BDwbU

evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi I kvmb KvVv‡gv

5
miKvi iv‡óªi KvÛvix ¯^iƒc| miKv‡ii cÖK…w Zi DciB iv‡óªi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ cÖ wZdwjZ nq| my`xN© msMÖvg I wÎk
jÿ cÖv‡Yi wewbg‡q evsjv‡`k ¯^ vaxb nq| gyw³i G msMÖv‡gi g~j jÿ¨ wQj RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi cÖwZôv|
evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’vI RbM‡Yi Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡e| evsjv‡`k GKwU MYZvwš¿K, GK‡Kw›`ªK I msm`xq
miKvi e¨e¯’vi ivóª, hvi mKj ÿgZvi Drm RbMY, RbM‡Yi m‡ev©”P Kj¨vY I AskMÖnY wbwð‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi
KvVv‡gv †Kw›`ªq I ¯’vbxqfv‡e wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e miKvi cÖavbZ wZbwU fv‡Mi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ
nq| †m¸wj n‡jv AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM I wePvi wefvM| cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡Mi ¯^Zš¿ Kvh©µg i‡q‡Q| G BDwb‡U
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ¯^iƒc, miKv‡ii AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM, wePvi wefvM, †Kw›`ªq cÖkvmb I ¯’ vbxq cÖkvmb
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~ n
cvV-1: evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ¯^iƒc cvV-8: wePvi wefvM I AvB‡bi kvmb
cvV-2: AvBbmfv: RvZxq msm` cvV-9: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv
cvV-3: RvZxq msm‡`i ÿgZv I Kvh© vewj cvV-10: †K›`ªxq cÖk vmb
cvV-4: kvmb wefv‡Mi MVb I Revew`wnZv cvV-11: mwPevjq: MVb I Kvh© vewj
cvV-5: ivóªcwZi c`gh© v`v, ÿgZv I Kvh© vewj cvV-12: wefvMxq, †Rjv I Dc‡Rjv cÖ kvmb
cvV-6: cÖ avbgš¿xi c`gh©v`v, ÿgZv I Kvh© vewj cvV-13: ¯’vbxq cÖk vmb I ‡K›`ªxq cÖk vm‡bi m¤úK©
cvV-7: wePvi wefvM

cvV-5.1 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ¯^iƒc

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii aiY ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kvh© vewj D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã kvmb e¨e¯’v, KvVv‡gv, wefvM, wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨, gwš¿mfv, civgk©, msweavb
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

miKvi †h‡Kvb †`‡ki kvmbe¨e¯’ vi †K›`ªwe›`y| miKvi‡K †K›`ª K‡i GKwU iv‡óªi kvmbZvwš¿K Kvh© vewj
m¤úvw`Z nq| g~jZ: iv‡óªi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ mvwaZ nq miKv‡ii gva¨‡g| Avi GKvi‡Y miKvi e¨wZZ
GKwU iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| ivóª MwVZ nq PviwU g~j Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q †hgb, wbw`©ó f~-LÛ, RbMY,
miKvi I mve©‡fŠgZ¡| GB PviwU Dcv`v‡bi GKwU e¨wZZ iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ AKíbxq| Z‡e iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg cÖavb
Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e miKv‡ii KvVv‡gv I Kvh© cÖYvjxB G‡K ¸iæZ¡en K‡i †Zv‡j| G Kvi‡Y miKvi‡K KL‡bv KL‡bv
†`k cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î gw¯Í ®‹ e‡j AvL¨v †`qv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’vI KvVv‡gv I Kvh©MZfv‡e KZ¸‡jv
ˆewkó¨ aviY K‡i‡Q| mvsweavwbKfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’v GK‡Kw›`ª K I msm`xq KvVv‡gvi Ici cÖwZwôZ|
A_©vr GB miKvi KvVv‡gvq GKwU kw³kvjx ‡K›`ªxq miKvi _vK‡e| †K›`ªxq miKviB ivóªe¨e¯’vi g~j m~wZKvMvi
wn‡m‡e AvBb cÖYqb,ev¯Íevqb I e¨vL¨v msµvšÍ wel‡q f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| miKv‡ii wZbwU A½- AvBb wefvM,
kvmb wefvM I wePvi wefvM| cÖw ZwU A½ Ôwbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨Õ bxwZi gva¨‡g ¯^-¯^ †ÿ‡Î Kvh©Kwi| GKwU wefvM
KLbI Ab¨ wefv‡Mi Kv‡h© n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi KvVv‡gv

AvBb wefvM kvmb wefvM wePvi wefvM

msm`xq miKvi KvVv‡gvi wbqg †g‡b evsjv‡`‡k RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ cÖw Zwbwa‡`i wb‡q MwVZ msm`‡K
me©v‡cÿv kw³kvjx wefvM wnmv‡e cÖw ZwôZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvBb Abyh vqx kvmb wefv‡Mi me©v‡cÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c` nj
ivóªcwZ I cÖavbgš¿x| GB miKvi e¨e¯’vq GKwU gwš¿mfv _vK‡e Ges evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi aviv 55-i 3 Abymv‡i
gwš¿mfv †hŠ_fv‡e msm‡`i wbKU `vqx _vK‡e|
kvmb wefvM :
kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖ K…Z ÿgZv b¨¯Í _v‡K cªa vbgš¿xi nv‡Z| iv‡óªi cÖavb wn‡m‡e ivóªcwZ †`‡ki cÖw ZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡e;
wKšÍy mKj †ÿ‡Î Zu v‡K cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| cÖ avbgš¿x gš¿xcwil‡`iI cªavb| gš¿xcwil‡`i
m`m¨‡`i cÖavbgš¿xi civg‡k© ivóª cwZ wb‡qvM `vb K‡ib| gš¿x‡`i g‡a¨ `vq`vwqZ¡ e›Ub K‡ib cÖ avbgš¿x| miKvi
cÖavb wn‡m‡e cÖavbgš¿x miKvi e¨e¯’vi cÖa vb bxwZwba©viK wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| Z‡e AvBb ev¯ÍevqbMZ
mKj ÿgZv kvmb wefv‡Mi GLwZqv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb wefvM Gi e¨vwß mgybœZ †i‡L‡Q iv‡óªi m‡ev©”P c`
†_‡K G‡Kev‡i Z„Yg~j chvq ch©šÍ| G Kvi‡Y miKv‡ii GB wefvMwUi gva¨‡gB iv‡óªi mKj ¯Í‡i AvBb ev¯Íevqb
m¤¢e nq|
AvBb wefvM :
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii AvBb wefvM AvBb cÖYqb, cwieZ©b I ms‡kvab Kivi AwaKvi iv‡L, hv msweavb KZ©„K
¯^xK… Z| evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’vq msm`xq c×wZ M„n xZ nIqvi `iæY AvBbmfv‡Z msL¨vMwiô ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
nv‡ZB wbev©nx wefv‡Mi ÿgZv b¨¯Í _v‡K| miKvi KZ…© K kvmbe¨e¯’v cwiPvwjZ Kivi ÿgZv gnvb msm‡`i nv‡Z
_vKvi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k msm‡`i mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i ‡bqv n‡q‡Q| Gi A_© nj-AvBb I kvmb cÖYqbMZ
mKj wel‡q msm` KZ©„K M„n xZ bxwZgvjvB cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e Ges Zv kvmb wefvM KZ©„K ev¯Íe vwqZ n‡e| Gi e¨Zq
nIqv mvsweavwbKfv‡e AvBb jsN‡bi kvwgj|
wePvi wefvM :
evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi KvVv‡gv‡Z wePvi wefvM miKv‡ii mKj cªKvi wePvwiK Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| wePvwiK
Kv‡h©i Ask wn‡m‡e GB wefvMwU g~jZ: msweavb I AvBb Aby hvqx Acivax‡K kvw¯Í cÖ `vb K‡i _v‡K I RbM‡Yi
AwaKvi iÿv K‡i b¨vqwePvi cÖw Zôv K‡i _v‡K| wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^ vaxbZv I wbi‡cÿZvi gva¨‡g AvB‡bi kvmb

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 137

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cÖwZôvi welqwU ‡`‡ki msweavb Øviv ¯^xK…Z| †mw`K †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvi welqwU msweavb
KZ…©K ixwZwm×| GQvov msweavb mgybœZ †i‡L wePvi wefvM Zvi wePvwiK Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|
DcwiDwjøwLZ miKv‡ii wZbwU wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k miKvi iv‡óªi wbivcËv `vb, RbM‡Yi AwaKvi msiÿY,
AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv, kvwšÍ-k„ •Ljv iÿv, b¨vqwePvi BZ¨vw` wbwðZKiYmn mKj cÖ Kvi RbKj¨vYg~j K Kvhv©w` K‡i
_v‡K| GKwU MYZvwš¿ K ivóª wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k miKvi DcwiD³ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡bi AwaKvi msweavb KZ©„K
cÖYxZ| evsjv‡`‡ki msm`xq kvmbe¨e¯’vq miKviB msweavb cÖY q‡bi gva¨‡g ivóª cwiPvjbvi bxwZ I †KŠkj
wbav©iY K‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii KvVv‡gv wPÎvwqZ Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
miKvi †h‡Kvb kvmb e¨e¯’ vi g~j PvwjKv kw³| evsjv‡`k bvgK ivóªwUiI jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b miKv‡ii
f~wgKv Acwimxg| G ‡`‡ki miKvie¨e¯’v PvwjZ nq wZbwU A‡½i gva¨‡g| G¸wj nj: AvBb wefvM, kvmb
wefvM I wePvi wefvM| GB wZbwU wefv‡Mi Kvhv©ewji Ici miKv‡ii mdjZv wbf©i K‡i| ivóªxq mKj cÖ Kvi
RbKj¨vYg~jK KvR †hgb-iv‡óªi wbivcËv `vb, RbM‡Yi AwaKvi msiÿY, AvB‡bi kvmb cÖw Zôv, kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv
iÿv, b¨vqwePvi BZ¨vw` wbwðZ K‡i _v‡K miKvi| GQvovI Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK Kvhv©w ` m¤úv`‡bI miKvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| miKv‡ii wefvM ‡KvbwU?
i. wbe©vPb Kwgkb
ii. kvmb wefvM
iii. AvBb wefvM

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) i. (L) i. I ii. (M) ii. I iii. (N) †KvbwU bq

2| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wbe© vnx cÖavb GKB mv‡_-?

i. msm` †bZv
ii. gwš¿cwil` cÖ avb
iii. ¯úxKvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i. (L) i. I ii. (M) ii. I iii. (N) †KvbwU bq

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 138

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.2 AvBb mfv : RvZxq msm`

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 AvBb mfv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 RvZxq msm‡`i MVb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

AvBb cÖ Yqb, msweavb, Kÿ, †dvivg, msL¨vMwiô, wej, m¤§wZ, ivóªcÖwZ,

gyL¨ kã
cÖavbgš¿x, ¯úxKvi, msm` m`m¨

evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg cÖa vb GKwU A½ wn‡m‡e AvBbmfvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †Kbbv AvBbmfvq
msm`xq cÖwµqv Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq I AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi c_ wbav©iY Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi cÂg fv‡M DwjøwLZ AvBbvbym v‡i evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfv wn‡m‡e RvZxq msm`‡K cÖw ZwôZ
Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ms‡kvab †_‡K kyiæ K‡i mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb GB RvZxq msm`B cÖYqb K‡i
_v‡K| G‡`‡k msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v Pvjy _vKvq msm`B kvmb wefv‡Mi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`vwaKvix †hgb-
ivóªcwZ‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ ivR‰bwZK cÖ vwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv‡Z RbM‡Yi MYZvwš¿ K AwaKvi
PP©vi Rb¨ GB RvZxq msm` nj miKv‡ii me©v‡cÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖw Zôvb|
RvZxq msm‡`i weeiY:
AvBb Abymv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` nj GKKÿ wewkó AvBbmfv| mviv‡`k †_‡K wbe© vwPZ 300 msm` m`m¨
Ges msiwÿZ 50 Rb bvix msm` m`m¨ wb‡q GB RvZxq msm` MwVZ nq| c~Y© †gqv‡` cÖw Z cu vP eQi ci ci
RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb Aby wôZ nq| GB wbe©vP‡b evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨K eq¯‹cÖvß bvMwiK Zvi †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i
_v‡K| Avi cÖPwjZ AvBb †g‡b evsjv‡`‡ki †h‡Kvb bvMwiK GB RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b cÖwZØw›ØZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GB msm`xq e¨e¯’vq ivóªcwZ c‡` wbev© P‡b cÖwZØw›ØZvi †ÿ‡Î GKRb cÖv_x©i eqm 35 eQi n‡Z n‡e| cÿvšÍ‡i
cÖavbgš¿x c‡` cÖwZØw›ØZvi Rb¨ 25 eQi nIqvi kZ© ‡`‡ki msweavb KZ…© K ¯^xK…Z| RvZxq msm‡` †Kvb AvBb
cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wbqgZvwš¿ Kfv‡e msm` m`m¨M‡Yi gZvgZ M„nxZ nq| g~jZ: RvZxq msm‡`i gvbbxq w¯úKv‡ii
m¤§y‡L msm` m`m¨MY KZ©„K Zzgyj Av‡jvPbv I mgv‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †Kvb AvBb msm‡` cvk nq| Z‡e AvBb cÖYqb
I msweavb ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ h_vµ‡g msL¨vMwiôZv I `yB-Z… Zxqvsk msm` m`‡m¨i m¤§wZ _vK‡Z nq| Gici
miKvi cÖavb wn‡m‡e gvbbxq cªa vbgš¿x I cwi‡k‡l iv‡óªi cÖ avb wn‡m‡e gnvgvb¨ ivóª cwZi wjwLZ m¤§wZi ga¨ w`‡q
GKwU AvBb‡K Kvh© Kwi iƒc cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfvi bvg Kx? Gi MVb eY© bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfv g~jZ: AvBb cÖ Yqb msµvšÍ Kvh© vewj we‡kl K‡i msweavb cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y
AvBb mfv KZ…©K cÖY xZ AvBb †KDB j•Nb Ki‡Z cv‡I bv| †h Kvi‡Y eZ©gvbKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfvi
Kvh©vewj e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× n‡q‡Q| AvBb mfv mve©‡ fŠg nIqvi Kvi‡Y miKv‡ii Ab¨ `ywU A½ msMVb †_‡K AvBb
mfv †ewk ¸iæZ¡en n‡q DV‡Q|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 139

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| RvZxq msm` m¤ú‡K© wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q msweav‡bi †Kvb wefv‡M?
(K) wØZxq (L) Z…Zxq
(M) PZz_© (N) cÂg
2| RvZxq msm‡` gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ KZwU Avmb msiwÿZ i‡q‡Q?
(K) 40 (L) 50
(M) 60 (N) 70

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 140

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.3 RvZxq msm‡`i ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nevi †hvM¨Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 RvZxq msm‡`i ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wbe©vwPZ, msweavb, †gŠwjK bxwZ, Awa‡ekb, ¯úxKvi, wej, P‚o všÍ e¨vL¨v|

AvBb cÖYq‡bi ÿgZv GKgvÎ RvZxq msm‡`i nv‡Z b¨¯Í nIqvq evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb KZ…©K RvZxq
msm‡`i ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj‡K we¯Í…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi cÂgfv‡M RvZxq msm‡`i ÿgZv
I Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q| msweav‡bi 65 bs Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx GB cÖRvZ‡š¿i AvBb cÖYqb
msµvšÍ mKj ÿgZv RvZxq msm‡`i Dci b¨¯Í| mviv‡`k †_‡K wbe© vwPZ 300 msm` m`m¨ Ges msiwÿZ 50 Rb
bvix msm` m`m¨ wb‡q RvZxq msm` MwVZ nq| GB msm‡`i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ÿgZv I Kv©hvewj wb¤œiƒc:
RvZxq msm‡`i Kvh©vewj
evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfvi Kvh©vewjmg~n msweavb KZ… K ¯^ xK… Z| †m¸wj wb‡¤œ †`Lv‡bv njÑ
AvBb cÖY qb msµvšÍ Kvhv©ewj : AvBb cÖYqb Kivi KvRwU AvBb mfvi cÖavb KvR| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi
†gŠwjK bxwZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L AvBb wefvM GB KvRwU K‡i _v‡K| GB wefvMwU bZzb AvBb cÖ Yqb I cyivZb
AvBb evwZ‡ji ÿgZv iv‡L| evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfv KZ©„K cÖY xZ AvBb ØvivB kvmb wefvM kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv
K‡i I wePvi wefvM Zvi wePvwiK Kvhv©w ` m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| g~jZ: AvB‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e GB wefvMwU Zvi
cÖvavb¨ kvmb e¨e¯’ vq mgybœ Z iv‡L|
msweavb cÖYqb I ms‡kvab : evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfv msweavb cÖ Yqb I ms‡kvab msµvšÍ hveZxq Kvh© vewj m¤úv`b
K‡i _v‡K| †`‡ki msweavb DwjøwLZ `yBwU ÿgZvB AvBb mfv‡K cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î AvBb mfv msweavb
ms‡kvabK‡í wewfbœ msweavb we‡klÁ‡`i mv‡_ civgk© I cÖ‡qvR‡b MY‡fv‡Ui wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i|
wePvi msµvšÍ Kvh©vewj : cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbix‡L KLbI evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfv wePvi m¤úwK©Z Kvhv©w`I m¤úv`b K‡i
_v‡K| GgbwK ivóªcwZI hw` †Kvb ¸iyZi Am`vPiY K‡ib Zvn‡j msweav‡bi 52 bs Aby‡ ”Q` Abymv‡i msm` Zu vi
Awfksmb A_© vr wePvwiK KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e| AvBbmfvi m`m¨ I Ab¨vb¨ wbev©wPZ D”Pc`¯’ e¨w³‡`i weiæ‡×
AvBb wefvM msweav‡bi P~ovšÍ e¨vL¨v`vZv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wbev©P b msµvšÍ we‡iv‡ai wePvi msµvšÍ e¨vcv‡iI
evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfv ÿgZvcÖ vß|
kvmb wefvM wbqš¿Y msµvšÍ Kvh©vewj : ZË¡MZfv‡e kvmb wefv‡Mi wbqš¿Y K‡í A_© vr kvmb wefv‡Mi †¯^”QvPvwiZv
†iv‡a AvBb wefvM f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Z‡e ivóª‡ f‡` Zv wfbœiƒc cwiMÖn Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfv
mve©‡fŠg nIqvi `iæY AvBb wefv‡Mi G ai‡bi f~wgKv ivLvi K_v _vK‡jI, fvimvg¨c~Y© kvmb I cÖk vm‡bi
ZvwM‡` kvmb wefvM AvBb wefv‡Mi n¯Í‡ÿc gy³ _v‡K| Z‡e AvBb mfv KZ…© K cÖY xZ mvsweavwbK AvBb wbev©n x ev
kvmb wefvM †g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨ _v‡K| AvBb mfv KZ©„ K cÖYxZ AvBb Agvb¨ Kivi A_© nj msweavb‡K AMÖvn¨ Kiv|
A_©-msµvšÍ Kvhv©ewj : evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfv bvbvwea A_© msµvšÍ Kvh© vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i
A‡_©i AcPq †iv‡a AvBb mfv MYZvwš¿K c×wZi PP©v K‡i Zv wbqš¿Y K‡i| ev‡RU †ckmn miKvwi Avq-e¨‡qi
ch©v‡jvPbv, cieZx© eQ‡ii e¨q eiv‡Ïi KvR MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z Kvh©Ki K‡i ‡Zv‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfvi
AbygwZ Qvov Ki avh© ev cyi vZb Kie¨e¯’vi cy bwe©b¨vm m¤¢e nqbv|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

kvmb msµvšÍ Kvhv©ewj : evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfv wewfbœ D”Pc`¯’ Kg©Pvix wb‡qvMmn wewfbœ mwÜ ev Pzw³ Aby‡gv`b
Kiv, hy× †NvlYv cÖf…wZ kvmb msµvšÍ KvR K‡I _v‡K|
wbev©Pb msµvšÍ Kvhv©ewj : evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfv wbev©Pb msµvšÍ KZK¸‡jv KvR m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| †hgb,
AvBb mfvi m`m¨‡`i †fv‡U ivóª cwZ wbev©wPZ nb|
cÖwZwbwaZ¡k xj Kvh© vewj :
AvBb mfvi m`m¨MY wbR wbR GjvKvi RbM‡Yi mgm¨vejx m¤ú‡K© AvBb mfvq Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges Gme
ch©v‡jvPbvi Ici wfwË K‡i AvBb mfv AvBb cÖYqb I wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
GmKj Kvh©vewj Qvov evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfv Z`šÍ, wePviK‡`i ¸iæZi Am`vPi‡Yi wePvwiK KvR, miKv‡ii
MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbvmn AviI wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ Kvh© vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfvi c‡ivÿ Kvhv©ewj¸‡jvI ¸iæZ¡ c~Y©| ivRbxwZi ˆeaKiY, AskMÖnY, ivR‰bwZK g‰ZK¨ m„wó,
`j I RvwZmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi we‡iva `~ixKiY, ivR‰bwZK ‡PZbvi weKvk BZ¨vw` bvbvwea KvR I AvBbmfv K‡i
_v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfvi Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbvi ci GK_v ejv hvq †h, AvBb mfv mve©‡fŠg nIqvi Kvi‡Y Gi
Kvh©vewj e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| Avi ZvB AvBb mfv Ab¨ †h‡Kvb `yBwU wefvM †_‡K ¸iæ‡Z¡i wePv‡i Kvh©Z GwM‡q
_v‡K|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfvi cu vPwU KvR D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfv‡K RvZxq msm` e‡j AvL¨v †`qv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` g~jZ: msm`xq
MYZ‡š¿i Ici cÖwZwôZ| msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i †gŠjbxwZ Abyh vqx cÖavbgš¿x n‡jb cÖavb wbe© vnx| RvZxq msm‡`i
Kvh©vewj msweavb cÖY xZ bxwZ Abyh vqx msNwUZ nq| AvBb cÖY qb n‡jv RvZxq msm‡`i cÖa vb KvR| GQvov
RvZxq msm` AvBb I kvmb msµvšÍ bvbvwea Kg©KvÐ m¤úv`b K‡i miKvi cwiPvjbvq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| cÖ‡Z¨K miKv‡iiB AvBb cÖYqb I ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ GKwU wefvM _v‡K| G wefv‡Mi m`m¨MY Avevi kvmb
wefv‡Mi ivR‰bwZK AskI e‡U| G wefvMwU nj-
i. RvZxq msm`
ii. AvBb wefvM
iii. AvBb cwil`
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i. (L) i. I iii. (M) ii. I iii. (N) meKwU
2| †KvbwU AvBb wefv‡Mi cÖavb KvR bq?
(K) AvBb cÖY qb (L) wePvi msµvšÍ
(M) AvBb ms‡kvab (N) Revew`wnZv

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 142

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.4 kvmb wefv‡Mi MVb I Revew`wnZv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 kvmb wefv‡Mi MVb-KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 kvmb wefv‡Mi Revew`wnZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã A½, msm`xq, bvggvÎ, wbe©vnx cÖa vb, Kvh©e ›Ub, Revew`wnZv

AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K ivóª miKv‡ii †h wZbwU A½ msMV‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i cwiPvwjZ nq, Zb¥‡a¨ wbev©n x
wefvM Ab¨Zg kw³kvjx I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| †Kbbv, ivóª e¨e¯’vi m‡ev©”P c` `ywU A_© vr
ivóªcwZ I cÖa vbgš¿x GB wbev©n x wefv‡Mi AšÍf~©³| evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi PZz_© fv‡M wbe© vnx wefvM A_v©r
kvmb wefv‡Mi MVb I `vq-`vwqZ¡ m¤úwK© Z mvsweavwbK AvBb wjwce× Av‡Q|
kvmb wefv‡Mi KvVv‡gv
ivóªcwZ : kvmb wefv‡Mi Kvh©µg gnvgvb¨ ivóªcwZi bv‡g m¤úbœ nq| msm`xq miKvi c×wZ Pvjy _vKvq ivóª cwZ
cÖK„Z A‡_© bvggvÎ kvmK| iv‡óªi cÖK…Z cÖk vmwbK ÿgZv miKvi cÖavb A_© vr cÖavbgš¿xi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K| Z‡e
iv‡óªi cÖavb wnmv‡e ivóªcwZ me©vwabvq‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô
†fv‡Ui Øviv| GB msm`B †h †Kvb eo ai‡bi e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ ivóªcwZ‡K ÿgZvPz¨Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| ivóªcwZ g~jZt
Aj¼vwiK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| msm`xq cÖ_ v Abyh vqx Zu v‡K cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© Abyhvqx Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z nq|
cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿cwil` :
msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabx MÖn‡Yi d‡j evsjv‡`‡k †h wbev©n xi D™¢e N‡U Zv nj msm`xq wbev©nx| GLv‡b
cÖavbgš¿xi cÖvavb¨ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ bvbvwea e¨e¯’v msweavbf~³ nq| GB e¨e¯’vq cÖavbgš¿x KZ…© K g‡bvbxZ I
Aby‡gvw`Z bv n‡j †Kvb e¨w³ ivóªcwZ wbev©wPZ n‡Z cv‡ib bv| cÖ K…Zc‡ÿ, miKvi cÖavb wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki
eZ©gvb wbev©nx ÿgZv g~j Z: cÖavbgš¿xi IciB b¨¯Í i‡q‡Q| cÖavbgš¿x gwš¿cwil‡`i cÖ avb _v‡Kb| gwš¿cwil` Zvi
mKj Kg©Kv‡Ûi Rb¨ cÖa vbgš¿xi wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡K| †Kbbv, cÖavbgš¿x n‡jb msm` †bZv|
A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡ij :
A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡ij wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi ev miKv‡ii c‡ÿ †`‡ki m‡ev©”P Av`vj‡Zi wePvwiK Kg©Kv‡Û cÖavb Kzkjx
wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
cÖkvmb I ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb :
†`‡ki mKj cÖkvmb I ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb wbev©nx wefv‡Mi Aax‡b _v‡K| g~jZ: wbe©vnx Av‡`k e‡j AvB‡bi ev¯Í evqb
KivB Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨|
kvmb wefv‡Mi Revew`wnZv
evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq kvmb e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb _vKvq AvBb mfv ev RvZxq msm‡`i f~wgKv I Kvh© vewj we¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q|
Avi GKvi‡Y RvZxq msm` ivRbxwZi †K›`ª we›`y‡ Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| AvBb mfvq g~j Z: RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨ivB
Dcw¯’ Z _v‡K Ges Zv‡`i wb‡qB miKvi MwVZ nq| kvmb wefv‡Mi AvBb ev¯Íe vqbKvix Ask A_©vr gš¿x cwil‡`i
cÖavb wn‡m‡e cÖavbgš¿x iv‡óªi cÖK…Z kvm‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡K| GKvi‡Y wZwb RvZxq msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô m`m¨‡`i
Av¯’ vfvRb n‡q _v‡Kb| Z‡e evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 55 (3) bs Aby‡”Q` Abyh vqx gwš¿mfv †hŠ_fv‡e msm‡`i wbKU
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 143
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

`vqx _v‡K| A_©vr cÖa vbgš¿x I gwš¿cwil‡`i m`m¨e„›`‡K kvmb wefv‡Mi hveZxq Kg©Kv‡Ûi Rb¨ RvZxq msm‡`i
wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq| Revew`wnZvi GB welqwU we`¨gvb _vKvq miKvi‡K m`v RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ
_vK‡Z nq| A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î, miKv‡ii fzj-ÎæwU ïa‡i w`‡ZI RvZxq msm` ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
kvmb wefv‡Mi Revew`wnZv nj wewfbœ `߇ii gš¿x, cÖw Zgš¿xmn Ab¨vb¨ Kg© KZviv Zu v‡`i Ici Awc©Z KvR
mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`b Ki‡Qb wKbv †m e¨vcv‡i msm` ev AvBb mfvq AewnZ Kiv| gš¿x I Kg©KZv©‡`i Ici Awc©Z
Kvh©µg hw` RbM‡Yi cÖw ZK~‡j hvq, †m‡ÿ‡Î Zuv‡`i weiæ‡× e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi mycvwik RvZxq msm` K‡i _v‡K|
GQvov kvmb wefvM‡K m`v mZK© ivLvi ga¨ w`‡q RvZxq msm` ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i kvmb wefvM‡K
Revew`wn K‡i _v‡K| msm` KLbI cÖkœ DÌvcb K‡i gš¿x‡`i Kvh©vewji wnmve wb‡q _v‡K| kvmb wefvM KZ…©K
Avq I e¨‡qi wnmve MÖnY K‡i I wb‡`©kbv w`‡q AvBb wefvM kvmb wefvM‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| Gfv‡e RvZxq
msm` RvZxq Znwe‡ji iÿK I AwffveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
KLbI ev msm` GKvav‡i g~jZwe ev wb›`v cÖ ¯Íve G‡b kvmb wefv‡Mi Revew`wnZv wbwðZ K‡i _v‡K| msm‡`
ivóªcwZi fvl‡Yi Ici Av‡jvPbv K‡i kvmb wefvM Z_v miKv‡ii hveZxq Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv I
mgv‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| Gme Av‡jvPbv I mgv‡jvPbvi Øviv kvmb wefvM cieZ© x Kvh© vewj m¤ú‡K© mZK© n‡q _v‡K|
RvZxq msm‡` MwVZ ¯’vqx KwgwU¸‡jv gš¿Yvjq ev kvmb wefv‡Mi Ici Awc©Z wba©vwiZ Kvh©mg~‡ni e¨vcv‡i mycvwik
cÖ`vb K‡i kvmb wefvM‡K Kvh©Kwi Revew`wnZvg~jK K‡i †Zv‡j| GQvov msm` gwš¿mfvi weiæ‡× Abv¯’ v cÖ ¯Íve
G‡b msm`xq MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq gwš¿mfvi cZb NUv‡bvi bxwZi gva¨‡g kvmb wefvM‡K Revew`wn Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K; wKš‘ evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 70 bs Aby‡”Q‡`i Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k msm` †m KvRwU Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| e¯‘Z: msm` KZ©„ K kvmb wefv‡Mi wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZB nj kvmb wefv‡Mi Revew`wnZv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR kvmb wefv‡Mi Revew`wnZv Kxfv‡e wbwðZ Kiv hvq?

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿ K kvmbe¨e¯’ v we‡kl K‡i msweavb cÖY xZ AvBb kvmb wefvM KZ…©K ev¯Íe vwqZ n‡q _v‡K|
Avi ivóªcwZ I cÖavbgš¿x kvmb wefv‡Mi AšÍf~©³ nIqvq GB wefvM ÿgZvi w`K w`‡q AZ¨šÍ kw³kvjx| kvmb
wefv‡Mi ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj we¯Íi| Z‡e kvmb wefvMI Revew`wnZvi evB‡i bq| cÖavbgš¿x I gš¿xcwil‡`i
m`m¨e„›`‡K kvmb wefv‡Mi hveZxq Kg©Kv‡Ûi Rb¨ RvZxq msm‡`i wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq| Revew`wnZvi
GB welqwU we`¨gvb _vKvq miKvi‡K m`v RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡Z nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| kvmb wefv‡Mi wbe© vnx cÖa vb †K?
(K) ivóªcwZ (L) cÖa vbgš¿x (M) gš¿x (N) ¯úxKvi
2| kvmb wefv‡Mi KvR-
i. kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿv ii. ev‡RU cÖYqb iii. wePvi msµvšÍ

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) i. (L) i. I ii. (M) ii. I iii. (N) meKwU

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.5 ivóªcwZi c`gh©v`v, ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 msweavb Abyhvqx ivóª cwZi Ae¯’vb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivóªcwZi ÿgZv m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|
 ivóªcwZi cÖavb cÖa vb Kvh© vewj ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

ivóªcwZ, civgk©, me©vwabvqK, evYx, Awa‡ekb, ÿgv, Awfmskb

gyL¨ kã

ivóªcwZ MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki mvsweavwbK cÖa vb| ivóªcwZ m¤úwK©Z weavbmg~n evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi
PZy_© As‡ki 48-54 Aby‡”Q‡` mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbqggvwdK ivóª cwZ iv‡óªi m‡ev©”P Avm‡b
AwawôZ Ges wZwb msweavb I AvBb e‡j Zuvi Dci Awc©Z ÿgZv cÖ‡ qvM I `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| evsjv‡`k
miKv‡ii hveZxq Kvh©vw` ivóªcwZi bv‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi PZy_© fv‡Mi 1g cwi‡”Q‡` ivóªcwZi
c`gh©v`v, ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj wba©vwiZ Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k mvsweavwbKfv‡e msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ Ges
G‡`k‡K cÖ RvZš¿ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G mKj Kvi‡YB ivóªcwZ †`‡ki cÖa vb wbe©vnx; wKš‘ Aj¼vwiK
cÖavb| ivóª cwZ‡K `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î Zvu‡K cÖa vbgš¿xi mv‡_ civgk© Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡ki ivóª cwZ
cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô m`m¨‡`i †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| ivóª weiæ× Kg©Kv‡Ûi Rb¨ msm` ivóªcwZ‡K
Awfksm‡bi gy‡LvgywL Ki‡Z cv‡i|

ivóªcwZi ÿgZv I Kvh© vewj :

evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 48 (4) Abym v‡i cuqwÎk eQi eq¯‹ evsjv‡`‡ki †h‡Kvb bvMwiK wbw`©ó AvB‡bi
AvIZvq ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ n‡Z cv‡ib| Zu v‡K Aek¨B msm` m`m¨ wbev©wPZ nIqvi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| GQvov
GB msweav‡bi AvIZvq wZwb KLbI GB c` †_‡K AcmvwiZ nbwb GB kZ©wUI c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e D‡jøL¨ †h,
ivóªcwZ _vKvKvjxb mg‡q wZwb KLbB RvZxq msm` wbev©P‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ivóªcwZ‡K bvbvwea ÿgZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q-

kvmb msµvšÍ ÿgZv :

iv‡óªi cªavb nIqvq miKv‡ii mKj Kvhv©w` ivóªcwZi bv‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| cÖa vbgš¿x QvovI wZwb Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x,
cªwZgš¿x‡K wb‡qvM cÖ `vb K‡ib| GQvov cÖavbgš¿xi civg‡k© wZwb cÖa vb wePvicwZ, GUwb© †Rbv‡ij, mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i
wePviK, cÖa vb wbev©P b Kwgkbvi I Ab¨vb¨ wbev©Pb Kwgkbvi, gnvwnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿K, cvewjK mvwf©m
Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb I Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i wb‡qvM `vb K‡i _v‡Kb| wZwb evsjv‡`‡k wbhy³ nvBKwgkbvi I
ivóª`~‡Zi cwiPqcÎ MÖnY K‡ib| ivóªcwZ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZiÿv wefv‡Mi me©vwabvqK|

msm` I AvBb cÖYqb msµvšÍ ÿgZv :

ivóªcwZ RvZxq msm‡`i Awa‡ekb Avnevb K‡i| bZzb msm‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb I cÖw Z bZzb eQ‡ii Awa‡ek‡bi
m~Pbvq fvlY cÖ`vb K‡ib| wZwb msm‡` evYx cÖ`vb, msm` Awa‡ekb g~jZwe I cÖavbgš¿xi civg‡k© msm` †f‡OI
w`‡Z cv‡ib| †Kvb wej msm‡` cvk n‡j Zv m¤§wZi Rb¨ ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv nq| msm` †f‡O †`qv n‡j
ivóªcwZ Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi K‡i AvBb ‰Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib hv msm‡` AvBb wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 145
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

wePvi msµvšÍ ÿgZv :

wePvwiK ÿgZvi Ask wn‡m‡e msweav‡bi 49 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ †Kvb Av`vjZ, UªvBeyb vj ev Ab¨vb¨
KZ…©c‡ÿi cÖ`Ë kvw¯Í gvR©b v, ¯’w MZ, wejw¤^Z I n« vm Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
A_© msµvšÍ ÿgZv :
Avw_©K ÿgZvi Ask wn‡m‡e miKvwi e¨‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó †h‡Kvb wej ivóªcwZi mycvwik e¨wZZ msm‡` †ck Kiv
hv‡e bv|
cÖwZiÿv msµvšÍ ÿgZv :
ivóªcwZ †`‡ki mk¯¿ evwnbxi mev©wabvqK| evsjv‡`‡ki weiæ‡× ¯’j, Rj I AvKvk c‡_ Avµg‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wZwb Zv
cÖwZiÿvi Rb¨ GB mKj evwnbx‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †h‡Kvb e¨e¯’ v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
m¤§vb I ghv©`vi cÖZxK: evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ m¤§vb I gh©v`vi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e wZwb wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Ae`v‡bi Rb¨
e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K m¤§vbm~PK c`K ev †LZve cÖ `vb K‡i _v‡Kb| Zu vi AbygwZ e¨wZZ †`‡ki †Kvb bvMwiK
we‡`kx †Kvb †LZve ev m¤§vb MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| G mKj ÿgZvi evB‡i wZwb ivóª `~Z †cÖiY I MÖnY K‡ib|
ivóªcwZi Ici eZ©v‡bv Kv‡Ri Ask wn‡m‡e wZwb mKj RvZxq Abyô v‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib| wZwb cÖa vbgš¿xmn ivóªxq
¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡` AwawôZ e¨w³‡`i `vwqZ¡c~e© kc_ evK¨ cvV Kivb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Ôevsjv‡`‡k ivóªcwZ GKwU Aj¼vwiK c`-we‡kølY Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
ivóªcwZ MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii m‡e©v”P c‡` AwawôZ| ivóªcÖavb wn‡m‡e wZwb iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡ii mKj
e¨w³i E‡aŸ© Ae¯’vb K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki msm`xq e¨e¯’vq ivóªcwZi Kvh©Ki †Kvb ÿgZv bv _vK‡jI wZwb
wbqgZvwš¿ K cÖ avb wn‡m‡e wewfbœ ivóª xq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡R AwffveK wn‡m‡e ¸iæ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki
ivóªcwZ c`wU cÖavbgš¿x c‡`i cwic~iK bq; Z‡e cÖa vbgš¿xi Kv‡R mnvqK|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcÖa vb †K?
(K) ¯úxKvi (L) cÖa vbgš¿x
(M) ivóªcwZ (N) msm` †bZv
2| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ-
i. mvsweavwbK cÖ avb
ii. AjsKvwiK
iii. bvggvÎ cÖavb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i. (L) ii. (M) i., ii. I iii. (N) meKwU

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.6 cÖavbgš¿xi c`gh©v`v, ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖa vbgš¿xi c`gh©v`v Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖavbgš¿xi ÿgZv I Kvh© vewj Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã msL¨vMwiô, gwš¿cwil`, msm` †bZv, Dc‡`óv, cÖR vZš¿, kvmb wefvM, civgk©`vZv|

cÖavbgš¿x MYcÖR vZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi cÖavb| msweav‡bi 55 I 56 bs aviv g‡Z, cÖavbgš¿x c`vwqZ
n‡eb gwš¿cwil‡`i kx‡l©| wZwb Zuvi gwš¿cwil‡`i gš¿x, cÖw Zgš¿x wbev©Pb Ki‡eb| cÖavbgš¿x KZ…© K MwVZ
gwš¿mfv Zv‡`i Kvh©vejxi Rb¨ †hŠ_fv‡e msm‡`i wbKU `vqx _vK‡eb| msweavb Abymv‡i cÖa vbgš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖK…Z wbe© vnx| RvZxq msm‡`i wbe© vP‡bi ci msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô m`m¨‡`i g‡bvbxZ e¨w³‡K ivóªcwZ cÖavbgš¿x
wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM `vb K‡ib| cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qvMKvjxb mg‡q msm‡`i †h m`‡m¨i cÖw Z msL¨vMwiô msm` m`‡m¨i
mg_©b i‡q‡Q g‡g© ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q cÖ Zxqgvb n‡e, D³ m`m¨‡K wZwb cÖa vbgš¿x wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM cÖ `vb Ki‡eb|
cÖavbgš¿x wbe©vwPZ nIqvi ci wZwb iv‡óªi AvBb cª‡qvMKvix ms¯’ vi cÖavb cwil` A_© vr gš¿xcwil` MVb K‡ib Ges
Gi gva¨‡g wZwb iv‡óªi mKj cÖk vmwbK Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb| RvZxq msm‡`i †bZv I gwš¿cwil‡`i cÖavb
wn‡m‡e AvBb cÖY qb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ev¯Íe vqb ch©šÍ mKj ‡ÿ‡ÎB cªa vbgš¿ªxi ÿgZv mev©waK| GQvovI cÖavbgš¿x
kvmb welqK, AvBb welqK, wb‡qvM msµvšÍ, ev‡RU msµvšÍ wewea Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb| msweav‡bi 56
aviv Abyh vqx, cÖavbgš¿x gwš¿cwil‡`i Kgc‡ÿ 90 kZvsk m`m¨ RvZxq msm` m`‡m¨i ga¨ †_‡K †_‡K wb‡qvM
cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| GQvov evB‡i †_‡K 10 kZvsk m`m¨ wZwb gwš¿mfvq †hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e kZ© nj, G mKj
e¨w³‡`i‡K Aek¨B RvZxq msm` c‡` cÖw ZØw›ØZv Kivi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖa vbgš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii
Ôiæjm Ae weR‡bmÕ Abyh vqx ÔcÖavbgš¿xi Dc‡`óvÕ c‡`I wb‡qvM w`‡Z cv‡ib|
cÖavbgš¿xi ÿgZv I Kvh© vewj :
msm`xq c×wZi kvmbe¨e¯’ v cÖewZ©Z _vKvq evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x kvmb ÿgZvi ga¨gwY| Zuv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB
cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj kvmb I cÖk vmb cwi PvwjZ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b cÖavbgš¿xi ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K©
wek` eY©b v Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wbev©nx ev kvmb msµvšÍ ÿgZv :
msweavb Abyh vqx evsjv‡`‡ki cÖa vb wbev©n x Kg©KZ©v n‡jb cÖavbgš¿x| wZwb kvmb msµvšÍ mKj wm×všÍ MÖnY I
kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvq †bZ… Z¡ w`‡q _v‡Kb| wZwb gš¿x‡`i wb‡qvM †`b I Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ e›Ub K‡ib|
AvBb cÖ Yqb msµvšÍ ÿgZv :
†h‡Kvb AvBb cÖYq‡b cÖ avbgš¿x KZ© ©„Z¡k xj I wZwb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| Zu vi gZvgZ Abyhvqx msm‡`
AvBb DÌvwcZ I cvk nq|
A_© msµvšÍ ÿgZv :
cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© Abyhvqx A_©gš¿x ev‡RU cÖ Yqb I Zv msm‡` †ck K‡ib| Zu vi civg‡k©i Av‡jv‡K †`‡ki
ivóªcwZ cÖk vmwbK e¨q wbev©‡n A_© gÄyix cÖ`vb K‡ib|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

msm` cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ ÿgZv: cÖavbgš¿x msm‡`i †bZv nIqvi `iæY gnvgvb¨ ivóªcwZ Zuvi civgk©µ‡g msm‡`i
Awa‡ekb Avnevb I †f‡O w`‡Z cv‡ib| RvZxq msm‡`i cweÎZv I k„•Ljv iÿvi Rb¨ wZwb ¯úxKvi‡K mn‡hvwMZv
K‡ib|
`‡ji †bZv wn‡m‡e cÖ avbgš¿x :
cÖavbgš¿x wbR `‡ji I `jxq msm`xq `‡ji †bZv| wZwb msm` I msm‡`i evB‡i `‡ji bxwZ-wba©viY I `jxq
k„•Ljv Avbq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| GQvov we‡ivax `‡ji mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZvg~jK m¤úK© ¯’ vc‡bI Kvh© Kwi
f~wgKv iv‡Lb|
G mKj Kv‡Ri evB‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cÖa vbgš¿x ivóªcwZi civgk© `vZv wn‡m‡e, ciivóªbxwZ wbav©iY, ivóªxq Kv‡R
mgš^qKvix, Riæwi Ae¯’v †gvKv‡ejv BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡k cÖ avbgš¿x c‡`i ¸iæZ¡ †ewk nevi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki cÖa vbgš¿x kvmb e¨e¯’ vi †K›`ªwe›`y| †`‡k msm`xq e¨e¯’v Pvjy _vKvq wZwb Abb¨
ÿgZv I gh©v`vi AwaKvix| cªa vbgš¿x gwš¿cwil‡`i ga¨gwY| †Kbbv wZwb ÿgZvq _vK‡jB †Kej gwš¿cwil`
_vK‡e| GQvov gwš¿cwil‡`i wU‡K _vKvI cÖavbgš¿xi Ici wbf©ikxj| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x miKvi cÖa vb
wn‡m‡e m‡ev©”P ÿgZvi AwaKvix| iv‡óªi KY©avi, gyLcvÎ I RbM‡Yi †bZv wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh© vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖa vbgš¿x †Kvb wefv‡Mi cÖa vb?
(K) wePvi wefvM (L) kvmb wefvM
(M) A_© wefvM (N) †KvbwU bq
2| cÖavbgš¿x‡K wb‡qvM †`b †K?
(K) cÖa vb wePvicwZ (L) ¯úxKvi
(M) `jxq cÖa vb (N) ivóªcwZ
3| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖa vbgš¿x wb‡Pi †Kvb `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib-
i. we‡`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ wZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib
ii. ev‡RU cÖ Yq‡b civgk© †`b
iii. gwš¿cwil‡`i †bZ…Z¡ †`b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i. (L) ii. (M) iii. (N) i., ii. I iii.

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cvV-5.7 wePvi wefvM

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefv‡Mi KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wePvi wefv‡Mi Kvh©vewj I f‚wgKv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

b¨vqwePvi, AvkÖq, e¨vL¨v`vZv, wePvicwZ, msweavb, †gŠwjK AwaKvi Aa¯Í b

gyL¨ kã
Av`vjZ|

iv‡óªi wZbwU A‡½i g‡a¨ wePvi wefvM Ab¨Zg| bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi iÿv I b¨vqwePvi cÖw Zôv Kivi Rb¨
evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefvM †kl AvkÖq wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefvM g~jZ: `yB fv‡M wef³
D”PZi wePvi wefvM (mywcÖg †KvU© ) I Aa¯Íb wePvi wefvM (wb¤œ Av`vjZmg~n)| mywcÖg †KvU© †`‡ki m‡ev©”P Av`vjZ
wn‡m‡e nvB‡KvU© wefvM I Avcxj wefv‡Mi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq| mywcÖg ‡KvU© cÖa vb wePvicwZ I cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡Mi
wePvicwZ‡`i mgš^‡q MwVZ nq| GmKj wePviKe„›` wePvwiK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb| evsjv‡`k
msweav‡bi 94 bs aviv Abyhvqx cÖavb wePvicwZ I Ab¨vb¨ wePvicwZ‡`i‡K wb‡qv‡Mi ‡ÿ‡Î ivóª cwZ cÖa vbgš¿xi
civgk©µ‡g wb‡qvM cÖwµqv m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb| evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ló wefv‡M wePvi wefv‡Mi KvVv‡gv, gh©v`v
Ges Kvh© vewj m¤úwK©Z weavb wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wePvi wefv‡Mi KvVv‡gv :
evsjv‡`k myw cÖg †KvU©

Avwcj wefvM nvB‡KvU© wefvM

†`Iqvwb †dŠR`vwi

evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi e¨e¯’vi kx‡l© i‡q‡Q mywcÖg †KvU© Ges me©wb¤œ chv©‡q i‡q‡Q BDwbqb cwil` I †cŠimfvi mvwjwk
Av`vjZ| cÖwZwU †Rjvq i‡q‡Q †Rjv R‡Ri Av`vjZ I †mkb R‡Ri Av`vjZ| GQvovI i‡q‡Q mnKvix RR I
g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Av`vjZ| †Rjv RR Av`vjZ Avevi †`Iqvbx I †dŠR`vix Av`vj‡Zi mgš^‡q MwVZ|
mywcÖg †KvU© evsjv‡`‡ki m‡ev©”P Av`vjZ| mywcÖg †KvU© wePvi wefv‡Mi m‡ev©”P Av`vjZ wn‡m‡e RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK
AwaKvi iÿv AvB‡bi kvmb cÖw Zôvq KvR K‡i _v‡K| cÖavb wePvicwZ I ivóªcwZ KZ…©K wb‡qvMK…Z wba©vwiZ
msL¨K wePvicwZ wb‡q mywcÖg †KvU© MwVZ|

evsjv‡`‡k AvB‡bi weavb Aby hvqx Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ cÖ wZôvi welqwU ¯^ xK… Z| ivóªcwZ Gme Aa¯Íb Av`vj‡Zi wePvi
wefv‡Mi c‡` ev wePvi wefvMxq `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vbKvix g¨vwR‡÷ªU c‡` Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM K‡ib| †`‡ki mKj Aa¯Íb
Av`vjZ myw cªg †Kv‡U©i wbqš¿Yvaxb|

wePvi wefv‡Mi KvR :

wePvi wefvM msweavb iÿv, AvBb cÖYq‡bi mgq mvsweavwbK g~jbxwZi †Kvb e¨Z¨q n‡q‡Q wKbv Zvi ch©v‡jvPbv
K‡i _v‡K| GQvov iv‡óªi g‡a¨ †Kv_vI AvBb jswNZ n‡j Zvi wePvwiK Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| nvB‡KvU©
wefvM wePviKvh© ch© v‡jvPbvi ¶gZvi AwaKvix| †h‡Kvb e¨w³i gvgjvi ev Av‡e`‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z nvB‡KvU© wefvM

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cÖRvZ‡š¿i ‡h‡Kvb e¨w³ ev c«w Zôv‡bi Ici msweav‡b c«`Ë ‡h‡Kvb †gŠwjK AwaKvi Kvh©Ki Kivi wb‡`©kbv ev
Av‡`k Rvwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| nvB‡KvU© RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n iÿv I ev¯Íevq‡bi GKwU †mvcvb wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| Z‡e GB AwaKvimg~n ev¯Íe vq‡bi †¶‡Î nvB‡KvU© hw` †`L‡Z cvq †h, †KvbI AvBb ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi ev
msweav‡bi Ab¨ †h †Kvb As‡ki m‡½ AmvgÄm¨c~Y©, Zvn‡j †m AvB‡bi ZZUyKy AKvh©Ki †NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†Kv¤úvwb, G¨vWwgivjwU, weevn msµvšÍ welq, †U«WgvK© BZ¨vw` msµvšÍ gvgjvi †¶‡ÎI nvB‡Kv‡U©i †gŠwjK wb‡`©kbv
i‡q‡Q| wb¤œ Av`vj‡Z wePvivaxb ‡KvbI gvgjvi †¶‡Î hw` msweav‡bi e¨vL¨v m¤úwK©Z AvB‡bi c«kœ ev
Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© †KvbI welq †`Lv †`q, Zvn‡j nvB‡KvU© ‡m gvgjv Aa¯Íb ev wb¤œ Av`vjZ ‡_‡K cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i Zvi
wb®úwË Ki‡Z cv‡i|
nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi Avwcj we‡ePbv I ch©v‡jvPbvi GLwZqvi i‡q‡Q| nvB‡KvU© c« `Ë ‡KvbI ivq, wWwµ, Av‡`k ev
`Ûv‡`‡ki m‡½ evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi e¨vL¨vi e¨vcv‡i AvB‡bi c«kœ RwoZ _v‡K, Zvn‡j IB me ivq, wWwµ, Av‡`k
ev `Ûv‡`‡ki weiæ‡× Avwcj wefv‡M Avwcj `v‡qi Kiv hv‡e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR mywcÖg †KvU©‡ K msweav‡bi e¨vL¨vKvix ejvi KviY Kx?

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`k msweavb †gvZv‡eK wePvi wefvM AZ¨šÍ ghv©`vkxj Avm‡b cÖw ZwôZ| AvB‡bi kvmb‡K mgybœ Z †i‡L
wePvi wefvM b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv K‡i _v‡K| RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKvi msiÿY K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki
MYZš¿‡K AUzU iv‡L wePvi wefvM| evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefvM mywcÖg †KvU©, Aa¯Íb Av`vjZmg~n I cÖkvmwbK
UªvBeybvj wb‡q MwVZ|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| wePviK wb‡qvM K‡ib-
(K) ivóªcwZ (L) cÖa vbgš¿x
(M) cÖa vb wePvicwZ (N) ¯úxKvi
2| evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefv‡Mi Ask-
i. ‡Rjv RR Av`vjZ
ii. nvB‡KvU
iii. mnKvix RR Av`vjZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i. (L) ii. (M) i., ii. I iii. (N) †KvbwU bq

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cvV-5.8 wePvi wefvM I AvB‡bi kvmb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 AvB‡bi kvmb Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq wePvi wefv‡Mi f‚wgKv we‡køl Y Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

bxwZ, gxgvsmv, Awf‡hvM, wePviKvh©, ¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿ, Uª vBey¨bvj, g~jbxwZ

gyL¨ kã

MYcÖRvZvš¿x evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡ K ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q| d‡j
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ wZwU bvMwi‡Ki m¤úwË, gh© v`v, ¯^vaxbZv I Rxeb iÿvi mKj `vwqZ¡ ivóª MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
iv‡óªi G `vq-`vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB †hwU cÖ‡qvRb †mwU nj mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb AvBb cªYqb Ges Zvi mwVK
cÖ‡qvM| GB aviYv †_‡KB g~jZ: AvB‡bi kvm‡bi welqwU ivóª wPšÍvq ¸iæZ¡ c~Y|© AvB‡bi kvmb nj ivó«
cwiPvjbvi bxwZwe‡kl, †hLv‡b miKv‡ii mKj wµqv-Kg© AvB‡bi Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ nq Ges †mLv‡b AvB‡bi ¯’vb
mewKQyi E‡aŸ©| e¨envwiK fvlvq AvB‡bi kvm‡bi A_© GB ‡h, ÿgZvmxb miKvi me©`v AvBb Abyhvqx KvR Ki‡e,
hvi d‡j iv‡ó«i ‡h‡Kvb bvMwi‡Ki ‡Kv‡bv AwaKvi jw•NZ n‡j ‡m Zvi c«w ZKvi cv‡e| ‡gvU K_v, AvB‡bi kvmb
ZLbB we`¨gvb _v‡K, hLb miKvwi ¶gZv I KZ©…‡ Z¡i Aby kxjb Av`vj‡Zi ch© v‡jvPbvaxb _v‡K, ‡h Av`vj‡Zi
kiYvcbœ nIqvi AwaKvi mKj bvMwi‡Ki mgvb| AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi P~o všÍ `vwqZ¡wU Awc©Z n‡q‡Q wePvi wefv‡Mi
Dci| wePvi wefvM iv‡óªi g‡a¨ hw` AvB‡bi jsNb nq Zvn‡j we`¨gvb AvB‡bi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g e¨w³, cÖwZôvb,
†Kv¤úvwb, msN BZ¨vw`i AwaKvi cªwZwôZ K‡i _v‡K| wePvi wefvM hv‡Z webv evavq mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨
b¨vqwePvi cª wZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †m j‡ÿ¨ wePvi wefvM‡K ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq wePvi wefv‡Mi f‚wgKv :

wePvi wefvM AvB‡bi kvmb cÖw Zôvq Kivi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|
 AvBb ‰Zixi mgq evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi †Kvb g~jbxwZi jsNb K‡i‡Q wKbv, AvBb wefv‡Mi G KvRwU‡K ejv
nq wePvi wefvMxq ch©v‡jvPbv|
 †Kvb e¨w³, cÖwZôvb BZ¨vw`i AwaKvi jswNZ n‡j Zvi wePvwiK `vwqZ¡ m¤úv`b Kiv|
 iv‡óªi mv‡_ e¨w³i †Kvb AwaKvi msµvšÍ Awf‡hvM Av`vj‡Z DÌvwcZ n‡j Zvi gxgvsmvc~e©K ivq cÖ`vb Kiv|
 iv‡óªi †h‡Kvb As‡k AMYZvwš¿K n¯Í‡ÿc n‡j Zvi wePvwiK ivq cª`vb Kiv| GQvovI wePvi wefvM AvB‡bi
kvmb cÖw Zôv Kivi Rb¨ wbR¯^ KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ †h‡Kvb ai‡bi Awf‡hvM DÌvwcZ n‡j Zvi wePvwiK Kvh©
m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|
†h‡nZz msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ Abyh vqx bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK AwaKvi mgybœZ ivLvi `vwqZ¡ wePvi wefv‡Mi, †m‡nZz †Kv‡bv
e¨w³i GB AwaKvi ÿzYœ n‡j wZwb AvB‡bi AvkÖ q wb‡Z cvi‡eb| Gfv‡e wePvi wefvM AvB‡bi kvmb cÖ wZôvi
gva¨‡g msweavb cª`Ë bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n, †hgb--Rxeb I e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi, Pjv‡divi
AwaKvi, mgv‡e‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, wPšÍv, we‡eK I evK ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi, m¤úwËi AwaKvi, ag© msµvšÍ ¯^ vaxbZvi
AwaKvi BZ¨vw` iÿv K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb Abyh vqx †Kvb e¨w³‡K webv wePv‡i cÖnivq AvU‡K ivLv hv‡e bv| †MÖd Zvi nIqvi 24 N›Uvi
g‡a¨B wbKUZg g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wbKU nvwRi Ki‡Z n‡e| mswkøó g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Av‡`k e¨wZ‡i‡K Gi AwZwi³ mgq
†Kvb e¨w³‡K AvU‡K ivLv hv‡e bv| wePvi wefvM KZ…©K AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvi GwU Ab¨Zg GKwU ch© vq| †`‡ki

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

mKj bvMwiK‡K mgvb †Pv‡L †`Lv AvB‡bi kvm‡bi AviI GKwU †gŠwjK w`K| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb iKg eY©, †kÖwY, ag©
ev wj‡½i wfwˇZ ewÂZ Kiv hv‡e bv| †KD hw` GB Dcv‡q ewÂZ nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î wZwb AvB‡bi AvkÖq wb‡Z
cvi‡eb|
wePvi wefvM KZ©„ K RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi c~i‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB †h kZ©wU ‡g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e, Zv n‡jv wePvi
wefvM ¯^ vaxb I wbi‡cÿ n‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb wePvi wefvM‡K miKv‡ii wbev©n x wefvM †_‡K wbqš¿Ygy³
ivLv| kvmb wefvM †hb webv wePv‡i ‡Kvb wePviK‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z bv cv‡i, Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov
wePviK‡`i ch© vß †eZb-fvZvw` cÖ `vb, `ÿZv I wbi‡cÿZvi gvcKvwV‡Z wePviK wb‡qvM wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
wePviK‡`i Kv‡Ri ¯^ ”QZv wbwðZ Kiv AvB‡bi kvmb cÖw Zôvi Rb¨ Riæwi|

wkÿv_©xi KvR †gŠwjK AwaKvi cÖwZôvq wePvi wefv‡Mi f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
wePvi wefvM miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg GKwU A½| GB MYZvwš¿K ivóªe¨e¯’v AvBb wefvM cÖ YxZ AvBb ev¯Íe vq‡bi ga¨
w`‡q wePvi wefvM b¨vqwePvi cÖw Zôv K‡i _v‡K| b¨vqwePvi cÖw Zôvi g~j `vwqZ¡w U eûjvs‡k wePvi wefv‡Mi nv‡Z|
wePvi wefvM g~jZ: AvB‡bi kvmb cÖw Zôvi gva¨‡g ivóª I mgv‡R b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.8
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| AvB‡bi ev¯Íe vqb K‡i-
i. wePvi wefvM
ii. AvBb wefvM
iii. kvmb wefvM
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i. (L) i. I ii. (M) i. I iii. (N) meKwU
2| AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgvb Gi A_© nj-
(K) wbi‡cÿZv (L) wj½‡f`
(M) eY©‡f` (N) e¨w³ we‡kl

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 152

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.9 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖk vmwbK KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|
 cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi Kvh©vewj Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi Kvh©m¤úv`b cÖ wµqv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

web¨vm, AvšÍ:m¤úK©, Kj¨vYg~jK gwš¿cwil`, `vßwiK mwPevjq, ¯’ vbxq cÖ kvmb|

gyL¨ kã

cÖkvmb‡K ivóª ev miKvi e¨e¯’vi ürwcÛ e‡j AvL¨v †`qv nq| †Kvb jÿ¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi wbwg‡Ë
mvgwóKfv‡e K‡g©i myôz cwiPvjbv‡K cÖk vmb ejv nq| †mw`K ‡_‡K cÖkvmb nj mvgwóK Kv‡Ri myk„•Lj
e¨e¯’vcbv I web¨vm| evsjv‡`k GK‡Kw›`ª K miKvi KvVv‡gvi Aax‡b msm`xq miKvi e¨¯’vi Ici MwVZ GKwU
ivóª| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv miKvi c×wZi wb‡`©kbv I Kvh©Ki‡Yi mng‡Zi Ici cÖwZwôZ| †Kbbv,
GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmbe¨e¯’ vq miKvi c×wZ cÖ `wk©Z bxwZgvjv e¨wZ‡i‡K cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv wbgv©Y I †m Abyhvqx
cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ Kiv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK Kvh© vewj m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ mgMÖ cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v‡K wewfbœ KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB
wfbœgvwÎK cÖk vmwbK KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ AvšÍtm¤úK© eRvq †i‡L cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv, mgš^q mvab I `vq-`vwqZ¡
Ac©‡Yi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k bvgK ivóªwU kvm‡bi KvRwU K‡i _v‡K| evsj‡`k g~j Z GK‡Kw›`ª K miKvi KvVv‡gv Øviv
cwiPvwjZ nq| A_©vr G‡`‡k GKwU †K›`ªxq miKviB RbM‡Yi c‡ÿ mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’v wnmv‡e KvR
K‡i _v‡K Ges iv‡óªi mKj cÖKvi cÖkvmwbK Kvh© vewj m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ miKvi cy‡iv ‡`kwU‡K †K›`ª Ges gvV
cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK wefv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb- miKv‡ii †K‡›`ª GKwU mwPevjq, 7wU wefvM, 64wU
†Rjv Ges cªvq cuvPkZwU Dc‡Rjvq cy‡iv †`kwU‡K fvM K‡i wb‡q‡Q| GQvovI cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji gvby‡li wbivcËv
weavb I Kj¨vYg~jK bvMwiK my‡hvM myweav e„w ×I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ ¯’ vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| GB ¯’ vbxq
miKvi e¨e¯’v wewfbœ cÖw Zôv‡bi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq kvmb I cÖkvmb cwiPvwjZ K‡i|
†K›`ª xq cÖkvmb ev miKvi:
†K›`ª xq miKvi ej‡Z g~jZ miKv‡ii wZbwU wefvM h_v: (K) AvBb wefvM, (L) kvmb wefvM I (M) wePvi
wefvM‡K †evSv‡bv nq| mKj ai‡bi Av`vjZ msµvšÍ Kvh©vewj D”P Av`vjZ †`Lfvj K‡i Zvi wbR¯^ KvVv‡gvi
g‡a¨| RvZxq msm` AvBb cÖYqb msµvšÍ KvR K‡i Ges Zvi wbR¯^ mwPevj‡qi gva¨‡g `vßwiK Kvh© vewj m¤úv`b
K‡i| iv‡óªi mKj cÖkvmwbK Kg© KvÛ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ivRavbx XvKvq GKwU †K›`ª xq mwPevjq cÖwZwôZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GB mwPevj‡qi gva¨‡gB iv‡óªi mKj Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b Kiv nq| iv‡óªi ‰e‡`wkK m¤úK© †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
evsjv‡`‡ki mKj A‡ji mKj cÖwZôv‡bi ga¨Kvi Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GB mwPevjq gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| AvBb Abymv‡i †`‡ki ivóªcwZ GB cÖkvmwbK `߇ii cÖavb Ges Zuvi bv‡gB mKj Kg©KvÛ cwiPvwjZ nq|
Z‡e msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖw ZwôZ _vKvq cÖ avbgš¿x cÖ K…Z cÖa vb wn‡m‡e wewfbœ gš¿xi gva¨‡g GB mwPevj‡qi
mKj KvRKg© cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| GKRb gwš¿cwil` mwPe whwb iv‡óªi ¯’ vqx cÖk vm‡bi cÖavb, cÖavbgš¿x‡K mKj
Kv‡Ri `vßwiK cÖa vb wn‡m‡e mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡Kb| †K›`ªxq cÖk vmb ivóª cwZ, cÖavbgš¿x, gwš¿ cwil`, mwPevjq,
gš¿Yvjq, wefvM I Ab¨vb¨ kvLvmg~‡n we¯Í…Z|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

¯’vbxq cÖkvmb ev miKvi :

miKv‡ii cÖewZ© Z bxwZmg~n ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii cÖ Z¨ÿ wbqš¿‡Y ¯’ vbxq ch©v‡q wbhy³ miKvwi Kg©KZ©v-
Kg©Pvwi KZ©„K GjvKvwfwËK kvmb e¨e¯’ v‡K ¯’vbxq cÖk vmb e‡j| ¯’ vbxq cÖkvmb KZ…© cÿ miKv‡ii wb‡`©‡k Ges
cÖZ¨ÿ wbqš¿Yvax‡b `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| ¯’vbxq cÖk vmb cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ mswkøô hviv, Zviv mK‡jB miKvix Kg©Pvix|
¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii bxwZ I D‡Ïk¨ ev¯ÍevwqZ nq|
g~jZ: bvMwi‡Ki cÖwZ evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii `vq-`vwqZ¡cvj‡bi Rb¨ Ges ¯’vbxq cÖk vmwbK KvR hy‡Mvc‡hvwM Kivi
Rb¨ ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb‡K wZb ¯Í‡i fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸wj nj wefvM, †Rjv I Dc‡Rjv| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii †K‡›`ªi
ciB wefvMxq cÖkvm‡bi ¯’vb| wefvMxq Kwgkbvi wefv‡Mi cÖkvmwbK cÖavb| wZwb wefv‡Mi AšÍM©Z †Rjvmg~‡ni
ZË¡veavb K‡i _v‡Kb| wefv‡Mi ci †Rjv n‡”Q ¯’ vbxq miKv‡ii Avi GKwU ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© ¯Íi| †Rjv cÖk vmK †Rjv
cÖkvm‡bi †K›`ªwe›`y| †Rjv cÖkvmK †Rjvi mKj Kvh© vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| †Rjvi ci g~jZt me©‡kl ¯Íi nj
Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb| Dc‡Rjv cÖk vm‡bi cÖa vb n‡jb Dc‡Rjv wbev©nx Kg©KZ©v| wZwb miKvwi wb‡`©kbv ev¯Íe vqb K‡i
_v‡Kb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq cÖk vmb KvVv‡gv eY©b v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi Ici †Kvb iv‡óªi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevqb wbf©i K‡i| G Kvi‡Y cÖk vmb‡K ivóª e¨e¯’vi
ürwcÛ ejv nq| miKvwi Kv‡Ri myôz cwiPvjbv cÖkvm‡bi gva¨‡g Kiv nq| GKvi‡Y cÖ kvmwbK KvVv‡gv Aek¨B
wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZi Ici cÖwZwôZ n‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ª xq cÖkvmb mKj ‡ÿ‡Î Z„Yg~j mgm¨vi
mgvav‡b h‡_ô bq| †mRb¨ †K›`ªxq cÖkvm‡bi jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi ZvwM‡` ¯’vbxq cÖk vmb web¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q| hv
RbM‡Yi Øvi cÖv‡šÍ †mev †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q RbKj¨vY K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.9
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖk vmwbK KvVv‡gvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨
i. GK‡Kw›`ª K
ii. `yB¯Íi wewkó
iii. ivóªcwZ kvwmZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i. (L) i. I ii. (M) i. I iii. (N) ii. I iii.
2| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq cÖk vm‡bi KqwU ¯Íi?
(K) GKwU (L) `yBwU
(M) wZbwU (N) PviwU

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.10 †K›`ªxq cÖkvmb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †K›`ª xq cÖkvm‡bi KvVv‡gv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †K›`ª xq cÖkvm‡bi Kvh© cÖwµqv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

miKvi, cÖkvmwbK Kvh©µg, mwPevjq, `vwqZ¡ cÖvß, eivÏ, Kvh©wewa|

gyL¨ kã

evsjv‡`k GKwU GK‡Kw›`ª K miKvi KvVv‡gvwfwËK ivóª nIqvq †K›`ª xq miKv‡ii nv‡Z mKj cÖkvmwbK
ÿgZv b¨¯Í| ivRavbx XvKv †_‡K mviv‡`‡ki cÖk vmwbK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv nq Ges cÖkvmwbK
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_© mviv †`k‡K wewfbœ cÖk vmwbK GK‡K fvM K‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e mKj cÖk vmwbK
Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbvi †K›`ªwe›`y n‡”Q †K›`ªxq mwPevjq| †K›`ª xq mwPevj‡qi mKj cÖk vmwbK ÿgZvi †K›`ªwe›`y n‡”Q
ivóªcwZ Ges cªavbgš¿x| ivóªcwZi bv‡g iv‡óªi mKj cÖkvmwbK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq Ges cÖa vbgš¿x gš¿xcwil‡`i
Kvh©Kwi cÖavb wn‡m‡e mKj Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡Kb| cÖa vbgš¿xi Aax‡b _v‡Kb gš¿xMY Ges gš¿x‡`i Aax‡b
_v‡Kb iv‡óªi ¯’vqx cÖ kvmb A_© vr mwPeMY| mwPe n‡jb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖk vmwbK e¨e¯’vi AivR‰bwZK cÖk vmwbK
cÖavb| GB mwPe‡`i Aax‡b _v‡Kb Ab¨vb¨ mKj miKvwi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©P vix| GB mwPevjq wewfbœ `dZi, wefvM,
Dcwefv‡Mi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y mKj ai‡Yi miKvix KvRKg© cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| mviv‡`‡ki gvV
cÖkvm‡bi †bZ…Z¡ g~j Z GB mwPevjq n‡ZB †`Iqv nq| †K›`ª xq cÖkvm‡bi KvVv‡gv wbgœiæc:

ivóªcwZ

cªavbgš¿x

gš¿x

wmwbqi mwPe

mwPe

AwZwi³ mwPe

hyM¥-mwPe

Dc-mwPe

wmwbqi mnKvix mwPe

mnKvix mwPe

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 155

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

gš¿Yvjq: gš¿Yvjq kvmb wefv‡Mi Kvh© wbe© v‡ni Rb¨ RvZxq ch© v‡q MwVZ miKv‡ii c« kvmwbK BDwbU| 1996
mv‡ji Kvh©wewa‡Z mywbw`©ó miKvwi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi `vwqZ¡ c«vß I miKvi KZ©…K †NvwlZ ‡Kvb ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© c«k vmwbK
BDwbU‡K gš¿Yvjq/wefvM wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wefvM ev KwZcq wefv‡Mi mgš^‡q MwVZ cÖk vmwbK
BDwbU‡K gš¿Yvjq wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| hvi cÖavb wn‡m‡e mswkøó wefv‡M ev gš¿Yvj‡q GKRb `vwqZ¡ cÖvß
gš¿x _vK‡eb| miKv‡ii Kvh© vewj wewfbœ gš¿YvjqI wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ eÈb Kiv nq| miKvwi Kvh©eȇbi `vwqZ¡
gwš¿cwil` wefv‡Mi Ici b¨¯Í| c«‡ Z¨KwU gš¿Y vjq ev wefv‡Mi Aax‡b i‡q‡Q Awa`ßi, Aaxb¯’ `ßi Ges KwZcq
Avav miKvwi ms¯’v|

mwPevjq: mwPe n‡jb gš¿Yvjq ev wefv‡Mi cÖk vmwbK cÖavb| wZwb Gi cÖkvmb, wbqg-k„&•Ljv I b¨¯Í hveZxq
Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbv K‡ib| mwPe gš¿Yvjq ev wefvM I mswkøó Awa`ßi I Aaxb¯’ Awdmmg~‡n Kvh©wewa Abyh vqx
Kvhv© w` m¤úbœ n‡”Q wKbv †m wel‡q Z`viwK K‡ib Ges G mKj wel‡q `vwqZ¡ cÖvß gš¿x‡K AewnZ K‡ib| GQvov
mwPe mswkøó Awa`ßimg~‡ni g‡a¨ eivÏK…Z A_© ev‡RU I cÖPwjZ wnmvewewa Abyhvqx e¨q nIqvi welqwUI Z`viK
K‡i| mswkøó gš¿Yvj‡qi Kvh©vw` m¤úv`‡bi ZvwM‡` cÖ‡qvRbxq DcvË, Z_¨ I D`vniY msMÖn, cixÿv, we‡kølY I
mgš^‡qi `vwqZ¡I cvjb K‡ib mswkøó mwPe| m‡ev©cwi, GKRb mwPe Aaxb¯’ Kg© KZ©v‡`i g‡a¨ Awc© Z ÿgZv e›Ub
Ges gš¿Yvjq ev wefv‡Mi Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi aiY m¤úwK©Z my¯úó I ¯’ vqx Av‡`kI cÖ `vb K‡i _v‡Kb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR †Kw›`ª q cÖ kvm‡bi Kvh©cÖYvjx e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi KvVv‡gv GK‡Kw›`ªK| GB GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmb e¨e¯’v PvwjZ nq mwPevj‡qi gva¨‡g| cÖkvmwbK
Kv‡Ri myweav‡_© Zv Avevi wewfbœ cÖk vmwbK GK‡K wef³| †K›`ª xq cÖkvm‡bi gš¿Yvj‡q `yw U Ask _v‡K| gšx¿ nj
gš¿Yvj‡qi ivR‰bwZK wbev©n x cÖavb I mwPe nj gš¿Yvjq ev wefv‡Mi AivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK cÖ avb|
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖkvmwbK Kvhv©ewji †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z i‡q‡Qb ivóªcwZ Ges cªavbgš¿x| ivóªcwZi bv‡g iv‡óªi
mKj cÖkvmwbK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq Ges cÖavbgš¿x gš¿xcwil‡`i Kvh©Kwi cÖa vb wn‡m‡e mKj Kvh© cwiPvjbv
K‡i _v‡Kb| gš¿x‡`i Aax‡b _v‡Kb iv‡óªi ¯’vqx cÖkvmb A_©vr mwPeMY Ges mwPevjq _v‡K cÖ avbgš¿xi Aax‡b|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.10
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖk vmwbK Kg©KvÐ Kvi bv‡g cwiPvwjZ nq?
(K) gš¿x (L) cÖa vbgš¿x
(M) ivóªcwZ (N) ¯úxKvi
2| †Kw›`ª q cÖ kvm‡bi Kg© KZ© v nj-
i. wefvMxq Kwgkbv
ii. mnKvix mwPe
iii. AwZwi³ mwPe
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i. I iii. (L) ii. I iii. (M) i., ii. I iii. (N) †KvbwU bq

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 156

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.11 mwPevjq : MVb I Kvh©vewj

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 mwPevj‡qi MVb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mwPevj‡qi Kvh©µg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mwPevj‡qi Kvh©cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †K›`ªw e›`y, c`‡mvcvb, Kvh©ZvwjKv, bxwZ cÖYqb, Z`viwK, mgš^q, Kvh© wewa, g~j¨vqb|

evsjv‡`k‡K mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GKwU kw³kvjx I `ÿ cÖkvmb| G cÖk vmwbK
KvR-Kg© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii GKwU mwPevjq i‡q‡Q| GB mwPevj‡qi gva¨‡gB evsjv‡`‡ki mKj
cÖkvmwbK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv n‡q _v‡K| mwPevjq †`‡ki †MvUv cÖkvmb I miKvwi Kg©Kv‡Ûi wbqš¿Y †K›`ª| g~jZ:
mwPevj‡qB miKv‡ii AwaKvsk bxwZ-wba© vwiZ ms¯’v cÖw Z¯’ vwcZ| mwPevj‡q cÖavbZ `yB ai‡Yi `vßwiK cÖavb
_v‡Kb| h_v- ivR‰bwZK wbe© vnx cÖa vb A_v©r gš¿x Ges cÖkvmwbK cÖavb A_v©r mwPe| mwPe‡`i DciB iv‡óªi mKj
Kvh© cwiPvjbv Kivi `vwqZ¡ eZ©vq| gvV ch©v‡qi mKj miKvwi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvixi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii hveZxq
bxwZgvjvi ev¯Íevqb Kivi `vwqZ¡ b¨¯Í _v‡K mwPe‡`i Dci| G Kvi‡Y mwPevjq GKwU mymsMwVZ KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g
cwiPvwjZ nq| evsjv‡`k mwPevjq h_vµ‡g wmwbqi mwPe, mwPe, AwZwi³ mwPe, hyM¥ mwPe, DcmwPe, wmwbqi
mnKvix mwPe I mnKvix mwPe BZ¨vw` c`‡mvcvb Abyhvqx web¨¯Í|

msweav‡bi 55 (6) Aby‡ ”Q‡` Awc©Z ÿgZve‡j ivóªcwZi Rvwi Kiv Av‡`‡k Kvh©wewa Abymv‡i wewfbœ
gš¿Yvjq/wefv‡M g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ e›Ub nq| AwaKš‘, miKvwi Kvh©wewai 4 (10) avivi AvIZvq cÖ¯‘Z ÔmwPevjq
wb‡`©kvejxÕ bv‡g Av‡iKwU c„_ K `wj‡ji gva¨‡g mwPevjq I mswkø&ó wewfbœ wefv‡M miKvwi KvRKg© m¤úv`‡bi aiY
wbav©wiZ nq| mwPevj‡qi Kvh© vewj bvbvwea, †hgb- bxwZ cÖYqb, cwiKíbv MÖnY, ev¯Íe vqbvaxb cwiKíbv¸wji
g~j¨vqb, RvZxq msm‡` `vwqZ¡cvj‡bi †ÿ‡Î gwš¿‡`i mnvqZv cÖ`vb, kxl© chv©‡q Kg©KZ©v e¨e¯’ vcbv Ges cÖavbgš¿x
KZ©„K mg‡q mg‡q wbav©wiZ Ab¨vb¨ Kvh© vw` m¤úv`b BZ¨vw`| ‡h‡nZz mwPe n‡jb gš¿Yvjq/wefv‡Mi cÖk vmwbK
cÖavb, †m‡nZz wZwb Gi cÖkvmb, wbqg-k„&•Ljv I b¨¯Í hveZxq Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbv K‡ib| mwPevjq gš¿Yvjq/wefvM
I mswkøó Awa`ßi I Aaxb¯Í Awdmmg~‡n Kvh©wewa Abyh vqx Kvhv© w` m¤úbœ n‡”Q wKbv †m wel‡q Z`viwK K‡i Ges G
mKj wel‡q `vwqZ¡cÖvß gš¿x‡K AewnZ K‡i| mwPevjq mswkøó Awa`ßimg~‡ni g‡a¨ eivÏK…Z A_© ev‡RU I cÖPwjZ
wnmvewewa Abyh vqx e¨q nIqvi welqwUI Z`viK K‡i| mswkøó gš¿Yvj‡qi Kvh©vw` m¤úv`‡bi ZvwM‡` cÖ‡qvRbxq
DcvË, Z_¨ I D`vniY msMÖn, cixÿv, we‡kølY I mgš^‡qi `vwqZ¡I cvjb K‡i mswkøó mwPevjq| m‡ev© cwi,
mwPevjq Aaxb¯Í Kg©KZ© v‡`i g‡a¨ Awc© Z ÿgZv e›Ub Ges gš¿Yvjq/wefv‡Mi Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi aiY m¤úwK©Z my¯úó
I ¯’vqx Av‡`kI cÖ `vb K‡i _v‡K|
cÖkvmwbK bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx mwPevj‡qi wbw`©ó wKQz Kvh©vewj Zz‡j aiv nj :

bxwZ wbav©iY :
mwPevjq nj miKv‡ii hveZxq wm×všÍ MÖnY †ÿÎ| G‡ÿ‡Î mswkøó gš¿Yvj‡qi mwPe n‡jb gš¿xi Dc‡`óv I civgk©
`vZv| wZwb miKvwi bxwZ MÖnY I ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ gš¿x‡K mKj cÖ‡ qvRbxq Z_¨ I DcvË mieivn K‡ib| wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Y gš¿x mwP‡ei gZvgZ‡K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 157

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

wnmve-wbKvk cixÿv :
n‡jb gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖa vb wnmveiÿY Kg©KZ©v| wZwbB gš¿Yvj‡qi mKj wnmve-wbKvk cixÿv K‡ib|
miKvwi bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡b mgš^q :
miKvwi bxwZ mwVKfv‡e ev¯Í evwqZ n‡”Q wKbv, mwPevjq †m wel‡q mgš^q mvab K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î GKRb mwPe bxwZ
ev¯Íevq‡bi mgm¨v wbav©iY, we‡kølY, g~j¨vqb I mgš^‡qi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
mswkøó wefvM I `߇ii g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab :
mwPevj‡q gš¿Yvj‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wefvM I mshy³ Awdm-`ßi i‡q‡Q| mwPevjq Gme Awdm wefv‡Mi mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM K‡i, cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k bv cÖ`vb Ges Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

GQvov GKRb gš¿x‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨-DcvË mieivn, msm‡` Zv DÌvcb I e³e¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z mn‡hvwMZv
cÖ`vbmn bvbvwea cÖ kvmwbK Kvh© vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb| RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY mvab, †`‡ki Dbœqb I AMÖMwZi
welqwU mwPevj‡qi mswkøó Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡`i `ÿZv, wbôv I mZZvi mv‡_ IZ‡cÖ vZfv‡e RwoZ|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki †Kw›`ªq mwPevjq Gi GKwU wPÎ Zz‡j aiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
mwPevjq nj evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’ vi †K›`ªwe›`y| cÖkvmwbK msMV‡bi c`‡mvcv‡b mwPevj‡qi ¯’ vb
m‡e©v”P| mwPevjq gš¿x‡K Z_¨-DcvË mieivn I civgk© w`‡q gš¿Yvj‡qi KvR‡K GwM‡q wb‡q _v‡K| GQvov
gš¿x‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨-DcvË mieivn, msm‡` Zv DÌvcb I e³e¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vbmn bvbvwea
cÖkvmwbK Kvh© vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| mwPevjq gš¿Yvjq Pvjbvi Ab¨Zg cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v wn‡me KvR K‡i|
mwPevj‡qi mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv e¨wZZ gš¿Y vjq †Kvb Kvh© vewj m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| e¯‘Z cÖk vmwbK bxwZ-
wbav©iY I Zvi ev¯Íevq‡b GB AivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK cÖwZôvbwU †MvUv ivóª xq cÖkvmb‡K PvwjZ K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.11
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †Kw›`ª q cÖ kvm‡bi AwZ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© KvVv‡gvi bvg-
(K) Awa`ßi (L) `ßi
(M) mwPevjq (N) cwi`ßi
2| mwPevj‡q KvR nj-
i. bxwZ wba©viY
ii. wnmve wbKvk cixÿv
iii. bxwZi mgš^q
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i. (L) ii. (M) i., ii.I iii. (N) †KvbwU bq

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 158

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.12 wefvMxq, †Rjv I Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 wefvMxq cÖkvmb m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|
 †Rjv cÖk vmb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Rjv cÖk vm‡bi Kvh©vewj ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dc‡Rjv cÖkvm‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖkvmwbK `ßi, we‡K›`ªxKiY, AvBbk„s Ljv, AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb, f‚ wg e¨e¯’vcbv, LvRbv,

gyL¨ kã
Ki, wePviK, wb®úwË|

evsjv‡`k bvMwiK‡`i Kj¨vY wbwðZKiY Ges cÖkvmwbK Kvh©µg myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ mgMª
†`k‡K †gvU 7wU wefvM, 64wU †Rjv I 486wU Dc‡Rjvq fvM K‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q| cÖk vmwbK GB
KvVv‡gvq K‡qKwU Mª vg wb‡q ‰Zix nq GKwU BDwbqb cwil`| wKQz BDwbqb cwil` wb‡q MwVZ nq GKwU Dc‡Rjv
cwil`| GKvwaK Dc‡Rjv cwil` wb‡q ‰Zix nq GKwU ‡Rjv Ges GKBfv‡e K‡qKwU †Rjv wb‡q MwVZ nq GKwU
wefvM| GB wefvMB g~jZ †K›`ª xq mwPevjq I †Rjv cÖkvm‡bi ga¨Kvi mgš^qKvixi KvRwU K‡i _v‡K| wefvMxq
Kwgkbvi n‡jb cÖk vmwbK GB GK‡Ki cÖk vmwbK cÖ avb| GKRb hyM¥mwPe ch©v‡qi AwfÁ Kg© KZ©v wefvMxq cÖavb
A_v©r wefvMxq Kwgkbvi wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K †Rjv wefvM I Dc‡Rjvi g‡a¨ mgš^‡qi KvRwU
K‡i _v‡K| GKwU †Rjvi g‡a¨ mKj ai‡bi AvBb k„•Ljv iÿv Kiv, Ki Av`vq Ges Dbœ qbg~jK Kg©KvÛ
cwiPvjbvi `vq`vwqZ¡ eZ©vq †Rjv cÖk vm‡bi nv‡Z| GKRb †WcywU Kwgkbvi GB cÖkvmb GK‡Ki cÖavb|
†Rjv cÖk vm‡bi Kvh©vewj :
†WcywU Kwgkbvi ev †Rjv cÖ kvmK nj †Rjv cªk vm‡bi cªvY| Zv‡K ‡K›`ª K‡iB †Rjvi mKj Kvh©cÖYvwj PvwjZ nq|
†Rjvi cÖa vb wn‡m‡e †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki Kvh©mg~n wb¤œiƒc:
cÖkvmb msµvšÍ KvR: †Rjv cÖkvmK †Rjvi cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ© v wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k mwPevjq M„nxZ ¯’vbxq kvmb
m¤úwK©Z wm×všÍmg~n wZwb Zvi Aa¯Í b Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix‡`i gva¨‡g ev¯Íe vqb K‡i _v‡Kb| wbw`©ó mgq †k‡l Kvh©
m¤úv`‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b mswkøó mwPevj‡q †cÖiY K‡ib|
AvBb-k„•Ljv msµvšÍ KvR: †Rjvi kvwšÍ Avbq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ I AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq †Rjv cÖk vmK Zvi Aaxb¯’
cywjk evwnbx‡K Kv‡R jvMvb| GQvovI kvwšÍ k„•Ljv iÿv I wbivcËvi LvwZ‡i wZwb AwZwi³ †Rjv g¨vwR‡÷ªU,
mnKvwi Kwgkbvi I cywjk ZË¡veavq‡Ki mn‡hvwMZv wb‡q _v‡Kb|
ivR¯^ msµvšÍ KvR: †Rjv cÖk vmK n‡jb ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi cÖa vb e¨w³| wZwb f~wg ivR¯^, RjKi I Ab¨vb¨ ivR¯^
Av`vq K‡i _v‡Kb| wZwb ivR¯^ Av`vqKvixiƒ‡c f~wg †iwR‡÷ªkb, e›Ub, bvg LvwiR cÖ f„wZ †ÿ‡Î we‡kl f~ wgKv
cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| GQvov f~ wg `Lj, D‡”Q` I c×wZMZ Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q weev‡`i wb®úwË K‡i _v‡Kb|
Dbœqbg~jK KvR : †Rjvi K…wl, wkí, ¯^ v¯’¨, †hvMv‡hvM I wkÿv cÖf„w Z Dbœ qbg~jK †ÿ‡Î †Rjv cÖkvmK Z`viwKi
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| g~jZ: miKvi KZ…©K M„n xZ mKj cÖ Kvi Dbœqbg~j K Kg©mw~ P †Rjv cÖk vmb MÖnY K‡i I
ev¯Íevqb K‡i|
mgš^q msµvšÍ KvR : †Rjv cÖk vmK †Rjvi Af¨šÍ‡i Aew¯’ Z mKj `߇ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kvh©MZ
mgš^q mvab K‡i _v‡Kb| GQvov †Rjvi ga¨Kvi wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi wbwg‡Ë wZwb MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³‡`i mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i _v‡Kb|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 159
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

¯’vbxq kvmb msµvšÍ KvR: Dc‡Rjv, _vbv I BDwbqb cwil` †Rjvi Aax‡b _vKvq †Rjv cÖk vmK ¯’vbxq kvmb
msµvšÍ KvRmg~n ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖa vb ZË¡veavq‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nb| Gme cÖwZôvb¸‡jv miKvi cÖ`Ë weavb¸‡jv
†g‡b KvR¸wj m¤úbœ Ki‡Q wKbv †m wel‡q wZwb Z`viwK K‡ib|
wePvwiK KvR: †Rjv cÖ kvmK GKRb cÖ_g †kÖwYi wePviK wn‡m‡e †dŠR`vix gvgjvi wePvi K‡i _v‡Kb| wZwb `yB
eQ‡ii Kviv`Û I GK nvRvi UvKv Rwigvbv Kivi ÿgZv iv‡Lb|
G¸wj QvovI †Rjvi Af¨šÍ‡i cÖw ZwôZ wewfbœ `ßi I ms¯’ vi ZË¡ veavbg~jK KvR, µxov I ms¯‹„w Z welqK I
gvbeZvg~j K wewfbœ ai‡bi Kvh©vewj GKRb †Rjv cÖkvmK m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb|
Dc‡Rjv cÖkvm‡bi Kvhv©ewj :
Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ kvmwbK KvVv‡gvi me©‡kl ¯Íi| Dc‡Rjv wbev©n x Awdmvi Dc‡Rjv cÖk vm‡bi
ga¨gwY Ges cÖavb wbev©n x Kg© KZ© v| 2008 mv‡ji RvwiK…Z Aa¨v‡`k Abyh vqx wZwb Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i m`m¨ mwPe
wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i Kvh© vewj ej‡Z Dc‡Rjv wbev©nx Awdmv‡ii Kvh©vewj‡KB eywS‡q
_v‡K| Zvi Kvh©vewj wb¤œiƒc:
miKvwi wb‡`©‡ki ev¯Íe vqb:
†Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki ZË¡veav‡b Dc‡Rjv wbev©nx Kg©KZv© miKvwi wb‡`©k ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡Kb| †K›`ª †_‡K miKvwi
wb‡`©k me©cÖ_g †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki wbKU Av‡m Ges ‡mLvb †_‡K cÖvmw½K KvR¸‡jv Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ© v‡K
n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq|
Dbœqb Kg© Kv‡Ð mnvqZv cÖ `vb:
Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg© KZ© v Dc‡Rjvi wewfbœ Dbœ qbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ûi mgš^q K‡i Zv ev¯Íevq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv
cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb|
A_© msµvšÍ Kvhv©ewj: Dc‡Rjvi ivR¯^ I ev‡RU cÖkvmb Z`viK msµvšÍ KvR Kiv Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg© KZv©i
Ab¨Zg KvR|
kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿv:
Dc‡Rjvi kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿvi `vwqZ¡ wbe© vnx Kg©KZ© vi Ici eZ© vq| kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿvi ZvwM‡` cÖ‡ qvR‡b wZwb
†dŠR`vix Kvh©wewai 144 aviv ch©šÍ Rvwi Kivi ÿgZv iv‡Lb|
wkÿvg~jK KvR:
wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v miKv‡ii cÖ v_wgK, eva¨Zvg~jK I MYwkÿv Ges `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡Kb|
wkÿv cÖwZôvb I cixÿv †K›`ª¸‡jvi Ici wZwb wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡i wkÿv Kvh©µg‡K mgybœZ iv‡Lb|
GmKj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvhv©ewj QvovI wZwb mgwš^Z Dbœqb Kg©m~wP cÖYqb, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb,
Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri Z`viwK, `~‡hv©MKvjxb `vwqZ¡ cvjb, wbev©PbKvjxb bvbvwea `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i Dc‡Rjv cÖk vm‡bi
Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i _v‡Kb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Dc‡Rjv cÖkvm‡bi ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 160

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki †MvUv kvmb e¨e¯’ v we‡kl K‡i ¯’vbxq kvmbe¨e¯’v wZbwU ¯Í‡i wef³| G¸‡jv n‡jv wefvM, †Rjv I
Dc‡Rjv| GB e¨e¯’vq wefvM cÖ `Ë wb‡`©kbv †Rjv‡K †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| †Rjv cÖ `Ë wb‡`©kbv Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb‡K
†g‡b Pj‡Z nq| Gi gva¨‡g cÖkvm‡b fvimvg¨g~jK Ae¯’ v weivR K‡i| Z‡e wefvM cÖ`Ë wb‡`©kbv †Rjvi cÖa vb
wbev©nx wn‡m‡e †Rjv cÖk vmK I Dc‡Rjvi cÖavb wbev©nx wn‡m‡e Dc‡Rjv wbev©nx Kg©KZ©v‡K m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.12
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡b me©wb¤œ ¯Íi †KvbwU?
(K) wefvMxq cÖ kvmb (L) †Rjv cÖkvmb
(M) Dc‡Rjv cÖk vmb (N) BDwbqb cwil`
2| †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki c`gh© v`v mvaviYZ-
(K) hyM¥-mwPe (L) mnKvix mwPe
(M) wmwbqi mnKvix mwPe (N) Dc-mwPe
3| Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb I Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i gyj cv_©K¨ nj-
i. wbe©vwPZ
ii. ivR‰bwZK
iii. ¯’vwqZ¡
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i. (L) ii. (M) iii. (N) i., ii. I iii.

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 161

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

cvV-5.13 ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb I †K›`ªxq cÖkvm‡bi m¤úK©

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 ¯’vbxq I †K›`ª xq cÖkvm‡bi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖkvm‡bi wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

wbweo m¤úK©, we‡K›`ª xKiY, bxwZ cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb, Avkv-AvKv•Lv, cÖw Zwbwa,
gyL¨ kã
RbKj¨vY|

†Kvb †`‡ki Dbœqb A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i †K›`ªxq cÖk vm‡bi mv‡_ gvV cÖkvm‡bi wbweo m¤ú‡K©i Ici|
†h‡nZz, gvV I †K›`ªxq cÖkvm‡bi Dci evsjv‡`‡ki cÖk vmwbK KvVv‡gv cÖwZwôZ, †m‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki
Dbœqb Dfq cÖk vm‡bi mgš^‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i| G Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki cÖk vmwbK KvVv‡gvq †K›`ªxq cªk vmb I
¯’vbxq cÖk vm‡bi g‡a¨ GK wbweo m¤úK© cÖw ZwôZ n‡q‡Q| mviv †`‡ki gvby‡li wbivcËv, ivóªxq my‡hvM-myweav I
†mev †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z miKvi‡K cÖwZwbqZ cÖPzi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨B miKvi‡K mviv †`‡k ¯’ vbxq
cÖkvmb cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`k miKvi we‡K›`ª xKi‡Yi wbqg †g‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb cÖw ZwôZ
K‡i‡Q Ges GB cÖk vm‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© eRvq †i‡L kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
gvV ch©v‡qi cÖk vmb g~jZ †K›`ªxq miKvi cÖY xZ wbqg-bxwZ ev¯Íe vqb K‡i _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î gvV cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_
‡K›`ª xq miKv‡ii mym¤úK© _vKv evÃbxq| Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi mgš^qnxbZv cÖkvmwbK Kv‡Ri mdjZvi †ÿ‡Î evav n‡q
DV‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e KLbI KLbI Kg©KZ©vM‡Yi ga¨Kvi Kg©e›Ub cÖwµqv h‡_vchy³ bv nIqvi `iæb cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R
¯’weiZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| GB Kvi‡Y cÖk vm‡bi GB `yB ¯Í‡ii ga¨Kvi wbweo m¤úK© _vKv Riæwi|

ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ZvwM‡` gvV cÖkvmb I †K›`ªxq cÖk vm‡bi ga¨Kvi mym¤úK© _vKv `iKvi| ivR‰bwZK Dbœq b nj
RvwZ MV‡b AbyK~j ivR‰bwZK msMVb, MYZvwš¿K cÖ wZôvbmg~‡ni m„wó, MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvq RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY I
w¯’wZkxj cwi‡ek iÿv Kiv| ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb Qvov A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| ZvB ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
†K›`ª xq I gvV cÖk vm‡bi m¤úK© _vKv Riæwi|

ivóª h‡š¿i g~j PvwjKv kw³ n‡”Q cÖk vmb e¨e¯’v| †h †`‡ki cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v RbM‡Yi hZ KvQvKvwQ, †m ‡`‡ki
RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•Lv ZZ †ewk c~iY nq| ‡Kbbv Gi gva¨‡g cªkvmb e¨e¯’ v †_‡K gvV chv©‡q †mev †cuŠQv‡bv
m¤¢e nq| gvV chv©‡q †mev wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`k‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M wef³ K‡i gvV cÖk vmb cÖ wZôv Kiv
n‡q‡Q, hvi gva¨‡g RbKj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv mnR n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki gvV cÖk vmb wZbwU ¯Í‡i wef³, G¸‡jv n‡”Q, wefvM, †Rjv I Dc‡Rjv cÖk vmb| wefvMxq wb‡`©kbv
†gvZv‡eK ‡Rjv cÖkvm‡bi Kvhv©w ` I †Rjv cÖ kvm‡bi wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i Kvhv©w` msMwVZ nq|
Kg©KZ© v‡`i GB Kvh© cÖwµqvq †Kvb ai‡bi RwUjZv jÿ¨ Kiv †M‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î RvZxq msm‡`i wbev© wPZ cÖw ZwbwaM‡Yi
gva¨‡g I D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ© v‡`i Øviv Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡qi mKj e¨eavb n«vm Kiv nq| Gi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq cÖk vm‡bi
mv‡_ †K›`ªxq cÖk vm‡bi ga¨Kvi †hvMv‡hvM iwPZ nq|

RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY MYZvwš¿ K kvm‡bi Ab¨Zg kZ©| Dc‡Rjv ev BDwbqb cwil‡`i gva¨‡g gvV chv©‡ qi cÖk vm‡bi
mv‡_ RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY m¤¢e nq| Gi gva¨‡g gvV cÖkvmbI kw³kvjx nq| Avi Zv †K›`ªxq cÖkvmb KZ…©K

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

`viæYfv‡e M„n xZ nq| Gfv‡e Dbœqb cÖwµqvq ¯’ vbxq cÖk vm‡bi mv‡_ ‡K›`ª xq cÖ kvm‡bi wbweo m¤úK© iwPZ nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’ vi Dbœqb ¯’ vbxq I †K›`ªxq cÖ kvm‡bi m¤ú‡K©i Dci `viæYfv‡e wbf©ikxj|

wkÿv_©xi KvR †Kw›`ª q cÖ kvmb I ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ªxq I ¯’vbxq cÖk vm‡bi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wbweo nIqvi `iæY wbqggvwdK mKj cÖKvi Kg©KvÛ
m¤úvw`Z n‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb Dbœqb g~j Z: mvwaZ n‡q‡Q GB `yw U cÖk vmwbK ¯Í‡ii ga¨Kvi
mym¯ú‡K©i ga¨ w`‡q| MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v djcÖm~ nq kvmb e¨e¯’ vq RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g| ¯’vbxq
cÖkvm‡bi cÖw ZwbwaMY †K›`ª xq cÖ kvm‡bi Askx`vwiZ¡ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi PvIqv-cvIqv‡K †Kw›`ªq cÖk vm‡b
DÌvc‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi cÖw Zdjb NwU‡q _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g GB `yBwU cÖkvm‡bi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© Av‡iv Mvp nq, hv
RbKj¨v‡Yi mnvqK wn‡m‡e †`Lv †`q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.13
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| ¯’vbxq I †Kw›`ª q cÖ kvm‡bi mgwš^q iƒc nj-
(K) AvBb wefvM (L) kvmb wefvM
(M) wePvi wefvM (N) †KvbwU bq
2| ¯’vbxq I †Kw›`ª q cÖ kvm‡bi mgš^q K‡ib?
(K) gš¿x (L) mwPe
(M) ¯úxKvi (N) cÖavb wePvicwZ
3| cÖkvm‡bi g~j jÿ¨ nj-
i. RbM‡Yi †mev Kiv
ii. kvwšÍ-k„• Ljv eRvq ivLv
iii. A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ Z`viwK Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i. I ii. (L) ii. I iii. (M) i. I iii. (N) meKwU

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

1| ÔKÕ ivóªwU `xN© msMÖ vg I Z¨v‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i| mvaviY iv‡óªi ¯úwZ Zuvi bvMwiK‡`i mKj
AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †`kwU‡Z RbM‡Yi miKvi cÖ wZôv K‡i| wZwb e‡jb miKv‡ii ÿgZvi gvwjK
n‡e RbMY| RbMY‡K AwaKZi †mev †cuŠ‡Q †`evi Rb¨ cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv ‰Zwi Ki‡jb| †mLv‡b †`Lv nj
wewfbœ ¯Í‡i miKvwi Kvh©vjq¸‡jv‡K RbM‡Yi †`vi †Mvovq †cuŠ‡Q †`evi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKwU wefv‡Mi
gva¨‡g miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i‡K RbM‡Yi wbKU `vZqe× Kivi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨ GKwU wefv‡Mi
gva¨‡g miKv‡ii mKj Kg©KvÐ Ges RbM‡Yi b¨vh¨ AwaKvi mwVK ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q wKbv AvB‡bi gva¨‡g Zv
ejer Kivi weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q|
K. miKv‡ii KqwU wefvM _v‡K?
L. cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv wK? GwU mvaviYZ †Kvb wefv‡Mi?
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K miKv‡ii wZbwU wefv‡Mi mgš^q m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
N. DÏxc‡K GKwU wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g kvmb wefv‡Mi Revew`wnZvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| GB Revew`wnZv Kxfv‡e
wbwðZ Kiv nq? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb?
2| MÖvg GjvKvq GKRb wkÿK Qv·`i‡K mwPevjq m¤ú‡K© covw”Q‡jb| wZwb Qv·`i‡K ej‡jb, Zviv Dc‡Rjv
cÖkvm‡b KL‡bv wM‡q‡Q wKbv? QvÎiv A‡b‡KB ejj wM‡q‡Q| Zviv AviI ejj Zviv †mLv‡b wewfbœ `߇ii
Kg©KZ© v‡`i mvBb‡evW© †`‡L‡Q| †m †cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿK ejj evsjv‡`k mwPevjqI A‡bKUv GiKgB| †mwUI nj
wewfbœ `߇ii †Kw›`ªq `ßi ev gš¿Yvjq| hvi mvwPweK `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡Kb mwPeMY| A_©vr †Kw›`ªq mwPevj‡qiB ¯’ vbxq
GKwU iƒc nj Dc‡Riv cÖ kvmb|
K. evsj‡`k miKv‡ii cÖ avb †K?
L. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖk vmwbK KvVv‡gv `yw U ¯Íi Kx Kx?
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`k mwPevjq m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †Kw›`ª q cÖk vmb I ¯’ vbxq cÖkvm‡bi m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

DËigvjv :
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.1 t 1| M 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.2 t 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.3 t 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.4 t 1| L 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.5 t 1| M 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.6 t 1| L 2| N 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.7 t 1| K 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.8 t 1| M 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.9 t 1| L 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.10 t 1| M 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.11 t 1| M 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.12 t 1| M 2| N 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.13 t 1| L 2| K 3| N

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BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 165