BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

281

evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v

wm‡jevmfz³ UwcK : ivR‰bwZK `jmg~‡ni MVb, f‚wgKv I Kvh©µg,
ÿgZvmxb I we‡ivax `‡ji cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©, mykxj mgvR I Pvc
m„wóKvix †Mvôxmg~n Ges G‡`i f‚wgKv|

ivR‰bwZK `j
AvaywbK iv‡óªi kvmb e¨e¯’vq ivR‰bwZK `j GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
cÖwZôvb| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK miKvi ej‡Z `jxq miKvi‡KB
†evSvq| ivR‰bwZK `j e¨ZxZ MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi K_v Kíbv Kiv hvq bv|
ivR‰bwZK `j‡K †K›`ª K‡iB RbgZ MVb, `jxq Av`‡k©i cÖPvi,
mg_©K‡Mvôx Ges ivR‰bwZK m‡PZb bvMwiK mgvR M‡o I‡V|
Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb, ÔivR
‰bwZK `j ej‡Z Kg‡ewk msMwVZ GK`j †jvK‡K †evSvq, hviv ivR
‰bwZK GKKiƒ‡c KvR K‡i Ges †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g miKvi
MVb Ki‡Z I Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z Pvq| msMVb, Kg©m~wP
cÖ`vb I ÿgZv AR©b ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ˆewkó¨|Õ
ivóªweÁvbx g¨vKvBfvi ivR‰bwZK `j m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, Ôhviv
KZK¸‡jv mywbw`©ó bxwZi wfwˇZ HK¨e× nq Ges mvsweavwbK
Dcv‡q miKvi MVb Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i, †mB Rbmgwó‡K ivR‰bwZK `j ejv
nq|Õ
myZivs ivR‰bwZK `j Ggb GKwU RbmsMVb, hvi m`m¨MY iv‡óªi
mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© HKgZ¨ †cvlY K‡i Ges wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q ÿgZv
AR©‡bi gva¨‡g M„nxZ Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z m‡Póv nq| ivóª
cwiPvjbvi g~j kw³ ivR‰bwZK `j|
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D‡Ïk¨ : ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖavb D‡Ïk¨mg~n n‡”QÑ
1. iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mgm¨vmg~n wPwýZ K‡i Av`k©MZfv‡e
HK¨e× n‡q mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Kg©m~wP I bxwZgvjv
cÖYqb Ges ev¯Íevqb Kiv;
2. iv‡óªi Dbœqbg~jK wKQz bxwZgvjv I cwiKíbv RbM‡Yi wbKU
†ck K‡i Rbmg_©b m„wó Kiv;
3. `jxq bxwZ I Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g RvZxq DbœwZ I
mg„w× AR©b Kiv Ges RvZxq ¯^v_© AÿzYœ ivLv;
4. ˆea I wbqg gvwdK wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi kvmbfvi MÖnY
Kiv Ges ivR‰bwZK KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZôv Kiv|
5. RbM‡Yi wfbœgyLx I wewÿß gZvgZ‡K mymsMwVZ K‡i ivR
‰bwZK `j|
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ˆewkó¨
282 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

 ivR‰bwZK `j KwZcq e¨w³‡K wb‡q MwVZ GKwU msMVb hv

†QvUI n‡Z cv‡i Avevi eoI n‡Z cv‡i|
 ivR‰bwZK `j mg-gZvej¤^x e¨w³‡`i wb‡q MwVZ nq Ges
mK‡jB †gvUvgywU GKB gZv`‡k©i mg_©K|
 `‡ji GKwU mywbw`©ó bxwZ, Av`k© I Kg©m~wP _v‡K, H
Kg©m~wP‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ Kivi Rb¨ `j¸‡jv wbqgZvwš¿K
c×wZ‡Z AMÖmi nq Ges wbe©vP‡b cÖwZØw›ØZv K‡i|
 ivR‰bwZK `j Kg©m~wP Abyhvqx mgv‡Ri mvwe©K Kj¨vY I
RvZxq ¯^v_© mva‡bi †Póv K‡i|
 ivR‰bwZK `j `jxq Av`k© I Kg©m~wPi mg_©‡b RbgZ MVb
K‡i|
 Rbg‡Zi cÖwZ jÿ †i‡L ivR‰bwZK `j Kg©m~wP cÖYqb,
wbe©vP‡b cÖv_©x g‡bvbqb Ges Rqjv‡fi †Póv K‡i|
 cÖ‡Z¨K ivR‰bwZK `‡ji jÿ¨ ˆea Dcv‡q ÿgZv `Lj Kiv Ges miKvi
MVb K‡i ¯^xq bxwZ I Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Kiv|
 †Kej bvMwiKMYB ivR‰bwZK `j MVb Ki‡Z cv‡ib;
we‡`wk‡`i †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi AwaKvi _v‡K bv|
 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kg©KvÐ wbR †`‡ki mxgvbvq Ave× _v‡K|
Aek¨ KwgDwb÷ cvwU©¸‡jv AvšÍR©vwZKZvq wek¦vm ¯’vcb
K‡i|
 MYZvwš¿K, mgvRZvwš¿K I ˆ¯^iZvwš¿K mKj ivR‰bwZK
e¨e¯’vq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
ivR‰bwZK `j I Dc`j
ivR‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î cÖvq GKB ai‡bi `„wóm¤úbœ e¨w³MY wbw`©ó
wKQz Kg©m~wPi wfwˇZ hLb wgwjZ nq ev GKwÎZ nq ZLb Zv‡K
ivR‰bwZK `j e‡j| Aciw`‡K `‡ji g‡a¨B hLb wKQz wKQz m`m¨ `jxq
bxwZ I Kg©m~wPi we‡kl we‡kl †ÿ‡Î wØgZ †cvlY K‡i wKsev mvaviY
¯^v‡_©i K_v fz‡j wM‡q ÿz`ª e¨w³¯^v_© D×v‡i HK¨e× nq ZLb Zv‡K
Dc`j ev KzPµx `j e‡j|
we‡ivax `j
AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª we‡ivax `j AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨KwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
Aw¯ÍZ¡ jÿYxq| RvZxq wbe©vPb cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q †h `j
msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i, †mB `jB miKvi MVb K‡i| Avi †h `j wØZxq
¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i, †mB `j we‡ivax `j wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ nq| g~jZ
miKvwi `‡ji evB‡i †hme ivR‰bwZK `j cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Zv‡`iB
we‡ivax `j wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZvwš¿K
kvmbe¨e¯’vq ÔweKí miKviÕ ej‡Z we‡ivax `j‡K †evSvq|
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 283

†c½yBb Awfav‡bi g‡Z, we‡ivax `j ej‡Z Ggb GK ivR‰bwZK †Mvôx

ev `j‡K †evSvq, hviv miKv‡ii bxwZ I Av`k©‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Pvq|
(Dictionary of politics p. 243)|
AvBfi †Rwbsm (Ivor Jennings) e‡j‡Qb, ÔIf there is no opposition, there is no
democracy.Õ
GBP AvMvi (H Agar) e‡j‡Qb, ÔcÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj miKvi we‡ivax `j
Qvov Pj‡Z cv‡i bv|Õ
miKvi
iv‡óªi Acwinvh© Z…Zxq Dcv`vbwU n‡jv miKvi| GKwU wbw`©ó
f‚L‡Ði Rbmgwó‡K wbqgbxwZi g‡a¨ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU mywbw`©ó
cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gvB n‡jv miKvi, hv iv‡óªi gyLcvÎ wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| miKvi MV‡bi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó f‚L‡Ði Ici KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZwôZ nq|
ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM I wePvi wefv‡Mi
mgš^‡q miKvi MwVZ nq| MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq mvaviYZ wbe©vP‡bi
gva¨‡g RbMY Zv‡`i miKvi MVb K‡i| miKvic×wZ wewfbœ iv‡óª
wewfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| iv‡óªi ÿgZv miKvi KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ nq| Aa¨vcK
Mvb©v‡ii g‡Z, Ôivóª hw` nq Rxe‡`n, Z‡e miKvi n‡jv Gi gw¯Í®‹¯^iƒc|
Õ
`j I miKv‡ii g‡a¨ m¤úK©
eZ©gv‡b cÖvq AwaKvsk iv‡óª `jxq e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb| `jxq e¨e¯’v Qvov
wb`©jxq miKvi gywó‡gq K‡qKwU iv‡óª †`Lv hvq| ZvB ejv hvq, `j I
miKv‡ii g‡a¨ Nwbô m¤úK© we`¨gvb| mnR K_vq `j n‡jvÑ GKB
gZv`‡k©i e¨w³‡`i wb‡q MwVZ GKwU msMVb, hviv msNe×fv‡e
miKvwi ÿgZv `L‡ji †Póvq iZ _v‡K| †Rv‡md ïw¤úUvi ( Joseph
Schumpeter)-Gi g‡Z, ivR‰bwZK `j n‡jv GKwU †Mvôx, hvi m`m¨iv
ÿgZv `L‡ji Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK msMÖv‡g GK‡hv‡M KvR K‡i
†h‡Z m¤§Z nq|
miKvi I iv‡óªi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
ivóª miKvi
ivóª GKwU m¤ú~Y© ivR‰bwZK
miKvi iv‡óªi gyLcvÎ|
msMVb|
miKvi GB wZbwU wefv‡Mi
iv‡óªi Ask wZbwUÑ AvBb, kvmb I
g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i ivóª
wePvi|
cwiPvjbv K‡i|
ivóª aviYvgvÎ| G‡K Abyfe Kiv †M‡jI
†`Lv hvq bv|
miKvi `„k¨gvb|
ivóª ¯’vqx cÖwZôvb| miKvi A¯’vqx|
284 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

miKv‡ii mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ÿgZv

mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iv‡óªi P‚ovšÍ ÿgZv|
†bB|
ivóª †fŠ‡MvwjK cÖwZôvb Ges miKv‡ii m‡½ f‚L‡Ði
wbw`©ó f‚L‡Ð Gi Ae¯’vb| m¤úK© †bB|
evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `j e¨e¯’v
AvaywbK we‡k¦i mKj iv‡óª `jxq e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb| mgvR e¨e¯’v‡f‡` Ges
cÖwZwU iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK HwZn¨ I DËivwaKv‡ii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨
eRvq †i‡L wewfbœ iv‡óªi `jxq e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q|
gZv`k© Ges Kg©cš’vi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D™
¢e N‡U| msL¨vi wfwˇZ `jxq e¨e¯’v‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU †kÖwY‡Z
wef³ Kiv nq; h_vÑ K. GK`jxq e¨e¯’v L. wØ`jxq e¨e¯’v Ges M. eû`jxq
e¨e¯’v
†`‡k GKwU gvÎ ivR‰bwZK `j _vK‡j, Zv‡K GK`jxq e¨e¯’v e‡j| †`‡k
`ywU cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `j _vK‡j Zv‡K wØ`jxq e¨e¯’v e‡j Ges †`‡k
`ywUi †ewk ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ I cÖvavb¨ _vK‡j Zv‡K eû`jxq
e¨e¯’v e‡j| eû`jxq e¨e¯’vq mvaviYZ mvaviY wbe©vP‡b †Kv‡bv `jB
GKK msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j wbe©vP‡b Rq jv‡fi Rb¨
A‡bK mgq mggbv `j¸‡jvi mgš^‡q Ômw¤§wjZ miKviÕ MwVZ nq| G
miKvi evsjv‡`‡kI we`¨gvb| myZivs ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki eû `jxq e¨e¯’v
cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k eû ivR‰bwZK `j _vKvi KviY
evsjv‡`k GK mvMi i‡³i wewbg‡q 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi
cÖv°v‡j ¸wUK‡qK ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj| ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci
`ªæZ G‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msL¨v evo‡Z _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b †`‡k 39wU
wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k G †Zv †ewk msL¨K `j
wewfbœ bxwZ, Av`k© I Kg©m~wPi Ici wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q|
wewfbœ gZ I c‡_i Abymvix `j¸‡jv †`‡ki Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ð mnvqK kw³
bv n‡q cÖwZeÜK wn‡m‡e MY¨| hvB †nvK, evsjv‡`‡k wecyj msL¨K
ivR‰bwZK `j _vKvi KviYmg~n wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. mvsweavwbK ¯^xK…wZ : evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci 1972 mv‡ji
msweavb Abyhvqx ag©wfwËK Wvbcwš’ `j¸‡jv‡K wbwl× †NvlYv
Kiv nq| wKš‘ 1976 mv‡j ivR‰bwZK `jwewai AvIZvq ag©wfwËK
`j¸‡jv‡K ivRbxwZ Kivi my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv nq| AZtci 1978 mv‡j
ivR‰bwZK `jwewa evwZj Kiv n‡j AmsL¨ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D™¢e
N‡U| GQvov ivR‰bwZKfv‡e msNe× nIqvi AwaKvi evsjv‡`‡ki
RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii ch©vqfz³| G Kvi‡YI evsjv‡`‡k ivR
‰bwZK `‡ji msL¨v †e‡o‡Q|
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 285

2. evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v : evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb wgkÖ

A_©bxwZK e¨e¯’vq †`‡k gywó‡gq wKQz gvbyl Aeva e¨emv-
evwY‡R¨i gva¨‡g weËkvjx n‡q‡Q| AwaKvsk gvbyl `wi`ª weavq
GLv‡b abx Mwi‡ei e¨eavb µgvš^‡q evo‡Q| gywó‡gq e¨w³i nv‡Z
A_©-m¤ú` cyÄxf‚Z _vKvq ZvivB ivRbwZ‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q| A_©
‰bwZK ÿgZvi myev‡` A‡b‡K ivR‰bwZK ÿgZvq AwawôZ nb|
Avevi A‡b‡KB Av‡Qb hv‡`i nv‡Z ivR‰bwZK ÿgZv †bB Zviv Zv
cvevi Rb¨ ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMÖnY K‡ib| ivR‰bwZK AskMÖn‡Yi
gva¨‡g Zviv A‡_©i gvwjK n‡q bZzb bZzb `j MVb K‡ib|
3. Av`k©MZ we‡iva : cÖ‡Z¨K ivR‰bwZK `‡jiB c„_K Av`k© _v‡K|
G Av`k© Abymv‡i `jwUi `jxq bxwZgvjv I Kg©m~wP cÖYqb Kiv
nq| wKš‘ `j hw` Zvi Av`k© †_‡K wePz¨Z n‡q c‡o Zvn‡j `‡ji me
m`m¨ Zv †g‡b bv-I wb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j `‡ji g‡a¨ Av`k©MZ we‡iva Zxeª
AvKvi aviY K‡i| †kl ch©šÍ `‡ji g‡a¨ fvOb †`Lv †`q| bZzb bZzb `‡ji
D™¢e N‡U| g~jZ G Av`k©MZ Ø›Ø we‡iv‡ai Kvi‡Y ivR‰bwZK
`j¸‡jv eûavwef³ n‡q †QvU †QvU `j I Dc`‡j cwiYZ nq|
4. †bZ…‡Z¡i msKU : evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk ivR‰bwZK `‡j †bZ…
‡Z¡i msKU cwijwÿZ nq| †bZ…‡Z¡i msKU Zxeª n‡j `‡ji g‡a¨ dvUj
†`Lv †`q| KLbI KLbI GKR‡bi †bZ…Z¡ Av‡iK Rb †g‡b wb‡Z Pvq
bv| d‡j `‡ji g‡a¨ †Kv›`j m„wó nq| G ai‡bi †Kv›`j `xN©¯’vqx iƒc
wb‡j `j †_‡K ewn®‹vi ev c`Z¨vM Kivi g‡Zv NUbv N‡U| G‡nb
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z `‡ji GKwU Ask `j †_‡K †ewi‡q bZzb ivR‰bwZK `j
MV‡b D‡`¨vMx nq| evsjv‡`‡k we‡kl K‡i evgcwš’ `j¸‡jv eûavwef³
nIqvq †cQ‡b †bZ…‡Z¡i msKUB `vqx|
5. Af¨šÍixY gZv‰bK¨ I †Kv›`j : evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨
Af¨šÍixY gZv‰bK¨ I †Kv›`j cÖvqB †`Lv hvq| `jxq †bZvKg©x‡`i
mv‡_ ¯^v‡_©i Ø›Ø Ges e¨w³‡Z¡i msNv‡Zi Kvi‡Y cÖvqB †Kv›`‡ji
m„wó nq| GQvov `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ gZv‰bK¨ I †Kv›`‡ji KviY wn‡m‡e
Av`k©MZ I gb¯ÍvwË¡K welqI `vqx| wKQz wKQz ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ I Kg©m~wP A¯úó weavq Zviv †Kv‡bv Kvh©Kix
wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| d‡j `j¸‡jvi fvOb †`Lv †`q Ges GK`j
†f‡O GKvwaK bZzb `‡ji m„wó nq|
6. ivRbxwZ‡Z mvgwiK n¯Í‡ÿc : evsjv‡`‡k ivRbxwZ‡Z †ek K‡qKevi
mvgwiK n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci NUbv N‡U‡Q| mvgwiK evwnbx ivóª ÿgZv `Lj
K‡i msweavb ¯’wMZ K‡i †`q Ges ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ wbwl×
K‡i| Zviv ÿgZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb ivR‰bwZK `j MVb
K‡i Ges mvgwiK kw³i cÖfv‡e ivR‰bwZK `j †f‡O wewfbœ Dc`‡ji
m„wó nq|
7. mnbkxjZvi Afve : cvi¯úwiK mnbkxjZv MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi Rb¨
AZ¨vek¨K| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bZvKg©x‡`i g‡a¨
286 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

mnbkxjZvi Afve cwijwÿZ nq| d‡j myôz I Kvh©Ki MYZvwš¿K

miKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡iwb| wbR¯^ gZvgZ‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z
bv cvi‡j `j Z¨v‡Mi NUbv N‡U| Gi d‡j bZzb bZzb `‡ji D™¢e N‡U|
8. m‡PZbZvi Afve : evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk bvMwiK ivRbxwZ
m¤ú‡K© D`vmxb I Am‡PZb| RbM‡Yi D`vmxbZv I mijZvi
my‡hvM wb‡q myweavev`x †Mvôx bZzb `j MVb K‡i| Zviv
RbMY‡K AvK…ó Kivi Rb¨ bvbv Kg©m~wP I cÖwZkÖæwZ †`q|
Zv‡`i cÖPviYvi d‡j Zviv wKQz wKQz Rbmg_©bI †c‡q _v‡K| Gi
d‡j ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msL¨v e„w× cvq wVKB; wKš‘ †`‡ki †Zgb
†Kv‡bv Dbœq‡b Zv‡`i f‚wgKv _v‡K bv|
9. we‡`wk kw³i cÖfve : evsjv‡`k `xN©w`b Jcwb‡ewkK mvgªvR¨ev`x
kw³i Aax‡b wQj| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i
B܇b Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM MwVZ n‡qwQj| †Zgwbfv‡e G †`‡k
evgcwš’, Wvbcwš’, ga¨cwš’ G ai‡bi wewfbœ gZv`‡k©i `j MV‡bi
†cQ‡b we‡`wk kw³i cÖfve i‡q‡Q| ˆe‡`wkK kw³ bZzb bZzb `j‡K
c„ô‡cvlKZv `vb K‡i ¯^xq cÖfve cÖwZcwË eRvq ivLvi †Póv K‡i|
10. a‡g©i e¨vL¨v wb‡q gZwe‡iva : evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv cÖvq 92 fvM
gvbyl gymjgvb| G †`‡k Bmjvg a‡g©i e¨vL¨v wb‡q cxi-AvIwjqv
Av‡jg-Ijvgv I gydwZ‡`i g‡a¨ gZwe‡iva cÖKU| Avjøvni
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Ges Bmjvwg ivóª cÖwZôvi cš’v wb‡q Zv‡`i g‡a¨
Ø›Ø-we‡iva †j‡MB _v‡K| d‡j evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ ag©xq †Mvôx
wbR wbR `„wófw½ wek¦vm I gZv`k© Abymv‡i ivR‰bwZK `j
MVb K‡i hv‡”Q|
11. ÿgZvi †jvf : ivóª I mgv‡R `yb©xwZcÖeYZvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk
`vqx ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Afve| ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Afv‡e
evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„‡›`i g‡a¨ ÿgZvi †jvf AZ¨šÍ cÖej|
ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„‡›`i cÖvq mevB †bZv n‡Z Pvq Ges ÿgZv `L‡ji
Rb¨ m‡Pó _v‡K| wKš‘ GKB `‡ji m`m¨ †_‡K mK‡ji c‡ÿ †bZ…‡Z¡i
kxl© Avmb `Lj Kiv Am¤¢e| ZvB ewÂZ †bZvKg©xiv c„_K ivR
‰bwZK `j MVb K‡i Ges wb‡R‡`i bZzb `‡ji kxl© c‡` ewm‡q
AvZ¥Zzwó jvf K‡i|
12. eûavwef³ RbmgvR : evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix AwaKvsk Rb‡Mvôxi
b„ZvwË¡K cwiPq evOvwj n‡jI Giv msKi RvwZ| evsjv‡`‡ki
Rb‡Mvôx fvlv, ag©, wek¦vm, `„wófw½ Ges AvÂwjKZvi cÖfve jÿ
Kiv hvq| Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ wewfbœ gZv`‡k©i Dcw¯’wZ eû ivR
‰bwZK `j M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|
†RvUe×Zvi ivRbxwZ
hLb K‡qKwU ivR‰bwZK `j GKZve× n‡q e„nËg RvZxq ¯^v‡_©
†Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i Ges wb‡R‡`i `jxq
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 287

Aw¯ÍZ¡ I bxwZ wemR©b bv w`‡q msNe×fv‡e KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K ivR
‰bwZK †RvU e‡j| mvaviYZ mggbv K‡qKwU ivR‰bwZK `j mgwš^Z
ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvЇK †K›`ª K‡i ivR‰bwZK †RvU MVb K‡i| hLb
†`‡k †Kv‡bv RvZxq msKU ev µvwšÍKvj Dcw¯’Z nq, ZLb ivR‰bwZK
cÖwZcÿ‡K †gvKvwejv Kivi †KŠkj wn‡m‡e GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK `j
GKZve× nq Awfbœ jÿ¨ I `vwe Av`v‡qi j‡ÿ¨ hyMcr Av‡›`vjb M‡o
†Zv‡j| Z‡e ivR‰bwZK †RvU MVb cÖavbZ GKwU A¯’vqx e¨e¯’v
†Kv‡bv wPi¯’vqx ¯^v_© nvwm‡ji Rb¨ †RvU MwVZ nq bv| ¯^v_© I
D‡Ïk¨ c~iY n‡jB †RvU GKmgq †f‡O hvq| †RvU †f‡O hvIqvi ci
†RvUfz³ `j¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i wbR wbR bxwZgvjv, Av`k© I Kg©m~wP
wb‡q e¨wZe¨¯Í n‡q c‡o|
ivR‰bwZK †RvU MV‡bi HwZnvwmK cUf‚wg : evsjv‡`‡ki
AZxZ BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j GUv my¯úó nq D‡V †h, G †`‡k ivR
‰bwZK †RvU MV‡bi NUbv AZ¨šÍ cy‡iv‡bv| g~jZ weªwUk kvmbvg‡j
G A‡j ivR‰bwZK †RvU MV‡bi me©cÖ_g bwRi †`Lv hvq| †mB
mg‡q fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡m Ges me©fviZxq gymwjg jx‡Mi
weªwUk miKvi we‡ivax wewfbœ Av‡›`vjb msMÖvg I Kg©m~wP
†_‡KB ivR‰bwZK †Rv‡Ui m~ÎcvZ N‡U| D`nviY¯^iƒc 1916 mv‡j
wn›`y gymjgv‡bi gv‡a¨ HK¨ †Rvi`vi Kivi Rb¨ Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM
j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z K‡ib| GQvov 1923 mv‡j gymjgvb †bZv‡`i mv‡_
wPËiÄb `v‡mi ¯^ivRcvwU© †e½j c¨v± bvgK Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿi K‡i| G
cÖm‡½ 1920 mv‡j wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Ges 1942 mv‡ji fviZ
Qvo Av‡›`vjb Gi K_v ejv hvq| Gme D‡`¨vM, Kg©m~wP I Av‡›`vjb
wQj ivR‰bwZK AuvZvZ ¯^iƒc| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j wewfbœ mg‡q
µvwšÍj‡Mœ AmsL¨ ivR‰bZK †RvU MwVZ n‡q‡Q, D`vniY¯^iƒc 1954
mv‡ji cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb Dcj‡ÿ 1953 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i ÿgZvmxb
gymwjg jxM we‡ivax hy³d«›U MwVZ nq| 1965 mv‡j AvBqye we‡ivax
Av‡›`vjb PvOv Ki‡Z mw¤§wjZ we‡ivax `j ( COP) MwVZ nq| 1967 mv‡j
cvwK¯Ívb MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb (PDM) Ges 1969 mv‡j MYZvwš¿K
msMÖvg KwgwU (DAC) MwVZ nq| 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv
hy× PjvKvjxb evsjv‡`k gyw³ msMÖvg mgš^q KwgwU bvgK GKwU
ivR‰bwZK †RvU MVb Kiv nq| Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq, evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi
c~e© ch©šÍ wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK †RvU MwVZ n‡qwQj| cÖ‡Z¨KwU
ivR‰bwZK †Rv‡UiB mywbw`©ó Av`k© I Kg©m~wP wQj Ges
mywbw`©ó jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ Gme †RvU MVb Kiv n‡qwQj|
ivR‰bwZK †Rv‡Ui ˆewkó¨ : cÖ‡Z¨KwU ivR‰bwZK †Rv‡Ui wKQz
mvaviY ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ ivR‰bwZK †Rv‡Ui ˆewkó¨mg~n
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
 e„nËg RvZxq ¯^v‡_© ivR‰bwZK msKU †gvKvwejv A_ev
RvZxq µvwšÍj‡Mœ ivR‰bwZK †RvU MVb Kiv nq|
288 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

 Awfbœ jÿ¨ I `vwe Av`v‡qi Rb¨ msNe× n‡q Av‡›`vjb Kivi Rb¨
†Rv‡Ui m„wó nq|
 ivR‰bwZK †RvU n‡jv GKwU ÿY¯’vqx e¨e¯’v| KviY msKU
wbim‡bi ci †RvUfz³ `j¸‡jv Zv‡`i wbR wbR gZv`k© I
Kg©m~wP wb‡q c~‡e©i g‡Zv wbR¯^ mËv wb‡q AvZ¥cÖKvk
K‡i|
 mggbv wKQz ivR‰bwZK `j mgwš^Z ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvЇK
wN‡i †RvU MVb K‡i| †Kbbv †RvUe× `j¸‡jv mggbvfvevcbœ bv
n‡j mvaviY j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡bv m¤¢e nq bv|
 hLb †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `j GKKfv‡e †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK
D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b AcivM nq, ZLb ivR‰bwZK †RvU MV‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q|
 mvaviYZ eû`jxq e¨e¯’vq miKvwi `j‡K †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨
K‡qKwU ivR‰bwZK `j wg‡j †RvU MVb K‡i _v‡K|
 †RvUe× `j¸‡jv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i `jxq Aw¯ÍZ¡ I bxwZ RjvÄwj bv
w`‡q GKZve×fv‡e KvR K‡i|
 ivR‰bwZK †RvU hLb wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g ÿgZvmxb nq, ZLb
mw¤§wjZ miKvi MwVZ nq|
MYZš¿
AvaywbK hy‡M wek¦evmxi wbKU me©vwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨ kvmb
e¨e¯’v n‡jv MYZš¿| wesk kZvãxi †Mvovi w`‡K MYZvwš¿K kvmb
e¨e¯’v we‡k¦ AwaKvsk †`‡k RbwcÖqZv AR©b Ki‡Z _v‡K| G kZvãxi
†kl `k‡K G‡m MYZš¿ mviv `ywbqvq AcÖwZØ›Øx kvmb e¨e¯’vq
cwiYZ nq| MYZ‡š¿i wfwË n‡jv ivR‰bwZK `j| MYZvwš¿K
kvmbe¨e¯’vq RbMY I miKv‡ii gv‡S †mZzeÜb ˆZwi K‡i ivR‰bwZK `j|
MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb cigZmwnòzZv|
MYZš¿ ev Democracy kãwU wMÖK kã ÔDemosÕ Ges ÔKratiaÕ kãØq
†_‡K D™¢‚Z n‡q‡Q| Demos k‡ãi A_© RbMY Ges Kratia k‡ãi A_©
kvmb ev ÿgZv| myZivs kãMZ ev DrcwËMZ A‡_© MYZš¿ n‡”Q
RbM‡Yi kvmb ev ÿgZv| mvaviYfv‡e MYZš¿ n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi
miKvi e¨e¯’v, †hLv‡b kvmb ÿgZv iv‡óªi RbM‡Yi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K|
jW© eªvBm (Lord Bryce) Zuvi ÔgWvb© †W‡gvµ¨vwmÕ MÖ‡š’ MYZš¿
m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ÔMYZš¿ n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi miKvi, hv‡Z iv‡óªi
kvmbÿgZv AvBbMZfv‡e †Kv‡bv we‡kl †kÖwY ev †kÖwY gvby‡li
nv‡Z bv †_‡K mgv‡Ri bvMwiK‡`i nv‡Z _v‡K|Õ
MYZ‡š¿i cÖKvi‡f` : MYZš¿ `yB cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| h_vÑ
K. cÖZ¨ÿ MYZš¿ : bvMwiKMY mivmwi kvmb cÖwµqvq
AskMÖnY K‡i gZvgZ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 289

L. c‡ivÿ MYZš¿ : RbMY cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g

kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY K‡i I gZvgZ cÖ`vb K‡i| c‡ivÿ
MYZš¿‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZš¿ ejv nq|
MYZ‡š¿i ¸Yvewj : wbgœwjwLZ ¸Yvewji Rb¨ MYZš¿ AvaywbK
wek¦e¨¯’vq me©vwaK RbwcÖq kvmbe¨e¯’v|
1. MYZš¿ Rbg‡Zi wfwˇZ cwiPvwjZ kvmb e¨e¯’v| MYZvwš¿K
kvmb e¨e¯’vq Aeva I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi
gZvg‡Zi cÖwZdjb N‡U|
2. mvg¨, ˆgÎx I ¯^vaxbZvÑ G wZbwU Av`‡k©i Ici wfwË K‡i
MYZš¿ cÖwZwôZ| MYZ‡š¿ mK‡jB mgvb| mgAwaKv‡ii
bxwZwU ïay ZË¡MZfv‡e bq; ev¯Í‡eI M„nxZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq mevB wbR wbR AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
3. kvmK I kvwm‡Zi g‡a¨ mym¤úK© eRvq †i‡L me©vwaK
msL¨K RbM‡Yi me©vwaK Kj¨vY mvab K‡i mykvmb cÖwZôv
Kiv †Kej MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v‡ZB m¤¢e e‡j
MYZš¿ mg_©Kiv `vwe K‡ib|
4. MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq kvmK I kvwmZ cvi¯úwiK KZ©e¨ I
`vwq‡Z¡i wbweo e܇b Ave× _v‡K| MYZ‡š¿ wbe©vwPZ
cÖwZwbwa‡`i wb‡q MwVZ miKvi RbM‡Yi wbKU `vwqZ¡kxj
_v‡K|
5. MYZ‡š¿ ag©, eY©, wj½, abx-Mwie wbwe©‡k‡l cÖ‡Z¨KwU
cÖvßeq¯‹ I my¯’ eyw×m¤úbœ gvbyl cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e kvmb
cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR
‰bwZK m‡PZbZvi cÖmvi N‡U|
6. MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq RbMY wb‡R‡`i kvmbKv‡h© m¤ú„³
iv‡L| d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi AwaKvi‡eva I †`k‡cÖg RvMwiZ
nq|
MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡j¨i kZ©vewj : MYZš¿‡K h_vh_fv‡e mdj I
RbKj¨vYg~jK Ki‡Z n‡j KZ¸‡jv wel‡qi cÖwZ mZK© _vK‡Z nq| G¸‡jv
cwic~Y©fv‡e ev¯Íevqb Qvov MYZš¿‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq bv|
1. MYZvwš¿K cwi‡ek : MYZvwš¿K HwZn¨ a‡i ivLvi Rb¨
MYZvwš¿K cwi‡e‡ki †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| gvby‡li AwaKvi I
¯^vaxbZvi cwic~Y© weKv‡ki gva¨‡gB G cwi‡ek M‡o DV‡Z
cv‡i|
2. mymsMwVZ ivR‰bwZK `j : MYZ‡š¿i wfwË RbgZ| G RbgZ
MV‡b gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K ivR‰bwZK `j| ZvB
MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi Rb¨ mymsMwVZ ivR‰bwZK `j Acwinvh©|
3. wkÿv cÖmvi I mybvMwiK : wkwÿZ e¨w³ Qvov e¨w³MZ
¯^v_© I msKxY© `„wófw½i E‡aŸ© D‡V †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ
290 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

MÖnY m¤¢e bv| wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii d‡j mybvMwi‡Ki m„wó nq, hv

MYZvwš¿K mdjZvi Rb¨ Ab¯^xKvh©|
4. my‡hvM¨ I `ÿ †bZ…Z¡ : mymsMwVZ ivR‰bwZK `j cÖwZôv I
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ my‡hvM¨ I `ÿ †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB
MYZvwš¿K mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ my‡hvM¨ I `ÿ †bZ…Z¡ Acwinvh©|
5. AvB‡bi kvmb : MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi Ab¨Zg kZ© n‡”Q AvB‡bi
kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv| MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ AvB‡bi †Pv‡L
mevB mgvb G bxwZ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e|
msm`xq miKvi
†h kvmb e¨e¯’vq kvmb wefvM Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ msm` ev AvBbmfvi
wbKU `vqx _v‡K Zv‡K msm`xq miKvi e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î kvmbKvh©
cwiPvjbvi fvi cÖK…Zc‡ÿ gwš¿cwil‡`i Ici b¨¯Í _v‡K Ges gwš¿cwil` Zvi
mKj bxwZ I Kv‡Ri Rb¨ m‡e©vZfv‡e AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqx _v‡K|
gwš¿cwil` hveZxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqx _v‡K e‡j G‡K
cvj©v‡g›Uvwi ev `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi (Responsible Government) I ejv nq|
"Prof. Finer Gi g‡Z, Ògwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi ev msm`xq miKvi n‡”Q
¯^ímsL¨K e¨w³i mgš^‡q MwVZ Ggb GK ms¯’v hvi m`m¨e„›`
AvBbmfvi msL¨vMwiô `j ev `jmg~‡ni ga¨ †_‡K wb‡qvM jvf K‡i Ges
hviv mPivPi D³ ms¯’viB m`m¨ Ges AvBbmfvi Av¯’v jvf mv‡c‡ÿ
ÿgZvmxb _v‡K I ÿgZv Kvh©Ki K‡i|Ó msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ RbMY
mivmwi AvBbmfvi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m bv| ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv AvBbmfv‡K
cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e bv n‡jI c‡ivÿfv‡e cwiPvwjZ K‡i| weª‡Ub, fviZ, evsjv‡`k,
Rvcvb, KvbvWv, A‡÷ªwjqv BZ¨vw` †`‡k msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v
cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
msm`xq miKv‡ii MVb I ˆewkó¨mg~n
 G kvmb e¨e¯’vq GKRb bvggvÎ ev wbqgZvwš¿K ivóªcÖavb
_v‡Kb|
 ivóªcÖav‡bi AwaKvsk `vwqZ¡ cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿cwil‡`i
civgk©µ‡g cwiPvwjZ nq|
 G e¨e¯’vq cÖavbgš¿xi †bZ…‡Z¡ gwš¿cwil`B cÖK…Z kvmK
wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
 AvBb cwil‡`i msL¨vMwiô `‡ji †bZv cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e wbhy³
n‡q _v‡Kb|
 cÖavbgš¿x Zuvi `jxq †bZ…Z¡vaxb Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³‡K wb‡q
gwš¿mfv MVb K‡i _v‡Kb| gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq mg¯^v_©-
mg‡PZbv-cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ| mvaviYZ GKB
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji m`m¨‡`i wb‡q gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq Ges GB
gwš¿mfvB miKvi cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 291

 AvBbmfvq †Kv‡bv GKwU `j GKKfv‡e wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv

AR©b Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j GKvwaK `‡ji mgš^‡q hy³d«‡›Ui gwš¿mfv
MVb Kiv nq|
 msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq gš¿xMY e¨w³MZfv‡e Ges gwš¿mfv
†hŠ_fv‡e AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb| [†hŠ_ `vwq‡Z¡i cÖK…
Z A_© n‡jv †Kv‡bv GK we‡kl `߇ii gš¿xi weiæ‡× AvBbmfv
msL¨vMwiô m`‡m¨i mg_©‡bi wfwˇZ Abv¯’v Ávcb Ki‡j mswkøó
gš¿xmn mgMÖ gwš¿mfv‡KB c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq|]
 gš¿xiv mevB AvBbmfvi m`m¨ [KL‡bv KL‡bv AvBbmfvi evB‡i
†_‡KI gš¿x wb‡qvM Kiv hvq] nIqvq kvmb wefvM I AvBb wefv‡Mi
g‡a¨ GKUv Mfxi m¤úK© M‡o I‡V| gš¿xiv †hgb ¯^-¯^ wefv‡Mi
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib, wVK †Zgwb AvBbmfvq Zviv †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q
_v‡Kb|
msm`xq miKvi eZ©gvb we‡k¦ me©vwaK RbwcÖq GKwU MYZvwš¿K
miKvi e¨e¯’v| †Kbbv GB e¨e¯’vq RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U
RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i Øviv miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq| A_©vr c‡ivÿfv‡e RbMYB
miKvi cwiPvjbvq AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| ZvB msm`xq miKvi
e¨e¯’vq RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•ÿvi ev¯Íe cÖwZdjb N‡U e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|

K‡qKwU ivR‰bwZK `j
2008 mv‡j †`‡k ivR‰bwZK `‡ji wbeÜb c×wZ Pvjy nIqvi ci G ch©šÍ
44wU `j wbeÜb n‡qwQj| Gi g‡a¨ 2008 mv‡j wbeÜb cvq 39wU, 2013
mv‡j `ywU Ges evwK `ywU `j wbeÜb cvq 2019 mv‡j| Z‡e Av`vj‡Zi
Av‡`k I wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi (Bwm) kZ© cÖwZcvj‡b e¨_© nIqvq G‡`i
g‡a¨ cuvPwU `‡ji wbeÜb evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ wbeÜb cvIqvi ci
¯’vqx MVbZš¿ Rgv w`‡Z e¨_© nIqvq 2009 mv‡j GK eQ‡ii gv_vqB
wd«Wg cvwU©i wbeÜb evwZj nq Ges evKx PviwU `j (Rvgvqv‡Z
Bmjvgx 2013 mv‡j, HK¨e× bvMwiK Av‡›`vjb 2018 mv‡j, cÖMwZkxj
MbZvwš¿K `j 2020 mv‡j I RvZxq MbZvwš¿K cvwU©i 2021 mv‡j
wbeÜb evwZj nq| †KGg b~iæj û`v Kwgk‡bi mgq 76wU ivR‰bwZK `j
wbeÜb †c‡Z Av‡e`b K‡iwQj| Gi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv `jB Bwmi P‚ovšÍ
we‡ePbvq wbeÜb cvqwb| Zvici wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi wm×všÍ P¨v‡jÄ K‡i
RvZxqZvev`x MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb-GbwWGg I evsjv‡`k Ks‡MÖm
D”P Av`vj‡Zi wb‡`©‡k wbeÜb cvq| eZ©gv‡b †`‡k †gvU 39wU
wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j i‡q‡Q| h_v-
wbe
µ. cÖw wbeÜb
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji bvg Üb cÖZxK
bs Zôv ZvwiL
bs
wjev‡ij †W‡gv‡µwUK
1. 1 QvZv 2006 20-10-2018
cvwU©
292 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

wbe
µ. cÖw wbeÜb
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji bvg Üb cÖZxK
bs Zôv ZvwiL
bs
evBmvB‡
2. RvZxq cvwU© (†Rwc) 2 20-10-2018
Kj
3. evsjv‡`k mvg¨ev`x `j 3 PvKv 03-1-2008
4. K…lK kÖwgK RbZv jxM 4 MvgQv 1999 03-11-2008
evsjv‡`‡ki KwgDwb÷
5. 5 Kv‡¯Í 1948 03-11-2008
cvwU©
6. evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM 6 †bŠKv 1949 03-11-2008
7. evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j 7 av‡bi kxl 1978 03-11-2008
8. MYZš¿x cvwU© 8 KeyZi 03-11-2008
evsjv‡`k b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx
9. 9 Kzu‡oNi 1957 03-11-2008
cvwU©
evsjv‡`k IqvK©vm©
10. 10 nvZzwo 1980 03-11-2008
cvwU©
11. weKíaviv evsjv‡`k 11 Kzjv 2004 03-11-2008
12. RvZxq cvwU© 12 jv½j 1986 03-11-2008
RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `j-
13. 13 gkvj 1972 03-11-2008
Rvm`
14. RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `j 15 Zviv 2002 09-11-2008
15. Rv‡Ki cvwU© 16 †Mvjvcdzj 09-11-2008
16. evsjv‡`k mgvRZvwš¿K `j 17 gB 09-11-2008
evsjv‡`k RvZxq cvwU©- Miæi
17. 18 09-11-2008
we‡Rwc Mvwo
18. evsjv‡`k ZwiKZ †dWv‡ikb 19 dz‡ji gvjv 09-11-2008
19. evsjv‡`k †LjvdZ Av‡›`vjb 20 eUMvQ 13-11-2008
20. evsjv‡`k gymwjg jxM 21 nvwi‡Kb 13-11-2008
21. b¨vkbvj wccjm cvwU© 22 Avg 13-11-2008
Rwgq‡Z Djvgv‡q Bmjvg †LRyiMv
22. 23 13-11-2008
evsjv‡`k Q
D`xqgvb
23. MY‡dvivg 24 1992 13-11-2008
m~h©
24. MYd«›U 25 gvQ 13-11-2008
evsjv‡`k b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx
25. 27 Mvfx 1957 13-11-2008
cvwU© : b¨vc
26. evsjv‡`k RvZxq cvwU© 28 KuvVvj 2008 16-11-2008
27. BmjvwgK d«›U evsjv‡`k 30 †Pqvi 16-11-2008
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 293

wbe
µ. cÖw wbeÜb
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji bvg Üb cÖZxK
bs Zôv ZvwiL
bs
28. evsjv‡`k Kj¨vY cvwU© 31 nvZNwo 17-11-2008
29. Bmjvgx HK¨‡RvU 32 wgbvi 1990 17-11-2008
30. evsjv‡`k †LjvdZ gRwjk 33 wi·v 20-11-2008
31. Bmjvgx Av‡›`vjb evsjv‡`k 34 nvZcvLv 1987 20-11-2008
32. evsjv‡`k Bmjvgx d«›U 35 †gvgevwZ 20-11-2008
evsjv‡`‡ki wecøex
33. 37 †Kv`vj 2004 20-11-2008
IqvK©vm© cvwU©
†`Iqvj
34. †LjvdZ gRwjk 38 22-11-2008
Nwo
evsjv‡`k gymwjg jxM nvZ
35. 40 02-06-2013
(weGgGj) (cvÄv)
evsjv‡`k mvs¯‹…wZK
36. 41 Qwo 08-10-2013
gyw³‡RvU
37. evsjv‡`k b¨vkbvwj÷ d«›U 42 †Uwjwfkb 2013 18-11-2013
RvZxqZvev`x MYZvwš¿K
38. 43 wmsn 2019 30-01-2019
Av‡›`vjb : GbwWGg
39. evsjv‡`k Ks‡MÖm 44 Wve 2019 09-05-2019
AvIqvgx jxM : 1947 mv‡j 14 AvM÷ cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci gymwjg jxM
RbM‡Yi mgm¨v mgvav‡b †Kv‡bv cÖKvi D‡`¨vMx f‚wgKv MÖn‡Y
e¨_© nq| d‡j RbM‡Yi `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY, A_©‰bwZK gyw³ AR©b Ges
ivóªcwiPvjbvq Rbg‡Zi mwVK cÖwZdjbK‡í GKwU ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
ev¯Íe I mg‡qvc‡hvMx cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| Avi G †cÖwÿ‡ZB 1949
mv‡ji 23 Ryb XvKvi †KGg `vm †j‡bi †ivR Mv‡W©‡b GK ivR‰bwZK
Kg©x m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| †mLv‡b gIjvbv fvmvbx‡K mfvcwZ,
Uv½vB‡ji kvgmyj nK‡K mvaviY m¤úv`K, e½eÜz †kL gywReyi
ingvb‡K (†R‡j ew›` Ae¯’vq) Ab¨Zg hyM¥m¤úv`K K‡i miKvwi gymwjg
jx‡Mi wecix‡Z AvIqvgx (A_©vr RbM‡Yi) jxM cÖwZôv Kiv nq| Aek¨
`‡ji AvbyôvwbK bvg wQj AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM| eZ©gv‡b mfvcwZ
Rb‡bÎx †kL nvwmbv; mvaviY m¤úv`K Ievq`yj Kv‡`i|
evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (weGbwc) : 01 †m‡Þ¤^i 1978 mv‡j
cÖwZwôZ nq G `jwU| ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingvb Gi cÖwZôvZv|
cÖwZôvKvjxb weGbwci bvg wQj RvZxqZvev`x MYZvwš¿K `j
(RvM`j)|
294 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

b¨vc (b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU©) : 1957 mv‡j 5-7 †deªæqvwi Uv½vB‡ji

KvMgvix‡Z †h m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq, Zv‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi
¯^vqËkvmb Ges ciivóªbxwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv nq| ciivóªbxwZ wb‡q
†mvnivIqv`©x I †kL gywR‡ei m‡½ fvmvbxi Ø›Ø †`Lv †`q| 18 gvP©
1957 fvmvbx AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mfvcwZi c` †_‡K c`Z¨vM K‡ib Ges GKB
eQi 25 RyjvB iƒcgnj wm‡bgv n‡j b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© Z_v b¨vc
MVb K‡ib|
evsjv‡`k Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx : gI`y`x 1941 mv‡j jv‡nv‡i ÔRvgvqv‡Z
Bmjvgx wn›`Õ bv‡g msMVbwU cÖwZôv K‡ib| 2008 mv‡ji 4 b‡f¤^i
wbeÜb †c‡qwQj evsjv‡`k Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx| `jwUi wbeÜb b¤^i wQj
14| D”P Av`vj‡Zi Av‡`‡k 2013 mv‡j `jwUi wbeÜb ¯’wMZ K‡i
wbe©vPb Kwgkb| c‡i 2018 mv‡ji 29 A‡±vei `jwUi wbeÜb ¯’vqxfv‡e
evwZj K‡i Bwm| Rvgvqv‡Zi `jxq cÖZxK wQj `uvwocvjøv|
nvB‡Kv‡U©i g‡bvMÖvg `uvwocvjøv‡K †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `j Zv‡`i
`jxq cÖZxK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv e‡j D”P Av`vjZ Av‡`k †`b|
G Av‡`‡ki cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z †Kv‡bv `j `uvwocvjøv‡K Zv‡`i `jxq cÖZxK
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv e‡j wbe©vPb Kwgkb cÖÁvcb Rvwi K‡i|
GKBm‡½ Rvgvqv‡Zi cÖZxKwUI evwZj K‡i Bwm|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Ae`vb
`wÿYcwš’ ev Wvbcwš’ ivR‰bwZK `j : `wÿYcwš’ `j¸‡jvi cÖavb
ˆewkó¨B n‡jv Giv iÿYkxj| Gme `j mbvZb g~j¨‡eva, ixwZbxwZ‡Z
wek¦vmx| memgq Giƒc cÖPwjZ e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi we‡ivwaZv K‡i| ïay
Zv-B bq, KLbI KLbI Gme `j GKwU KZ…©Z¡ev`x ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v
†Rvic~e©K Kv‡qg Ki‡Z Pvq| Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx, evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg
jxM, †bRv‡g Bmjvg, wcwWwc cÖf…wZ‡K `wÿYcwš’ ev Wvbcwš’ ev
`j wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| G `wÿYcwš’ `j¸‡jv cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi
evwnbx‡K me©‡Zvfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i|
evgcwš’ ivR‰bwZK kw³ : lv‡Ui `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q evgcwš’ kw³
`yB fv‡M h_v : K. ivwkqvcwš’ I L. Pxbcwš’Ñ G `yB bv‡g wef³ nq|
¯^vaxbZv hy‡× evgcwš’‡`i Dfq AskB mswµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i|
K. ivwkqvcwš’ : ivwkqvcwš’ ivR‰bwZK `j evsjv‡`‡ki KwgDwb÷
cvwU© I Gi A½msMVb Ges b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© (†gvRvddi)
gyw³hy‡× mswµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i| fviZxq KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i
mn‡hvwMZvq we‡kl †Mwijv evwnbx MVb Kiv nq| cÖwkÿY †k‡l
†Mwijv evwnbx †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i †Mwijv hy× Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i cÖ‡Póvq gyw³hy× †mvwf‡qZ
BDwbqb, c~e© BD‡ivcxq mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª I Zv‡`i wgÎ †`‡ki Ges
we‡k¦i kvwšÍKvgx gvby‡li mg_©b jvf K‡i|
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 295

L. Pxbvcwš’ : Pxbvcwš’ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji g‡a¨ b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx

cvwU©, c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi KwgDwb÷ cvwU©, KwgDwb÷ msnwZ
†K›`ª, KwgDwb÷ IqvK©vm© A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb I ÿz`ª Dc`j¸‡jv fviZ
Mgb K‡i| Pxbvcwš’ me `j I Dc`j wg‡j †mLv‡b gyw³ msMÖvg
mgš^q KwgwU MVb K‡i ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× AskMÖn‡Yi cÖ¯‘wZ
†bq| `j¸‡jvi cÖwZ fviZ miKv‡ii g‡bvfve fv‡jv bv _vKvq Ges
gyw³hy‡× Px‡bi we‡ivwaZvi Kvi‡Y G‡`i c‡ÿ fvi‡Zi mnvqZvq
e¨vcK wfwËK †Mwijv evwnbx ev gyw³ evwnbx MVb Kiv m¤¢e
nqwb| GQvov Pxbvcwš’ wKQz wKQz Dc`j †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i
wew”Qbœfv‡e gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i| Px‡bi gyw³hy‡×i
we‡ivwaZvi Kvi‡Y Pxbvcwš’ `j¸‡jv wefw³ n‡q c‡o Ges Zv‡`i c‡ÿ
gyw³hy‡× h_vh_ f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv m¤¢e n‡q D‡Vwb|
ga¨cwš’ ivR‰bwZK `j : †hme `j evgcwš’ `‡ji Zzjbvq AwaKZi iÿYkxj;
wKš‘ Wvbcwš’ ev `wÿYcwš’ `‡ji †P‡q AwaKZi cÖMwZkxj †mme
`j‡KB ga¨cwš’ `j e‡j wPwýZ Kiv nq| D`vniY AvIqvgx jxM Qvov,
MYZš¿x `j, MY AvRv`x jxM cÖf…wZ ga¨cwš’ `j wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
AvIqvgx jxM : AvIqvgx jxM ¯^vaxbZv c~e© Kv‡j fvlv Av‡›`vjb,
mvgwiK kvmbwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb, Õ70-Gi wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g AZ¨šÍ
RbwcÖq `j wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z mÿg nq Ges 1971 mv‡ji
gyw³hy‡× †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i|
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi kvmbKvj (1972-1975)
1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©Y Abyôv‡bi
K‡qK w`‡bi g‡a¨B gywRebMi cÖkvm‡bi wmwbqi Avgjviv (mwPe iæûj
KzÏy‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡) XvKvq G‡m cÖkvm‡bi wbqš¿Yfvi MÖnY K‡ib|
22 wW‡m¤^i gywRebMi miKv‡ii m`m¨iv XvKvq Av‡mb| XvKvq
†cuŠ‡Q ZvRDÏxb Avng` Zvi Ae¯’vb my`„p Kivi c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib|
cÖ_g cÖ‡Póv wn‡m‡e ÔwZwb L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g`‡K ciivóªgš¿xi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© c` †_‡K AcmvwiZ K‡i Avãym mvgv` AvRv`‡K Zvi
¯’jvwfwl³ K‡ibÕ (Z‡e L›`Kvi †gvkZvK AvBb I msm`xq welqK
gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwq‡Z¡ envj _v‡Kb)| GgbB †cÖÿvc‡U e½eÜz 8 Rvbyqvwi
(1972) cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMvi †_‡K gyw³ cvb Ges jÛb I w`wjø n‡q 10
Rvbyqvwi XvKv †cuŠ‡Qb|
gyw³hy‡×i mgq cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMv‡i AvUK _vK‡jI wZwb
gywRebMi miKv‡ii †cÖwm‡W›U c‡` envj wQ‡jb| myZivs 10
Rvbyqvwi (1972) wZwb †cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡eB wbR gvZ…f‚wg‡Z
cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| e½eÜzi kvmbfvi MÖn‡Yi mvsweavwbK wfwË wQj
1971 mv‡ji 17 GwcÖj gywRebM‡i †NvwlZ ¯^vaxbZvi mb`| ¯^vaxb
evsjv‡`‡k †cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e e½eÜz me©cÖ_g †h KvRwU K‡ib,
296 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

Zv n‡jv 11.01.72 Zvwi‡L ÔA¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`kÕ Rvwii gva¨‡g

†`‡k msm`xq c×wZi miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b| e½eÜzi AvRb¥jvwjZ ¯^cœ
wQj GKwU msm`xq MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi| †mB j‡ÿ¨ A¯’vqx msweavb
Av‡`k Rvwii ci 12 Rvbyqvwi e½eÜz cÖavb wePvicwZi Kv‡Q cÖ_‡g
†`‡ki ivóªcwZ wn‡m‡e kc_ MÖnY K‡ib Ges c`Z¨vM K‡i cÖavbgš¿xi
`vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Gfv‡eB 1972 mv‡ji 12 Rvbyqvwi ïiæ nq e½eÜzi
†bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jx‡Mi kvmbvgj ev Ôe½eÜzi kvmbvgjÕ| 1975 mv‡ji
15 AvM÷ mcwiev‡i e½eÜz‡K b„ksmfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv n‡j H kvmbvg‡ji
Aemvb N‡U| myZivs ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, e½eÜzi kvmbvgj gvÎ 3 eQi 7 gvm 3
w`b ¯’vqx wQj|
evKkvj-1975
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †kvlYnxb mgvR cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`k
K…lK kÖwgK AvIqvgx jxM (evKkvj), ivóªcwZ c×wZ I GKK RvZxq `j
cÖwZôvi Rb¨ 1975 mv‡ji 16 Rvbyqvwi msweav‡bi PZz_© ms‡kvabx
Av‡bb Ges 1975 mv‡ji 25 Rvbyqvwi wZwb RvZxq cwil‡` fvlY †`b|
ms‡kvab AvB‡bi K‡qKwU aviv
 Aby‡”Q`-18 : evsjv‡`‡k GKRb ivóªcwZ _vK‡eb|
 Aby‡”Q`-49 : GKRb DcivóªcwZ _vK‡eb| wZwb ivóªcwZ KZ…
©K wbhy³ n‡eb|
 Aby‡”Q`-58 : gwš¿cwil` _vK‡e|
 Aby‡”Q`-117K : RvZxq `j _vK‡e| ivóªcwZ RvZxq `j MVb
Ki‡eb|
evKkv‡ji A½msMVb
 RvZxq K…lK jxM : mvaviY m¤úv`K, dwYf‚lY gRyg`vi|
 RvZxq kÖwgK jxM : mvaviY m¤úv`K, Aa¨vcK †gv. BDmyd
Avjx|
 gwnjv jxM : mvaviY m¤úv`K, †eMg mv‡R`v †PŠayix|
 hyejxM : mvaviY m¤úv`K, †kL dRjyj nK gwY|
 QvÎjxM : mvaviY m¤úv`K, †kL knx`yj Bmjvg|
RbM‡Yi g½j mva‡bi Rb¨ `yb©xwZgy³ cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v : 1975 mv‡ji
21 RyjvB evsjv‡`k K…lK kÖwgK AvIqvgx jxM bZzb c×wZ Kvh©Ki
Kivi Rb¨ wb‡qvwRZ Mfb©i‡`i cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wP e½fe‡b ïiæ nq|
e½eÜz Zvi fvl‡Y wb‡Pi Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib :
1. cyivZb Ny‡Yaiv wm‡÷gÑ wPšÍvavivi Avg~j cwieZ©b Avb‡Z
n‡e;
2. †`‡ki kvmK bqÑ †`‡ki †meK wn‡m‡e AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e;
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 297

3. RbM‡Yi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM PvBÑ RbMY †_‡K kvmb

KvVv‡gv wew”Qbœ| Ô†Zvgiv †Mvjvg Avgiv gvwjKÕÑ G
g‡bvfve Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e;
4. bZzb c×wZÑ Mfb©i wb‡qvM;
5. Mfb©i‡`i `vwqZ¡Ñ `yb©xwZi E‡aŸ© DV‡Z n‡e;
6. AvB‡bi kvmb;
7. bZzb wePvi c×wZ;
8. `yb©xwZ `~i Ki‡Z n‡e;
9. wØZxq wecøeÑ Dbœqb, RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y, `yb©xwZi `~i;
10. mgš^q I cwiKíbv;
11. 100 weNvi †ewk Rwg _vK‡e bv;
12. MÖv‡g mgevq|
evKkvj wK GK`jxq kvmbe¨e¯’v : AvIqvgx jxM hLb ÿgZvq wQj, ZLb
AvIqvgx jxM‡K wb‡qB evKkvj Kiv n‡qwQj Ges ÿgZv AvIqvgx jxM
GK`j wn‡m‡eB †fvM KiZ| wKš‘ e½eÜz hLb Ôevsjv‡`k K…lK kÖwgK
AvIqvgx jxMÕ MVb Ki‡jb Ges PZz_© ms‡kvabx cvm Ki‡jb, ZLb
ÔAvIqvgx jxMÕ Avi GK`j miKvi MVb Ki‡jb bv| eis miKv‡ii evB‡i
_vKv gyw³hy‡×i mc‡ÿi `j¸‡jv wb‡q GK‡Î miKvi MVb Ki‡jb| eû `‡ji
mgv‡ek GKg‡Â K‡i RvZxq HK¨ m„wó K‡i bZzbfv‡e miKvi MVb Kiv
n‡jv| ivóªxq ÿgZvq mKj `‡ji mgvb AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡jv Ges evKkvj
cÖwZôvq me©cÖ_g wejyß Kiv nq ÿgZvq _vKv AvIqvgx jxM‡K|
evKkvj e¨e¯’vq †h PviwU cwÎKvi wWK¬v‡ikb wQjÑ 1. B‡ËdvK; 2.
evsjv‡`k AeRvifvi; 3. evsjv‡`k UvBgm; 4. ˆ`wbK evsjv|
bvMwiK I bvMwiK‡Z¡i aviYv
iv‡óª ¯’vqxfv‡e emevmKvix Awaevmx‡K ejv nq bvMwiK| c~‡e© bM‡i
emevmKvix‡K bvMwiK ejv n‡Zv| ZLb †QvU †NvU bMi‡K †K›`ª K‡i
MwVZ n‡Zv ivóª| G bMiiv‡óªi AwaevmxivB bvMwiK e‡j MY¨ n‡Zb|
wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b bvMwiK I bvMwiK‡Z¡i aviYvI e`‡j †M‡Q| GLb iv‡óªi
m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †h-†Kv‡bv e¨w³B bvMwiK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|
bvMwiK iv‡óªi ¯’vqx evwm›`v n‡e, iv‡óªi cÖwZ AbyMZ _vK‡e, iv‡óªi
Kj¨vY wPšÍv Ki‡e Ges ivóª cÖ`Ë mKj mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK
myweav †fvM Ki‡e| A_©vr iv‡óªi GKRb bvMwi‡Ki GKw`‡K †hgb
i‡q‡Q mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi, Ab¨w`‡K i‡q‡Q iv‡óªi cÖwZ
Zvi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨|
bvMwiK I we‡`wk : GKwU iv‡óª wbR †`‡ki Awaevmx Qvov wfbœ
†`‡ki A‡bK †jvKI evm K‡i| wkÿv, e¨emv-evwYR¨, PvKwi BZ¨vw` bvbv
Kvi‡Y Zviv Ae¯’vb K‡i| Giv we‡`wk wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Z‡e Zviv
¯’vqxfv‡e emevm K‡i bv| †Kej emevmKvix iv‡óªi AšÍ‡i mvgvwRK
AwaKvi †fvM K‡i; wKš‘ we‡`‡k emevmKvix †`‡ki miKv‡ii wKsev
298 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

iv‡óªi †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB we‡`wkiv
Avi bvMwiK bq|
bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi wbqg : bvMwiKZ¡ n‡jv iv‡óªi Awaevmx ev e¨w³i
RvZxq cwiPq| ivóª‡K †K›`ª K‡i e¨w³ G cwiPq jvf K‡i| bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi
`ywU cÖavb Dcvq n‡jvÑ
1. Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡
2. Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ jvf
Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ jvf : Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi †ÿ‡Î `ywU
cÖavb we‡eP¨ welq n‡jvÑ
1. Rb¥m~Î bxwZ I
2. Rb¥¯’vb bxwZ
Rb¥m~‡Î bxwZ : G bxwZ Abyhvqx gv-evev †h iv‡óªi bvMwiK, mšÍvb
†m iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡e| †Kv‡bv gv-evevi mšÍvb we‡`‡k Rb¥MÖnY
Ki‡jI †m mšÍvb gv-evevi †`‡ki bvMwiK n‡e| c„w_exi †ewkifvM †`k G
bxwZ AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| G bxwZ Abyhvqx, †Kv‡bv Rvcvwb ev
divwm gv-evevi mšÍvb evsjv‡`‡k Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI Zviv Rvcvb ev
d«v‡Ýi bvMwiK n‡e| Gfv‡e evsjv‡`wk ev fviZxq †Kv‡bv gv-evevi
mšÍvb Hme †`‡k Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡j Zviv evsjv‡`k ev fvi‡Zi bvMwiK n‡e|
Rb¥¯’vb bxwZ : G bxwZ Abyhvqx, gv-evev †h †`‡kiB †nvK bv †Kb,
mšÍvb †h †`‡k Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡e †m †`‡ki bvMwiK n‡e| G bxwZ
Rb¥¯’v‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i| G bxwZ Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki gv-evevi
†Kv‡bv mšÍvb Av‡gwiKvq Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡j †m Av‡gwiKvi bvMwiK
n‡e Ges †m †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ jvf Ki‡e| ïay Zv-B bq, G bxwZ
AbymiYKvix †`‡ki RvnvR ev `~Zvev‡m †Kv‡bv wkï Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI
†m †m-B †`‡ki bvMwiK n‡e| Z‡e we‡k¦i Lye Kg msL¨K ivóª G bxwZ
AbymiY K‡i|
Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ jvf : G c×wZ‡Z GK †`‡ki bvMwiK‡K Ab¨
†`‡ki bvMwiK nIqvi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| GLb GK iv‡óªi bvMwiK
mn‡RB Ab¨ GKwU ev GKvwaK iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡”Q| Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î
bvMwiKZ¡ jvf Kivi d‡jB GUv m¤¢e n‡”Q| wkÿv, PvKwi, e¨emv-
evwYR¨ QvovI bvbv Kvi‡Y GK †`‡ki bvMwiK‡K Ab¨ †`‡k emevm
Ki‡Z nq| Giƒc emevmKvix e¨w³i H †`‡ki bvMwiK‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvRb nq|
ZLb iv‡óªi Kv‡Q H e¨w³ Av‡e`b K‡i| Av‡e`b cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i ivóª
kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ ¯’vqxfv‡e bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi ci H
e¨w³ †m †`‡k ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Z cv‡i| Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î
bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi wKQz kZ© Av‡Q|
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 299

wØ-bvMwiKZ¡ : GKB e¨w³ `ywU †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ jvf Ki‡j Zv‡K wØ-
bvMwiKZ¡ e‡j| †Kv‡bv evsjv‡`wk gv-evevi mšÍvb Av‡gwiKvq
Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡j †m ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g H †`‡ki bvMwiK nq| Ab¨w`‡K
gv-evev evsjv‡`wk nIqvq †m evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| G‡ÿ‡Î †m cÖvßeq¯‹
n‡j B”Qv Ki‡j †h-†Kv‡bv GKwU iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e B”Qv Ki‡j †m `ywU iv‡óªiB bvMwiKZ¡I ivL‡Z cv‡i|

mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj
GKwU †`‡ki cÖK…Z Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mybvMwiK| †KD
mybvMwiK n‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i bv| mybvMwiKZv AR©b Ki‡Z nq|
mybvMwi‡Ki KZ¸‡jv ¸Y ev ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g
bvMwiK mybvMwi‡K cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| ivóªweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z,
mybvMwiK n‡Z n‡j GKRb bvMwiK‡K wZbwU †gŠwjK ¸‡Yi
AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e|
1. eyw× : eyw×gvb bvMwiK †h-†Kv‡bv iv‡óªi me‡P‡q g~j¨evb m¤ú`|
eyw×gËv AR©‡bi me‡P‡q eo Dcvq n‡jv wkÿv jvf K‡i Ávb AR©b
Kiv| AZGe bvMwiK‡`i h_v_© wkÿvq wkwÿZ n‡Z n‡e| KviY
eyw×gvb bvMwiK Dchy³ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb, `ÿZvi mv‡_ †`k
cwiPvjbv, iv‡óªi Dbœqb I mdjZvmn ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡R f‚wgKv
ivL‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ evev-gv‡qi DwPZ mšÍvb‡`i h_vh_ wkÿv †`Iqv|
miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ Dchy³ wkÿvi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Kiv|
2. AvZ¥mshg : mybvMwiK‡K AvZ¥mshgx n‡Z n‡e| AvZ¥mshg
bvMwiK‡K Amr KvR (†hgbÑ `yb©xwZ, ¯^RbcÖxwZ, ¯^v_©ciZv,
cÿcvwZZ¡ BZ¨vw`) †_‡K weiZ iv‡L| †`k I mgv‡Ri ¯^v‡_© KvR
Ki‡Z I wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Z AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| ZvB AvZ¥mshg Qvov
mybvMwiK nIqv m¤¢e bq| AvZ¥mshgx bvMwiK wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b
P‡j, A‡b¨i gZvgZ‡K kÖ×v K‡i, †`‡ki ¯^v_©‡K wb‡Ri ¯^v‡_©i
†P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q| Ab¨vq KvR I `jxq ¯^v_©ciZv †_‡K weiZ
_v‡K Ges iv‡óªi mvwe©K g½‡ji Rb¨ KvR K‡i| mybvMwi‡Ki G
mKj Kg©KvÐ iv‡óªi AMÖMwZi Rb¨ mnvqK|
3. we‡eK-wePvi : we‡eK-wePvi ej‡Z †evSvq fv‡jv-g‡›`i Ávb,
`vwqZ¡-KZ©‡e¨i Ávb| GKRb bvMwiK‡K ïay eyw×gvb I
AvZ¥mshgx n‡jB Pj‡e bv, †h-†Kv‡bv KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡K
fve‡Z n‡e KvRwU fv‡jv bv g›`| g›` KvRwU cwinvi K‡i fv‡jv
KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov mgvR ev iv‡óªi †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvavb
Ki‡Z n‡j bvMwiK‡K Zvi we‡eK w`‡q mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e|
we‡eK n‡jv mybvMwi‡Ki RvMÖZ kw³| AZGe bvMwiK wb‡R
we‡eKevb n‡e| Ab¨‡`iI we‡eK-eyw×m¤úbœ n‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡e|
DwjøwLZ ¸Y¸‡jv QvovI mybvMwi‡Ki AviI KZ¸‡jv ¸Y _vKv
300 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

cÖ‡qvRb| †hgbÑ mybvMwiK‡K †`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K©

Rvb‡Z n‡e, Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` Kivi g‡Zv g‡bvfve _vK‡Z n‡e,
AvBbk„•Ljv gvb‡Z n‡e, AvZ¥wek¦vmx I `„p g‡bvfv‡ei AwaKvix
n‡Z n‡e Ges †`‡ki ¯^v_©‡K eo K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡k mybvMwiKZvi cÖwZeÜKZv : mybvMwiKZv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î
i‡q‡Q wewfbœ cÖwZeÜKZv| KviY mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Y¸‡jv cwievi, mgvR
I iv‡óªi cwi‡ek Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| Avgv‡`i mgv‡R i‡q‡Q bvbv ai‡bi
Av_©mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK mgm¨v| G¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK‡`i
mybvMwiK n‡q IVvi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZeÜKZv wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| wb‡P
evsjv‡`‡k weivRgvb G msµvšÍ K‡qKwU cÖwZeÜKZv m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
 e¨w³ ¯^v_©civqYZv : GwU mybvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c‡_ Av‡iKwU
eo AšÍivq| Gi d‡j e¨w³ wb‡Ri ¯^v_©‡K †`‡ki ¯^v‡_©i †P‡q eo K‡i
†`‡L| Gi d‡j bvMwiK mn‡RB `yb©xwZ, ¯^RbcÖxwZ I
cÿcvwZZ¡ K‡i _v‡K| G Kvi‡YB wbe©vP‡b A‡bK mgq †hvM¨
†jvK‡K †fvU bv w`‡q `jxq I e¨w³MZ ¯^v_© we‡ePbv K‡i †fvU †`q|
Dchy³ cÖv_©x‡K ev` w`‡q wbR AvZ¥xq ev cwiwPZRb‡K PvKwi
†`q| ¯^RbcÖxwZ I Avw_©K Awbqg K‡i|
 wbwj©ßZv : mvaviYfv‡e Kv‡Ri cÖwZ bvMwiK‡`i D`vmxbZv‡K
e‡j wbwj©ßZv| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wbwj©ßZv ˆZwi nq| †hgbÑ
wbiÿiZv, Dchy³ wkÿvi Afve, AjmZv, `vwi`ª¨ I Kv‡R Abxnv|
 `jxq g‡bvfve : MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v ivR‰bwZK `j Qvov
Kvh©Ki _v‡K bv| d‡j G kvmbe¨e¯’vq GK ai‡bi `jxq g‡bvfve KvR
K‡i| MYZš¿ Avgv‡`i wfbœg‡Zi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj n‡Z †kLvq| wKš‘
GKB e¨e¯’vq Avevi wbR `‡ji cÖwZ GKiKg, we‡ivax `‡ji †jvK‡`i
cÖwZ Ab¨iKg AvPi‡Yi Ki‡j Zv mybvMwiK nIqvi c‡_ GKwU evav
n‡q `uvovq|
 AÁZv I wbiÿiZv : AÁ I wbiÿi †jvK A‡bK wKQz Rvb‡Z I eyS‡Z
cv‡i bv| Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk bvMwiK wbiÿi| hviv
†jLvcov Rv‡bb Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB ¯^í wkwÿZ| d‡j Zviv cÖ‡qvRbxq
†ÿ‡Î mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡Z e¨_© nb| Zv‡`i Ici iv‡óªi †`Iqv
`vwqZ¡ mwVKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| AZGe evsjv‡`‡ki wecyj
msL¨K bvMwiK‡K mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i
Dchy³ wkÿvq wkwÿZ n‡Z n‡e I wbiÿiZv †_‡K gy³ n‡Z n‡e|
 ag©vÜZv : mybvMwiKZvi weKv‡k ag©vÜZv GKwU weivU
AšÍivq| ag©vÜZv e¨w³‡K Ab¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ we‡Ølx K‡i †Zv‡j| G
ai‡bi g‡bvfve wewfbœ a‡g©i †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ we‡f` I msNvZ m„wó
K‡i| G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ †`‡ki msnwZ, DbœwZ I cÖMwZ‡K webó
K‡i|
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 301

 `vw¤¢KZv : GwU GKwU †bwZevPK PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨| Gi d‡j e¨w³

wb‡R‡K A‡b¨i †P‡q eo K‡i †`‡L| A‡b¨i gZvgZ‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`q bv|
wb‡Ri gZvgZ A‡b¨i Ici Pvwc‡q w`‡Z Pvq| G ai‡bi gvbwmKZv
mybvMwiKZvi c‡_ weivU evav|
 mv¤úª`vwqKZv : GKwU msL¨vMwiô a‡g©i AvwacZ¨ †_‡K
mv¤úª`vwqKZvi g‡bvfve ˆZwi nq| msL¨vjwNô †jvK‡`i g‡a¨I G
g‡bvfve ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i, hw` Zviv Zv‡`i ag©‡K Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i †P‡q
GKgvÎ mZ¨ wn‡m‡e wek¦vm K‡i| d‡j †`‡ki wewfbœ m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨
we‡f` I AkvwšÍ weivR K‡i|
bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi AR©b I `vwqZ¡ cvjb
we‡k¦i me †`‡ki bvMwiK iv‡óªi KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi AwaKvi
†fvM K‡i| wewbg‡q bvMwiK‡KI iv‡óªi cÖwZ wKQz `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨
cvjb Ki‡Z nq| Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| Rb¥m~‡Î Avgiv G bvMwiKZ¡
AR©b K‡iwQ| bvMwiK wn‡m‡e fv‡jvfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ AvgivI
miKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©
‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM Kwi Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi my‡hvM MÖnY Kwi|
evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi cwiPvjbvi `wjj Ôevsjv‡`‡ki msweavbÕ-G AwaKvi¸‡jv
D‡jøL Kiv Av‡Q|
bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ : cÖavb `vwqZ¡¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
1. iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨;
2. AvBb †g‡b Pjv;
3. †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv;
4. wbqwgZ Ki cÖ`vb;
5. miKvwi KvR myôzfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv;
6. mšÍvb‡`i wkÿv`vb Kiv|
bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨¸‡jv †`‡ki mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨|
Gme AwaKvi Qvov bvMwi‡Ki h_vh_ gvbwmK weKvk m¤¢e bq| ZvB
bvMwiK wb‡R G AwaKvi¸‡jv †fvM Ki‡e Ges Ab¨ bvMwiKiv hv‡Z
†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mRb¨ m‡PZb _vK‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒcÑ bvMwiK wb‡R
wkwÿZ n‡e, Ab¨‡K wkwÿZ Kivi Kv‡R mnvqZv Ki‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K
bvMwiK wb‡Ri ag© wb‡R cvjb Ki‡e| Ab¨ a‡g©i †jvK‡K Zv‡`i wbR
ag© cvj‡b †Kv‡bv evav †`‡e bv| bvMwiK wb‡R ¯^vaxbfv‡e gZvgZ
cÖKvk Ki‡e| Ab¨‡KI gZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM †`‡e Ges Zv‡`i gZvgZ‡K
kÖ×v Ki‡e| Gfv‡e bvMwiK wb‡Ri AwaKvi †fv‡Mi cvkvcvwk Ab¨‡`i
AwaKvi mgybœZ ivLvi Kv‡R mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| †Kv‡bvfv‡eB
GKR‡bi AwaKvi †fvM †hb A‡b¨i AwaKvi Ges ¯^vaxbZv f‡½i KviY nq
†mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| iv‡óªi KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ AwaKvi †fv‡Mi
cvkvcvwk bvMwiK wbR `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvj‡b mwµq f‚wgKv cvjb
Ki‡e|
302 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v

AvaywbK MYZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg wfwË n‡jv wbe©vPb| GB e¨e¯’vq
bvMwiKiv GKvwaK cÖv_©xi ga¨ †_‡K Zv‡`i cQ‡›`i †hvM¨
cÖwZwbwa †e‡Q †bq| GB †e‡Q †bIqvi e¨vcviwU nq †Mvcb †fv‡Ui
gva¨‡g| †fv‡Ui djvd‡j Rqx cÖv_©xiv ¯’vbxq I RvZxq ch©v‡q miKvi
MVb, AvBb cÖYqb I kvmb cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib| Avgv‡`i †`‡k
BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, †cŠimfv, wmwU Ki‡cv‡ikb, RvZxq msm`
Ges ivóªcwZ c‡` wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| wbe©vPb miKvi I RbM‡Yi
g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb ˆZwi K‡i| myôz wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g Dchy³ cÖwZwbwa
wbe©vPb Kiv †M‡jB †Kv‡bv †`‡k MYZ‡š¿i cÖv_wgK kZ© c~iY nq|
wbe©vPb c×wZ : wbe©vPb c×wZ cÖavbZ `yB ai‡bi| h_vÑ 1. cÖZ¨ÿ
wbe©vPb I 2. c‡ivÿ wbe©vPb|
1. cÖZ¨ÿ wbe©vPb : bvMwiKiv hLb mivmwi †fvU w`‡q Zv‡`i
cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K cÖZ¨ÿ wbe©vPb ejv nq|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨iv cÖZ¨ÿ wbe©vPb c×wZ‡Z
wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb| GQvov ¯’vbxq miKvi †hgb BDwbqb
cwil‡`i m`m¨ I †Pqvig¨vb, Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i m`m¨ I †Pqvig¨vb,
†cŠimfvi KvDwÝji I †gqi Ges wmwU Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi KvDwÝji I †gqi
RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb|
2. c‡ivÿ wbe©vPb : G c×wZ‡Z bvMwiKiv mivmwi †fvU w`‡q Zv‡`i
cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i bv| GLv‡b wbe©vPbwU nq `yB av‡c|
cÖ_‡g bvMwiKiv mivmwi †fvU cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g RvZxq msm‡`i
Rb¨ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i| Zvici GB cÖwZwbwaivB †fvU
w`‡q P‚ovšÍ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ
wbe©vPb Ges RvZxq msm‡`i msiwÿZ gwnjv Avm‡bi m`m¨
wbe©vPb GiKg c×wZ‡ZB n‡q _v‡K| †hgb Avgv‡`i †`‡ki ivóªcwZ
†fvUvi‡`i mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb bv| mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi
mgq bvMwiKiv †fvU w`‡q RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vPb K‡ib|
GB wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaivB †fvU w`‡q ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb
K‡ib| GKBfv‡e RvZxq msm‡`i msiwÿZ gwnjv Avm‡bi m`m¨ivI
RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb bv| RvZxq msm‡`i
wbe©vwPZ m`m¨ivB IB Avmb¸‡jvi Rb¨ †fvU w`‡Z cv‡ib|
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq I ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi wbe©vPb cÖwµqv : RvZxq I
¯’vbxq Dfq ch©v‡q evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i
cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i| GB cÖwZwbwaiv Zv‡`i n‡q RvZxq I
¯’vbxq ch©v‡q miKvi MVb I Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv K‡i|
1. RvZxq ch©v‡q wbe©vPb : evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq ch©v‡q mvaviYZ
wZb ai‡bi wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq|
K. RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb : evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfvi bvg RvZxq
msm`| Gi m`m¨msL¨v 350| †`ke¨vcx mKj cÖvßeq¯‹ bvMwi‡Ki
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 303

mivmwi †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g RvZxq msm‡`i 300 Avm‡bi m`m¨

wbe©vwPZ nb| GB wbe©vwPZ m`m¨MYB Avevi wb‡Riv †fvU
w`‡q RvZxq msm‡`i 50wU msiwÿZ gwnjv Avm‡bi m`m¨
wbe©vPb K‡ib| GjvKvwfwËK wbe©vwPZ n‡jI RvZxq msm‡`i
350 m`m¨B mgMÖ †`‡ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib|
L. ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb : ivóªcwZ wbe©vPbI Avgv‡`i GKwU
RvZxq ch©v‡qi wbe©vPb| hw`I GB wbe©vPbwU cÖZ¨ÿ bq,
c‡ivÿ c×wZ‡Z n‡q _v‡K| †`‡ki cÖvßeq¯‹ mKj bvMwi‡Ki
†fv‡Ui gva¨‡g RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨iv wbe©vwPZ nb| RbM‡Yi
cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ msm` m`m¨MY I RbcÖwZwbwaivB
†fvU w`‡q cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`‡ki ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb K‡ib|
M. MY‡fvU : †`‡ki †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ev bxwZwba©viYx wel‡q
mivmwi RbM‡Yi gZvgZ MÖnY ev hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ †h †fvU
AbywôZ nq Zv‡K MY‡fvU e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k G ch©šÍ MY‡fvU
n‡q‡Q 3wU| wb‡gœ MY‡fv‡Ui aib I D‡Ïk¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡jvÑ
MY‡fv
aib ZvwiL MY‡fv‡Ui D‡Ïk¨
U
1g †cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e
cÖkvm 30 †g
MY‡fv wRqvDi ingv‡bi ÿgZv‡K
wbK 1977
U ˆeaZv cÖ`vb
2q
cÖkvm 21 gvP© †Rbv‡ij Gikv‡`i ÿgZv‡K
MY‡fv
wbK 1985 ˆeaZv `v‡bi Rb¨
U
3q 15 msweav‡bi Øv`k
mvswea
MY‡fv †m‡Þ¤^i ms‡kvabx‡K AvBbMZ iƒc
vwbK
U 1991 †`Iqvi Rb¨
MY‡fvU weavbwU cÂg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g msweav‡b AšÍfz©³
Kiv n‡qwQj Ges 2011 mv‡ji 30 Ryb cÂ`k ms‡kvabx AvBb-
2011 cvm Kivi gva¨‡g Zv evwZj Kiv nq|
2. ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi wbe©vPb : †`‡ki kvmbe¨e¯’v I Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ
myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q
AviI K‡qKwU cÖkvmwbK ¯Íi i‡q‡Q| †hgb MÖvgv‡j BDwbqb
cwil` I Dc‡Rjv cwil`| kniv‡j †cŠimfv, bMi ev wmwU Ki‡cv‡ikb
BZ¨vw`|

wbe©vPb Kwgkb
304 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

evsjv‡`k wbe©vPb Kwgkb GKwU mvsweavwbK ms¯’v|

mvsweavwbKfv‡e GwU ¯^Zš¿, wbi‡cÿ Ges ¯^vaxb| MYcÖRvZš¿x
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi mßg fv‡M wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi MVb-KvVv‡gv,
ÿgZv I `vwqZ¡ wba©viY Kiv Av‡Q| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡bi 118(1)bs Aby‡”Q‡` D‡jøL Av‡QÑ cÖavb wbe©vPb
Kwgkbvi Ges AbwaK PviRb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡K wb‡q evsjv‡`‡ki
GKwU ¯^vaxb wbe©vPb Kwgkb _vK‡e Ges D³ wel‡q cÖYxZ †Kv‡bv
AvB‡bi weavbvewj mv‡c‡ÿ ivóªcwZ cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡K I
Ab¨vb¨ wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡K wb‡qvM`vb Ki‡eb|
118(2)bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ GKvwaK wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡K wb‡q
wbe©vPb Kwgkb MwVZ n‡j cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi Zvi mfvcwZ
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡eb| wbe©vPb Kwgkbv‡ii c‡`i †gqv` Zuvi Kvh©fvi
MÖn‡Yi ZvwiL †_‡K cuvP eQi (118(3)bs Aby‡”Q`| cÖavb wbe©vPb
Kwgkbvi wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi ci †Kv‡bv e¨w³ cÖRvZ‡š¿i K‡g©
wb‡qvMjv‡fi †hvM¨ n‡eb bv| 118(6)bs Aby‡”Q‡`i D‡jøL Av‡QÑ
†Kv‡bv wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi ivóªcwZ‡K D‡Ïk K‡i ¯^vÿihy³ c‡Îi gva¨‡g
c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePviK †hiƒc c×wZ I Kvi‡Y
AcmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡ib, †miƒc c×wZ I KviY e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv wbe©vPb
Kwgkbvi AcmvwiZ n‡eb bv (118(5)bs Aby‡”Q‡`|
wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi `vwqZ¡
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 119bs Aby‡”Q‡` wbe©vPb
Kwgk‡bi `vwqZ¡ msµvšÍ wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv Av‡Q| wb‡gœ 119(1) I
119(2)bs Aby‡”Q‡`i eY©bv Zz‡j aiv n‡jvÑ
119(1) ivóªcwZ c‡`i I msm‡`i wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ †fvUvi ZvwjKv
cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi ZË¡veavb, wb‡`©k I wbqš¿Y Ges Abyiƒc
wbe©vPb cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi Ici b¨¯Í _vK‡e
Ges wbe©vPb Kwgkb GB msweavb I AvBbvbyhvqxÑ
K. ivóªcwZ c‡`i wbe©vPb Abyôvb Ki‡eb;
L. msm` m`m¨‡`i wbe©vPb Abyôvb Ki‡eb;
M. msm‡` wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vPwb GjvKvi mxgvbv
wba©viY Ki‡eb; Ges
N. ivóªcwZi c‡`i Ges msm‡`i wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ †fvUvi ZvwjKv
cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb|
119(2) Dcwi-D³ `dvmg~‡n wba©vwiZ `vwqZ¡mg~‡ni AwZwi³ †hiƒc
`vwqZ¡ GB msweavb ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv AvB‡bi Øviv wba©vwiZ
n‡e, wbe©vPb Kwgkb †mBiƒc `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb|
Aby‡”Q` 126 Ges MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ Av‡`k 1972 Gi Aby‡”Q` 4 I 5 Gi
Abyhvqx wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi `vwqZ¡cvj‡b mnvqZv Kiv mKj wbe©vnx
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 305

KZ…©c‡ÿi KZ©e¨| wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi Ici b¨¯Í `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨

†hiƒc Kg©Pvix cÖ‡qvRb n‡e, wbe©vP‡bi Kv‡R mnvqZvi j‡ÿ¨ †miƒc
Kg©Pvix wb‡qv‡Mi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡k wbe©vP‡bi ˆewkó¨
evsjv‡`k GKwU MYZvwš¿K ivóª| msweav‡bi wØZxq fv‡M Ô11
Aby‡”Q‡`Õ ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖkvm‡bi mKj
ch©v‡q wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Kvh©Ki
AskMÖnY wbwðZ n‡e| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva I HwZ‡n¨i ¯§viK
wn‡m‡e MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki me©¯Í‡ii me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi
wfwˇZ Aeva I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v M‡o I‡V‡Q| G‡`‡ki wbe©vPb
e¨e¯’vi KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv wbgœiƒc :
1. MYZvwš¿K wfwË : evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡V‡Q
MYZvwš¿K wfwˇZ| MYZvwš¿K fveaviv I KvVv‡gv mPj ivLvi
j‡ÿ¨ G‡`‡ki wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v M„nxZ n‡q‡Q|
2. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi : evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk RbMY‡K
ivóªxq kvmbe¨e¯’vq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z †`Iqvi gvb‡m me©Rbxb
†fvUvwaKvi bxwZ MÖnY Kiv nq| ¯¿x-cyiæl, ag©-eY©-esk
wbwe©‡k‡l mKj cÖvßeq¯‹ (18 eQi eq¯‹) bvMwiK †fvU`v‡bi
gva¨‡g ivóªxq kvmbe¨e¯’vq †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvix|
3. †fvUvi ZvwjKv I mg-†fvUvwaKvi : cÖwZwU wbe©vPwb
GjvKvi Rb¨ GKwU Awfbœ †fvUvi ZvwjKv _v‡K| G ZvwjKv
e¨wZ‡i‡K Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ZvwjKv M„nxZ I Kvh©Kix nq bv|
GKwU bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ ÔGK e¨w³ GK †fvUÕ e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ
i‡q‡Q| mKj bvMwi‡Ki †fvU`v‡bi mgvb AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
4. †Mvcb †fvU c×wZ : †Mvcb e¨vj‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vPb KvR
m¤úbœ nq|
5. mij †fvU c×wZ : evsjv‡`‡ki †fvU c×wZ AZ¨šÍ mnR I mij
cÖK…wZi| cÖv_©xi bvg I cÖZxK mw¤§wjZ e¨vjUc‡Î
†fvUviMY miKvi KZ…©K wba©vwiZ wmj e¨envi K‡ib| G‡Z
†fvU MYbv Kv‡R myweav nq|
6. cÖZ¨ÿ †fvU : evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq msm` m`m¨ wbe©vP‡bi †ejvq
cÖZ¨ÿ †fvU-c×wZ Abym„Z nq; Z‡e msm‡` gwnjv‡`i mwVK
wbwðZ cÖwZwbwaZ¡ iÿv‡_© c‡ivÿ wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
7. GKK cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK wbe©vPwb GjvKv : RbmsL¨vi
mgZvi bxwZ Abyhvqx †MvUv evsjv‡`k‡K GKK cÖwZwbwa
wbe©vPwb GjvKvq cwiYZ Kiv nq Ges cÖwZwU wbe©vPwb
306 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

GjvKv †_‡K GKRb cÖwZwbwa RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨

wbe©vwPZ nb|
8. wbqwgZ wbe©vPb Abyôvb : ivóªcwZ I RvZxq msm` m`m¨iv
wbw`©ó †gqv‡` ÿgZvq Avmxb _v‡Kb| †gqv`-A‡šÍ wba©vwiZ
mg‡q cybivq wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| wbw`©ó †gqv‡`vËxY©
nIqvi Av‡M †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y hw` Avmb k~b¨ nq, wba©vwiZ
mg‡q Dcwbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g Zv c~iY Kiv nq|
9. ¯^Zš¿, ¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb Kwgkb : evsjv‡`‡k †h-
†Kv‡bv ch©v‡q wbe©vPb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿, ¯^vaxb
I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb Kwgkb i‡q‡Q|

wbe©vPwb AvBb
msweav‡bi 7g fv‡M 118-126bs Aby‡”Q‡` wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi MVb,
`vwqZ¡, wbe©vP‡bi mgqmn G msµvšÍ weavb D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| RvZxq
wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvBb¸‡jv n‡jv- MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ Av‡`k,
1972 (AviwcI); †fvUvi ZvwjKv AvBb, 2010; wbe©vPwb GjvKv
mxgvbv wba©viY AvBb, 2010; ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb AvBb, 1991; RvZxq
msm` (msiwÿZ gwnjv Avmb) wbe©vPb AvBb, 2004; wbe©vPb
Kg©KZ©v (we‡kl weavb) AvBb, 1991 BZ¨vw`|
RPO
The Representation of the People’s Order (RPO) n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq
msm‡`i cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb msµvšÍ wewagvjv, 1972 mvj †_‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î GwU AvBb wn‡m‡e e¨envi
n‡q Avm‡Q| wewfbœ mg‡q RvZxq msm‡` wewfbœ wewa cwiewZ©Z
n‡q‡Q| me©‡kl 2013 mv‡j MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ RPO ms‡kvwaZ nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î RvZxq msm` KZ…©K
cÖYxZ c„_K c„_K AvBb i‡q‡Q| 1972 mv‡j ivóªcwZi Rvwi Kiv GB
Av‡`kwU 1973 mvj †_‡K GLbI ch©šÍ G‡`‡ki hZ¸‡jv RvZxq wbe©vPb
AbywôZ n‡q‡Q cÖwZwU‡ZB GwU AvBb wn‡m‡e e¨envi n‡q Avm‡Q|
RPO †Z †gvU 7wU Aa¨vq i‡q‡Q Ges 95wU wewa i‡q‡Q|

wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi wb‡qvM wej-2022

27 Rvbyqvwi 2022 AvBbgš¿x Avwbmyj nK msm‡` wejwU DÌvcb K‡ib
Ges GwU Kɇfv‡U cvm nq| †M‡RU Abyhvqx cÖavb wbe©vPb
Kwgkbvi I Ab¨vb¨ wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡`i k~b¨ c‡` wb‡qvM w`‡Z
ivóªcwZ GB AvB‡b ewY©Z †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ e¨w³‡`i bvg mycvwik
Ki‡Z 6 m`‡m¨i AbymÜvb KwgwU MVb Ki‡eb| m`m¨iv n‡eb cÖavb
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 307

wePvicwZ g‡bvbxZ Avwcj wefv‡Mi GKRb wePviK, cÖavb wePvicwZ

g‡bvbxZ nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi GKRb wePviK, evsjv‡`‡ki gnv-wnmve
wbixÿK I wbqš¿K, evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg© Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb Ges
ivóªcwZ g‡bvbxZ 2 Rb wewkó bvMwiK, hv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb n‡eb bvix|
GB KwgwU MV‡bi 15 Kvh©w`e‡mi g‡a¨ Zviv Zv‡`i mycvwik
ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q Rgv †`‡e|
AvBb Abyhvqx, cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi I Ab¨vb¨ wbe©vPb
Kwgkbv‡ii Rb¨ †hvM¨Zv n‡”Q :
1. evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e;
2. eqm b~¨bZg 50 eQi n‡Z n‡e;
3. †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© miKvwi, wePvi wefvMxq, Avav-miKvwi,
†emiKvwi ev ¯^vqËkvwmZ c‡` ev †ckvq Ab~¨b 20 eQ‡ii
Kv‡Ri AwfÁZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
AvBb Abyhvqx, cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi I Ab¨vb¨ wbe©vPb
Kwgkbv‡ii Rb¨ A‡hvM¨Zv n‡”Q :
1. †Kv‡bv Dchy³ Av`vjZ KZ©…K AcÖK…wZ¯’ †NvwlZ n‡j;
2. †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ nIqvi ci `vq †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ bv †c‡j;
3. Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ †c‡j;
4. ˆbwZK ¯^jbRwbZ †Kv‡bv †dŠR`vwi Aciv‡a †`vlx mve¨¯Í n‡q
Kviv`‡Ð `wÐZ n‡j;
5. International Crimes (Tribunals Act, 1973 ev Bangladesh Collaborators
(Special) Tribunals Order, 1972 Gi Aaxb †h-†Kv‡bv Aciv‡ai Rb¨
`wÐZ n‡j;
6. AvB‡bi Øviv c`vwaKvix‡K A‡hvM¨ †NvlYv Ki‡Q bv, Ggb c`
e¨ZxZ wZwb cÖRvZ‡š¿i Kv‡R †Kv‡bv jvfRbK c‡` AwawôZ
_vK‡j|
EVM (Electronic Voting Machine)
MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvq †fvU cÖ‡qv‡M †gwkb ev B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ
Abym~¨Z nq e‡j mvgwMÖK cÖwµqvwU B‡jKUªwbK †fvwUs †gwkb
ev BwfGg bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gi Ab¨ bvg B-†fvwUs| BwfGg KvM‡Ri e¨vjU
QvovB †fvU w`‡Z e¨eüZ nq| †fvU`vb †gwkbwU hvwš¿K Ges ˆe`y¨wZK
hš¿cvwZ msµvšÍ mswgkÖY hv e¨vjU msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z, †fvU`vb Ki‡Z
Ges †fvU MYbv Ki‡Z Ges wbe©vP‡bi djvdj cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
GKwU †gwk‡b m‡e©v”P 64 Rb cÖv_©xi ZvwjKv ivLv hvq Ges cÖvq
4 nvRvi †fvU MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e| GKwU †fvU w`‡Z 15 †m‡KÛ mgq
jv‡M| †gwkbwU‡Z GKwU c~e©-†cÖvMÖvwgs Kiv gvB‡µvwPc _v‡K
hv cÖwZwU †fv‡Ui djvdj ZvrÿwYKfv‡e wnmve K‡i cÖ`k©b K‡i| EVM
c×wZ cÖ_g Pvjy nq hy³iv‡óª 1960 mv‡j| Gi 4 eQ‡ii g‡a¨B 7wU iv‡R¨
†cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡b G c×wZi cÖ‡qvM NUv‡bv nq|
308 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

cÖwZwU BwfGg-G `ywU Ask _v‡KÑ GKwU ÔK‡›Uªvj BDwbUÕ Ges

Ab¨wU Ôe¨vjwUs BDwbUÕ| Dfq BDwbU GKwU Zv‡ii Øviv mshy³
Kiv nq| K‡›Uªvj BDwbU GKwU wba©vwiZ †fvU`vbKvix Awdmvi
Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq Ges e¨vjwUs BDwbUwU cÖv_©xi bvg Ges
cÖZx‡Ki †evZvg Pvwc‡q †Mvc‡b †fvU †`Iqvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
K‡›Uªvj BDwbUwU †gwk‡bi Ôgw¯Í®‹Õ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
†fvwUs AwdmviwU e¨vjU evUbwU Pvc †`Iqvi c‡iB e¨vjwUs BDwbU
Pvjy nq|
B‡jKkb IqvwK©s MÖæc (BWweøDwR)
B‡jKkb IqvwK©s MÖæc (BWweøDwR) †`‡ki 33wU bvMwiK ms¯’vi
mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU AivR‰bwZK †bUIqvK©, hvi jÿ¨ evsjv‡`‡k
myôz, Aeva I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb wbwðZKiY Ges MYZvwš¿K I
wbe©vPb cÖwµqvq AwaKZi mykvmb, ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv wbwðZ
Kiv| 2006 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nIqvi jMœ †_‡KB ms¯’vwU Aeva, wbi‡cÿ I
MÖnY‡hvM¨ wbe©vPb Abyôv‡b wewfbœfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i Avm‡Q,
†hgbÑ
1. wbe©vP‡bi Av‡Mi w`b, wbe©vP‡bi w`b Ges wbe©vPb-
cieZ©x ch©‡eÿY|
2. wbe©vPb msµvšÍ Bmy¨‡Z civgk© cÖ`vb Ges wbe©vPwb
cybM©Vb cÖwµqvq MYïbvwbi Av‡qvRb|
3. wbe©vPwb cÖwµqvq mgv‡Ri mKj ¯Í‡ii RbM‡Yi
AskMÖnY‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z †fvUvi wbeÜb cÖwµqvi g‡Zv
g~j-aviv mswkøó wel‡q mvaviY †fvUvi‡`i wkÿv I m‡PZbZv
e„wׇZ mnvqZv|
4. wbe©vP‡b bvix, ZiæY I Ab¨vb¨ msL¨vjwNô †Mvôx¸‡jvi
AskMÖnY‡K we‡klfv‡e Drmvn cÖ`vb|
5. wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa Ges †fvUvi‡`i g‡a¨ NwbôZv `„pKiY
Ges Revew`wnZv e„w×|
6. wbe©vPb I wbe©vPb-cieZ©x mg‡qi msNl© n«v‡m jÿ¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©cwiKíbv MÖnY|
[Z_¨m~Î : The Asia Foundation-Gi I‡qemvBU]

wbe©vP‡b bvMwiK‡`i f‚wgKv

MYZ‡š¿i g~j wfwË n‡”Q wbe©vPb I wbe©vPKgÐjx| MYZvwš¿K
iv‡óª wbe©vP‡bi ga¨ w`‡q RbMY Zv‡`i mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i
_v‡K| wbe©vP‡b e¨vjU Gi gva¨‡g †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 309

bvMwiKMY miKvi MVb K‡i| wbe©vP‡b bvMwi‡Ki, we‡kl K‡i

evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwi‡Ki f‚wgKv wbgœiƒc :
1. cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb : wbe©vP‡b bvMwi‡Ki f‚wgKv n‡”Q
cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Kiv| evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i †hme ivóª msm`xq
MYZš¿ cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q, †mme †`‡ki bvMwiKMY msm`
m`m¨MY‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i _v‡Kb| evsjv‡`kmn A‡bK
cÖRvZvwš¿K iv‡óª msm` m`m¨MY ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb K‡ib|
Av‡gwiKv hy³ivóªmn we‡k¦i A‡bK iv‡óª bvMwiKMY Zuv‡`i
†fv‡U ivóªcwZ‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i _v‡Kb| GQvov evsjv‡`kmn
we‡k¦i AwaKvsk iv‡óªB ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K
bvMwiKMY Zuv‡`i †fv‡U cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡Kb|
evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKMY BDwbqb cwil`, †cŠimfv, Dc‡Rjv cwil` I
wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi m`m¨ I cÖavb‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i _v‡Kb|
2. cÖv_©x wn‡m‡e wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY : MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª
bvMwiKMY wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv mv‡c‡ÿ wbe©vP‡b cÖv_©x
n‡Z cv‡ib| evsjv‡`‡k GKRb bvMwiK wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv mv‡c‡ÿ
ivóªcwZ, RvZxq msm` m`m¨, wmwU Ki‡cv‡ikb, †cŠimfv, Dc‡Rjv
cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb I fvBm †Pqvig¨vb Ges BDwbqb cwil‡`i
†Pqvig¨vb I m`m¨ c‡` cÖv_©x n‡Z cv‡ib| wbe©vPKgÐjx GKvwaK
cÖv_©xi ga¨ †_‡K cQ‡›`i ev †hvM¨ cÖv_©x‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i
_v‡Kb|
3. wbe©vPwb cÖPviYv : MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbe©vPwb cÖPviYv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e© ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv wbe©vPwb
Bk‡Znvi cÖKvk K‡i I Zvi mc‡ÿ cÖPviYv Pvjvq| evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq
¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wbe©vP‡b ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv
cÖv_©x g‡bvbqb K‡i bv, Z‡e A‡bK mgq `jxq †Kv‡bv cÖv_©x‡K
mg_©b Rvbv‡Z Ges Zuvi c‡ÿ cÖPviYv Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k
wbe©vPb G‡j DrmegyLi cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq| wbe©vPbKvjxb †hb
mv¤úª`vwqK e³e¨ cÖ`vb bv Kiv nq, ag©xq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †hb
wbe©vPwb cÖPvi‡K‡›`ª cwiYZ bv nq, †kvWvDb I mgv‡ek Ki‡Z
wM‡q RbRxe‡b ¯^vfvweK Pjv‡divq weNœ m„wó Kiv bv nq †mRb¨
wbe©vPb Kwgkb mwPevjq ÔivR‰bwZK `j I cÖv_©xi
AvPiYgvjvÕ cÖYqb K‡i‡Q|
4. wewea : GQvov bvMwiKMY †hb cÖv_©x‡`i m¤ú‡K© fv‡jvfv‡e
AeMZ n‡Z cv‡ib †mRb¨ evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_©xi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv,
m¤úwËi weeiYmn †gvU AvUwU Z_¨ njdbvgvq wbe©vP‡bi
c~‡e©B cÖKvk Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j GKRb bvMwiK
310 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

cÖv_©xi fv‡jvg›` hvPvB K‡i A‡bKUv wbfz©jfv‡e cÖv_©x

wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov GKRb bvMwiK wbe©vP‡b ch©‡eÿK
wn‡m‡eI `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb|
myZivs wbe©vP‡b bvMwi‡Ki f‚wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wbe©vP‡b
†fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡gB bvMwiKMY AvaywbK
cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZ‡š¿ cÖZ¨ÿ wKsev c‡ivÿfv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi
my‡hvM cvq| RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y †h e¨w³ ev `j m‡Pó _v‡K, bvMwiKMY
wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`iB ¯’vbxq miKvi, AvBbmfv Z_v gwš¿mfv
MV‡bi my‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
¯§vU© KvW©
¯§vU© KvW© ˆZwi K‡i wbe©vPb Kwgkb| †gqv` 10 eQi| ¯§vU©
Kv‡W©i wWwRU 10wU| mnvqZv w`‡qwQj d«vÝ [eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k
miKvi]| Qwemn †fvUvi ZvwjKv I RvZxq cwiPqcÎ cÖYqb Kg©m~wPi
bvg Acv‡ikb behvÎv| RvZxq cwiPqc‡Îi †gqv` wQj 15 eQi| ¯§vU©
KvW©- wbivcËv †`‡e 3 ¯Í‡i 25 ai‡bi, †mev †`‡e 22 ai‡bi, Z_¨ _v‡K 32
ai‡bi|
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb
msm` mgq Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨
wbe©vPb
cÖ_g 7 gvP© 1973evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wbe©vPb
wØZxq 1979 eû `‡ji AskMÖn‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g
RvZxq wbe©vPb
Z…Zxq 1986 -
PZz_© 1988 -
cÂg 1991 ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii Aax‡b cÖ_g
wbe©vPb
lô 1996 -
mßg 1996 ZË¡veavqK miKv‡i Aax‡b wØZxq
wbe©vPb
Aóg 2001 ZË¡veavqK miKv‡i Aax‡b Z…Zxq
wbe©vPb
beg 2008 ZË¡veavqK miKv‡i Aax‡b PZz_©
wbe©vPb
`kg 5 Rvbyqvwi wbe©vPbKvjxb miKv‡ii Aax‡b
2014 wbe©vPb
GKv`k 31 wW‡m¤^i wbe©vPbKvjxb miKv‡ii Aax‡b
2018 wbe©vPb
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 311

wmwU‡Rb PvU©vi
wmwU‡Rb PvU©vi n‡”Q †mevi gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ †Kv‡bv †mev
cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi D‡`¨v‡M RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖYxZ
Ggb GKwU `wjj ev †NvlYvcÎ, hv‡Z D³ †mev cÖ`vbKvixi cÖwZôvb
Kv‡`i Kx ai‡bi †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡e, Kx cwigvY cÖ`vb Ki‡e, KZ mg‡qi
g‡a¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡e, †Kvb ai‡bi †mev †c‡Z Kx cwigvY LiP n‡e Ges
h_vh_fv‡e †mev bv †c‡j Zvi cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ RbMY †Kv_vq I Kx
cÖwµqvq Awf‡hvM `vwLj Ki‡e, Zvi we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY wjwce× Kiv nq|
Ab¨ K_vq, wmwU‡Rb PvU©vi n‡”Q miKvwi †mevi gvb m¤ú‡K©
RbMY I †mev cÖ`vbKvix‡`i g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi mg‡SvZv ¯§viK , hv‡Z
RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨vkv I †mev cÖ`vbKvix‡`i cÖwZkÖæwZi cÖwZdjb N‡U
_v‡K|
wmwU‡Rb PvU©vi †Kb? : wmwU‡Rb PvU©v‡ii PviwU cÖavb D‡Ïk¨
wPwýZ Kiv hvqÑ
1. cÖ_gZ, RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i cÖZ¨vkvi mv‡_
msMwZ †i‡L †mevi gvb wba©viY Ges Zv‡`i gZvgZ wb‡q
wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi wbqwgZ Zv cybwb©a©viY, hv‡Z K‡i
Ae¨vnZfv‡e †mevi gv‡bvbœqb Ges †mev‡K RbevÜe Kiv m¤
¢eci nq|
2. wØZxqZ, RbMY‡K Zv‡`i cÖvc¨ AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© Z_¨
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g ÿgZvwqZ Kiv hv‡Z K‡i Zviv †mev
cÖ`vbKvix‡`i Kv‡Q †mme AwaKvi `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges
wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z (†hgb, Awf‡hvM wb®úwËi e¨e¯’v) †mev
cÖ`vbKvix‡`i mvgvwRK Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kiv|
3. Z…ZxqZ, †mev cÖ`vbKvix‡`i mvg_©¨ e„w×mn wewfbœ
D‡`¨v‡Mi (†hgbÑ mnvqZv KvD›Uvi cÖwZôv) gva¨‡g Zv‡`i
AvPi‡Yi Dbœqb Ges cÖwZôv‡b GK ai‡bi †mŠRb¨Zvi ms¯‹…
wZi weKvk NUv‡bv|
4. PZz_©Z, †mevi gv‡bvbœqb, RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY, Awf‡hvM
wb®úwË cÖf…wZ D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Av¯’v AR©b|

evsjv‡`‡ki Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb-2009

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi Z‡_¨i Aeva cÖevn Ges RbM‡Yi Z_¨
AwaKvi wbwðZKi‡Yi wbwgË weavb Kivi j‡ÿ¨ 2009 mv‡ji 6 GwcÖj
ÔZ_¨ AwaKvi AvBb-2009Õ cvm K‡i| ÔZ_¨ AwaKvi AvBb-2009Õ
cÖeZ©‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© m~Pbv‡ZB ejv n‡q‡Q †hÑ Ô†h‡nZz
312 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b wPšÍv, we‡eK I evK¯^vaxbZv

bvMwiKM‡Yi Ab¨Zg †gŠwjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z Ges
Z_¨cÖvwßi AwaKvi wPšÍv, we‡eK I evK¯^vaxbZvi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨
Ask Ges †h‡nZz RbMY cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj AwaKvi gvwjK I RbM‡Yi
ÿgZvq‡bi Rb¨ Z_¨ AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv AZ¨vek¨K Ges †h‡nZz RbM‡Yi
Z_¨ AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv n‡j miKvwi, ¯^vqËkvwmZ I mswewae×
ms¯’v Ges miKvwi I we‡`wk A_©vq‡b m„ó ev cwiPvwjZ †emiKvwi
ms¯’vi ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv e„w× cvB‡e, `yb©xwZ n«vm cvB‡e I
mykvmb cÖwZwôZ nB‡e Ges †h‡nZz miKvwi, ¯^vqËkvwmZ I
mswewae× ms¯’v Ges miKvwi I we‡`wk A_©vq‡b m„ó ev cwiPvwjZ
†emiKvwi ms¯’vi ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv wbwðZKi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ weavb Kiv
mgxPxb I cÖ‡qvRbxq, †m‡nZz G Z_¨ AvBb Kiv nBj|Õ

B-Mfb©¨vÝ
E-Governance-Gi c~Y©iƒcÑ Electronic Governance| GB c×wZ n‡jv g~jZ
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ Z_¨cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g cÖkvm‡b RbKj¨vYg~jK
Kv‡R ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kiv| mvaviY A‡_© B-Mfb©¨vÝ
n‡jv miKvwi Z_v ivóª cwiPvjbvi hveZxq Kg©Kv‡Ð B‡jKUªwbK
cÖhyw³ I DcKi‡Yi e¨envi| wKš‘ e¨vcK A‡_© B-Mfb©¨vÝ n‡jv kvmb
Kv‡h© ¯^”QZv I `ªæZMwZ Avbq‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvM I
`߇ii Kvh©µ‡gi †ÿ‡Î me©vaywbK Z_¨cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM NUv‡bv|
Oxford Dictionary-†Z B-Mfb©¨v‡Ýi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡QÑ ÔcÖPwjZ †ccvi
I e¨envwiK cÖwµqvq we`¨gvb mxgve×Zvmg~n `~i K‡i Aeva Z_¨
cÖev‡ni j‡ÿ¨ Z_¨cÖhyw³i e¨enviB n‡jv B-Mfb©¨vÝ|Õ
Thomas F. Gordon B-Mfb©¨v‡Ýi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ÔZ_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Z_v B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kivi gva¨‡g ivóªxq †mev
Dbœq‡bi c×wZ n‡jv B-Mfb©¨vÝ|Õ
wek¦e¨vsK (World Bank) cÖ`Ë msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔB-Mfb©¨vÝ ej‡Z
miKvwi Z_¨cÖhyw³ (†bUIqvK©, B›Uvi‡bU, †gvevBj cÖf…wZ)
e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g RbMY, e¨emvqx Ges miKv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi g‡a¨
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi mÿgZv‡K †evSvq|Õ
RvwZmsN (UN) 2006 mv‡j cÖ`Ë GK msÁvq e‡j‡QÑ ÔmiKvwi Z_¨ I
†mev B›Uvi‡bU Ges Iqvì© IqvBW I‡q‡ei gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi wbKU
†cuŠQv‡bvi e¨e¯’vB n‡jv B-Mfb©¨vÝ|Õ
B-Mfb©¨v‡Ýi ˆewkó¨ : Z_¨cÖhyw³i h_vh_ e¨envi I cÖ‡qv‡M B-
Mfb©¨vÝ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P B-Mfb©¨v‡Ýi
ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 313

cÖhyw³wbf©i : B-Mfb©¨v‡Ýi cÖ_g I cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡jv GwU

cÖhyw³wbf©i| B-Mfb©¨vÝ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AvaywbK cÖhyw³, †hgbÑ
Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU, d¨v· BZ¨vw`i Ici wbf©ikxj|
miKvwi ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv : miKvwi Kg©KvÐ Dbœqbg~jK
cÖwµqvmg~n DbœZ K‡i B-Mfb©¨vÝ miKvi, RbMY I mykxj mgv‡Ri
g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvg~jK m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i, G‡Z miKvwi
Kv‡Ri ¯^”QZv †hgb †`Lv hvq, †Zgwb Revew`wnZvi welqwUI wbwðZ
nq|
`yb©xwZ n«vm : †h-†Kv‡bv Dbœq‡bi c‡_ `yb©xwZ AšÍivq wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i| B-Mfb©¨v‡Ýi gva¨‡g `yb©xwZ n«vmKi‡Yi gva¨‡g †`‡ki
mvwe©K Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv hvq| m‡e©vcwi `yb©xwZ n«vmKi‡Y
B-Mfb©¨vÝ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
`ªæZMwZ‡Z KvR m¤úbœ : B-Mfb©¨v‡Ýi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡jv
`ªæZMwZ‡Z KvR m¤úbœ Kiv| `ªæZMwZ‡Z KvR m¤úbœ nIqvq
RbM‡Yi `ªæZ †mev †hgb wbwðZ nq, †Zgwbfv‡e mgq I A‡_©i AcPq
†iva nq|
mwVK Z_¨ cvIqvi wbðqZv : B-Mfb©¨v‡Ýi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨
n‡jv mwVK Z_¨ cvIqvi wbðqZv| G Kvi‡Y B-Mfb©¨v‡Ý bvMwiK‡`i
mwVK Z_¨ cvIqvi wbðqZv _v‡K|
jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨ : B-Mfb©¨v‡Ýi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ n‡jv
GwU jvjwdZvi †`ŠivZ¥¨ Pjv| B-Mfb©¨vÝ Avgv‡`i GB c~e© bwRi ev
`„óvšÍ‡K ûeû A‡Üi g‡Zv †g‡b Pjvi c×wZi cwieZ©b NwU‡q
RbKj¨vYKi cÖkvmb M‡o Zzj‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
†`vi‡Mvovq miKvwi †mev †cuŠQv‡bv : B-Mfb©¨v‡Ýi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
GKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv GwU miKvwi wewfbœ †mev mn‡RB mvaviY
bvMwi‡Ki wbKU †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z cv‡i|
Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx
Pvc m„wóKvix †Mv‡ôxi Ab¨ bvg-Attitude group, Interst group, Non
political group & Organized group. Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx n‡”Q Ggb GK
†Mvôx, hvi m`m¨MY mgRvZxq g‡bvfve Ges ¯^v‡_©i Øviv Ave×|
GwU Ggb GK msiwÿZ mvgvwRK †Mvôx, hv miKvi‡K
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e wbqš¿‡Yi †Póv bv K‡i ivR‰bwZK Kg©KZ©v‡`i
AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi †Póv K‡i| Zv‡`i cQ›`bxq `j ev e¨w³
wbe©vwPZ n‡q AvBb cÖYqb I kvmb KvR cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wM‡q
Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi ¯^v_© iÿv K‡i _v‡K| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a
Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx wgwUs, wgwQj, †kvfvhvÎvi mvnv‡h¨ miKv‡ii
Dci Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| Zviv wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i bv|
eZ©gv‡b AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v, we‡kl K‡i `vZvms¯’v, NGO; mykxj
314 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

mgvR I Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi g‡ZvB KvR Ki‡Q| †hgbÑ World Bank,

ißvwbgyLx cÖe„w×i cÖwZ †Rvi w`‡”Q, fZz©wK n«vm,
†emiKvwiKiY I miKvwi e¨q n«vm cÖf…wZi Ici Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Q|
miKvi G Pvc memgq D‡cÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gme Pv‡ci d‡j miKv‡ii `ÿZv
e„w×, e¨q n«vm BZ¨vw`i d‡j mykvmb e„w× cv‡”Q|
 A¨vjgÛ I cvI‡qj ¯^v_©‡MvôxÑ 4 fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 †WwfW Uªyg¨vb ¯^v_©‡MvôxÑ 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
h_vÑ (K) ivR‰bwZK ¯^v_©‡Mvôx Ges (L) AivR‰bwZK
¯^v_©‡Mvôx| K‡qKwU ¯^v_©‡Mvôxi D`vniYÑ wkí I ewYK
mwgwZ, wkÿK mwgwZ, kÖwgK BDwbqb, evm-gvwjK
mwgwZ BZ¨vw`|
 Ô¯^v_©‡Mvôxi g~j jÿ¨ _v‡K wb‡R‡`i ¯^v_© D×vi KivÕ
Dw³wUÑ GGBP Kv‡ii|
 ÔThe group and the interest are not separated Õ Dw³wUÑ Av_©vi
†e›Uwji|
 ÔGBP, wRMjviÕ Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx‡K AvL¨vwqZ
K‡i‡Qb Interest Group bv‡g|
 Gm.B dvBbvi AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Ôjwe MÖæcÕ bv‡g|
 iv‡óªi cÖavb Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx mykxj mgvR|
 mykxj mgvR KvR K‡i Watchdog wn‡m‡e|

†bZ…Z¡
†bZ…‡Z¡i Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã 'Leadership' Ges †bZvi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã
'Leader'. 'Leadership' kãwU G‡m‡Q Bs‡iwR 'Lead' †_‡K| Lead k‡ãi A_©
n‡jv Pvjbv Ki, c_ †`Lv‡bv Ges wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv| myZivs whwb
wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib, mvg‡b Ôme wKQz cwiPvjbv K‡ib Zuv‡K †bZvÕ
(Leader) e‡j| †bZvi ¸Yvewj ev †hvM¨Zv‡K e‡j †bZv|
 GBP.I.Wv‡bj (H.O. Dunel) -Gi g‡Z, ÒmvaviY jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
RbMY‡K mn‡hvMx n‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ I D‡`¨vMx Kivi KvR‡KB
†bZ…Z¡ ejv nq|Ó
 wm.AvB.evb©vW© (C.I. Bernard)- Gi g‡Z, Ò†bZ…Z¡ n‡jv
e¨w³gÐjxq Ggb ¸Yvewji mgwó hvi gva¨‡g Zviv msMwVZ
K‡g©v‡`¨v‡M RbM‡Yi A_ev Zv‡`i Kvh©µ‡gi w`Kwb‡`©kbv
cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb|Ó
 myZivs †bZ…Z¡ n‡jv GK e¨w³ ev GK`j e¨w³i †mB Kvg¨ ¸Y ev
¸Yvewj, hv mgv‡Ri BwáZ jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨‡`i DÏxß K‡i|
¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg I e½eÜzi †bZ…Z¡ : BwZnvm †hgb †bZ…
Z¡ m„wó K‡i, †bZ…Z¡ †Zgwb BwZnvm m„wó K‡i| evOvwj
RvZxqZvev‡`i aviv †hgb †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K BwZnv‡mi g~j †mªv‡Z
wb‡q Zuv‡K †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡ cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q, †Zgwb †kL
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 315

gywReI evOvwj RvZxqZvev`‡K Zuvi ivR‰bwZK mvabv msMÖv‡gi

ga¨ w`‡q wb‡q †M‡Qb GKUv cwiYwZiƒ‡c ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k ivóª
cÖwZôvi AvKv•ÿv c~iY K‡i| G gšÍe¨wU e½eÜzi Rb¨ h_v_©| Aek¨ †ek
K‡qKwU av‡c e½eÜz ¯^vaxbZv AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg nb|
1. QvÎ, hye I ivR‰bwZK msMVb cÖwZôv : cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci G
ivóªwUi ˆ¯^ivPvix PwiÎ ax‡i ax‡i D‡b¥vwPZ nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi
¯^vaxbZvi Av‡M gymwjg jxM mv¤úª`vwqKZv AbymiY Ki‡jI
¯^vaxbZvi ci Zv eRvq iv‡L| QvÎ I hyeK‡`i g‡a¨ Amv¤úª`vwqKZv
m„wó I gymwjg jx‡Mi ˆ¯^ikvm‡bi weiæ‡× 1948 mv‡ji 4 Rvbyqvwi
QvÎjxM M‡o †Zvjv nq| GQvov Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ nq c~e©
cvwK¯Ívb hye jxM| G msMVbwU c‡i fvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
¯^vqËkvmb Av‡›`vj‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L| QvÎ †bZ…e„›`B miKv‡ii
weiæ‡× cÖwZev` Rvbvq| 1949 mv‡j gvP© gv‡m XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi PZz_© †kÖwYi Kg©Pvix‡`i Av‡›`vj‡b mg_©b
†`Iqvq Zuv‡Kmn 27 Qv·K ewn®‹vi I Rwigvbv Kiv nq| GKB eQi
23 Ryb c~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM MwVZ n‡j e½eÜz
†Rj †_‡KB G `‡ji hyM¥ m¤úv`K wbe©vwPZ nb| G mgq Zuv‡K
evievi †MÖßvi m‡Ë¡I wZwb Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ `jwU‡K msMwVZ
K‡ib|
2. fvlv Av‡›`vjb I evsjv fvlvi c‡ÿ f‚wgKv : XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
AvB‡bi QvÎ †kL gywRe ïiæ †_‡KB G‡Z †bZ…Z¡ †`b| 1948 mv‡ji 2
gvP© fvlvi cÖ‡kœ gymwjg jx‡Mi weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb msMwVZ
Ki‡Z Zuvi cÖ¯Íveµ‡g MwVZ nq me©`jxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`|
G cwil‡`i Wv‡K ivóªfvlv evsjvi `vwe‡Z WvKv 11 gvP© niZv‡j
†bZ…Z¡ †`Iqvi mgq wZwb †MÖßvi nb| 4 w`b ci gyw³ †c‡q cywjwk
nvgjvi cÖwZev‡` wZwb 17 gvP© wkÿvcÖwZôv‡b ag©NU AvnŸvb
K‡ib| G gv‡mB wRbœvn XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq I †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b
D`y©‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv †NvlYv w`‡j †kL gywRemn
wecyjmsL¨K QvÎ bv-bv aŸwb‡Z Gi cÖwZev` Rvbvb| e½eÜz Zuvi
AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z e‡j‡QbÑ Ô†h-†Kv‡bv RvwZ Zvi gvZ…fvlv‡K
fv‡jvev‡m| gvZ…fvlvi Acgvb †Kv‡bv RvwZB †Kv‡bv Kv‡j mn¨
K‡i bvB|Õ Gici 1948-52 ch©šÍ K‡qK `dv Zuv‡K KvivMv‡i _vK‡Z
nq| 1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq †kL gywRe ew›` _vKvq
kvixwiKfv‡e †hvM`vb bv Ki‡jI Av‡›`vjb‡K †eMevb Ki‡Z †bZv‡`i
m‡½ †Mvc‡b †hvMv‡hvM iv‡Lb| ivRew›` gyw³ I evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv
Kivi `vwe w`em cvj‡bi Rb¨ wZwb ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil‡`i cÖwZ
AvnŸvb Rvbvb| 14 †deªæqvwi G `vwe‡Z ïiæ K‡ib †R‡j Abkb|
†RjLvbv †_‡K wZwb 21 †deªæqvwi GK wee„wZ‡Z cywj‡ki
¸wjel©‡Yi wb›`v I cÖwZev` Rvbvb| †RjLvbv †_‡K
Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM ivLvi `v‡q XvKv †RjLvbv
316 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

†_‡K Zuv‡K dwi`cyi KvivMv‡i mwi‡q †`Iqv nq| ïay fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b
cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e †bZ…Z¡ w`‡qB bq, cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡` evsjv
fvlvi c‡ÿ wZwb †mv”Pvi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib| 1955 mv‡ji 9 b‡f¤^i
Ges 1956 mv‡ji 17 I 21 Rvbyqvwi, 7 I 16 †deªæqvwi evsjv fvlvi
cÖwZ miKv‡ii AeÁvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| 1955 mv‡jB wZwb evsjv
fvlvq MYcwil‡` fvl‡Yi my‡hvM bv w`‡j cvj©v‡g›U eR©‡bi ûgwK
†`b| c~e© evsjvi gvbyl †hgb D`y© wkL‡Q, †Zgwb cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvbyl evsjv wkL‡j `yB A‡ji g‡a¨ AwaKZi mnbkxjZvi
cwi‡ek m„wó n‡e e‡j gšÍe¨ K‡ib|
3. Amv¤úª`vwqK †PZbvi cy‡ivav : e½eÜz mKj Amv¤úª`vwqK
ivRbxwZi cÖe³v| 1947 mv‡ji `v½vq wZwb KjKvZvq wn›`y-gymwjg
wgj‡b KvR K‡ib| 1955 mv‡j mvaviY m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e `j †_‡K
gymwjg kã ev` w`‡q `‡ji bvgKiY K‡ib AvIqvgx jxM| Gi d‡j RvwZ-
ag©-wbwe©‡k‡l mevi Rb¨ `jwUi Øvi D‡b¥vwPZ nq| 1956 mv‡ji
msweav‡b a‡g©i ivR‰bwZK e¨env‡ii wZwb mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib|
1964 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡b `v½v †`Lv w`‡j †kL gywRe †`kevmx‡K
mv¤úª`vwqKZv I ag©vÜZvi wkKv‡i cwiYZ bv nIqvi AvnŸvb
Rvbvb| Rvbyqvwi‡Z MwVZ `v½v cÖwZ‡iva KwgwUi wZwb
wQ‡jb AvnŸvqK| H KwgwU Ôc~e© cvwK¯Ívb iæwLqv `uvovIÕ
wk‡ivbv‡g Bk‡Znvi cÖKvk Ki‡j †kL gywRe †MÖßvi nb| mˇii
`k‡Ki ïiæ‡Z wewfbœ e³…Zvq mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZi D‡jøL
i‡q‡Q| 7 gv‡P©i e³…Zvq ب_©nxb fvlvq e‡jb, GB evsjvq wn›`y-
gymjgvb, evOvwj-AevOvwj hviv Av‡Q, Zviv Avgv‡`i fvB| Zv‡`i
iÿv Kivi `vwqZ¡ Avcbv‡`i Ic‡i|
4. MYZš¿ I ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe : MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ wZwb `ªæZ
msweavb cÖYqb, `yB As‡ki ˆelg¨ `~ixKiY, AvZ¥wbqš¿YvwaKvi
cÖwZôvi `vwe Rvbvb| MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ msm‡`i ÿgZv e„w×,
†mbvevwnbx‡K ivRbxwZ †_‡K `~‡i ivLvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| e½eÜz
MYZš¿ cÖwZôvq cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j cvj©v‡g‡›U I Gi evB‡i
†mv”Pvi wQ‡jb| 30 †m‡Þ¤^i 1955 Zvwi‡L cvj©v‡g‡›U †`Iqv e³…
Zvq wZwb cvwK¯Ívb‡K RbM‡Yi ivóª, kvm‡Ki bq e‡j AwfwnZ
K‡ib| msL¨vMwiôZvi †Rv‡i gymwjg jxM †K›`ªxq miKvi cwiPvjbvq
we‡ivax `‡ji m‡½ †h Ab¨vq AvPiY Ki‡Q wZwb Gi mgv‡jvPbv
K‡ib| ivRbxwZ‡Z †mbvevwnbxi f‚wgKv KL‡bv †g‡b †bbwb
wZwb| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j †ek K‡qKwU e³…Zvq wZwb mvgwiK
evwnbx‡K ÿgZvi evB‡i ivLvi c‡ÿ gZ †`b|
1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb cÖv°v‡j †`Iqv e³…Zvq wZwb e‡jbÑ ÔRvZxq
wbivcËvi ¯^v‡_© Avgv‡`i mk¯¿ evwnbxi †emvgwiK cÖkvm‡bi
¸iæfvi enb Kiv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB DwPZ bq| ivRbxwZ‡Z mk¯¿ evwnbxi
Rwo‡q cov G‡Kev‡i AbywPZ|Õ wbe©vPwb e³…Zvq wZwb c~Y©
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 317

¯^vqËkvmb‡K †`‡ki gyw³i GKgvÎ c_ e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib| 1970 mv‡j

wbe©vP‡bi cÖv°v‡j bZzb msweavb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Pj‡Z _vK‡j
wZwb wbe©vP‡bi ci RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa‡`i G `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi
my‡hvM †`Iqvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| ÔGKgvÎ RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ
cÖwZwbwaB †`k‡K GKwU kvmbZš¿ w`‡Z cv‡iÑ †h
kvmbZš¿ RbM‡Yi GK‡Î emev‡mi ¯’vqx wfwË wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ
n‡e|Õ cvwK¯Ívb miKvi G my‡hvM bv w`‡q evOvwj‡K MYnZ¨vi
gva¨‡g `g‡bi †Póv K‡i|
5. c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ˆel‡g¨i Aemv‡b f‚wgKv : c~e© I cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ˆel‡g¨i Aemv‡b wZwb f‚wgKv iv‡Lb, cvj©v‡g‡›Ui
wewfbœ e³…Zvq we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨
Av_©mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, mvgwiK evwnbxmn wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î
†h ˆelg¨ weivR KiwQj, Zv †kL gywRe e¨vL¨v K‡ib| cvwK¯Ívb
miKvi 1955 mv‡j c~e©vÂj‡K Ôc~e© evsjvÕ bv‡gi cwie‡Z© c~e©
cvwK¯Ívb ivL‡j e½eÜz †kL gywRe cÖ_g Gi Zxeª cÖwZev` K‡ib|
wZwb evsjv bv‡gi `xN©w`‡bi BwZnvm I HwZn¨ Zz‡j a‡i c~e©
evsjv bvg envj ivLvi `vwe Rvbvb| GKvšÍB Zv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z PvB‡j
c~e© evsjvi gvby‡li MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g Kivi AvnŸvb Rvbvb|
6. 6 `dv-evOvwji gyw³i mb` †ck : AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mfvcwZ †kL
gywRe 1966 mv‡j ¯^vwaKvi I ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe-msewjZ 6 `dv
`vwe †ck K‡ib| 6 `dv evOvwj RvwZ‡K AviI HK¨e× K‡i evOvwj
RvZxqZvev‡`i P‚ovšÍ ewntcÖKvk NUvq| Gi d‡j evOvwji
AvZ¥wbqš¿YvwaKvi `vwe AviI †Rvi`vi nq| 6 `dvi wfwˇZ 1970
mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i|
7. mk¯¿ cÖwµqvq †`k ¯^vaxb Kivi cÖ‡Póv : †kL gywRe GKw`‡K
wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q, Ab¨w`‡K mk¯¿ wecø‡ei gva¨‡g cvwK¯Ív‡bi
ˆ¯^ikvmb †_‡K †`k‡K gyw³i †Póv K‡ib| KgvÛvi †gvqv‡¾g
†nv‡m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ †bŠ, wegvb, †mbvevwnbxi m`m¨ I †emvgwiK
Awdmviiv cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K ¯^vaxb nIqvi Rb¨ 1967 mvj †_‡K †Póv
K‡ib| e½eÜz‡K Zviv welqwU AewnZ Ki‡j wZwb G‡Z mvq †`b|
welqwU †m eQiB duvm n‡q †M‡j miKvi Ôivóª ebvg †kL gywReyi
ingvb I Ab¨vb¨Õ kxl©K G gvgjvq e½eÜz‡K 1 b¤^i Avmvwg K‡i 35
R‡bi weiæ‡× †`k‡`ªv‡ni Awf‡hvM Av‡b| 1968 mvj †_‡K
wePviKvR ïiæ n‡jI 1969 mv‡ji 20 Rvbyqvwi Qv·bZv Avmv`, 15
†deªæqvwi gvgjvi Awfhy³ mv‡R©›U Rûiæj nK, ivRkvnx
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK W. kvgmy‡¾vnv kwn` n‡j G gvgjvi weiæ‡×
MY-Afz¨Ìvb †`Lv †`q| 21 †deªæqvwi 1969 miKvi gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi
K‡i me Awfhy³‡K gyw³ †`qÑ hw`I miKvi †kl iÿv cvqwb| MY-
Afz¨Ìv‡bi †Rvqv‡i AvBqye Lv‡bi cZb N‡U| 23 †deªæqvwi
318 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

†im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b †`Iqv msea©bv mfvq †kL gywRe‡K e½eÜz

Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ Kiv nq|
8. 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Rqjvf : 1970 mv‡j
cvwK¯Ív‡b me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK
cwil‡`i wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| wbe©vP‡b evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x
†PZbvi Rq nq|
9. 7 gv‡P©i fvlY-evOvwji RvwZi ¯^vaxbZvi gvBjdjK : 1971 mv‡ji
7 gvP© e½eÜz w`Kwb‡`©kbvg~jK e³…Zvq cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii
weiæ‡× me©vZ¥K Amn‡hvwMZvi †NvlYv †`b| wZwb e³…Zvq
cÖ‡Z¨K gnjøvq, BDwbq‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡ msMÖvg
KwgwU M‡o †Zvjv Ges hvi hv wKQz Av‡Q Zv wb‡q cÖ¯‘Z
_vK‡Z e‡jb| wZwb e‡jbÑ Ôg‡b ivL‡eb i³ hLb w`‡qwQ i³ AviI
w`‡ev| GB †`‡ki gvbyl‡K gy³ K‡i Qvo‡ev BbkvAvjøvn| Gev‡ii
msMÖvg Avgv‡`i gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi
msMÖvg|Õ wZwb GKw`‡K gyw³ msMÖv‡g mevB‡K cÖ¯‘Z
_vK‡Z AvnŸvb Rvbvb; Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b kÎæi weiæ‡× Suvwc‡q
co‡Z wb‡`©k †`b|
10. Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK : 1971 mv‡ji 1 gvP© c~e©wba©vwiZ
RvZxq cwil‡`i Awa‡ekb †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv ¯’wMZ K‡i| 3
gvP© QvÎjxM ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki †NvlYv K‡i| 7 gvP©
e½eÜzi wb‡`©kbvi ci mviv †`‡ki wbqš¿Y Zuvi Kv‡Q P‡j Av‡m|
e½eÜzi AvnŸv‡b wkÿvcÖwZôvb, Awdm-Av`vjZ eÜ _v‡K, evOvwj
wmGmwc, BwcwmGm Kg©KZ©v, AemicÖvß ˆmwbK I Awdmviiv
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi mg_©‡b wgwQj K‡ib| 23 gvP© cvwK¯Ívb
w`e‡m cvwK¯Ív‡bi cZvKvi e`‡j cÖwZ‡iva w`em wn‡m‡e cÖ‡Z¨K
fe‡b Kv‡jv cZvKv IVv‡bv nq| 25 gvP© cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx
MYnZ¨v ïiæ Ki‡j Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb mk¯¿ gyw³hy‡× iƒc †bq|
11. e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv : 25 gvP© iv‡Z cvK mvgwiK evwnbxi
nv‡Z †MÖßv‡ii Av‡MB e½eÜz ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| evOvwj
RvwZ e½eÜzi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Zuvi †NvlYv‡K wb‡`©k wn‡m‡e
MY¨ K‡i nvbv`vi cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi weiæ‡× mk¯¿ hy‡× DØy×
nq|
12. cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMv‡i ew›` gywRe ¯^vaxbZvi †cÖiYv :
e½eÜz‡K †MÖßvi K‡i `xN© 9 gvm cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMv‡i ew›`
K‡i ivLv nq| †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb I mvgwiK RvšÍv Zuv‡K
†`k‡`ªv‡ni Rb¨ duvwm †`Iqvi cwiKíbvI K‡i| wKš‘ ew›` gywRe
evsjv‡`‡k Ges ewnwe©‡k¦ gyw³`vZvi Avm‡b AwawôZ nb| e½eÜzi
Wv‡K †h‡nZz gyw³hy× nq; ZvB gyw³‡hv×viv Zuvi bv‡g gyw³hy‡×
Suvwc‡q c‡o| Aeiæ× †`‡k evOvwji Avkv-fimvi cÖZxK n‡q I‡Vb
BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd. 319

wZwb| `xN© 9 gv‡mi iÿÿqx mk¯¿ hy‡×i ci evOvwj cvwK¯Ívwb

evwnbx‡K civwRZ K‡i ¯^vaxbZv wQwb‡q Av‡b| cÖwZwôZ nq
e½eÜzi ¯^‡cœi evsjv‡`k|
mykxj mgvR
mykxj mgv‡Ri Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡jv ÔCivil SocietyÕ| †ivgvbMY ivóª
ej‡Z ÔCivitasÕ kãwU e¨envi KiZ| Avi wmwfUv‡mi ( Civitas)
AwaevmxMY‡K wmwfj (Civil) ejv n‡Zv| cÖvPxb wMÖm I †iv‡g GK
GKwU bMi wb‡q GK GKwU ivóª MwVZ n‡Zv| d‡j bM‡ii evwm›`vMY
wQ‡jb bvMwiK| Civitas-Gi A_© n‡jv ivóª Ges Civil-Gi A_© n‡jv iv‡óªi
bvMwiK| Avi †mvmvBwUi (Society) A_© n‡jv ÔmgvRÕ| myZivs
wmwfj †mvmvBwUi (Civil Society) A_© n‡jv bvMwiK mgvR| Aa¨vcK
Av‡b©÷ †Møbvi (Earnest Glener) Zuvi ÔConditions Liberty Civil Society
and its RivalsÕ kxl©K MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, Ômykxj mgvR n‡jv wewfbœ
†emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi mgwó, hv iv‡óªi fvimvg¨ iÿv Ki‡Z mÿg nq|Õ
সু kxj mgvR GKwU iv‡óªi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| †Kbbv mykxj mgvR iv‡óªi
Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb RbMY Z_v Rbmgwó wb‡q MwVZ| GKwU iv‡óªi mykxj
mgv‡R RbM‡Yi ¯’vb mevi E‡aŸ©| GKwU iv‡óªi emevmKvix gvby‡li
g‡a¨ mvg¨, ˆgÎx, åvZ…Z¡, e„w×-wePvi we‡ePbv Av‡Q| mevi g‡a¨
GKwU msnwZ‡eva Av‡Q| G aviYvB mykxj mgv‡Ri c~e©kZ©|
†cø‡Uv, A¨vwi÷Uj cÖgyL wMÖK `vk©wbK e‡j‡Qb, my›`i I g½jgq
Rxeb cÖwZôvi Rb¨B iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡| GKwU ivóª‡K mvdj¨gwÐZ K‡i
†Zvjvi Rb¨ †m iv‡óªi mgvR‡K MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvq msMwVZ Ki‡Z
n‡e| Avi mgvR‡K MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvq mvRv‡bvi Rb¨ mykxj mgvR
MV‡b eªZx n‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv mykxj mgv‡R ˆbwZK, †hŠw³KZv,
mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi I b¨vqcivqYZv‡K gvbweK AvPi‡Yi E‡aŸ© ¯’vb
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
GbwRI I evsjv‡`k
GbwRI (NGO)-Gi c~Y© bvg Non-Government Organization ev †emiKvwi
†¯^”Qvg~jK ms¯’v| †emiKvwi mvnvh¨ ms¯’v (GbwRI) ej‡Z †evSvq,
†h¸‡jv we‡`wk mvnv‡h¨ P‡j| we‡`wk A_©wbf©i Ges we‡`wk
mvnvh¨cyó ms¯’v¸‡jv‡KB †emiKvwi mvnvh¨ ms¯’v ejv nq| GbwRI-
welqK ey¨‡iv n‡jv GbwRI¸‡jvi KvR wbqš¿YKvix GKwU miKvwi
ms¯’v|
 MÖvgxY e¨vsK : evsjv‡`‡ki †h cÖwZôvb gvB‡µv‡µwWU
m‡¤§j‡bi Ab¨Zg D‡`¨v³v| MÖvgxY e¨vsK (cÖwZwôZ nq 1983
mv‡j)| webv Rvgvb‡Z FY`vb K‡i MÖvgxY e¨vsK
 eª¨vK : †`‡ki me‡P‡q eo GbwRI Ges me‡P‡q eo ÿz`ªFY
weZiYKvix ms¯’v
320 BCS mswÿß mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k welqvewj); Confidence Research work Ltd.

 Avkv : mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b GwU cÖwZwôZ nq 1978 mv‡j|

1992 mv‡j †¯úkvjvBRW ÿz`ªFY cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e KvR ïiæ
K‡i
 cÖwkKv : 1975 mv‡j gvwbKM‡Ä K‡qKwU MÖv‡g cÖwkKvi
Kvh©µg ïiæ n‡qwQj| 1976 mvj †_‡K ms¯’vwU e„nËi cwim‡i
mviv †`‡k Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i
 ey¨‡iv evsjv‡`k : GwU GKwU †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v| 1990
mv‡j Uv½vBj †Rjvq Gi Kvh©µg ïiæ nq
 ¯^wbf©i evsjv‡`k : 1975 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m cÖwZwôZ nq