BDwbU 2: wkÿvi `vk©wbK wfwË

f~wgKv

`k©b m¤ú‡K© BwZc~‡e©i Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, `k©b mZ¨vbymÜvb K‡i| `vk©wbK gvÎB ÁvbvbyivMx ev
m‡Z¨i mÜvbx| RMZ I Rxe‡bi †gŠwjK cÖ‡kœmg~‡ni †hŠw³K DËi AbymÜvb I we‡kølY‡K ms‡ÿ‡c `k©b
ejv hvq| `k©b Rxeb I RMZ‡K †`‡L GK ALÐ `„wó‡Z| ZvB `k©‡bi `„wófw½ n‡jv mvwe©K ev me©Rbxb|
Avi wkÿv `k©b wkÿvi †h ZvwË¡K w`K, g~j¨ ev gvb`Ð I Av`k©qv‡bi w`K Zv wbav©iY K‡i _v‡K| Kv‡RB
wkÿv `k©‡bi mv‡_ `k©‡bi †hvMm~Î †h Nwbô Zv mn‡RB Abygvb Kiv hvq| eZ©gvb BDwb‡Ui jÿ¨ wkÿv
`k©‡bi ¯^iƒc, KvR I wkÿv`v‡bi bvbv c×wZi mv‡_ `k©‡bi c×wZi m¤úK© I wkÿv `k©‡bi HwZnvwmK
weeZ©b m¤ú‡K© avivevwnK Av‡jvPbv Kiv| Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© BDwbUwU‡K PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cvV 1: wkÿv `k©‡bi ¯^iƒc

cvV 2: `k©‡bi KvR
cvV 3: `k©‡bi mv‡_ wkÿv `k©‡bi m¤úK©
cvV 4: `k©b I wkÿv`v‡bi c×wZ
cvV 5: wkÿv `k©‡bi wZb hyM
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg

cvV- 2.1: wkÿv `k©‡bi ¯^iƒc

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 `k©b Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv `k©‡bi ¯^iƒc wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv `k©‡bi KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿvi mvaviY ˆewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv `k©‡bi KvR Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wkÿv `k©‡bi ¯^iƒc

`k©‡bi cÖK…wZ I cwiPq Avgiv BwZc~‡e© †c‡qwQ Zv‡Z `k©b †h Rxeb Nwbô GKwU welq, Rxeb wew”Qbœ bq
Zv Avgiv Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ| Kx e¨w³ Rxeb, Kx mgvR Rxeb Dfq Rxe‡biB GKUv wbw`©ó jÿ¨ I
D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q hv Zvi g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm I Av`k© Øviv PvwjZ nq| `k©b G welq¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K
cy•Lvbycy•Liƒ‡c we‡kølY K‡i †`Lvq ZvB bq †KvbwU Rxe‡bi Rb¨ †kÖq I Kj¨vYKi A_ev †KvbwU fvj ev
g›` wKsev DwPZ ev AbywPZ Gme wb‡`©kbv †`qv †hgb `k©‡bi KvR Ges Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi c_I †`Lvq `k©b|
Avi `k©‡bi †m KvRwU Kivi Rb¨B Dcvq ev gva¨g n‡”Q wkÿv| wkÿv e¨ZxZ g~j¨‡eva MVb I ev¯Íevqb
†KvbwUB m¤¢e bq| wkÿvi KvRB n‡jv myß cÖwZfv I ¸Yv¸Y‡K weKwkZ I ev¯ÍevwqZ Kiv, A¯úó‡K
cwiùzwUZ K‡i †Zvjv| AKj¨v‡Yi cwie‡Z© Kj¨vY‡K cÖwZôv Kiv| G Kvi‡YB m¨vi Rb GWgvm e‡jb,
wkÿv nj `k©‡bi MwZgq w`K| ejv hvq wkÿvi Av`k© wbY©‡qi ZvwË¡K w`K nj `k©b Avi `vk©wbK wek¦v‡mi
wea„Z Kivi e¨envwiK Dcvq nj wkÿv| Kv‡RB wkÿv I `k©b GK Ac‡ii mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e m¤úK©hy³| G
Rb¨B cÖK…Z `vk©wbK gvÎB, cÖK…Z wkÿK| †Kbbv mZ¨ ev Ávb A‡š^lY K‡ib `vk©wbK| Avi G
Ávbv‡š^lY‡KB cÖK…Z wkÿv ejv hvq|
`vk©wbK gvÎB wkÿvwe` bv n‡q cv‡ib bv| †Kbbv Rxeb RM‡Zi †h †gŠwjK cÖkœ¸‡jvi †hŠw³K e¨vL¨v
†`evi †Póv `vk©wbKiv K‡ib Zvi jÿ¨ n‡jv c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Rb¨ myôy I my›`i Rxeb hvc‡bi cwi‡ek
ˆZwi K‡i †`qv| †hgb, Avwg †K? †Kv_v †_‡K Gjvg? Avgvi `vwqZ¡ ev KiYxq Kx? Gme cÖkœ DÌvcb I
Zv‡`i DËi `vb Kiv gvbe Rxe‡bi Rb¨ LyeB Riæwi| Kv‡RB `k©b gvbyl‡K †h Av`‡k©i w`‡K c_ wb‡`©k
K‡i Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi KvRwU K‡i wkÿv| wkÿvi jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ ïay myß ¸Yvewji c~Y© weKvk NUv‡bv Zv bq,
†mB mv‡_ e¨w³‡K cÖfvweZ I cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv GKwU Av`wk©K mgvR MV‡bi w`‡K| A_v©r wkÿvi KvR jÿ¨
AwfgyLx Zv‡Z m‡›`n †bB| wKš‘ †mB jÿ¨wU Kx nIqv DwPZ †mB ZvwË¡K w`KwU D‡b¥Pb K‡i †`q `k©b|
ZvB `k©b n‡”Q wkÿvi Drm I wfwË f~wg| wkÿv hv †_‡K Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcvq I DcKiY msMÖn K‡i
gvbyl‡K mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv †`q hv‡Z wkÿv_x© Rxe‡b cig Kj¨vY AR©‡b mÿg nq| Avi cig Kj¨v‡Yi
aviYv mieivn K‡i `k©b I `vk©wbK|
`k©b †Kej ZË¡ mieivn K‡i Zv bq, c×wZMZ w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j `k©b GKwU `„wófw½| `k©b Ggb
wKQz c×wZi K_v e‡j hv †Kej `vk©wbK mgm¨v wPwýZKi‡Y I e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡YB f~wgKv iv‡L Zv bq, G

c„ôv 48 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wkÿvi `vk©wbK I g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wfwË BDwbU- 2

c×wZ¸‡jv‡K wkÿv-wkLb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq mwµq f~wgKv ivL‡Z mÿg| †Kbbv `k©b GK mvgwMÖK
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K me©Rbxb mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvav‡bi cÖqvm cvq| Avi ZvB wkÿv Kvh©µg I wkÿv
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z †h mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb †nvK bv †Kb †m‡ÿ‡Î `vk©wbK c×wZ¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Abvqv‡mB
wkÿv msµvšÍ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, wkÿv cÖwµqv ev wkÿY-wkLb
Kvh©µg‡K †Kej ZvwË¡KZvi w`K w`‡qB `k©‡bi kiYvcbœ n‡Z n‡”Q Zv bq; eis cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU‡K
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †h c×wZ¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †m w`K w`‡qI `k©‡bi Dc‡iB wbf©ikxj| `k©b‡K ev`
w`‡q wkÿvi myôz mdj ev¯Íevqb KL‡bvB m¤¢e bq|
myZivs wkÿv `k©b ej‡Z †h welqwU‡K eySvq Zv `k©b I wkÿvi GKwU mymvgÄm¨c~Y© †hŠw³K mgš^q hv‡K
ejv hvq wkÿv msµvšÍ hveZxq `vk©wbK ZË¡ I gZev` mieivn Kivmn hveZxq mgm¨vq `vk©wbK c×wZi
cÖ‡qvM, wkÿvi cÖK…Z jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wbY©q Ges Dchy³ wkÿvi cwi‡ek ˆZwi I cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx beZi
wkÿvi wfwË ¯’vcb I wewbg©vY Kiv|
wkÿv `k©‡bi KvR
wkÿv `k©‡bi †h cÖK…wZ I ¯^iƒc Avgiv wbY©q K‡iwQ Zv †_‡K wkÿv `k©‡bi KvR‡K chv©qµ‡g wb‡P eY©bv
Kiv n‡jv|
1. Abya¨vbg~jK KvR;
2. mgš^qg~j KvR;
3. wePvig~jK KvR;
4. Av`k©vqbg~jK KvR;
5. g~j¨vqbg~jK KvR;
6. wb‡`©kbvg~jK KvR;
7. msMVbg~jK KvR;
8. e¨w³K `„wó‡Z me©Rbxb `„wó‡Z iƒcvwqZ Kivi KvR|
1. Abya¨vb ev wPšÍvg~jK KvR: wkÿv `k©‡bi cÖ_g I cÖavb KvRwUB n‡jv Abya¨vbg~jK| `k©b ¯^vaxbfv‡e
wPšÍv Ki‡Z †kLvq| gvbyl gvÎB wPšÍvkxj mËv| Áv‡bi mKj kvLv‡ZB GB wPšÍvi ewn:cÖKvk NU‡Q|
BwZnvm, weÁvb, mvgvwRK weÁvb, f~‡Mvj, cwi‡ek we`¨v cÖf…wZ welq †_‡K wPšÍvi g~j Dcv`vb msMÖn
K‡i _v‡K wkÿv `k©b| AZci †m me Z_¨ DcvˇK Av‡iv myweb¨vm wPšÍvi gva¨‡g msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i
Ici wfwË K‡i wkÿvi iƒc‡iLv `vuo Kivq| wkÿvi BwZnvm †_‡KI †`Lv hvq wkÿvi iƒc‡iLv I Dcvq
DcKiY ev c×wZ me mgq GK iKg wQj bv| cÖvPxb Kv‡ji wkÿv ga¨hyMxq wkÿv †_‡K †hgb Avjv`v
†Zgwb AvaywbK Kv‡ji wkÿvI ga¨hyM I cÖvPxb hyM †_‡K Avjv`v| wKš‘ G wewfbœZvi gv‡SI GKUv
HK¨ I †mZz ˆZwi K‡i wPšÍb cÖwµqvq wkÿvwe`MY GKUv MÖnY‡hvM¨ wkÿv e¨e¯’vi iƒc‡iLv cÖ`v‡bi
cÖqvm cvb| GUv wkÿv `k©‡bi wPšÍb I Abya¨vbg~jK KvR hv me©cÖ_g wkÿv `vk©wbKMY K‡i _v‡Kb|
2. mgš^qg~jK KvR: wkÿv `k©‡bi wPšÍbg~jK KvR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgš^qg~jK KvRI Ab¨Zg| wkÿv `k©‡bi
G mgš^‡qi djvdj KLbI GKB avivq, KL‡bv ev `yB avivq Avevi KL‡bv eû avivq cÖKvwkZ nq|
†hgb, d¨vmxev`x wkÿv `k©b GK avivi `k©b wKQz wØavivi wkÿv `k©‡b agx©qfve eRvq _vKv‡Z †mLv‡b
Ava¨vwZ¥KZv I RvMwZKZv `y‡UvB mgvb ¸iæZ¡ cvq| Ab¨w`‡K MYZvwš¿K wkÿv `k©‡b eûavivi wkÿv
`k©b| †Kbbv Zv‡Z wewfbœgyLx ms¯‹…wZi PPv© I Dbœqb‡K g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| Avi †m

Philosophical and Psychological Foundation of Education c„ôv- 49

¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg

Kvi‡YB wkÿv `k©‡bi KvR n‡jv GB wewfbœZvi gv‡SI Kxfv‡e mgš^q mvab K‡i GKUv me©Rbxb wkÿv
e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b I cÖwZôv Kiv hvq|
3. w`K wb‡`©kbvg~jK KvR: wewfbœgyLx wkÿv avivi gv‡SI mKj wewfbœZv‡K H‡K¨i gv‡S Avbv Ges
wewfbœgyLx mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Pvwn`vi gv‡S GKUv mvaviY aviv Lyu‡R †ei K‡i Avbv hvq hv‡Z wewfbœ
`j Dc`‡ji gv‡S we`¨gvb Ø›Ø I msNvZ K‡g Av‡m Ggb GKwU c‡_i wb‡`k©bvB w`‡q _v‡K|
cÖwZwôZ I cÖPwjZ wkÿvbxwZI A‡bK mgq mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq| eZ©gvb cÖ‡qvRb I cwiw¯’wZi
cÖ‡qvR‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z ZLb hy‡Mvc‡hvMx GKwU cwigvwR©Z wkÿvbxwZ `vuo Kiv‡bvi KvR A_v©r mwVK w`K
wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z cv‡i wkÿv `k©b|
4. wePvig~jK KvR: wkÿv `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb GKwU KvR n‡jv wkÿv msµvšÍ welqvejx‡Z e¨eüZ
hveZxq kã I Aeavi‡Yi cixÿv wbixÿv I wePvi we‡kølY Kiv| Avi KvRwU Ki‡Z wM‡q †Kej
welqMZ h_vh©Zv bq, AvKvi MZ h_v_©Zv (Validity) m¤^‡ÜI cy•Lbvcy•Liƒ‡c wePvi K‡i _v‡K wkÿv
`k©b| we‡kl K‡i †h wZbwU wel‡q jÿ¨ K‡i Zvn‡jv cÖ_gZ wkÿv msµvšÍ wm×všÍ¸‡jvi h_v_©Zv hvPvB
Kiv, wØZxqZ, e¨eüZ fvlvwU‡K cixÿv K‡i Zvi A‡_©i ¯úóZv I ب_©nxbZv m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nIqv;
Z…ZxqZ wkÿv msµvšÍ wee„wZmg~‡ni mg_©‡bi A_ev LЇbi Rb¨ †h mg¯Í Z_¨ cÖgvY M„nxZ nq
†m¸‡jvi AšÍwb©wnZ A_© Dcjwäi †Póv Kiv|
5. Av`k©vqbg~jK KvR: `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg kvLv g~j¨we`¨v hv g~j¨ wbY©‡qi KvR K‡i _v‡K| Avi wkÿv A_©B
n‡”Q gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv hv e¨w³ I mgv‡Ri Kj¨vY mvab K‡i| †h AwfÁZv ev we`¨v gvbe Kj¨v‡Y KvR
K‡i bv Zv wkÿv bq| cÖK…Z wkÿv me mgq ¸Y ev gvb m¤úbœ| hvi gv‡S GKwU ev GKvwaK D‡Ïk¨
wbwnZ _v‡K| g~j¨‡eva we‡kl K‡i e¨w³i ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva, agx©q g~j¨‡eva I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva,
bv›`wbK g~j¨ Gme wKQz‡K msiÿY I cÖwZcvjb‡hvM¨ K‡iB wkÿvbxwZ ˆZwi nq| Avi me ai‡bi
g~‡j¨i aviK I evnK n‡jv wkÿv| wkÿvi gva¨‡g Zv e¨w³ I mgv‡R cwiùzwUZ Kiv wkÿv `k©‡bi
KvR| wkÿv `k©b †mwU Ki‡Z wM‡q GKw`‡K cÖPwjZ g~j¨‡ev‡ai †hŠw³KZv I h_v_©Zv hvPvB K‡i Ges
cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Kx KiYxq ev Kx nIqv DwPZ †m w`K wb‡`©kbvI †`q|
6. g~j¨vqbg~jK KvR: wkÿv `k©b wkÿv‡K Av`k© gvb m¤úbœ Kivi †h KvRwU K‡i _v‡K Zv Ki‡Z wM‡q
g~j¨ ev Av`©‡ki e¨vL¨v we‡kølY I †hŠw³KZv hvPvB K‡i †`‡L †KvbwU AwaK Kj¨vYKi| Avi †m KvRwU
cig g~j¨ ev cig Av`‡k©i gvb`‡ÐB K‡i _v‡K| GKUv cig Av`k©‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB `k©b Z_v wkÿv
`k©bI Rxeb RM‡Zi g~j¨veaviY K‡i| `k©‡bi DrcwËB n‡q‡Q gvbe Rxeb I Zvi cÖ‡qvRb †_‡K;
†Kvb AvKvkKzm~g ¯^cœ †_‡K bq| `vk©wbK †cix ZvB e‡jb, Ò`k©b AvKw¯§KI bq, A‡jŠwKK bq, eis
G n‡jv Awbevh© I ¯^vfvweKÓ| Kv‡RB Rxeb I AwfÁZvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i `k©b Av`k© I g~j¨veaviY
K‡i mgMÖ gvbe RvwZi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨| wkÿv `k©b Kj¨v‡Yi GB mvaviY I me©Rbxb iƒcwU‡K
ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR K‡i wkÿvi gva¨‡g| wek¦RbxbZv I wek¦kvwšÍ cÖwZôvI wkÿv `k©‡biB KvR|
7. msMVbg~jK KvR: Abya¨vbg~jK I wePvig~jK KvR K‡iB wkÿv `k©b †_‡g hvq bv| wkÿv msµvšÍ
welqvw`i Pzj‡Piv wePvi we‡køl‡Yi ci †h †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡b GKUv mvgwMÖK ev msMVbg~jK c‡_i
mÜvb †`q wkÿv `k©b hv‡Z K‡i cÖPwjZ wewa-weavb, ixwZ-bxwZi mv‡_ msNvZ I Ø›Ø wgwU‡q eZ©gvb
cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ bZzb wKQz Kiv hvq| Avi †m Rb¨ evwn¨K I Af¨šÍixY mKj w`‡Ki wePvi-we‡køl‡Yi ci
memgq msMVbg~jK `„wó‡Z GK mgvav‡bi c_ wb‡`©kbv †`q wkÿv `k©b|
8. e¨w³K `„wó‡K me©Rbxb `„wó‡Z iƒcvwqZ Kivi KvR: GwU wkÿv `k©‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i g‡a¨B wbwnZ
_v‡K †h, GKUv RvwZi Rb¨ ev †Mvôxi Rb¨ bq, wkÿv‡K †X‡j mvRv‡Z n‡e wek¦Rbxb `„wó‡Z| eZ©gvb
we‡k¦ e¨w³ †Kej ivóª ev mgv‡Ri m`m¨ Zv bq eis wek¦ mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e Zvi gb gvbwmKZv

c„ôv 50 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wkÿvi `vk©wbK I g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wfwË BDwbU- 2

M‡o †Zvjvi KvRwU K‡i wkÿv `k©b| AvR RvwZ‡Z RvwZ‡Z nvbvnvwb, hy× weMÖn I giYv¯¿ ˆZwii gZ
†h KvR¸‡jv msNwUZ n‡q P‡j‡Q Zv‡Z gvbeZvi Kj¨vY KZUzKz we`¨gvb Av‡Q Zv fvevi welq Ges G
mgm¨v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Dcvq mÜvb Kiv Riæwi n‡q c‡o‡Q| weÁvb gvbeZvi Kj¨v‡Y e¨eüZ n‡e,
bvwK gvbeZvi aŸs‡mi Rb¨ Zv Zwj‡q †`Lv `iKvi| wKš‘ Gme mgm¨vi mgvavb ZLbB m¤¢e hLb
e¨w³i `„wó‡K me©Rbxb `„wó‡Z iƒcvwqZ Kiv hv‡e| RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z n‡e gvby‡li AšÍi AvZ¥vi gv‡S
me©Rbxb †cÖg| Zv †Kej myôy wkÿv myôz Rxeb `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi h_v_© wkÿvbxwZi gva¨‡g hv‡Z
wek¦Rbxb mgvR MVb I wek¦ kvwšÍ cÖwZôv cvq Zvi Rb¨ †h KvRwU Zv wkÿv `k©bB K‡i _v‡K| wkÿv
`k©bB cv‡i e¨w³K `„wó‡K me©Rbxb `„wó‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z|

Philosophical and Psychological Foundation of Education c„ôv- 51

¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.1

K. eû wbev©Pbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. Bs‡iwR ‘Philosophy’ kãwUi †Kvb `yBwU kã †_‡K?
K. Philos I Sophia
L. Philos I Phycho
M. Philos I Knowledge
N. Philos I Vartue
2. `k©‡bi mg¯Í Av‡jvP¨ welq‡K KqwU †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv nq?
K. bqwU
L. `kwU
M. mvZwU
N. cvuPwU
3. wkÿv kãwUi DrcwË †Kvb ms¯‹…Z kã †_‡K?
K. kvm
L. k¦vm
M. mvgvr
N. mvm
4. wkÿv `k©b ej‡Z †Kvb welqwU‡K eySvq?
K. `k©b I wkÿvi mymvgÄm¨c~Y© †hŠw³K mgš^q‡K
L. wkÿv I `k©‡bi AvswkK mgš^q‡K
M. wkÿv I `k©‡bi ci¯úi wbf©ikxjZv‡K
N. wkÿv I g‡bv`k©b‡K
DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. L, 3, K, 4. K
L. mswÿßg~jK cÖkœ
1. `k©‡bi cÖK„wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. wkÿv `k©b ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
3. wkÿv `k©‡bi cÖavb KvR Kx?
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. `k©‡bi A_© I cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiæb|
2. wkÿv ej‡Z Kx eySvq? wkÿvi cÖK…Z Zvrch© I ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|
3. wkÿv `k©‡bi ¯^iƒc e¨vL¨v Kiæb| `k©‡bi mv‡_ wkÿv `k©‡bi m¤úK© wbY©q Kiæb|
4. wkÿv `k©‡bi KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

c„ôv 52 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wkÿvi `vk©wbK I g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wfwË BDwbU- 2

cvV- 2.2: `k©‡bi KvR

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 `k©‡bi KvR Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `k©‡bi Abya¨vbg~jK KvR Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `k©‡bi wePvig~jK KvR Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `k©‡bi MVbg~jK KvR m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

`k©‡bi welqe¯‘
`k©‡bi welqe¯‘ I ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© Avgiv G ch©šÍ †h aviYv †cjvg Zv †_‡K m½Z Kvi‡YB cÖkœ Av‡m †h,
`k©‡bi KvR Avm‡j Kx| `k©‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch©‡K mwVKfv‡e Dcjwä Kivi R‡b¨I `k©‡bi KvR Kx Zv
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb e‡j g‡b KiwQ| `k©‡bi KvR‡K Avgiv Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© wZbwU †kÖwY‡Z
fvM Ki‡Z cvwi| h_vÑ
1. Abya¨vbg~jK KvR (Speculative Function);
2. wePvig~jK KvR (Critical Function); Ges
3. MVbg~jK KvR (Constructive Function)|
`k©‡bi Abya¨vbg~jK KvR
gvbyl eyw×e„wË m¤úbœ cÖvYx ZvB †m wPšÍv bv K‡i cv‡i bv| wek¦ RM‡Zi Z_v b‡fvgÐj I f~gЇji hveZxq
welqB Zv‡K fvwe‡q Zz‡j| Zvi g‡b Rv‡M AmsL¨ cÖkœ, †hgbÑ G ˆewP‡Î¨i RMZ‡K m„wó Ki‡jb, †m
†Kv_vq _v‡K? gvbyl †Kv_v †_‡K G‡m‡Q, †Kv_vq ev Zvi †kl? Avgv‡`i Pvwicv‡k hv †`LwQ †mUv Kx mwZ¨
bvwK wg_¨v? g„Zz¨ Kx? g„Zz¨i c‡ii †Kvb Rxeb Av‡Q Kx? Ro Kx? R‡oi mv‡_ Rx‡ei m¤úK© Kx? AvZ¥v Kx?
†`‡ni mv‡_ AvZ¥v ev g‡bi m¤úK© Kx? AvZ¥v Kx Agi? Ávb Kx? Áv‡bi welqe¯‘ Kx? Ck¦i Kx? RM‡Zi
mv‡_ Zvi m¤úK© Kx? BZ¨vw`| gvby‡li †KŠZ~nwj gb G RvZxq bvbv cÖ‡kœi DËi AbymÜvb Ki‡Q cÖwZ
g~û‡Z©| `k©b g~jZ: G RvZxq †gŠwjK cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi AbymÜvb I e¨vL¨v K‡i| Gme cÖ‡kœi †h eyw×m¤§Z
e¨vL¨v `v‡bi †Póv K‡ib `vk©wbKMY †mUv‡KB ejv nq `k©‡bi Abya¨vbg~jK KvR|
`k©‡bi wePvig~jK KvR
`k©‡bi mev©‡cÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR n‡jv Rxeb RM‡Zi †gŠwjK cÖkœmg~n hv gvbyl‡K me mgq fvwe‡q †Zv‡j
†m mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi AbymÜvb KivB bq, eis †m¸‡jvi wePvi we‡kølY Kiv| m„wói inm¨ I RwUjZv wb‡q
gvbyl‡K †h me cÖkœ fvwe‡q †Zv‡j †m¸‡jvi DËi †m mnR eyw×i gva¨‡g †Lvu‡R| wKš‘ mnR eyw×i wbwe©Pvix
e¨vL¨v Zvi wePvikxj gb‡K KL‡bvB Zzó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨w`‡K weÁvbxiv webv wePv‡iB KZK¸‡jv
aviYv‡K †g‡b †bq, †hgbÑ Ro, Kvj, Kvh©KviY m¤^Ü BZ¨vw`| ZvQvov weÁvbxiv me mgq wek¦‡K †`‡L LÐ
LÐ AvKv‡i Ges d‡j Zv †Kej AvswkK ÁvbB w`‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ LwÐZ G Ávb `vk©wbK gb‡K mš‘ó Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| †Kbbv `vk©wbK RMZ Rxeb‡K †`‡L mvgwMÖK `„wó‡Z| ZvB Rxeb RMZ m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡kœi AvswkK I
Philosophical and Psychological Foundation of Education c„ôv- 53
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg

LwÐZ e¨vL¨v bq, †m Pvq mKj cÖ‡kœi c~Yv©½ e¨vL¨v| Avi ZvB mnR eyw×i wbwe©Pvix e¨vL¨v, wek¦vm ev
cÖvwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g bq eis hyw³i Kwó cv_‡i `k©b DÌvwcZ cÖkœmg~‡ni h_v_© wePvi we‡kølY Kiv Zvi
Ab¨Zg cÖavb KvR| Avi ZvB RMZ Rxe‡bi †gŠwjK cÖkœmg~‡ni †hŠw³K e¨vL¨v I hyw³m¤§Z Av‡jvPbv‡šÍ
Zvi mvwe©K g~j¨vqb `k©‡bi KvR| myZivs `k©‡bi KvR wePvig~jK|
`k©‡bi msMVbg~jK KvR
wePvi we‡kølY I Abya¨v‡bi ci `k©b me‡k‡l †h KvRwU K‡i Zvn‡jv msMVbg~jK KvR| †h mKj †gŠwjK
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vk©wbKMY AbymÜvb K‡ib †m¸‡jvi wePvi we‡kølY K‡iB `vk©wbKMY ÿvšÍ nq bv eis wePvi
we‡køl‡Yi ci †h c~Yv©½ aviYv cvIqv hvq Zvi g~j¨vqb K‡i G‡K GKwU mvsMVwbK iƒc †`qvI `k©‡bi
Ab¨Zg KvR| weÁvbx‡`i †`qv LÐ LÐ aviYv I mvaviY Áv‡bi fvj I AvKl©Yxq w`K¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU
mgš^q mvab K‡i _v‡K `k©b| `k©b LwÐZ welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU k„•Lj I †gŠwjK wfwË cÖwZôv Ki‡Z
†Póv K‡i _v‡K| †gvU K_v e¯‘i Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K mËvi ¯^iƒc| mZ¨, my›`i I Kj¨v‡Yi Av`k©, mªóvi
mv‡_ mªóvi m¤ú‡K©i ¯^iƒc BZ¨vw` wb‡q e¨vL¨v we‡kølY K‡i G wek¦ RM‡Zi GKwU g~jmËvi mÜvb I
Avwe®‹vi KivB `k©‡bi MVbg~jK KvR|

c„ôv 54 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wkÿvi `vk©wbK I g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wfwË BDwbU- 2

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.2

K. eû wbev©Pbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. `k©b g~jZ: †Kvb ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi DËi AbymÜvb K‡i?
K. mvaviY
L. M‡elYvagx©
M. †gŠwjK cÖkœmg~‡ni
N. †hŠwMK
2. `k©‡bi KvR‡K KqwU †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq?
K. 3wU
L. 5wU
M. 4wU
N. 5wU
3. `k©b mewKQz‡K †Kvb `„wó‡Z †`‡L?
K. mvgwMÖK `„wó‡Z
L. we‡kl `„wó‡Z
M. eyw×MZ `„wó‡Z
N. AwfÁZvi `„wó‡Z
DËigvjv: 1. M, 2. K, 3. K
L. mswÿßg~jK cÖkœ
1. `k©‡bi Abya¨vbg~jK KvR ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
2. `k©‡bi MVbg~jK KvR Kx?
3. `k©‡bi wePvig~jK KvR ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. `k©‡bi KvR Kx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. `k©b Kx? `k©‡bi wePvig~jK KvR e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. `k©‡bi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb| Gi cÖavb KvR Kx e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

Philosophical and Psychological Foundation of Education c„ôv- 55

¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg

cvV- 2.3: `k©‡bi mv‡_ wkÿv `k©‡bi m¤úK©

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 `k©b I wkÿv `k©b Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `k©‡bi mv‡_ wkÿv `k©‡bi m¤úK© Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

`k©‡bi mv‡_ wkÿv `k©‡bi m¤úK©

wkÿv_x© e„›`, `k©‡bi mv‡_ wkÿv `k©‡bi m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ wbweo I Nwbô| †Kbbv wkÿv `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb
KvR n‡”Q wkÿv msµvšÍ hveZxq ZË¡ I gZev` mieivn Kivmn hveZxq mgm¨vq `vk©wbK c×wZi cÖ‡qvM,
wkÿvi cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ wbY©q Kiv Ges gvb m¤úbœ wkÿvi Rb¨ Dchy³ cwi‡ek ˆZwi I cÖ‡qvRb
Abyhvqx beZi wkÿvi wfwË ¯’vcb I wewbgv©Y Kiv| `k©‡bi mv‡_ wkÿv `k©‡bi m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j
cÖ_‡g Avgv‡`i Rvb‡Z n‡e `k©b I wkÿv `k©b ej‡Z Kx eySvq|
`k©‡bi cÖK…wZ
cÖ_‡gB †R‡b †bB Ô`k©bÕ Kx| evsjv Ô`k©bÕ kãwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q ms¯‹…Z `„k avZz †_‡K hvi A_© †`Lv ev
cÖZ¨ÿY Kiv| wKš‘ GLv‡b kãwU ZË¡`k©b A‡_©B e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Bs‡iwR Philosophy kãwUi DrcwË
MÖxK kã Philos I Sophia †_‡K| Philos k‡ãi A_© AbyivM I Sophia k‡ãi A_© Ávb| d‡j
DrcwËMZ w`K †_‡K kãwUi A_© `vuov‡”Q ÒÁv‡bi cÖwZ AbyivMÓ Avi Philosopher A_© ÁvbvbyivMx|
`vk©wbK m‡µwUm wb‡R‡K Ávbx bv e‡j ÁvbvbyivMx e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| myZivs cÖÁv ev Áv‡bi cÖwZ hvi
AbyivM Av‡Q wZwbB cÖK…Z `vk©wbK c`evP¨| evsjvq hv‡K Avgiv `k©b ewj Zvi Av‡jvP¨ welq I jÿ¨
D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ Bs‡iwR‡Z Philosophy bvgK welqwUi ûeû wgj ev mv`„k¨ _vKvi Kvi‡YB
‘Philosophy’-Gi evsjv cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e Ô`k©bÕ bvgK welqwU‡KB MY¨ Kiv nq|
`k©b‡K msÁvwqZ Kivi cÖqvm A‡b‡KB †c‡q‡Qb wKš‘ `vk©wbK I `k©b Abo ev w¯’i wKQz bq, eis m`v
MwZkxj| †Kbbv hy‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Rxeb Nwbô Av‡jvPbvi AMÖmi nq `k©‡b| Avi ZvB `vk©wbK
gZev`¸‡jv me mgq cwiewZ©Z I cwiewa©Z n‡q P‡j‡Q| ZvB wbQK GKwU msÁvi gva¨‡g `k©‡bi ¯^iƒc I
Zvrch© Dcjwä Kiv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e `k©‡bi Av‡jvP¨m~wP, cwiwa I `vk©wb‡Ki Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Avgiv
BwZc~‡e© cÖ_g BDwb‡U Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Avi †mLvb †_‡K `k©‡bi cÖK…wZ I KvR m¤ú‡K©I aviYv †c‡qwQ|
Zv‡Z Avgiv †`‡LwQ Áv‡bi Ggb †Kvb kvLv †bB hvi Av‡jvPbv `k©‡bi AvIZvi evB‡i| Rxeb RM‡Zi
†gŠwjK cÖ‡kœi DËi AbymÜv‡b e¨vc„Z `vk©wbKMY †h †hŠw³K c×wZ‡Z mZ¨ AbymÜv‡bi KvR K‡ib Zv bq
g~j¨vq‡bi KvRwUI `k©bB K‡i| ZvB `k©‡bi mg¯Í Av‡jvP¨ welqe¯‘‡K †gvUvgywU `kwU †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv
†h‡Z cvi| †hgbÑ (1) wek¦ZË¡; (2) ZË¡we`¨v; (3) Ávbwe`¨v; (4) g~j¨we`¨v; (5) bxwZwe`¨v; (6) ag©
`k©b; (7) mgvR `k©b (8) ivóª `k©b; (9) g‡bvweÁvb I (10) b„we`¨v|
`k©b Rxeb RM‡Z †h mgm¨v ev cÖkœ¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i †h¸‡jv n‡jv Avwg †K? Avwg †Kv_vq †_‡K
Gjvg? Ck¦i Kx? Ck¦i e‡j Av‡`Š wKQz Av‡Q Kx? AvZ¥v Kx? AvZ¥v Agi Kx bv BZ¨vw`| †gvUK_v Rxeb I
RMZ wb‡q †h me©Rbxb cÖkœ¸‡jv Av‡Q Ges fwel¨‡ZI †h me cÖkœ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jvI `k©‡bi

c„ôv 56 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wkÿvi `vk©wbK I g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wfwË BDwbU- 2

Av‡jvP¨ welq| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, `k©‡bi `„wó †Kej c×wZ ev Dcv‡qi w`‡K bq; eis jÿ¨ I
D‡Ï‡k¨i w`‡K| `k©b Dcvq‡K D‡Ï‡k¨i Av‡jv‡K wbixÿv K‡i| `k©b mgMÖ mgm¨vi LywUbvwU mKj w`K
cy•Lvbycy•Liƒ‡c we‡kølY K‡iB †Kej wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nq| GUv GKUv MwZkxj I Pjgvb cÖwµqv|
Kv‡RB `vk©wbK mgm¨v, c×wZ, welqe¯‘, D‡Ïk¨ I j‡ÿ¨i w`K †_‡K we‡kølY K‡i `k©‡bi ¯^iƒc wbY©q
Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv ms‡ÿ‡c ej‡Z cvwi †h, ÁvbvR©‡bi †h kvLvwU Rxeb I RM‡Zi †gŠwjK cÖkœvewji
†hŠw³K wePvi we‡kølY K‡i mgm¨vi cÖK…Z Zvrch© m¤^‡Ü Avgv‡`i‡K mg¨K AeMZ K‡i Zv‡KB e‡j `k©b|
`k©b Rxeb I RM‡Zi me©Rbxb I wePvig~jK g~j¨vqb| myZivs cÖPwjZ c_ cwinvi K‡i `k©‡bi mgm¨vewj,
welqe¯‘, c×wZ Ges D‡Ïk¨ ev j‡ÿ¨i w`K †_‡KB `k©‡bi ¯^iƒc I Zvrch© wbY©q KivB hyw³hy³ e‡j g‡b
nq| GLb Avgiv †`Le wkÿv `k©b ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
wkÿv `k©‡bi cÖK…wZ
`k©‡bi †h cÖK…wZ I cwiPq Avgiv †c‡qwQ Zv‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, `k©b Rxeb Nwbô GKwU welq, Rxeb
wew”Qbœ bq| Kx e¨w³ Rxeb, Kx mgvR Rxeb Dfq Rxe‡biB GKUv wbw`©ó jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q hv Zvi
g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm I Av`k© Øviv PvwjZ nq| `k©b G welq¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K cy•Lvbycy•Liƒ‡c we‡kølY K‡i
†`Lvq ZvB bq †KvbwU Rxe‡bi Rb¨ †kÖq I Kj¨vYKi A_ev †KvbwU fvj ev g›` wKsev DwPZ ev AbywPZ
Gme wb‡`©kbv †`qv †hgb `k©‡bi KvR Ges Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi c_I †`Lvq `k©b| Avi `k©‡bi †m KvRwU
Kivi Rb¨B Dcvq ev gva¨g n‡”Q wkÿv| wkÿv e¨ZxZ g~j¨‡eva MVb I ev¯Íevqb †KvbwUB m¤¢e bq|
wkÿvi KvRB n‡jv myß cÖwZfv I ¸Yv¸Y‡K weKwkZ I ev¯ÍevwqZ Kiv, A¯úó‡K cwiùzwUZ K‡i †Zvjv|
AKj¨v‡Yi cwie‡Z© Kj¨vY‡K cÖwZôv Kiv| G Kvi‡YB m¨vi Rb GWvgvm e‡jb, wkÿv nj `k©‡bi MwZgq
w`K| ejv hvq wkÿvi Av`k© wbY©‡qi ZvwË¡K w`K nj `k©b Avi `vk©wbK wek¦v‡mi wea„Z Kivi e¨envwiK
Dcvq nj wkÿv| Kv‡RB wkÿv I `k©b GK Ac‡ii mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e m¤úK©hy³| G Rb¨B cÖK…Z `vk©wbK
gvÎB, cÖK…Z wkÿK| †Kbbv mZ¨ ev Ávb A‡š^lY K‡ib `vk©wbK| Avi G Ávbv‡š^lY‡KB cÖK…Z wkÿv ejv
hvq|
`vk©wbK gvÎB wkÿvwe` bv n‡q cv‡ib bv| †Kbbv Rxeb RM‡Zi †h †gŠwjK cÖkœ¸‡jvi †hŠw³K e¨vL¨v
†`evi †Póv `vk©wbKiv K‡ib Zvi jÿ¨ n‡jv c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Rb¨ myôy I my›`i Rxeb hvc‡bi cwi‡ek
ˆZwi K‡i †`qv| †hgb, Avwg †K? †Kv_v †_‡K Gjvg? Avgvi `vwqZ¡ ev KiYxq Kx? Gme cÖkœ DÌvcb I
Zv‡`i DËi `vb Kiv gvbe Rxe‡bi Rb¨ LyeB Riæwi| Kv‡RB `k©b gvbyl‡K †h Av`‡k©i w`‡K c_ wb‡`©k
K‡i Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi KvRwU K‡i wkÿv| wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ ïay myß ¸Yvewji c~Y© weKvk NUv‡bv Zv bq,
†mB mv‡_ e¨w³‡K cÖfvweZ I cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv GKwU Av`wk©K mgvR MV‡bi w`‡K| A_v©r wkÿvi KvR jÿ¨
AwfgyLx Zv‡Z m‡›`n †bB| wKš‘ †mB jÿ¨wU Kx nIqv DwPZ †mB ZvwË¡Kw`KwU D‡b¥Pb K‡i †`q `k©b|
ZvB `k©b n‡”Q wkÿvi Drm I wfwË f~wg hv †_‡K wkÿv Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcvq I DcKiY msMÖn K‡i
gvbyl‡K mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv †`q hv‡Z wkÿv_x© cig Kj¨vY AR©‡b mÿg nq| Avi cig Kj¨v‡Yi aviYv
mieivn K‡i `k©b I `vk©wbK|
`k©b †Kej ZË¡ mieivn K‡i Zv bq, c×wZ MZ w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j `k©b GKwU `„wófw½| `k©b Ggb
wKQz c×wZi K_v e‡j hv †Kej `vk©wbK mgm¨v wPwýZKi‡Y I e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡YB f~wgKv iv‡L Zv bq, G
c×wZ¸‡jv‡K wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq mwµq f~wgKv ivL‡Z mÿg| †Kbbv `k©b GK mvgwMÖK
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K mve©Rbxb mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvav‡bi cÖqvm cvq| Avi ZvB wkÿv Kvh©µg I wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv

Philosophical and Psychological Foundation of Education c„ôv- 57

¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg

†h mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb †nvK bv †Kb †m‡ÿ‡Î `vk©wbK c×wZ¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Abvqv‡mB wkÿv msµvšÍ
mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, wkÿv cÖwµqv ev wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µg‡K †Kej
ZvwË¡KZvi w`K w`‡qB `k©‡bi kiYvcbœ nq Zv bq; eis cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU‡K ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †h c×wZ¸‡jv
cÖ‡qvM Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †m w`K w`‡qI `k©‡bi Dc‡iB wbf©ikxj| `k©b‡K ev` w`‡q wkÿvi myôz mdj
ev¯Íevqb KL‡bvB m¤¢e bq|
Kv‡RB Av‡jvPbvi G chv©‡q Avgiv wbwØ©avq ej‡Z cvwi †h, wkÿv `k©b ej‡Z †h welqwU‡K eySvq Zv `k©b
I wkÿvi GKwU mymvgÄm¨c~Y© †hŠw³K mgš^q hv‡K ejv hvq wkÿv msµvšÍ hveZxq `vk©wbK ZË¡ I gZev`
mieivn Kiv mn hveZxq mgm¨vq `vk©wbK c×wZi cÖ‡qvM, wkÿvi cÖK…Z jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wbY©q Ges Dchy³
wkÿvi cwi‡ek ˆZwi I cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx beZi wkÿvi wfwË ¯’vcb I wewbg©vY Kiv|
`k©b I wkÿv `k©‡bi m¤úK©
`k©b I wkÿv `k©b n‡jv GKB gy`ªvi GwcV IwcV| †Kbbv `k©b‡K ev` w`‡q wkÿv `k©b M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i
bv| Avevi wkÿv e¨ZxZ `k©‡bi cvwÛZ¨ ev Ávb AR©b m¤¢e bq| `vk©wbK gvÎB mZ¨vbymÜvbx I ÁvbvbyivMx
(Love of Wisedom)| †h †Kvb ai‡bi Ávb A‡š^lYB Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb wkÿv| wkÿvB Áv‡bi mKj
kvLvi Øvi D‡b¥vPb K‡i †`q| Avevi AwR©Z Ávb‡K weZiY Kivi Rb¨I wkÿb-wkLb Kvh©µgB n‡”Q
m‡ev©Ëg gva¨g ev Dcvq| G Rb¨B †Kvb we‡kl wel‡q †Kvb M‡elK hLb mKjfv‡e Zvi KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
cv‡ib Zv‡K `k©‡bi cwÐZ ev W±i Ae wd‡jvmwd (Ph.D) Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Kiv nq| cÖvPxb Kv‡ji cÖL¨vZ
MÖxK `vk©wbK m‡µwUm mgvR‡K wkwÿZ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ wewfbœ wel‡q Av‡ivn Ae‡ivn c×wZ I Ávbg~jK
Av‡jvPbvq wb‡R‡K e¨¯Í ivL‡Zb G‡_Ý bMixi e¨¯ÍZg RvqMv¸‡jv‡Z| Zvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj mgvR †_‡K
†Mvuovgx I Kzms¯‹vi `~i K‡i cÖK…Z Ávb A‡š^lY I weZi‡Yi gva¨‡g hye mgvR‡K mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o
†Zvjv| GUv †_‡K GUvB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, `vk©wbK gvÎB wkÿK Ges wkÿvi Av‡jv ev Ávb weZi‡Yi
KvRwU Zvuiv me hy‡MB m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| g~j¨‡eva, BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‹…wZ, †`k‡cÖg cÖf…wZ welq¸‡jv
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ‡Z hv‡Z cÖwZdwjZ nq †mw`‡K `„wó †i‡LB wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYxZ nq| Avi Gme
wKQzB `k©‡bi KvR| wkÿv `k©b wkÿv msµvšÍ hveZxq mgm¨vi mgvavb Kivmn wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb eRvq
ivLvi KvRwU K‡i _v‡K ZvB bq, wkÿvi myôy cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv, msiÿY Kivmn bZzb bZzb w`MšÍ
Avwe®‹viI wkÿv `k©‡bi KvR| Ab¨w`‡K, `vk©wbK c×wZ¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM K‡iB wkÿY-wkLb c×wZ I
†KŠkj¸‡jv Avwe®‹vi Kiv nq| GRb¨ ejv nq, `vk©wbK gvÎ wkÿv weÁvbx Ges wkÿK gvÎB †Kvb bv
†Kvbfv‡e `vk©wbK c`evP¨| GKwU‡K ev` w`‡q AciwU A_©nxb| eis G `yÕ‡qi g‡a¨ Nwbô †hvMm~Î Av‡Q|
myZivs `k©b I wkÿv `k©‡bi m¤úK© wbweo I Nwbô|

c„ôv 58 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wkÿvi `vk©wbK I g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wfwË BDwbU- 2

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.3

K. eû wbev©Pbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. wkÿv `k©‡bi cÖavb KvR Kx?
K. wkÿvi cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiv
L. gvbm¤úbœ wkÿvi cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv
M. wkÿv‡K Rxeb Nwbô Kiv
N. Dc‡ii me KÕwU
2. beZi wkÿvi wfwË ¯’vcb K‡i †Kvb welq?
K. `k©b
L. wkÿv `k©b
M. RvZxq wkÿv †evW©
N. RvZxq wkÿvµg
3. Dcvq‡K D‡Ï‡k¨i Av‡jv‡K wbixÿv K‡i †K?
K. `k©b
L. wkÿv `k©b
M. wkÿvµg
N. cvV¨m~wP
DËigvjv: 1. N, 2. L, 3. K
L. mswÿßg~jK cÖkœ
1. `k©‡bi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. wkÿv I `k©‡bi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. `k©b I wkÿv `k©b Kxfv‡e m¤ú„³?
4. wkÿv `k©b ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. `k©‡bi cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiæb| wkÿv I `k©‡bi gv‡S m¤úK© wbY©q Kiæb|
2. wkÿv `k©‡bi cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb| wkÿv `k©b `k©‡bi mv‡_ wKfv‡e m¤ú„³? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. `k©b I wkÿv `k©‡bi m¤ú©K e¨vL¨v Kiæb| `k©b Qvov wkÿv `k©b Kx m¤¢e? gšÍe¨ Kiæb|

Philosophical and Psychological Foundation of Education c„ôv- 59

¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg

cvV- 2.4: wkÿv`vb c×wZ I `k©‡bi c×wZ

[

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 wkÿv`vb c×wZ¸‡jvi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv`vb c×wZ¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 DËg wkÿv`vb c×wZi ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv`vb c×wZi mv‡_ `k©‡bi c×wZi Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wkÿv`vb c×wZi Zvrch© I ¸iæZ¡

wkÿv`vb GKwU †hŠ_ Ges wØgyLx cÖwµqv| Aa¨vcK ivw¯‹i g‡Z, wkÿv`vb c×wZi KvR n‡”Q wkï I Zvi
wkLbxq wel‡qi g‡a¨ Kvw•ÿZ eÜb Aÿzbœ ivLv| wkÿv`vb c×wZi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q wewkó
wkÿvwe` gwim e‡jb, wkÿv`vb c×wZ n‡”Q Ávb`vb I wkÿv MÖn‡Y GKwU avivevwnK I mnvqK cÖwµqv Ges
Zv wkÿK‡K Ggb wKQz Kjv‡KŠkj ˆZwi I e¨env‡ii my‡hvM w`‡q _v‡K hv wkÿv_x©‡`i h_v_© weKvk, Dbœqb
I Ávb AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i| †gvUK_v, c×wZ n‡”Q wkÿv_x©‡`i wkÿv MÖnY, wkÿ‡Ki cwiKíbv MÖnY,
wb‡`©kbv `vb, mn‡hvwMZv I AskMÖnY Ges g~j¨vq‡bi cÖwµqv|
wkÿY-wkLb KZLvwb Kvh©Ki n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i wkÿ‡Ki wkÿv c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠk‡ji `ÿZvc~Y© cÖ‡qv‡Mi
Dci| wkÿ‡Ki cvwÐZ¨ Ges Zvi ZË¡xq Áv‡bi fvÐvi Dchy³ I Kvh©Ki c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afv‡e e¨_©Zvq
ch©ewmZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿK DwPZ wkÿv`v‡bi c×wZ I wewfbœ †KŠkj I Zvi cÖ‡qvM m¤^‡Ü
mwVK aviYvi AwaKvix nIqv| wkÿv`vb c×wZ KZK¸‡jv avc ev †mvcv‡bi mgwóMZ iƒc| wKfv‡e GB
†mvcvb ev avc¸‡jv‡K GKÎ K‡i GKwU mymgwš^Z I wPšÍvKl©K cÖwµqvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †m
wel‡q wPšÍv-fvebv Kiv wkÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡| Avi GB `vwqZ¡ wZwb ZLbB mwVKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb hLb
c×wZ¸‡jvi †hŠw³KZv ev h_v_©Zv, ¸iæZ¡ I ¸Yv¸Y m¤^‡Ü mwVK Ávb _vK‡e| ïay ZvB bq, GKwU DrK…ó
ev DbœZ wkÿv`vb c×wZi Kx Kx ¸Y ev ˆewkó¨ _vKv `iKvi †m wel‡qI wkÿ‡Ki mg¨K AeMZ n‡Z n‡e|
Avi Gme wKQzB wbY©q K‡ib wkÿv `k©b| wkÿv`vb c×wZi †hŠw³KZv I ¸Yv¸Y wePvi K‡i Zvi wfwË
cÖwZôv K‡ib wkÿv `k©b| Avi †m Kvi‡YB `k©‡bi c×wZ¸‡jvi mv‡_ wkÿv`vb c×wZi †h †hvMm~Î i‡q‡Q
Zv Rvbv `iKvi|
DËg wkÿv`vb c×wZi ˆewkó¨
†h †Kvb wkÿv`vb c×wZi `yÕwU we‡kl ¸Y _vKv `iKvi| †hgb, (1) gb¯ÍË¡ mgwš^Z¸Y Ges (2) †hŠw³K
¸Y| gb¯ÍvwZ¡K wfwË wn‡m‡e c×wZwUi gv‡S †h ¸YwU _vK‡e Zvn‡jv wkïi gvbwmK I kvixwiK weKv‡ki
Dci wfwË K‡i wkïi †hvM¨Zv I `ÿZvi †cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿv`vb c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠk‡ji e¨envi| Avi †hŠw³K
wfwË Øviv eySvq wkÿv`vb c×wZ‡K avivevwnKZvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kiv‡K| †hgb, GKwU myweb¨¯Í †mvcv‡bi
gva¨‡g †hŠw³Kfv‡e wkÿv_x©‡K Rvbv †_‡K ARvbvq A_ev Pvwicv‡ki cwiwPZ e¯‘ †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i `~‡ii
w`‡K wb‡q hvI| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †h cÖkœwU Av‡m Zvn‡jv wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb DrK…ó ev DËg c×wZ Kx
i‡q‡Q? hw` _v‡K Z‡e Zvi ˆewk󨸇jv Kx Kx? M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, wewfbœ cwi‡e‡k GKB c×wZ e¨envi

c„ôv 60 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wkÿvi `vk©wbK I g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wfwË BDwbU- 2

K‡i wewfbœ iKg dj cvIqv †M‡Q| A_v©r G‡KK wel‡qi Rb¨ G‡KK c×wZ Kvh©Ki I djcÖm~ nq|
welqe¯‘i web¨vm, c×wZ e¨env‡ii cÖ¯ÍwZ I cÖ‡qvM Ges ZviZ‡g¨i Dci c×wZi Dc‡hvwMZv wbf©i K‡i|
Z‡e †h c×wZB e¨envi Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, wb‡Pi ˆewk󨸇jv _vK‡j Zv‡K DrK…ó DËg c×wZ wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÑ
1. wkLbdj ev cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ AR©b mnvqK|
2. wkÿv_x©i Ávb, `ÿZv I AvPi‡Y cwieZ©b Avb‡Z mnvqK|
3. wkÿv_x©i eqm, †hvM¨Zv, AvMÖn I AwfiæwPi mv‡_ c×wZi mvgÄm¨ _vKv|
4. wkÿv_x©i gv‡S AvMÖn I †KŠZ~nj D‡`ªK Kiv|
5. wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K Rvbv †_‡K ARvbvq Ges bZzb wKQz Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv|
6. wkÿv_x©‡K †¯^”Qvq wkÿv MÖn‡Yi cÖwZ AvMÖnvwbœZ K‡i †Zvjv|
7. cvV`vb avivevwnK I ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z K‡i †Zvjv|
8. cvV`vb‡K mycwiKwíZ I myweb¨v¯Í Kiv|
9. cwieZ©bkxj I ev¯Íem¤§Z Kiv|
10. wPËvKl©Y I djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ mwVK Dcv‡q DcKiY e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Kiv|
wkÿv`vb c×wZ I †KŠkj
GKRb wkÿK wkÿv`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ c×wZi e¨envi I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e jÿ¨
ivL‡Z n‡e †h, †Kvb c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj e¨envi Ki‡j wkÿv`vb †ekx AvKl©Yxq I djcÖm~ n‡e| wkÿK
I wkÿv_x© †Kw›`ªK †h c×wZ¸‡jv wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi n‡q Avm‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡”QÑ (1) Av‡jvPbvg~jK
c×wZ; (2) cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ; (3) cÖ‡R± c×wZ; (4) ch©‡eÿY c×wZ; (5) Av‡ivnx I Ae‡ivnx c×wZ; (6)
Avwe®‹vi c×wZ; (7) mgwš^Z c×wZ; (8) e³…Zv c×wZ; (9) cÖ`k©bx c×wZ; (10) AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ
(gv_v LvUv‡bv, gvBšÍg¨vwcs, `jxq Av‡jvPbv, `jxq cÖKí; (11) Aweivg c×wZ (Continuum); (12)
†cv÷e· c×wZ; (13) mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ Ges (14) mvÿvrKvi c×wZ BZ¨vw`|
wkÿv`v‡bi c×wZiƒ‡c Dc‡iv³ c×wZ¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq Ges GB c×wZ¸‡jv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ
Kjv‡KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv nq| Z‡e c×wZ¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUiB †hŠw³K I gb¯ÍvwË¡K wfwË iwPZ n‡q‡Q
`vk©wbK I wkÿv weÁvbx KZ…©K| Avi ZvB c×wZ¸‡jv †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e `vk©wbK Av‡jvPbvi c×wZi mv‡_
m¤ú„³ ejv P‡j| `vk©wbK Av‡jvPbvi c×wZ¸‡jvB wkÿv`vb c×wZi Drmiƒ‡c KvR K‡i‡Q| `k©b
Av‡jvPbvi c×wZ¸‡jv Kxfv‡e wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvi c×wZ¸‡jv‡i wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q GLb Avgiv
†m welqwUB wbY©‡qi †Póv Kiv|
wkÿv`vb c×wZi mv‡_ `vk©wbK c×wZi m¤úK©
†h †Kvb welq m¤ú‡K© GKwU myk„•Lj I myweb¨¯Í Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|
Avi ZvB Avgiv wewfbœ wel‡qi wewfbœ c×wZ †`L‡Z cvB| `vk©wbK welqvw`i Av‡jvPbvi †ÿ‡Î Zvi
e¨wZµg N‡Uwb| KZK¸‡jv we‡kl c×wZ AbymiY K‡iB `vk©wbKMY RMZ I Rxeb m¤ú‡K© mvwe©K Ávb
jv‡fi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| `k©‡bi GB kvLvwU c×wZev` (Methodology) bv‡gB mev©waK cwiwPZ| `vk©wbK
Bgvby‡qj Kv›U wZbwU `vk©wbK c×wZi K_v e‡jb, c×wZ¸‡jv n‡”Q wbwe©Pviev`x c×wZ, wePviev`x c×wZ I
mskqev`x c×wZ| GQvovI AviI K‡qKwU c×wZi D‡jøL `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m cvIqv hvq †hgb, Øvw›ØKZvev`,
¯^Ávev` I wePvi we‡kølYx c×wZ|
Philosophical and Psychological Foundation of Education c„ôv- 61
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg

Avgiv Rvwb †h, cÖ‡Z¨K `vk©wbKB n‡”Qb wkÿvwe`| †Kbbv `vk©wbK gvÎB ÁvbvbyivMx (Love of
Wiseedom) I mZ¨vbyivMx| cÖÁv ev Ávb A‡š^lYB `vk©wb‡Ki KvR| wkÿv_x©‡K Kxfv‡e wkÿv w`‡j ev
ev¯Íe m¤§Z I †hŠw³K n‡e Zv hyw³i Kwócv_‡i ÿziavi cÖÁvq Mfxi Abya¨v‡bi gva¨‡gB `vk©wbKMY wkÿv
weÁvbxi KvRwUI K‡i‡Qb| my`~i cÖvPxb MÖx‡m hLb `vk©wbK m‡µwUm hye mgv‡Ri mv‡_ Ávb weZi‡Yi KvR
ïiæ K‡ib ZLb wZwb Mí ejv c×wZi gva¨‡g †hgb wkÿv_x©‡`i KvQ †_‡K K_v †ei Ki‡Zb Avevi
cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZiI cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e wZwb Av‡ivnY I Ae‡ivn `yÕ‡Uv c×wZ‡KB cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Zb|
†Kbbv wZwb we‡kl †Kvb wel‡q wb‡R wm×všÍ †`Lvi Av‡M Ab¨vb¨‡`i AwfgZ ev gZvgZ MÖnY Ki‡Zb cÖkœ
DÌvc‡bi gva¨‡g| Zvici GKUv mvwe©K wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡Zb| cieZx©‡Z †mB c×wZ Av‡iv A‡b‡KB
AbymiY K‡ib| AvaywbKKv‡ji cÖ‡qvMev`x `vk©wbK Rb wWDB Ômgm¨v mgvavbÕ c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi K_v e‡jb
hv LyeB RbwcÖq n‡q‡Q wKÛvi Mv‡U©b wkÿvq| GQvov AskMÖnYg~jK †h c×wZ¸‡jv i‡q‡Q, Avwe®‹vi I
ch©‡eÿY c×wZ I me¸‡jvB †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e Av‡ivn-Ae‡ivn c×wZi mv‡_ mswkøó| cÖ‡R± c×wZiI
cÖKí MV‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó hv wPšÍv I hyw³we`¨vi c×wZ| Kv‡RB wkÿv`vb c×wZ¸‡jv Avm‡j Ávb
AR©‡biB c×wZ Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU c×wZB †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e `vk©wbK c×wZ¸‡jvi mv‡_ mswkøó| wePviev`x I
we‡kølYx c×wZI cÖfve i‡q‡Q wkÿv`vb c×wZ‡Z| †Kbbv cÖ‡Z¨KwU welqB AeaviY Øviv MwVZ Avi wkÿv
msµvšÍ me AeaviYB hvPvB Kiv nq wePvi we‡kølYx Z_v hvPvBKiY c×wZi gva¨‡g| A_© I ZË¡ hvPvB bv
K‡i wkÿv I wkÿv`vb cÖwµqvi †KvbwUB djcÖm~ Kiv m¤¢e bq|

c„ôv 62 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wkÿvi `vk©wbK I g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wfwË BDwbU- 2

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.4

K. eû wbev©Pbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. wkÿv`vb GKwU wØgyLx cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e Kx K‡i?
K. Ávb`vb I wkÿv MÖnY
L. Ávbe„w× I Ávb AR©b
M. Ávb weKvk I Dbœqb
N. Ávb I g~‡j¨i weKvk NUvq
2. wkÿv`vb c×wZi †hŠw³KZv I ¸Yv¸Y wePvi K‡i †Kvb welqwU?
K. `k©b
L. wkÿv `k©b
M. g~j¨we`¨v
N. hyw³we`¨v
3. wkÿv`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ GKRb wkÿK Kx e¨envi I cÖ‡qvM K‡ib?
K. wewfbœ c×wZi e¨envi
L. †evW© I gvKv©i e¨envi
M. cvV DcKi‡Yi e¨envi
N. cvV¨ eB‡qi e¨envi
4. cÖ‡Z¨K `vk©wbKB n‡”Qb GKRb wkÿvwe` KviY `vk©wbK A_© n‡”QÑ
K. ÁvbvbyivMx L. mZ¨vbymÜvbx
M. g~j¨ AbymÜvbx N. me¸‡jvB
DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. L, 3. K, 4. M
L. mswÿßg~jK cÖkœ
1. wkÿv`v‡bi c×wZ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
2. wkÿv`vb c×wZi mv‡_ `vk©wbK c×wZi †Kvb m¤úK© Av‡Q Kx?
3. wkÿv`vb c×wZ I †KŠkj¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv Kiæb|
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wkÿv`vb c×wZi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© wbY©q Kiæb| GKwU DËg wkÿv`vb c×wZi Kx Kx ˆewkó¨ _vKv
`iKvi e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?
2. wkÿv`vb c×wZ I †KŠkj KZ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i? wkÿv`vb c×wZi mv‡_ `vk©wbK c×wZi m¤úK©
e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. `vk©wbK c×wZ¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøL Kiæb| GB c×wZ¸‡jv Kxfv‡e wkÿv`vb c×wZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
e¨vL¨v I g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

Philosophical and Psychological Foundation of Education c„ôv- 63

¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg

cvV- 2.5: wkÿv`v‡bi wZb hyM

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 wkÿv `k©‡bi cÖvPxbKvj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv `k©‡bi AvaywbKKvj m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv `k©‡bi mv¤úªwZKKvj m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
gvbe RvwZi wkÿv wPšÍvi †h BwZnvm Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB ev ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, GKUv µg
weeZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q AvR‡Ki AvaywbK wkÿv e¨e¯’vi wfwË ¯’vcb n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU welq jÿ¨Yxq †h
me hy‡Mi wkÿv wPšÍvi cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨ meKv‡j GKB iKg wQj bv| wkÿv `k©b wkÿv †ÿ‡Î D™¢yZ hveZxq
mgm¨v mgvav‡b †h w`K wb‡`©kbv w`‡q‡Q Zv‡Z wkÿv wPšÍvi we‡kl AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| AvR‡Ki †h
weÁvbm¤§Z wkÿv e¨e¯’v Zv cÖvq AvovB nvRvi eQ‡ii HwZnvwmK µgweKv‡ki dj| ZvB cv‡Vi myweav‡_©
G¸‡jv‡K wZbwU chv©‡q wef³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ (1) cÖvPxb Kvj (1400 Lªxóvã); (2) AvaywbK Kvj
(1400-1900 Lªxóvã) Ges (3) mv¤úªwZK Kvj (1900 mvj)|
cÖvPxb Kvj
cÖvPxb Kv‡j wkÿvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj GK_v mZ¨ wKš‘ cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv ej‡Z hv †evSvq †Zgb †Kvb wkÿvi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv| †m mg‡q wkÿv wQj AbvbyôvwbK I mnR cÖK…wZi Ges Zv A‡bKUv iÿYkxjI e‡U| KviY
†m mgq gvbyl †Mvôxe×fv‡e Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zv| Avi †Mvôx Rxe‡bi HwZn¨‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ hv
Riæwi †mUvB wQj wkÿvi jÿ¨, †hgbÑ †MvôxMZ †jvKvPvi ev ixwZ-bxwZi AbymiY, msiÿY I ¯’vqxKiY
cÖf…wZ wkÿvi Z_v Rxe‡bi jÿ¨ n‡q `vuovq| Z‡e e¨wZµgI jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| cÖvPxb Pxb, fviZ I MÖxm
bMix‡Z| †hgbÑ Px‡bi Av`k© wQj Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨B Ávb AR©b Kiv| A_v©r Ávb‡K Zviv m‡PZbfv‡eB
Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Zb| Z‡e †mRb¨ †Kvb wkÿvµg ev cvV¨m~wP wQj bv|
Ab¨w`‡K fviZxq, wkÿvi Av`k© wQj mnbkxjZv, cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv, eva¨Zv I AZ¥m¤ú‡bi PPv© Kiv|
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Philosophical and Psychological Foundation of Education c„ôv- 67
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg

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ivRbxwZ‡Z mvgvwRK `¶Zvi Pvwn`v Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡e| Gfv‡eB wWDBi wk¶v`k©b e¨w³i Pvwn`v I
mgv‡Ri Pvwn`v `yÕ‡Uv‡KB mgvb ¸iæZ¡ †`q| wek kZ‡Ki cÖvq cy‡ivUv Ry‡oB wk¶v½‡bi Kg©Kv‡Ð wWDBi
cÖfve D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y †`Lv hvq| wWDB‡KB †eva nq KvjRqx cÖK…wZi wk¶v `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ †kl
e¨w³Z¡ ejv P‡j|
wek kZ‡Ki Av‡iKRb cÖfvekvjx `vk©wbK n‡jb Aj‡d«W b_© †nvqvBU‡nW (1861-1947)| Zuvi g‡Z
wk¶vi j¶¨ nIqv DwPZ Ggb gvbyl ˆZwi Kiv huviv n‡eb ms¯‹…wZevb Ges huv‡`i _vK‡e †Kvb bv †Kvb
†¶‡Î we‡kl Ávb| GB we‡kl Ávb Zuv‡`i‡K †`‡e Pjv ïiæ Kivi wfwË Ges ms¯‹…wZ Zv‡`i‡K wb‡q hv‡e
`k©‡bi gZ Mfx‡i I Kjvi gZ D”Pgv‡M©| ms¯‹…wZ ej‡Z wZwb eywS‡q‡Qb wPšÍvi mwµqZv‡K Ges †mŠ›`h© I
gvbexq Abyf‚wZi MÖnxZv‡K| wZwb e‡j‡Qb mf¨Zvi DlvjMœ †_‡K cÖwZ hy‡M †h g~j wk¶v`k© Avgv‡`i gv‡S
weivRgvb wQj Avgiv Zvi K‡g© mš‘ó n‡Z cvwi bv| wk¶vi †mB mviwU nj agx©q nIqv| agx©q wk¶v ej‡Z
wZwb eywS‡q‡Qb †mB wk¶v‡K †h wk¶v KZ©e¨‡eva I Mfxi kª×v‡eva wk¶v_x©i ü`‡q †MÖvw_Z K‡i| myZivs
Zuvi g‡Z wk¶vi j¶¨ nIqv DwPZ wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ wPšÍvi mwµqZv, †mŠ›`h© I gvbexq Abyf‚wZi MÖwnZv,
KZ©e¨‡eva I kª×v‡eva‡K RvMÖZ Kiv I †mB mv‡_ Áv‡bi we‡kl †¶‡Î cvi`kx© K‡i †Zvjv|
mv¤úÖwZKKv‡ji ¯^bvgab¨ `vk©wbK n‡jb evUªv©Û iv‡mj (1872-1970)| Zuvi g‡Z Qv·`i Kj¨vYB wk¶vi
Pig j¶¨ nIqv DwPZ| Qv·K Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Dcvqiƒ‡c e¨envi wk¶vi j¶¨ nIqv DwPZ bq|
wZwb e‡j‡Qb ¯¿x-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji g‡a¨ KZK¸‡jv ¸‡Yi mgv‡ek NU‡j Zviv Av`k© Pwi‡Îi
AwaKvix n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| †gvUvgywUfv‡e †m¸‡jv nj D`¨g, mvnm, Abyf‚wZkxjZv Ges eyw×| fviZxq
wk¶v `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1861-1941) wewkóZvi `vex`vi| Zuvi g‡Z Ôme©v½xb gbyl¨‡Z¡i
wfwË ¯’vcbÕ n‡”Q wk¶vi j¶¨| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvgiv gvbyl ej‡Z hv eywS Avgv‡`i wk¶vI Abyiƒc
Av`k©m¤úbœ n‡e| KviY gvbyl K‡i †ZvjvB wk¶vÓ| Zuvi g‡Z GB gbyl¨‡Z¡i wk¶vi `ywU Ask Av‡Q, (1)
K…wZZ¡ wk¶v, (2) ms¯‹…wZ wk¶v| K…wZZ¡ wk¶v K‡g©i wk¶v| GB wk¶v wk¶v_x©i Pwi·K ewjô I Kg©V
K‡i, me Ae¯’vi Rb¨ Zv‡K wbcyYfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z K‡i, wbijm AvZ¥kw³i Dci wbf©i K‡i Kg©vbyôv‡bi `vwqZ¡
mva‡bi †hvM¨ K‡i| Avi ms¯‹…wZ wk¶v n‡jv ÔmgMÖ gvby‡li wPËe„wˇK MfxiZi ¯Íi †_‡K m¤§vb Ki‡Z
cvivi wk¶vÕ| GB wk¶v gvbyl‡K Rofv‡e cÖ_v cvj‡bi †P‡q AK…wÎg †mŠRb¨‡K e‡ov g~j¨ †`qvi †hvM¨
K‡i|

c„ôv 68 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wkÿvi `vk©wbK I g‡bv‰eÁvwbK wfwË BDwbU- 2

cvV¨µg
wesk kZvãxi cvV¨µg iPbvq cÖ‡qvMev`x cÖfve cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| GB cÖfve we‡klfv‡e wWDBi Kg©ZrciZvi
dmj| cÖ‡qvMev` Dc‡hvwMZv wfwËK gZev`| wWDBi g‡Z cvV¨µg iPbvq Dc‡hvwMZvi wba©viK n‡e
wk¶v_x© wb‡R| mZZ cwieZ©bkxj mgvR cwi‡e‡k wk¶v_x© wbZ¨ bZzb AwfÁZv jvf K‡i| GB
AwfÁZvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †_‡K Zvi AvMÖn Abyhvwq cvV¨µg iwPZ n‡Z _vK‡e| Z‡e †Kej AvMÖn RvMvi Rb¨
A‡c¶v bv K‡i AvMÖn RvMv‡bvi e¨vcv‡iI ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| KviY gvbeRvwZi Ávbg~jK †eŠw×K
mÂqb hw`I wk¶v_x©i Zvr¶wYK cwi‡e‡ki welq bq Zey eZ©gvb AwfÁZvi wfwË wn‡m‡e †m¸‡jvi
Dc‡hvwMZv _vKvq †m¸‡jvi cÖwZ wk¶v_x©‡K AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv `iKvi| ZvB wesk kZvãxi cvV¨µ‡g Lv`¨,
e¯¿, evm¯’v‡bi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z welqmg~‡ni mv‡_ mv‡_ mvwnZ¨, weÁvb, MwYZ, BwZnvm, f‚‡Mvj, m½xZ,
Kve¨, PviæKjv BZ¨vw`I AšÍfz©³ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB kZvãxi cvV¨µ‡gi ˆewkó¨ GB mg¯Í welq¸wj †Kej
ZË¡xqfv‡e bq eis mwµqZv I mgvR m¤ú„³Zvi gva¨‡g wk¶v`vb Kiv|
cvV`vb c×wZ
eZ©gvb kZvãx‡K Rb wWDBi Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dcnvi nj mgm¨v c×wZ| wWDBi g‡Z cÖK…Z wkLb
N‡U †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q Zvi mgvavb Luy‡R cvevi gva¨‡g| Zuvi g‡Z wk¶v`v‡bi
Kvh©Ki c×wZ n‡”Q wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡`i Kv‡Q cÖ‡kœi AvKv‡i †Kvb GKUv mgm¨v‡K mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡eb| mwVK fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡j wk¶v_x©iv mgm¨v mgvav‡b GwM‡q Avm‡e Ges mgvav‡bi †Póv
Ki‡e| GB c×wZ h_v_©B ev¯ÍeZv I mwµqZv wfwËK| cieZx©‡Z GB c×wZi GKwU DbœZZi ms¯‹iY
D™¢veb K‡ib wWDBi wkl¨ DBwjqvg nvW© wKjc¨vwUªK| GB c×wZ‡K Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wk¶v`v‡bi I
wk¶vjv‡fi me‡P‡q fvj c×wZ ejv n‡q _v‡K| wKjc¨vwUª‡Ki g‡Z me©všÍKi‡Y D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e cÖK…Z
mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡k wk¶v`vb I MÖn‡Y AMÖmi nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K cÖKí c×wZ ejv hvq| Gici GBP wm
gwimb D™¢veb K‡ib BDwbU cø¨vb c×wZ| GwU mgm¨v c×wZ I cÖ‡R± c×wZi wgkª‡Y m„ó Ges †kÖwYK‡¶
e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx| gwim‡bi g‡Z c~e© cix¶v, cvV`vb, djvdj hvPvB, cÖYvjx evQvB, cvV`vb Ges Avevi
cix¶v Gfv‡eB cÖK…Z wkLb NUv‡bv m¤¢e| e¨w³ ˆel‡g¨i Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq †kÖwY wk¶Y AKvh©Ki e‡j
we‡ewPZ nq| GB Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb¨ A‡e¶Y cvVPP©vi D™¢veb Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©iv
wb‡R‡`i MwZ Abyhvwq wb‡RivB †Kvb welq cvV K‡i Ges wk¶K Ny‡i Ny‡i Zv‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib| GB
kZvãxi gvSvgvwS mg‡q Avg©÷ªs weÁvb wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU c×wZi cÖPjb K‡ib| Zv‡K ejv nq
Avwe®‹vi c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_x©iv wb‡R wb‡R cix¶Y I ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡e;
wk¶K †Kej cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡`©kbv †`‡eb| GB kZ‡KiB wØZxqv‡a© D™¢vwe` nq ¯^wkL‡bi Av‡iKwU c×wZ hvi
bvg †cÖvMÖvg wkLb| GB c×wZ‡Z wkLbxq welqe¯‘ wk¶v_x©i cÖ‡qvRb I MÖnY ¶gZv Abymv‡i wef³ K‡i
AvbyµwgK m¤úK©hy³ †QvU †QvU As‡k hš¿ A_ev eB‡qi gva¨‡g cwi‡ekb Kiv nq| welqvs‡ki †k‡l cÖkœ
_v‡K| cÖ‡kœi DËi wVK nj wKbv ZvI wk¶v_x©iv m‡½ m‡½ Rvb‡Z cv‡i Ges bv n‡j welqe¯‘i cybive„wË
Ki‡Z cv‡i| DËi mwVK n‡j mdjZvi Avb›` jvf K‡i cieZx© av‡c hvIqvi AvMÖn wk¶v_x© wb‡R †_‡KB
Abyfe K‡i| eZ©gvb kZvãx‡Z mwÂZ e¨vcK mvs¯‹…wZK DËivwaKvi AwaK gvby‡li g‡a¨ `ªæZ Qwo‡q †`qvi
Rb¨ wbZ¨bZzb c×wZ Avwe®‹…Z n‡qB P‡j‡Q|

Philosophical and Psychological Foundation of Education c„ôv- 69

¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.5

K. eû wbev©Pbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. AvR‡Ki †h weÁvbm¤§Z wkÿv e¨e¯’v Zv wK‡mi dj?
K. `xN© M‡elYvi dj
L. nvRvi eQ‡ii wee©Z‡bi dj
M. AvovB nvRvi eQ‡ii HwZnvwmK µgweKv‡ki dj
N. Avw`g Kv‡ji AvaywbKxKiY
2. †Mvôx Rxe‡bi HwZn¨‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †KvbwU?
K. †MvôxMZ ixwZ-bxwZi AbymiY
L. †MvôxMZ ixwZ-bxwZi msiÿY I ¯’vqxKiY
M. †Mvôx Rxe‡bi Dbœqb
N. meKwUB
3. †Kvb mg‡qi wkÿv e¨e¯’vq †Kvb wkÿvµg ev cvV¨m~wP wQj bv?
K. cÖvPxbKv‡j
L. AvaywbKKv‡j
M. mv¤úªwZKKv‡j
N. Avw`gKvj
DËigvjv: 1. M, 2. M, 3. K
L. mswÿßg~jK cÖkœ
1. cÖvPxbKv‡j cvV`vb c×wZ †Kgb wQj?
2. AvaywbK Kv‡ji cvV`vb c×wZ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
3. mv¤úªwZK Kv‡j wkÿvi jÿ¨ Kx?
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wkÿv `k©‡bi HwZnvwmK µgweKvk‡K KqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq? ms‡ÿ‡c †m¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
2. cÖvPxbKv‡ji wkÿv e¨e¯’vi cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Kiæb|
3. AvaywbKKv‡ji wkÿv weÁvbx‡`i AwfgZ we‡kølY Kiæb| G mg‡qi cvV`vb c×wZ I cvV¨µg
†Kgb wQj?
4. mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji wkÿvi jÿ¨ eY©bv Kiæb|

c„ôv 70 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq