM‡Z Z_¨ †kqv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv _vKvq
A‡b‡K †dmey‡Ki Ace¨envi K‡i _v‡K| †dmey‡K e¨w³MZ Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi d‡j mvgvwRK
wbivcËv Le© n‡”Q| wkÿv_©xiv cov‡kvbvq g‡bv‡hvM nvwi‡q †dj‡Q| d‡j Rwo‡q co‡Q
AmvgvwRK Kvh©Kjv‡ci mv‡_| cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i ˆbwZK Aeÿq NU‡Q| gvbyl nviv‡”Q mvgvwRK
g~j¨‡eva (wbixÿv, 192-193Zg msL¨v, A‡±vei 2011 - Ryb 2012)|
2014 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ Gender differences in Facebook self-presentation: An
international randomized study kxl©K M‡elYvq †dmeyK e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î †RÛvi cv_©K¨
Lyu‡R †`Lv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î Zviv †cÖvdvBj Z_v Kvfvi Qwei †RÛvi AvB‡WbwUwUi wfwˇZ bvix-
cyiæl‡K Avjv`vfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z Zviv Lye †ewk †RÛvi cv_©K¨ †`Lvb wb| GLv‡b
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, bvix‡`i Zzjbvq cyiæliv Zv‡`i ÷¨vUv‡mi Ic‡i †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q| cyiæliv
†dmey‡K A_©, ÿgZv I KvR m¤úwK©Z ÷¨vUvm †ewk cÖ`vb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, bvixiv nvwmgyL ev
wewfbœ Xs‡qi `„wóAvKl©K Qwe Dc¯’vcb K‡i| A_©vr bvix‡`i †cÖvdvBj wcKPv‡i Av‡e‡Mi
ewntcÖKvk _v‡K †ewk| †dmey‡K †RÛvi ˆelg¨ Av‡iv †ewk cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb
(http://www.loooker, comlwp-conten uplouds/2014Gender differences in
facebook self presentation an international randomized)|
Ôbvix cÖm½ : wbcxoK cyiæ‡li †dmeyK RxebÕ kxl©K GKwU gšÍe¨ cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, †XuwK
†hgb ¯^‡M© †M‡jI avb fv‡b, †Zgwb wbcxoK cyiæl †dmey‡KI bvix wbcxob K‡i| †dmey‡K
bvix wbcxo‡bi aib †`L‡jB †evSv hvq, wbcxoK cyiæ‡li †Kv‡bv ag©, ivRbxwZ wKsev Ab¨
†Kv‡bv cwiPq †bB| Zvi GKgvÎ cwiPq †m wbcxoK| †dmey‡K †Kv‡bv Lvivc e¯‘‡K bvix‡`i
mv‡_ Zzjbvi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| †dmeyK n‡q D‡V‡Q AbjvB‡b weK…Z †hŠb gvbwmKZv PP©vi
RvqMv| G Qvov, †hŠbZvwbf©i †dmeyK †cRI †Lvjv n‡q‡Q cÖPzi (http://www.notun-
dincom/archive/?p=17024)|

bvix I cÖMwZ 45
 
ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv
†dmey‡K bvix-cyiæl‡K Kxfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡”Q Ges †dmey‡Ki gva¨‡g bvix-cyiæl‡K Kxfv‡e
Aegvbbv Kiv n‡”Q Zv ÷zqvU© nj-Gi Ôwi‡cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ZË¡Õ-Gi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| 
Representation: Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices (nj 1997) bvgK
MÖ‡š’ ÷zqvU© nj cÖ_g G ZË¡wU cÖKvk K‡ib| Z‡e dvw`©b `¨ mumy¨i, †ivjv ev_©, wg‡kj dz‡Kv
cÖgyL ZvwË¡K wi‡cÖ‡R‡›Ukb Z‡Ë¡i weKv‡k Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb (nK 2015)|
wi‡cÖ‡R‡›Ukb n‡jv fvlv‡K e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g gvby‡li Kv‡Q `ywbqv‡K A_©c~Y©fv‡e ejv ev
Dc¯’vcb Kiv| kU©vi Bswjk wWKkbvwi Abymv‡i wi‡cÖ‡R›U Kiv A_© cÖZxKvqb Kiv, bgybvqb
Kiv, weKíb; †hgb ÔwLªó a‡g©, μzk-wPýwU wLª‡ói Kó I μkwe×KiY‡K wi‡cÖ‡R›U K‡iÕ| A_©vr
wi‡cÖ‡R‡›Ukb n‡jv fvlvq gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i g‡b weivwRZ aviYv¸‡jvi A_© Drcv`b (nj
1997)|
dvw`©b `¨ mumy¨i g‡b K‡ib, A‡_©i Drcv`b fvlvi Ici wbf©i K‡i| fvlv n‡jv wPý c×wZ|
Zuvi g‡Z, †`¨vZK I †`¨vwZZ bvgK `ywU Dcv`v‡bi mn‡hv‡M wPý MwVZ nq| †`¨vZK n‡jv
mwZ¨Kv‡ii e¯‘ Avi †`¨vwZZ n‡jv e¯‘ mswkøó aviYv| GB wPý c×wZ ev ms‡KZwjwc
wi‡cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡K eRvq iv‡L (nj 1997; Abyev` : nK 2015)|
Avgv‡`i mgv‡Ri g~javivi wgwWqv¸‡jvi g‡Zv †dmey‡KI Ggb me †U·U, Qwe, wfwWI
Avc‡jvW Kiv n‡”Q, hv‡Z K‡i GKUv wi‡cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi KvVv‡gv ˆZwi n‡q hv‡”Q| GB
wi‡cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi ÿgZvq A‡bK mgq †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv I †RÛvi Ae¯’vb eyS‡Z fzj nq|
A_©vr GÖ‡ÿ‡Î †dmey‡Ki wewfbœ cvewjK †c‡R †h wewfbœ ai‡bi Qwe, gšÍe¨, cÖZxK ev wPý
e¨envi Kiv nq, Zv Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ Kx A_© ˆZwi K‡i Ges †m¸‡jv KZUv †RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxj
I bvix-cyiæ‡li Rb¨ KZUv AegvbbvKi Zv †evSvi Rb¨ G M‡elYvq ZË¡wU e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†dmey‡Ki GB †cR¸‡jv Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb A_© nvwRi Ki‡Q, Zv-B GB wi‡cÖ‡R‡›Ukb Z‡Ë¡i
Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYv cÖkœ
• †dmey‡Ki wewfbœ †c‡R bvix-cyiæ‡li cÖwZ AegvbbvKi fvlv, Qwe I cÖZxK Dc¯’vcb
Kiv nq wK?
• †dmey‡Ki wewfbœ †c‡R †RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxjZvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq wK?
M‡elYvq e¨eüZ cÖZ¨qmg~n ¯úóxKiY I msÁvqb
†RÛvi : †RÛvi kãwU Øviv GKwU wbw`©ó mgv‡R bvix-cyiæ‡li c„_K f~wgKv I `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ges
myweav‡fv‡Mi aviYv‡K †evSvq| g~jZ Avgv‡`i mgv‡R we`¨gvb bvix-cyiæ‡li Ae¯’v I Ae¯’v‡bi
ˆelg¨g~jK wPÎ we‡kølY Kiv nq †RÛvi kãwU Øviv| †RÛvi ¯’vb Kvj-cvÎ †f‡` cwieZ©bkxj|

bvix I cÖMwZ 46
 
G M‡elYvq †RÛvi cÖZ¨q Øviv bvix-cyyiæ‡li g‡a¨ we`¨gvb mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ †h †hvMv‡hvM
gva¨g¸‡jv‡ZI i‡q‡Q, †m welqwU †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
†RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv : mgv‡Ri bvix-cyiæl‡K Avjv`v mËv bv †f‡e Kv‡iv cÖwZ cÿcvwZZ¡ bv
KivB n‡jv †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv| bvix-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l mevB‡K gvbyl wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i
GKBiKg AvPiY Kiv I Df‡qi cÖwZ GKB fvlv e¨envi KivB n‡jv †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv|
A_©vr, †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv n‡jv bvix-cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m„wó K‡i Ggb AvPiY, fvlvi
e¨envi I KvRKg© †_‡K weiZ _vKv| gvby‡li e¨eüZ fvlv, kãPqb, Qwe, wPÎ, cÖZxK BZ¨vw`i
gva¨‡g †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv cÖKvk cvq| ZvB †RÛvi wbi‡cÿ fvlv, kã, Qwe, wPÎ I cÖZxK
e¨envi KivB †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv| bvixev`x †jLK Kgjv fvwmb-Gi g‡Z, †RÛvi
ms‡e`kxjZv n‡jv bvix-cyiæl †Kb wfbœfv‡e AvPiY K‡i †m m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vKv Ges Zv‡`i
cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jvI †evSv (fvwmb 2000)|
†RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxjZv : mgv‡R emevmK…Z bvix-cyiæl‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v mËv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
K‡i Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m„wóKvix fvlv, kã, wPÎ, Qwe, cÖZxK BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv I †m Abyhvqx
AvPiY, KvRKg© BZ¨vw` KivB n‡jv †RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxjZv| A_©vr, bvix‡K cyiæ‡li Aa¯Íb
wn‡m‡e †`Lv Ges bvix `ye©j, Amnvq, ïay mšÍvb jvjbcvjbKvix, cyiæ‡li †hŠbKvgbv PwiZv_©
Kivi gva¨g⎯ GiKg aviY †cvlY KivB n‡jv †RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxjZv| †RÛvi
Ams‡e`bkxjZv wewfbœfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq; †hgb, ÿgZvi e¨envi, fvlv, kã, Qwe, cÖZxK,
AevPwbK fw½ BZ¨vw`| †m Abyhvqx bvixi cÖwZ Aejv, Amnvq, `ye©j, SMov‡U, †jvfx, gvMx
BZ¨vw` k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM Kiv †RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxj AvPiY|
bvix-cyiæ‡li Aegvbbv : Ggb wKQz fvlv, kã, wPý, Qwe, cÖZxK Av‡Q †h¸‡jv e¨env‡ii d‡j
bvix-cyiæl Df‡qiB Aegvbbv nq; †hgb, †Qov, †Qwo, gvMx, †mw·, nU, `vgov BZ¨vw` kã
GKBm‡½ AegvbbvKi I kÖæwZKUz|
Avc‡jvW : msiÿY I cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ B›Uvi‡b‡U †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi (wjwLZ †U·U, Qwe, wPÎ,
wfwWI, AwWI BZ¨vw`) Av‡aq cÖ`vb ev ¯’vbvšÍi KivB Avc‡jvW Kiv|
WvDb‡jvW : B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi (wjwLZ †U·U, Qwe, wPÎ, wfwWI, AwWI BZ¨vw`)
Av‡aq MÖnY Kiv ev bvgv‡bvB WvDb‡jvW Kiv|
M‡elYv c×wZ
Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZ n‡”Q MY‡hvMv‡hvM M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î me©vwaK e¨eüZ c×wZ| 1931 mv‡j
Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZi D™¢e N‡U, hLb Avj‡d«W Avi wjÛviw¯§_ c~e©vbygv‡bi we‡ivwaZv K‡i
Ggb GKwU c×wZi Rb¥ †`b (http://www.contentanalysis.org)|  1952 mv‡j evb©vW©
†e‡ijmb-Gi Content Analysis in Communication Research bvgK MÖš’ cÖKv‡ki ci
Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZwU c~Y©v½ iƒc jvf K‡i| G MÖ‡š’ wZwb Av‡aq we‡kølY‡K mgvRweÁvb I

bvix I cÖMwZ 47
 
MYgva¨g M‡elYvi GKwU c×wZ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡ib| G c×wZwU mgvRweÁvb I
MYgva¨g M‡elYvi c×wZ wn‡m‡e e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i (DB¤§vi I WwgwbK 1994)|
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq hy³ivóª miKvi Zvi kÎæ‡`i cÖPviYv g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ n¨viì jvm&I‡qj‡K
wbhy³ Kivi ci Av‡aq we‡kølY GKwU ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ wn‡m‡e RvqMv K‡i †bq (cÖmv` 2008)|
1960-Gi `k‡K GUv‡K ÔMÖvD‡ÛW ZË¡Õ wn‡m‡e A‡b‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| GB c×wZi D‡Ïk¨ wQj
†Kv‡bv wel‡q g~j k㸇jvi †cŠbtcywbKZv wba©viY Kiv, hv‡Z †jLvi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvVv‡gv
wba©viY Kiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b MYgva¨‡gi †ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó Kg©m~wPi mdjZv wba©vi‡Y GwU A‡bK †ewk
e¨eüZ n‡”Q| fwel¨r †Kv‡bv wel‡q Kx ai‡bi cÖeYZv †`Lv †`‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡ZI GB
Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZwU e¨eüZ nq (http://www.contentanalysis.org)|  Avevi GwUi
gva¨‡g Av‡a‡qi cwigvYMZ I ¸YMZ Dfq ai‡bi we‡kølYB Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
evb©vW© †e‡ijm‡bi g‡Z, Av‡aq we‡kølY n‡jv Ggb GKwU M‡elYv †KŠkj, hvi gva¨‡g
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖPvwiZ Av‡a‡qi e¯‘wbô, c×wZMZ I cwigvYMZ weeiY we‡kølY Kiv hvq
(DB¤§vi I WwgwbK 1994)|
KvwW©©sMvi (1986) PjKmg~n cwigvc Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c×wZMZ, e¯‘wbô I
cwigvYMZ aviv we‡kølY I M‡elYvi GKwU c×wZ wn‡m‡e Av‡aq we‡kølY‡K msÁvwqZ K‡ib|
Av‡aq we‡kølY‡K wZwb (1980) Dcv‡Ëi †cÖÿvcU Abymv‡i DcvË †_‡K AbywjwcKiY I ˆea
wm×všÍ ˆZwii D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨eüZ M‡elYv †KŠkj wn‡m‡eI D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb (cÖmv` 2008)|
Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYv c×wZi g‡Zv Av‡aq we‡kølYI ˆeÁvwbK c×wZi wZbwU †gŠwjK bxwZ‡K wbwðZ
K‡i; h_v :
1. e¯‘wbô : Gi A_© ¯^xK…Z I ¯úó wbq‡gi gva¨‡g we‡kølY cwiPvjbv Kiv, hv wfbœ wfbœ
M‡elK‡K GKB WKz‡g›U ev evZ©v †_‡K GKB djvdj Zz‡j Avb‡Z mÿg K‡i Zz‡j|
2. c×wZMZ : GwU mywbw`©ó wbq‡gi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvq M‡el‡Ki aviYv‡K mg_©b
Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb welq¸‡jv M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ Ki‡Z n‡e Avi †Kvb¸‡jv ev` w`‡Z n‡e
Zv wba©viY K‡i|
3. mvaviYxKiY Dc‡hvwMZv : M‡el‡Ki cÖvß djvdj GKB ai‡bi Ab¨vb¨ cwiw¯’wZi
†ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
mgvRweÁvb, †hvMv‡hvM, g‡bvweÁvb, ivóªweÁvb, BwZnvm Ges fvlv M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î M‡elKiv
Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZ e¨envi Ki‡jI mgvRweÁvb I MY‡hvMv‡hvM M‡elYvq Av‡aq we‡kølY
c×wZwU e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq| mvgvwRK cwieZ©b, mvs¯‹…wZK cÖZxK, MYgva¨‡gi welqe¯‘i
cwieZ©b, mvgvwRK Bmy¨ ev mvgvwRK mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© msev` Kvfv‡i‡Ri gvÎv, cÖK…wZ, aib
BZ¨vw` eyS‡Z Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZ e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÿcvwZZ¡,

bvix I cÖMwZ 48
 
ˆelg¨ ev mvs¯‹…wZK cÖZx‡Ki cwieZ©b welqK mvgvwRK cÖc‡Âi M‡elYvq Av‡aq we‡kølY
c×wZi e¨envi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© (cÖmv` 2008)|
DBwKwcwWqv g‡Z, mvaviYZ cuvP ai‡bi Av‡aq Av‡Q; h_v :
1. wjwLZ †U·U; †hgb, eB, cwÎKv BZ¨vw`
2. †gŠwLK †U·U; †hgb, e³…Zv, bvUK BZ¨vw`
3. wfRy¨qvj ev `„k¨gvb †U·U; †hgb, wPÎKjv, Qwe BZ¨vw`
4. AwWI-wfRy¨qvj †U·U; †hgb, †Uwjwfk‡bi Abyôvb, wm‡bgv BZ¨vw`
5. nvBcvi †U·U; †hgb, B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK †U·U (†dmeyK, UzBUvi BZ¨vw`)
Dchy³© cuvP ai‡bi †U·UB Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZi gva¨‡g we‡kølY Kiv hvq| Ô†dmey‡K bvix-
cyiæ‡li cÖwZ AegvbbvKi †cR¸‡jvi evQvBK…Z bgybvi Av‡aq we‡kølYÕ kxl©K M‡elYvi Av‡aq
nvBcvi †U·U A_©vr B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK|
bgybvqb
mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g †dmey‡K gvby‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ †cR †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb
bvix-cyiæ‡li AegvbbvKi †c‡Ri msL¨vI Kg bq| GB †cR¸‡jv mevi Rb¨ Db¥y³| G
M‡elYvi Rb¨ AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q †dmey‡K cÖvq 100wU †RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxj evsjv †c‡Ri mÜvb
cvIqv †M‡Q; †hgb, `ya-G †avqv Zzjmx cvZv; Av‡mb GKUz Pvcv gvwi; cyivB gv_v bó; 18+
†`L‡jB †Kgb †Kgb K‡i; evsjvi Mí 18+; evsjv‡`wk MÖv‡gi †g‡q; evsjv‡`wk †g‡q;
†Zvgv‡KB fv‡jvevwmZ; bv ejv fv‡jvevmv; gv‡S gv‡S g‡b nq Zzwg Avgvi me; gvBqv cvB‡j
wcIi- weqv Kigy wmIi; evsjv‡`wk ¯‹zj-K‡jR Gi †g‡q‡`i mKj dUz; fvB jvM‡e bv †Zvi
wR‡Ýi c¨v›U, †diZ †` Avgvi jyw½; AB †Qwo, †Zvi Iobv Mjvq bv w`qv ey‡K †`, Kv‡g w`‡ev;
fv‡jvevwm ZvB fv‡jv‡e‡m hvB; BZ¨vw`|
DwjøwLZ †cR¸‡jvi g‡Zv Av‡iv AmsL¨ †cR Av‡Q, †h¸‡jvi gva¨‡g cÖwZwbqZ bvix-cyiæ‡li
AegvbbvKi wPÎ, gšÍe¨, fvlv I cÖZxK Avc‡jvW Kiv n‡”Q| M‡elYvi Rb¨ G mKj †c‡Ri
ga¨ †_‡K cuvPwU bgybv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †cR¸‡jv n‡jv :
1. Ôevsjv‡`wk MÖv‡gi †g‡qÕ
2. Ôevsjv‡`wk ¯‹zj K‡jR Gi †g‡q †`i mKj dUzÕ
3. ÔgvBqv cvB‡j wcIi - weqv Kigy wmIiÕ
4. ÔAB †Qwo, †Zvi Iobv Mjvq bv w`qv ey‡K †`, Kv‡g w`‡ev...Õ
5. Ô†dmeyK Iobv cvwU© I bvix AegvbbvKvix †cBR mg~‡ni weiæ‡× iæ‡L `vovbÕ

bvix I cÖMwZ 49
 
2014 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi †_‡K Ryb ch©šÍ Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ GB cuvPwU †c‡R cÖ`vbK…Z †cv÷¸‡jv‡K
bgybv wn‡m‡e MªnY K‡i Zvi cwigvYMZ we‡kølY Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU †_‡K 3wU †cv÷ evQvB K‡i
gšÍe¨mn Zvi we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr cuvPwU †cR †_‡K †gvU 15wU †cv‡÷i gšÍe¨mn Av‡aq
we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
bgybvq‡bi KviY
ˆewPΨc~Y© Z_¨ cÖvwßi D‡Ï‡k¨ wfbœ ai‡bi †cR evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q| bvixi cÖwZ AegvbbvKi
†cR¸‡jv wec‡ÿ Zv‡`i Ae`vb Rvbvi Rb¨ Ô†dmeyK Iobv cvwU© I bvix AegvbbvKvix †cBR
mg~‡ni weiæ‡× iæ‡L `vovbÕ bvgK †cRwU evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GLv‡bI Ams‡e`bkxj fvlvi
e¨envi jÿ Kiv †M‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K ivR‰bwZK cÖPviYvi Rb¨ †Kb bvixi mv‡_ m¤úK© †i‡L †cR
†Lvjv n‡q‡Q Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ ÔAB †Qwo, †Zvi Iobv Mjvq bv w`qv ey‡K †`, Kv‡g w`‡evÕ bvgK
†cRwU evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
bgybv wn‡m‡e evQvBK…Z †cRmg~‡ni mswÿß weeiY
Ôevsjv‡`wk MÖv‡gi †g‡qÕ : GB †c‡Ri gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡gi †g‡q‡`i Qwe, bvg I †dvb
b¤^i cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© Ams‡e`bkxj gšÍe¨ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| †c‡Ri wjsK :
https://www.facebook.com/বাংলােদিশ-gােমর-েমেয়-293830120817517/

Ôevsjv‡`wk ¯‹zj K‡jR Gi †g‡q †`i mKj dUzÕ : GLv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri
†g‡q‡`i Qwe Avc‡jvW I fv‡jvevmvi iMi‡M Mí †cv÷ Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡íi fvlv †RÛvi
Ams‡e`bkxj| †c‡Ri wjsK : https://www.facebook.com/BD.ok390/?fref=ts|
ÔgvBqv cvB‡j wcIi - weqv Kigy wmIiÕ : GB †c‡R wgwWqv Awf‡bÎx‡`i wewfbœ ¯‹¨vÛvj, cb©
wfwWI, wm‡bgv BZ¨vw`i wjsK Ges bvix‡`i wb‡q Ams‡e`bkxj †KŠZzK †cv÷ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†c‡Ri wjsK : https://www.facebook.com/groups/500437986754534/|
ÔAB †Qwo, †Zvi Iobv Mjvq bv w`qv ey‡K †`, Kv‡g w`‡ev...Õ : GB †c‡Ri gva¨‡g g~jZ
ivR‰bwZK cªPviYv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b miKviwe‡ivax cÖPviYvI| †c‡Ri
wjsK : https://www.facebook.com/Orna.Porun/|
Ô†dmeyK Iobv cvwU© I bvix AegvbbvKvix †cBR mg~‡ni weiæ‡× iæ‡L `vovbÕ : GB †c‡Ri
gva¨‡g g~jZ †dmey‡K †hme bvix AegvbbvKvix †cR Av‡Q †m¸‡jvi weiæ‡× cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Giv wb‡Riv †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj fvlv m¤ú‡K© Lye GKUv m‡PZb bq| †c‡Ri wjsK
: https://www.facebook.com/ban.ornapages/?fref=ts|

bvix I cÖMwZ 50
 
DcvË msMÖ‡ni c×wZ I †hŠw³KZv
Ô†dmey‡K bvix-cyiæ‡li cÖwZ AegvbbvKi †cR¸‡jvi evQvBK…Z bgybvi Av‡aq we‡kølYÕ kxl©K
M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î †dmeyK †_‡K wbe©vwPZ bgybvi Av‡aq WvDb‡jvW I w¯Œbk‡Ui
gva¨‡g msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hme Av‡aq Z_v WvUv WvDb‡jvW Kiv m¤¢e nq wb, †m¸‡jv †dmeyK
†cR †_‡K nv‡Z wj‡L msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz GB M‡elYvwU m¤ú~Y© AbjvBbwfwËK Dcv‡Ëi
Ici wbf©ikxj, ZvB Dch©y³fv‡e DcvË msMÖn KivB hyw³msMZ|
M‡elYv Uzjm
Ongoing website context tracking A_©vr mPj I‡qemvBU †_‡K Av‡aq Uª¨vwKs‡qi gva¨‡g
DcvË msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| B‡gR I WKz‡g›U †`Lv I msiÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G M‡elYvq cÖvß wPÎ
ev Qwei †mwgIwUK c×wZ‡Z A_© D×vi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mgm¨v I mxgve×Zv
D‡Ïk¨g~jK bgybv evQvB‡qi Kvi‡Y M‡elYv djvdj wKQzUv cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i|
B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK nIqvq Z_¨ cÖvw߇Z wKQzUv mgm¨v n‡q‡Q|
DcvË cÖwμqvKiY I we‡kølY
Z_¨-DcvË Dc¯’vcb : †dmey‡Ki †cR¸‡jv KZUv mwμq Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ 2014 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi
†_‡K Ryb ch©šÍ Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ bgybvK…Z †cR¸‡jv‡Z †cv‡÷i msL¨vZvwË¡K weeiY msMÖn Kiv
n‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ G mg‡qi g‡a¨ Avc‡jvWK…Z †cv‡÷i cwigvYMZ we‡kølY Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
mviwY 1
cuvPwU †c‡R †gvU †cv÷, gšÍe¨ I †kqviK…Z †cv‡÷i msL¨v
†c‡Ri bvg †cv‡÷i gšÍ‡e¨i †kqviK…Z
msL¨v msL¨v †cv‡÷i msL¨v
Ôevsjv‡`wk ¯‹zj K‡jR Gi †g‡q †`i mKj dUzÕ 887 1150 224
ÔgvBqv cvB‡j wcIi - weqv Kigy wmIiÕ 250 520 187
Ôevsjv‡`wk MÖv‡gi †g‡qÕ 677 945 177
ÔAB †Qwo, †Zvi Iobv Mjvq bv w`qv ey‡K †`, Kv‡g 884 150 265
w`‡ev...Õ
Ô†dmeyK Iobv cvwU© I bvix AegvbbvKvix †cBR 205 330 78
mg~‡ni weiæ‡× iæ‡L `vovbÕ

bvix I cÖMwZ 51
 
we‡kølY : QK
Q †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_¨i
Z wfwˇZ ejv
e hvq, Dch©©³ y cuvPwU †c‡Ri
Ri g‡a¨ Ôevsjv‡`
‡`wk ¯‹zj
K‡jR Gi †g‡q †`i mKj Kj dUzÕ †cRwU †dmey‡K me‡PP‡q †ewk mwμqq| GB †c‡R wfbœ w wfbœ
†g‡qi Qwem
emn bvg I Zvi
Zv †dvb b¤^i Avc‡jvW Kivv n‡”Q cÖwZwbqqZ| Gici ivR vR‰bwZK
cÖPviYvi Rb¨
R ÔAB †Qwo, †Zvi Iobv Mj jvq bv w`qv ey‡K †`, Kv‡g w`‡‡ev...Õ †cRwUI mwμq|
GwU g~jZ miKviwe‡ivax
m Ges
G weGbwci c‡ÿ c cÖPviYv Pvj jvq| Ab¨w`‡K,, ÔgvBqv cvB‡jj wcIi -
weqv Kigy wmIiÕ
w †cRwU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e KgK mwμq| †hm hme Qwe ev †cv‡‡÷ †hŠbZvi MÜ Av‡Q,
GLv‡b †m¸¸‡jvB †kqvi Kiivi cÖeYZv †ewk
wk †`Lv hvq|
cuvPwU †c‡Ri †cv÷,
† gšÍe¨ I †kqviK…Z †cv‡÷
‡÷i msL¨vi Zzjbvg~
j jK wPÎ

1500
0

1000
0

500
0
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0 gšÍ‡e¨i msL¨v
‡kqviK…Z †cv‡÷
÷i msL¨v

¸YMZ Av‡aaq we‡kølY

¸YMZ we‡kø
køl‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡¤œ
w †cR¸‡jv †_‡K Z_¨-DcvvË Zz‡j aiv n‡j
jv :
mviwY 2
†cR ÔA
AB †Qwo, †Zvi Iobv
I Mjvq bv w`qv
w` ey‡K †`, Kv‡gg w`‡ev...Õ
mgq ††cv‡÷i †cv÷
÷ m¤ú‡K© jvBK
BK gšÍ‡e¨i gšÍe¨ Ams‡e`bkxj xj fvlv
aib aviYv
a msL¨v (cyiæl‡`i) (kã I cZxK)
cÖZ
20 wjwLZ K…òc`
c ivq‡K 411 2 DrmvncÖ`vbg~jK
D ivR‰bwZK cÖPviYvi
Rvbyqvwi e³e¨ nZ¨vii ûgwK I gšÍe¨ †ÿ‡ÎI bvix‡K
K e¨envi
2014 + Qwe Zvi cwiev‡ii
c I Ams‡e`bkx
kxj fvlvi
Qwe Avkªq MÖnY|
n

bvi
vix I cÖMwZ 52
 
 1 wjwLZ QvÎjx‡M nvgjv 96 14 DrmvncÖ`vbg~jK
†deªæqvwi e³e¨ m¤ú‡K©
2014 + Qwe
22 †g †jLv bvwqKv 97 - -
2014 msewjZ †gŠmygxi
Qwe †Mvcb wfwWI
msμvšÍ

we‡kølY : ÔAB †Qwo, †Zvi Mjvq bv w`qv ey‡K †`, Kv‡g w`‡ev...Õ †c‡Ri gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK
cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv n‡”Q| A_P GB †c‡Ri bv‡g ivRbxwZ mswkøó †Kv‡bv ai‡bi kã †bB| Gi
bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q bvixi mv‡_ mswkøó e³e¨ mn‡hv‡M| G †c‡Ri bv‡gi g‡a¨I †RÛvi
Ams‡e`bkxjZv we`¨gvb| D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Zfv‡e mevi `„wó AvKl©‡Yi Rb¨ G ai‡bi bvg e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mviwY 3
†cR Ôevsjv‡`wk MÖv‡gi †g‡qÕ
mgq †cv‡÷i †cv÷ m¤ú‡K© jvBK gšÍ‡e¨i gšÍe¨ Ams‡e`bkxj
aib aviYv msL¨v (cyiæl‡`i) fvlv (kã I
cÖZxK)
14 Qwe + GKwU †g‡qi 237 95 cb© Qwe, wewfbœ cÖZxK Rvih cyjv,
†deªæqvwi wjwLZ Qwe I †dvb I fvlv e¨envi K‡i gv`vi Pz`,
2014 e³e¨ b¤^i w`‡q †cÖg gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cyiælv‡½i Qwe,
Kivi AvnŸvb A‡b‡KB †dvb b¤^i †mw·, gvwM,
Rvbv‡bv w`‡q‡Q Kj Kivi gvj, kvwj
n‡q‡Q| Rb¨| BZ¨vw`|
3 gvP© Qwe + GKwU †g‡qi 297 109 Qwe, wewfbœ cÖZxK I
2014 wjwLZ Qwe I †dvb fvlv e¨envi K‡i
ev‡R †g‡q,
e³e¨ b¤^i w`‡q †cÖg gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†mw·, LvbwK,
Kivi AvnŸvb A‡b‡KB †dvb b¤^i
dvwKs Mvj©,
Rvbv‡bv w`‡q‡Q Kj Kivi
Pz`vbx BZ¨vw`|
n‡q‡Q| Rb¨| Avevi A‡b‡KB
AkÖve¨ fvlvq Mvwj
w`‡q gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Q|
5 GwcÖj Qwe + GKwU †g‡qi 207 93 Qwe, wewfbœ cÖZxK I
2014 wjwLZ Qwe I †dvb fvlv e¨envi K‡i
b¤^i w`‡q †cÖg gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

bvix I cÖMwZ 53
 
 e³e¨ Kivi AvnŸvb A‡b‡KB †dvb b¤^i
Rvbv‡bv w`‡q‡Q Kj Kivi
n‡q‡Q| Rb¨| Avevi A‡b‡KB
AkÖve¨ fvlvq Mvwj
w`‡q gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Q|

we‡kølY : Ôevsjv‡`wk MÖv‡gi †g‡qÕ bvgK †c‡R cyiæl m¤ú‡K© Rvih cyjv, gv`vi Pz` Ges bvix
m¤ú‡K© †mw·, gvwM, gvj, kvwj, ev‡R †g‡q, †mw·, LvbwK, dvwKs Mvj©, Pz`vbx BZ¨vw`
Ams‡e`bkxj kã I kãeÜ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| bvix‡`i Qwe‡Z Ams‡e`bkxj fvlv, kã I
cÖZxK, †hgb cyiælv‡½i Qwe, cb© Qwe I bvix‡`i †Mvcbv‡½i Qwe e¨envi K‡i gšÍe¨ Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
mviwY 4
†cR Ô†dmeyK Iobv cvwU© I bvix AegvbbvKvix †cBR mg~‡ni weiæ‡× iæ‡L `vovbÕ
mgq †cv‡÷i †cv÷ jvBK gšÍ‡e¨i gšÍe¨ Ams‡e`bkxj fvlv
aib m¤ú‡K© msL¨v (cyiæl‡`i) (kã I cÖZxK)
aviYv
13 gvP© wjwLZ al©Y m¤ú‡K© 16 2 bvixi †cvkvK awl©Zv, BZi, Aa©-
2014 e³e¨ Zmwjgv m¤ú‡K© e³‡e¨i Dj½ Z_v m¤ú~Y©
bvmwi‡bi m~‡Î Zmwjgv †jLv‡ZB
÷¨vUvm bvmwib‡K Ams‡e`bkxjZv
BZi‡kÖwY wn‡m‡e cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
4 Ryb wjwLZ bvix- 9 4 KbW‡gi Qwe w`‡q
2014 e³e¨ cyiæ‡li gb gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
m¤ú‡K©
22 Ryb wjwLZ fvP©yqvj 27 - -
2014 e³e¨ al©Y m¤ú‡K©

we‡kølY : Ô†dmeyK Iobv cvwU© I bvix AegvbbvKvix †cBR mg~‡ni weiæ‡× iæ‡L `vovbÕ †cRwU
†dmey‡Ki bvix AegvbbvKi †cR¸‡jvi cÖwZev‡` †Lvjv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b, cyiælZvwš¿KZv‡K
KUvÿ K‡i bvixi c‡ÿ hyw³ cÖ`vb K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi †cv÷ †`Iqv nq| G †c‡Ri mg_©Kiv
†RÛvi ms‡e`bkxj wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡`i Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| wKš‘ Zv‡`i †jLvi fvlv ZZUv
ms‡e`bkxj bq; †hgb, al©Y m¤ú‡K© Zmwjgv bvmix‡bi e³‡e¨i m~‡Î Zuv‡K BZi‡kÖwY e‡j
gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

bvix I cÖMwZ 54
 
 mviwY 5
†cR ÔgvBqv cvB‡j wcIi - weqv Kigy wmIiÕ
mgq †cv‡÷i †cv÷ jvBK gšÍ‡e¨i gšÍe¨ Ams‡e`bkxj fvlv (kã I
aib m¤ú‡K© msL¨v (cyiæl‡`i) cÖZxK)
aviYv
2 GwcÖj wjwLZ bvixi 7 †bB †bB bvix‡K †nq Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ G
2014 †cvkvK †cv÷wU †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
wb‡q cvkvcvwk G‡Z cyiælZvwš¿K
†KŠZzK g‡bvfve cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
13 †g wjwLZ eD m¤ú‡K© 6 †bB †bB GLv‡b eD Z_v bvix‡K
2014 iPbv M„ncvwjZ cÖvYx I PvcvevR
(†KŠZzK wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| ejv
Kivi n‡q‡Q, Giv mvaviY gvby‡li
D‡Ï‡k¨) g‡Zv| A_©vr bvix gvbyl bq, eis
gvby‡li g‡Zv|
12 †g wjwLZ bvix‡`i 12 7
2014 ciKxqv GLv‡b bvix‡K `yðwi‡Îi
m¤ú‡K© AwaKvix wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q|

we‡kølY : Dch©y³ wP‡Î †`Lv hvq, ÔgvBqv cvB‡j wcIi - weqv Kigy wmIiÕ †cRwUi gva¨‡g
bvix‡`i wb‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi Ams‡e`bkxj †KŠZzK Kiv n‡q‡Q| A‡nZzK gRv I nvm¨i‡mi
D‡Ï‡k¨ bvix‡K †nq cÖwZcbœ I Dcnv‡mi cvÎ Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~jZ Gme †KŠZz‡Ki gva¨‡g
mgv‡R we`¨gvb cyiælZvwš¿K g‡bvfv‡eiB Pig ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q| GLv‡b cÖ_vMZ avivq bvix‡K
PvcvevR, `yðwi‡Îi AwaKvix, cyiæ‡li †hŠb Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi gva¨g wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡q‡Q| GgbwK
bvix‡K M„ncvwjZ cï wn‡m‡eI D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mviwY 6
†cR Ôevsjv‡`wk ¯‹zj K‡jR Gi †g‡q †`i mKj dUzÕ
mgq †cv‡÷i †cv÷ m¤ú‡K© jvBK gšÍ‡e¨i gšÍe¨ Ams‡e`bkxj
aib aviYv msL¨v (cyiæl‡`i) fvlv (kã I
cÖZxK)
4 Ryb Qwe + GKwU †g‡qi 27 11 Rb †dvb
2014 wjwLZ Qwemn Zvi †dvb b¤^i w`‡q Kj
÷¨vUvm b¤^i w`‡q Ki‡Z
mevB‡K †cÖ‡gi e‡j‡Qb|

bvix I cÖMwZ 55
 
 AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv A‡b‡K
n‡q‡Q| †g‡qwU‡K
†eBm¨v
†cÖ‡gi cÖ¯Íve
w`‡q‡Qb|
K‡qKRb
†g‡qwU‡K Mvwj
w`‡q gšÍe¨
K‡i‡Qb|
7 Ryb wjwLZ al©Y m¤úwK©Z †bB al©xZv
2014 ֬vUvm msev`
10 Ryb Qwe + †eov‡Z hvIqvi 5 †Q‡j‡`i
2014 wjwLZ K_v e‡j †g‡qi wj‡½i Qwe I Pz`m,
÷¨vUvm m‡½ kvixwiK Lvivc gšÍe¨ cyiælv‡½i
m¤úK© Kiv cÖm‡½ Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¨envi
†g‡qi e³e¨
we‡kølY : Dch©y³ wP‡Î, wfbœ wfbœ †g‡q‡`i Qwemn bvg, †dvb b¤^i w`‡q ejv n‡q‡Q †h †m †cÖg
Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| GLv‡b †g‡q‡`i Qwe‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi Ams‡e`bkxj gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| me¸‡jv
gšÍe¨B †Q‡j‡`i| GLv‡b, bvix m¤ú‡K© dvwKs Mvj© (†hŠbKg©x), †mw·, †ek¨v, awl©Zv BZ¨vw`
Ams‡e`bkxj fvlv Ges cyiælv½ e¨envi K‡i Zvi (cyiæ‡li) †hŠb Pvwn`v c~i‡Y IB †g‡q‡K
(hvi Qwe Zv‡K) e¨envi Kivi I UvKvi wewbg‡q bvixi kixi †fvM Kivi jvjmv e¨³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk bvixivB Lvivc Ggb g‡bvfv‡ei cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j †`Lv hvq, bvixi
Qwe I bvg e¨envi K‡i †dmey‡K bvix‡`i m¤ú‡K© Ams‡e`bkxj e³e¨ I gšÍe¨ cÖKv‡ki
gva¨‡g cyiælZvwš¿K g‡bvfve cÖ`k©‡bi Db¥y³ RvqMv wn‡m‡e †dmeyK‡K e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q Ges
GB cyiælZvwš¿K g‡bvfve †dmey‡Ki gva¨‡g Aí mgq I AwaK `ªæZ AmsL¨ gvby‡li Kv‡Q
†cuŠQv‡Z mÿg n‡”Q| G‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, fvPz©qvj RM‡ZI bvixiv wbivc` bq|
djvdj : DcvË we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖvß djvdj wb‡¤œ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv :
bvix I cÖ_vMZ cyiælZvwš¿KZv : †dmeyK cyiælZvwš¿K fveaviv cÖKvk, cÖPvi I mg_©b Av`v‡qi
GKwU Db¥y³ I RbwcÖq RvqMv| GLv‡b †h †KD †h †Kv‡bv bv‡g wg_¨v AvBwW I cvewjK †cR
Ly‡j B‡”Qg‡Zv bvixi cÖwZ AegvbbvKi Z_¨, fvlv, kã, wPÎ, cÖZxK BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i
gZcÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_vMZ cyyiælZvwš¿K fveaviv eRvq ivL‡Z I `xN©¯’vqx Ki‡Z †dmey‡Ki
Ae`vb Acwimxg| †dmey‡K wewfbœ cvewjK †cR Ly‡j †mLv‡b bvixwe‡ivax `„wófw½i cÖKvk
NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cyiæ‡li †fvM¨cY¨ bvix : cÖvq cÖwZwU †c‡R bvix‡K cyiæ‡li †hŠb Pvwn`v c~iYKvix iƒ‡c wPÎvwqZ
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †cR¸‡jvi †cÖvdvB‡j bvixi we‡kl fw½gvi Qwe, gšÍ‡e¨ bvixi †hŠbv½, cyiælv‡½i

bvix I cÖMwZ 56
 
Qwe, cb© Qwe cÖ`vb Ges gšÍ‡e¨i fvlv †_‡K †evSv hvq, bvixgv‡Îi Rb¥B n‡q‡Q GKUv gvÎ
D‡Ï‡k¨| Avi †mUv n‡jv cyiæ‡li †hŠb Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv I Ams‡e`bkxj AkÖve¨ fvlv kÖeY|
Ams‡e`bkxjZv : bvix-cyiæl Df‡qi cÖwZ AegvbbvKi wP‡Îi Dcw¯’wZ g~j¨vq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ G
M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ n‡jI cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq bvixi cªwZ AegvbbvKi wPÎB †cR¸‡jv‡Z †ewk
cvIqv †M‡Q| evQvBK…Z †cR¸‡jvi 2903wU †cv‡÷i g‡a¨ ïay GKwU †cv‡÷ ejv n‡q‡Q ÔRvih
cyjvÕ, Ôgv`vi Pz`Õ kãeÜ, hvi Øviv cyiæ‡li Aegvbbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e G gšÍe¨wU cyiæ‡li,
†Kv‡bv bvixi bq| Ab¨w`‡K, †cR¸‡jvi mKj †cv÷, Qwe I gšÍe¨Ry‡o i‡q‡Q bvixi cÖwZ
Aegvbbvi wPÎ| jÿYxq †h, G `y‡Uv kãeÜ (ÔRvih cyjvÕ, Ôgv`vi Pz`Õ) Mvwj wn‡m‡e evn¨Z
cyiæ‡li cÖwZ cÖ‡qvR¨ cÖK…ZA‡_© bvixB Avμg‡Yi cÖavb wkKvi| KviY `y‡Uv cÖ‡qv‡MB bvixi
weK…Z †hŠbm¤ú‡K©i cÖwZ Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q, hvi cÖ_gwU weevnewnf©~Z I A‰ea Ges c‡iiwU
ARvPvi|
MÖæ‡ci gva¨‡g Ams‡e`bkxjZv : Ôevsjv‡`wk MÖv‡gi †g‡qÕ, Ôevsjv‡`wk ¯‹zj K‡jR Gi †g‡q
†`i dUzÕ, ÔgvBqv cvB‡j wcIi - weqv Kigy wmIiÕ, ÔAB †Qwo †Zvi Iobv Mjvq bv w`qv ey‡K
†`, Kv‡g w`‡ev...Õ Ges Ô†dmey‡Ki Iobv cvwU© I bvixi cÖwZ AegvbbvKi †cBR ¸‡jvi weiæ‡×
iæ‡L `vovbÕ bv‡g cvewjK †cR †Lvjvq MÖæ‡ci gva¨‡g bvixi cÖwZ Ams‡e`bkxjZv cÖKvk
†c‡q‡Q| Z`ycwi, †cR¸‡jv‡Z bvixi cÖwZ AegvbbvKi fvlv, kã, wPÎ, Qwe, cÖZxK e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q; †hgb, †mw·, gvwM, gvj, kvwj, ev‡R †g‡q, awl©Zv, LvbwK, dvwKs Mvj©, Pz`vbx BZ¨vw`|
G QvovI, cyiælv‡½i Qwe, cb© Qwe I bvix‡`i †Mvcbv‡½i Qwe e¨envi K‡i gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†hŠbZvwfwËK ev wj½ev`x mgvR m„wó : †dmeyK AvμgYvZ¥K I bMœfv‡e †hŠbZvwfwËK `„wófw½
Zz‡j aivi ¯’vb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| †mw·‡q÷ mgvR bvgK GK ai‡bi KvíwbK I fvPy©qvj
RMr m„wó n‡”Q Gi gva¨‡g| Dch©y³ †cR¸‡jv‡Z †m· Z_v †hŠbZvB n‡jv Av‡jvPbvi gyL¨
welq| †dmey‡K Lye mn‡RB wb‡Ri cwiPq †Mvcb K‡i †h †Kv‡bv Av‡aq cÖKvk Kiv hvq| Ab¨
†KD Av‡aq cÖKvkKvixi bvgavg Rvb‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i m¤§vbnvwbi Avk¼v _v‡K
bv| GB my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †m·me©¯^Zv‡K Lye mn‡RB e¨enviKvix‡`i g‡b I gM‡R XzwK‡q
†`Iqv hv‡”Q| G KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Q cyiæl Z_v †Q‡jiv, hvi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k μgk GKwU
†mw·‡q÷ mgvR m„wó n‡”Q|
†g‡q/bvix‡`i ¯^vfvweK Rxe‡bi cÖwZ ûgwK : †dmey‡K AmsL¨ †g‡qi ARv‡šÍB Zv‡`i bvg, Qwe
I †dvb b¤^i cÖ`vb Kiv n‡”Q Gi wewfbœ cvewjK †c‡R| d‡j †g‡q‡`i my›`i I ¯^vfvweK
RxebhvÎv e¨vnZ n‡”Q| cvwievwiKfv‡e bvbv cÖkœ I mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q Zviv| †Kv‡bviƒc
Aciva bv K‡iB Zv‡`i Aciv‡ai dj †fvM Ki‡Z n‡”Q| Zv‡`i PwiÎ wb‡q cÖkœ DV‡Q| Avevi
A‡bK †Q‡j †dmey‡K Qwe Qvovi ûgwK w`‡q A‡bK †g‡q‡K eø¨vK‡gBjI Ki‡Q| †h Kvi‡Y
†g‡q/bvixiv Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK Rxeb wb‡q AwbðqZv fzM‡Q|

bvix I cÖMwZ 57
 
ZiæY mgv‡Ri ˆbwZK AatcZb : mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g †dmeyK ZiæY‡`i Kv‡Q AwaK
RbwcÖq| †dmey‡K wewfbœ cvewjK †cR Ly‡j bvixi cÖwZ Ams‡e`bkxjZv ZvivB cÖKvk Ki‡Q
†ewk| d‡j G‡`‡ki ZiæY mgv‡Ri ˆbwZK AatcZ‡bi welqwU ¯úó| Zviv †RÛvi ˆelg¨nxb
Z_v †RÛvi fvimvg¨c~Y© mgvR m„wói cwie‡Z© mgv‡R we`¨gvb †RÛvi ˆelg¨ I
Ams‡e`bkxjZv‡K wRB‡q ivL‡Z I `xN©¯’vqx Ki‡Z f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
wfRy¨qvj †cøRvwiR‡gi weKvk : †dmey‡K cyiæl/†Q‡jiv bvix/†g‡q‡`i wewfbœ Qwe, K‡g›U I
÷¨vUvm cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g GK ai‡bi fvP©yqvj Avb›` cvIqvi †Póv K‡i _v‡K| bvixev`x ZvwË¡K
juiv gvjwfi wfRy¨qvj †cøRvwiRg Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K hv‡K ÷¨vUvm †cøRvwiRg e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv
hvq|
D‡Ïk¨nxb I gv`Kvm³ ZiæY mgv‡Ri Db¥ËZv : D‡Ïk¨nxb, †bkvMÖ¯Í I gv`Kvm³ Ziæ‡YivB
g~jZ †dmey‡K bvix‡K wb‡q weK…Z PP©vq gË _v‡K Ges †mLvb †_‡K Avb›` cvq| GivB
†dmey‡K G ai‡bi cvewjK †cR Ly‡j †m¸‡jv‡K mwμq iv‡L|
weK…Z iæwPi we¯Ívi : GK †kÖwYi weK…Z iæwPi ZiæY †dmey‡K G ai‡bi †cR mPj †i‡L wb‡Riv
†hgb weK…Z iæwPi PP©v Ae¨vnZ iv‡L, †Zgwb Lye mn‡R I ¯^í mg‡q Zv Ab¨‡`i g‡a¨ Qwo‡q
†`q| AwZ `ªæZ weK…Z iæwPi we¯Ívi jvf Kivi †ÿ‡Î †dmeyK Abb¨ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
weKviMÖ¯Í mgvR : †dmey‡K G ai‡bi AmsL¨ cvewjK †cR mPj _vKvi welqUv weKviMÖ¯Í
mgv‡Ri cwiPq enb K‡i|
e¨w³MZ †MvcbxqZv j•Nb : G ai‡bi wewfbœ cvewjK †cR Ly‡j †g‡q‡`i ARv‡šÍB Zv‡`i Qwe
†cv÷ K‡i Zv‡`i wb‡q ev‡R gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡”Q Anin| G‡Z †g‡q/bvix‡`i e¨w³MZ †MvcbxqZv
†hgb jw•NZ n‡”Q, †Zgwb Zv‡`i e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvI Le© n‡”Q| G‡Z A‡bK bvix/†g‡qi Rxeb
Pig wbivcËvnxb I `ywe©ln n‡q DV‡Q|
we`¨gvb AvBb Ges †mvk¨vj wgwWqv
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvMcÖhyw³ (ms‡kvab) AvBb, 2013-Gi 57 aviv Abyhvqx, (1) †Kvb e¨w³ hw`
B”QvK…Zfv‡e I‡qe mvB‡U ev Ab¨ †Kvb B‡j±ªwbK web¨v‡m Ggb wKQy cÖKvk ev m¤cÖPvi K‡ib,
hvnv wg_¨v I Akøxj ev mswkøó Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq †Kn cwo‡j, †`wL‡j ev ïwb‡j bxwZåó ev Amr
nB‡Z DØy× nB‡Z cv‡ib A_ev hvnvi Øviv gvbnvwb N‡U, AvBb k„•Ljvi AebwZ N‡U ev NUvi
m¤¢vebv m„wó nq, ivóª I e¨w³i fveg~wZ© ÿyYœ nq ev ag©xq Abyf~wZ‡Z AvNvZ K‡i ev Kwi‡Z cv‡i
ev G ai‡bi Z_¨vw`i gva¨‡g †Kvb e¨w³ ev msMV‡bi weiæ‡× D¯‹vbx cÖ`vb Kiv nq, Zvnv Bn‡j
Zvnvi GB Kvh© nB‡e GKwU Aciva|
(2) †Kvb e¨w³ Dc-aviv (1) Gi Aaxb Aciva Kwi‡j wZwb [AbwaK †PŠÏ ermi Ges Ab~¨b
mvZ ermi Kviv`‡Ð] Ges AbwaK GK †KvwU UvKv A_©`‡Ð `wÐZ nB‡eb|

bvix I cÖMwZ 58
 
(http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/bangla_print_sections.php?id=950&vol=&sections
_id=28868)|
mycvwik
G M‡elYvi cÖvß djvd‡ji wfwˇZ KwZcq mycvwik cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv :
• ZiæYmgvR‡K cvwievwiK g~j¨‡ev‡ai wkÿv cÖ`vb I ¯^wkÿvq wkwÿZ n‡Z DrmvwnZ
Kiv;
• ZiæY‡`i mgvR MVbg~jK wewfbœ BwZevPK Kv‡R DrmvwnZ Kiv;
• †RÛvi ms‡e`bkxjZv m¤ú‡K© ZiæY‡`i m‡PZb Kiv;
• †dmey‡K hv‡Z †KD †dBK Z_v wg_¨v AvBwW Lyj‡Z bv cv‡i, †mRb¨ cvewjK AvBwW
†Lvjvi †ÿ‡Î mywbw`©ó wewagvjv ˆZwii Rb¨ †dmeyK KZ…©c‡ÿi `„wó AvKl©Y Kiv;
• bvixi cÖwZ Ams‡e`kxjZv Kgv‡Z †dmey‡K cvewjK †cR †Lvjvi e¨vcv‡i mywbw`©ó wKQz
wewa-wb‡la I wbqgKvbyb _vKv `iKvi;
• †dmey‡Ki BwZevPK e¨envi m¤ú‡K© mevB‡K m‡PZb Kiv;
• †dmey‡K †RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxjZv cªwZ‡iv‡a bvixev`x msMVb¸‡jvi D‡`¨v‡M mwμq
f~wgKv cvjb|
• AegvbbvKi †cR †Lvjvi †ÿ‡Î kvw¯Íi weavb ms‡hvRb K‡i m¤¢ve¨ Ace¨envi Gwo‡q
AvBwmwU (Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvMcÖhyw³) AvBb 2013-Gi 57 avivi cÖ‡qvM Kiv;
m‡e©vcwi ejv hvq, †RÛvi Ams‡e`bkxjZv cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z mgv‡Ri me©¯Í‡ii RbM‡Yi m‡PZb
nIqv `iKvi| we‡kl K‡i †dmey‡Ki Ams‡e`bkxjZv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †ÿ‡Î ZiæYmgv‡Ri m‡PZb
nIqv Riæwi|

kixdv D‡¤§ wkwib cÖfvlK, MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvM, ewikvj wek¦we`¨vjq| sushirin.mcj.du@gmail.com

Z_¨m~Î
1. Bmjvg, ivBmyj (2010), †dBmey‡K †RÛvi gyL”Qwe; †di‡`Šm, †ivev‡qZ; ingvb, mvwgqv; †PŠayix, mvewibv
myjZvbv (2010), †RÛvi †hvMv‡hvM, XvKv: evOjvqb
2. Hall, Stuart (2002), REPRESENTATION, SAGE Publications London.Thousand Oakso New
Delhi.
3. nK, dvnwg`yj (2015) †iwcÖ‡R‡›Ukb (÷zqvU© nj, 1997), XvKv: msnwZ|
4. wbixÿv (A‡±vevi 2011-Ryb 2012), wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k I wbIwgwWqv, msL¨v 192-193|

bvix I cÖMwZ 59
 
5. Basin, Kamla (2000), Understanding Gender, New Delhi: Kali for Women.
6. Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundation Of behavioural research (3rd ed.), New York: Holt,
Renehart and Winston.
7. Lasswell, H.D., Leits, N., & Associates (Eds.), (1965). Language of politicts, Cambridge: MIT
Press.
8. Mitra & Watts (2002); Bryant, Erin (2008). Critical Examination of Gender Representation on
Facebook Profile, Pullman: Washington State University.
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10. Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (1994). Mass Media Research: An Introduction (4th ed),
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12. http://www.loooker,contentuplouds/2014 Gender differences in facebook self presentation an
international randomized.
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15. www.askbd.org/ask/2013/10/09/ict-amentment/act-2013
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17. https://www.facebook.com/BD.ok390/?fref=ts, accessed 25 May 2014.

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bvix I cÖMwZ 60