iyg Uz wiW evsjv‡`k

bv‡Uvi wdì Awdm

welq wfwËK evwoi KvR (†ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœqb) ZvwiLt 20 A‡±vei, 2020Bs

AskMÖn‡b ‡gvt Avwidz¾vgvb, Gj wm, eovBMÖvg K¬v÷vi |

wk‡ivbvg t co‡Z †kLv I c‡o †kLvi Zzjbvg~jK

Av‡jvPbv

Av‡jvP¨ welqmg~nt
cov ( DrcwË I µgweKvk)
‡kLv (wkLb/‡kLv, wkÿv, wkÿvi aib, wkLb †kLv‡bv)
wkï wkLb ( wkï wkLb/c¨vWvMwR, ‰ewkó¨)
iyg Uz wiW Kxfv‡e wkï‡`i covi `ÿZv Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i?
co‡Z †kLv I c‡o †kLv

covt
wewfbœ fvlvi mvs‡KwZK wP‡ýi A_© D×v‡ii gva¨‡g wjwLZ As‡ki A_© †ei
Kiv|
covi `yBwU Ask Av‡Q-
1. mvs‡KwZK wPý¸‡jv‡K eY© wn‡m‡e wPb‡Z cvivi gva¨‡g k†ãi A_© D×vi
Ki‡Z cviv, hv‡K e‡j ÔDecoding’
2. cy‡iv †jLvwU eyS‡Z cvivi Rb¨ A_© D×vi Ki‡Z cviv|

wkLb/‡kLv t
†Kvb wKQy AvqË Kivi ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi †h BwZevPK cwieZ©b nq
Zv‡KB wkLb/‡kLv e‡j| A_v©r AwfÁZv I Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g AvPi‡Yi
A‡c¶vK…Z ¯’vqx cwieZ©b‡K wkLb e‡j|

wkÿv t
c×wZMZfv‡e PP©vi d‡j gvbyl ‡h Ávb, `ÿZv AR©b K‡i, hvi d‡j Zvi AvPi‡Yi
†h Kvw•LZ BwZevPK cwieZ©b nq ZvB n‡jv wkÿv|
wkÿvi aibmgynt
 AvbyôvwbK wkÿv
 AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv
 DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv|
wkLb †kLv‡bv t
Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hv wkÿv_©xi Ávb A‡š^lY ev Rvbvi AvMÖ‡ni ¯ÍiwU‡K
AviI mn‡RB DbœZ K‡i Ges GwU †Kvb mnR Dcvq wn‡m‡e †h †Kvb
cwiw¯’wZ KvwU‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv‡Z wKQz †KŠkj I c×wZ e¨envi
Kiv nq|

wkï wkLb ( wkï wkLb/c¨vWvMwR, ‰ewkó¨)

 c¨vWv‡MvwR wMÖK kã ‡cBW †_‡K G‡m‡Q hvi A_© wkï Ges A¨v‡Mv‡Mvm hvi A_© †bZv|
 cÖvwPb wMÖ‡m †cB‡Wv‡Mv‡Mvm bv‡g GKRb `vm wQ‡jb whwb wkï‡`i ¯‹z‡j wb‡q †h‡Zb Ges Zv‡`i
wkóvPvi †kLv‡Zb| GQvov ¯‹z‡ji c‡i Zv‡`i wewfbœ wel‡q cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb KiZ| hvi Kvi‡b Zuv‡K A‡b‡K †bZv
e‡j WvKZ| mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB †cB‡Wv‡Mv‡Mvm Gi bvg n‡q hvq wkÿK|
 †cWv kãwU wkï‡`i †evSvq| GwU g~jZ wkï Ges wK‡kvi‡`i wkwÿZ Kivi †KŠkj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 c¨vWv‡MvwR kãwU HwZn¨MZfv‡e wkï‡`i wkLb †kLv‡bv wb‡`©kbvi (BÝUªvKkb) Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
 c¨vWv‡MvwR nj GKwU Kvh©Kwi wkÿY †KŠkj|
 myZivs c¨vWv‡MvwR kãwU wkï‡`i †kLv‡bvi †KŠkj I weÁvb wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ n‡q‡Q ev †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
 c¨vWv‡MvwR/ wkï wkLb
 weÁv‡bi †h kvLvq wkÿv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq ZvB n‡jv c¨vWv‡MvwR| c¨vWv‡MvwRi cwiwa I AvIZv
wkï‡Kw›`ªK|
 AvÿwiK A‡_© c¨vWv‡MvwR‡K GKB m‡½ wkï wkÿvi weÁvb I Kjv ejv nq|
wkï wkL‡bi ‰ewkó¨t
wkïiv wewfbœfv‡e wk‡L wkïiv Kxfv‡e wk‡L
 Avevi GKB wkïi ‡kLvi Dcvq wewfbœ iKg wkï bvbvfv‡e wk‡L _v‡K| †hgb:-
 KLbI †m †Kvb wKQz †`‡L †k‡L • cÎ-cwÎKv cvV K‡i|
 KLbI †b‡o‡P‡o wkL‡Z cQ›` K‡i • fzj K‡i K‡i|
 KLbI Qzu‡q †k‡L • ‡iwWI I †Uwjwfkb ï‡b I †`‡L|
 KLbI Avevi myi K‡i Mv‡bi gva¨‡g wkL‡Z Pvq • evi evi Abykxjb K‡i|
 KLbI GKv GKv KvR K‡i †k‡L • M‡elYvi gva¨‡g|
 Avevi KLbI `‡j Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ wkL‡Z Pvq wkïiv g~jZ `yB ai‡bi cwi‡ek †_‡K ‡k‡L| †hgb:
 wkïiv me mgq mewKQz GKB iKgfv‡e wk‡L bv  we`¨j‡qi cwi‡ek
 Avevi me wkïi †kLvi aiY GK bq  e¯‘MZ cwi‡ek

iyg Uz wiW ‡hfv‡e wkï‡`i covi `ÿZv Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡it

• wk¶K cÖwkÿY
• covi cvuPwU cÖ‡qvRbxq †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi Av‡jv‡K mnvqK DcKiY
(Supplementary materials) cÖ`vb
• †KvwPs I †gbUwis Gi gva¨‡g cÖZ¨ÿ mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
• mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©i
AMÖMwZ hvPvB
• cwievi I Rbmgv‡Ri AšÍf©~w³
co‡Z †kLv I c‡o †kLv
co‡Z I wjL‡Z †kLv GKwU †gŠwjK `¶Zv| GB †gŠwjK `¶Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g
wkïiv cieZ©x‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e wb‡R wb‡R c‡o ÁvbvR©b Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z cv‡i|
GRb¨ cÖv_wgK wk¶vi ïiæ‡ZB †h welqwU me‡P‡q Riæwi Zv n‡jv wkï‡`i cov I
†jLvi `¶Zv AR©b Kiv| 1g †kÖwY‡ZB GB `¶Zv AR©‡bi wfwË ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
hw` GKwU wkï 1g †kÖwY‡Z Kvw•LZ cov I †jLvi `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z bv cv‡i,
Z‡e cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii c‡ii †kÖwY¸wj‡ZI †m wcwQ‡qB _vK‡e| cov I †jLvi `¶Zv
AR©‡b wcwQ‡q _vKvi A_© n‡jv †m wk¶vµ‡gi AšÍf©~³ Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qI
µgvš^‡q wcwQ‡q co‡e| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i, we‡kl K‡i cÖ_g †kÖwY‡Z cov I †jLvi
cÖZ¨vwkZ †gŠwjK `¶Zv AR©‡bi ¸iæZ¡ ZvB Acwimxg I Acwinvh©|
Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mdjfv‡e fvlv`¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ GKwU cwiKwíZ
fvlvwkLb Kg©Kv‡Ûi ga¨ w`‡q wkï‡`i AMÖmi n‡Z nq| fvlv`¶Zvmg~n nVvr
K‡i A_ev wew”Qbœfv‡e AwR©Z nq bv| GKwU ch©vqµwgK Dbœqbavivi
AvIZvq fvlv`¶Zvmg~n AwR©Z nq| gvZ…fvlvq †kvbv I ejvi `¶Zv
¯^Zù~Z©fv‡e AwR©Z n‡jI Gi mdj I Kvh©Ki Dbœq‡bi R‡b¨ cwiKíbvcÖm~Z
Kg©Kv‡Ûi AvIZvq Abykxjb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Ab¨w`‡K, cov I †jLvi `¶Zv
AR©‡bi Rb¨I cÖ‡qvRb GKwU myk„•Lj avivevwnK wkLb Kg©KvÛ| fvlv`¶Zv
AR©‡bi GB me we‡kl w`Kmg~n we‡ePbv K‡i fvlvwkL‡bi Kg©KvÛ‡K
K‡qKwU c‡e© D‡jL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
ce©mg~n n‡”Q:
• cÖvK cVb-wjLb
• eY© cwiPq
• kã-evK¨
• fvlv †hvMv‡hvM I †evaMg¨Zv
• cwic~Y©fv‡e cov I †jLvi `¶Zv AR©‡bi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q cov I †jLv
mswkó wKQy †gŠwjK welqvw` m¤ú‡K© wkï‡`i ÁvbvR©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb
nq| †hgb: †h †Kvb wKQy co‡Z cvivi Av‡M wkï‡`i Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb †h,
†Kvb wjwLZ cvV¨vs‡ki gva¨‡g GKwU A_©c~Y© cwiw¯’wZ, Ae¯’v ev
NUbv wb‡`©wkZ nq| co‡Z cvivi Av‡M Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb wKfv‡e
cvV¨cy¯ÍK ai‡Z nq, †Kvb w`K †_‡K †Kvb w`‡K (evsjv fvlvq evg †_‡K
Wv‡b) co‡Z nq BZ¨vw`| ZvQvov covi `¶Zv AR©‡bi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q
Dc‡iv³ †gŠwjK welqvw` QvovI aŸwb, eY©, kã, evK¨, †evaMg¨Zv BZ¨vw`
m¤ú‡K© wkï‡`i `¶Zv AR©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| fvlvwkL‡bi cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq
†kvbv I ejvi avivevwnK Abykxj‡bi cvkvcvwk cov I †jLvi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³
†¶Îmg~n wk¶v_©x‡`i AvqZ¡ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb:
1. aŸwbi ¶z`ªvsk (smallest unit of 2. aŸwb msµvšÍ m‡PZbZv
sound) m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv: wewfbœ aŸwbmg~‡ni Rb¨
• Q‡›` Q‡›` kã ej‡Z cviv wba©vwiZ cÖZxK wn‡m‡e mswkó
• kã †_‡K wewfbœ aŸwbi aib eY© mbv³ Ki‡Z cviv
(pattern) mbv³ Ki‡Z cviv wewfbœ k‡ãi gv‡S wbw`©ó e‡Y©i
• GKwU kã‡K †f‡O wewfbœ Ae¯’vb mbv³ Ki‡Z cviv (D”PviYmn)
kãvsk‡K Zv‡j Zv‡j c„_K Ki‡Z k‡ãi gv‡S mwbœ‡ewkZ
cviv eY©/aŸwbmg~n G‡K G‡K c„_K
• ¯^i I `xN© aŸwb ej‡Z cviv Ki‡Z cviv
• GKB aŸwb w`‡q ïiæ kãmg~n mnR kãvs‡ki mgš^‡q kã ˆZwi Ki‡Z
ej‡Z cviv cviv
• k‡ãi ïiæ, gv‡S I †k‡l aŸwb ej‡Z k‡ãi gv‡S e‡Y©i cwieZ©b k‡ãi
 cviv
• wewfbœ aŸw bi mgš^‡q kã ej‡Z cwieZ©b K‡i-Zv eySv
cviv
 3. mvejxjZv:
mwVK MwZ‡Z co‡Z cviv
mwVK D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cviv
weivgwPý †g‡b h_vh_ wbqgvbyhvqx
co‡Z cviv
mwVK ¯^ifw½ I ¯^ivNvZ eRvq †i‡L
co‡Z cviv
4. kãfvÛvi:
mwVK I A_©c~Y©fv‡e fvlv e¨envi
Kivi Rb¨ mg„× kãfvÛvi cÖ‡qvRb|
wk¶v_©xi kãfvÛvi AR©‡bi
welqwU GKwU k‡ãi mwVK D”PviY,
k‡ãi AvwfavwbK I e¨envvwiK A_©,
k‡ãi evbvb Ges kãwU h_vh_fv‡e
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvivi `¶Zv‡K wb‡`©k
K‡i|
ZvQvov wewfbœ Mí cV‡bi gva¨‡g
wkï‡`i kãfvÛvi e„w× cvq|
GQvovI †kªYxK‡¶ avivevwnK
Kg©Kv‡Û wbqwgZ wba©vwiZ bZzb
bZzb kã PP©vi my‡hvM wkïi kã
fvÛvi e„wׇZ mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
kãfvÛvi e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_
wk¶v_©xi fvlv`¶Zv AwaK
Kvh©Kifv‡e e¨envi Kivi m¶gZv‡K
e„w× K‡i|
Z_¨m~Ît
wc wW †mkb, wU wR,
aŸwbMZ D”PviY I A_© wKfv‡e
wewfbœ cwiwPZ/AcwiwPZ kã
D”PviY Ki‡Z cviv
5. †evaMg¨Zv
covi `¶Zvi Rb¨ mwVK MwZ, h_vh_
D”PviY, Dchy³ ¯^ifw½ BZ¨vw` h‡_ó
bq, eis covi `¶Zvi mv‡_ cv‡Vi
A‡_©v×vi Kivi ¶gZv A½vAw½fv‡e
RwoZ| wk¶v_©xi †evaMg¨Zv
AR©‡bi Rb¨ covi wewfbœ ch©v‡q
(c~‡e©, gv‡S I c‡i) wewfbœ Abykxjb
mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb, †Kvb Mí cv‡Vi Av‡M MíwU
m¤ú‡K© wkï‡K c~‡e©B wKQy
wbw`©ó Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i, M‡íi gv‡S
cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i Ae¯’vb mYv³ Ki‡Z †`qv,
M‡íi c‡i Mí m¤ú‡K© wkïi AwfÁZv
Rvb‡Z PvIqv BZ¨vw`|
 
fvlv`¶Zv Dbœq‡b fvlvwkL‡bi
wewfbœ ce©mg~‡ni h_vh_
Abykxj‡bi †Kvb weKí †bB|
†kªYxK‡¶ fvlvwkL‡bi wewfbœ c‡e©i
avivevwnK I Kvh©Ki Abykxjb
wkï‡K fvlvi `¶Zvmg~n AR©‡bi †¶‡Î
AZ¨šÍ mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Avgvi evsjv eB (1g I 2q †kÖwY),
BDwUDe GWz‡Kvevsjv|