BDwbU 13 gvbe‡`n

f‚wgKv

cÖvwYRM‡Z gvby‡li ¯’vb kx‡l©| Ab¨vb¨ Avi me cÖvYxi g‡Zv gvbyl‡K Aek¨ mvaviY
GKwU cÖvYx ejv hv‡e bv| DbœZ gw¯Í®‹, Ávb, eyw×, fvj-g›` we‡kølY Kivi mxgvnxb
¶gZv, DbœZ ¯^fve, mvgvwRKZv BZ¨vw` gvbyl‡K m„wói †kªôZg Avm‡b AwawôZ
K‡i‡Q| gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri B”Qv Abyhvqx GLb cwi‡ek‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i,
Lv`¨e¯‘ Drcv`b Kivi ¶gZv iv‡L, GKm‡½ wg‡j wg‡k mvgvwRK Rxeb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z
cv‡i Ges K_v, fvlv I †jLvi gva¨‡g fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GmeB m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q Zvi DbœZ I myMwVZ gw¯Í®‹ I KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx `yÕLvwb nvZ _vKvi Kvi‡Y|
mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I e¯‘MZ DrKl©Zv I AMÖMwZ Ges cywÄf‚Z Ávb, weÁvb I
Kjv‡KŠkj cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥ n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi ¶gZv †Kej gvby‡livB Av‡Q| Ab¨vb¨
cÖvYx‡Z G ¶gZv AwZ mxwgZ Ges Zv eskMZfv‡e mnRvZ I cwieZ©b AvPiY
wn‡m‡e cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥ mÂvwiZ nq|

Avgiv G BDwb‡U gvbe‡`‡ni MVb ˆewkó¨ Ges †m m‡½ ms‡¶‡c K‡qKwU A½Zš¿
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| G Qvov `ywU cv‡V Lv`¨ I cywó, mylg Lv`¨, wkï Lv`¨ BZ¨vw`
†gŠwjK wel‡qI Av‡jvPbv _vK‡e| my¯’ I my›`i Rxe‡bi Rb¨ wbR †`n Ges Lv`¨ I
cywó m¤^‡Ü †hgb mg¨K Ávb _vKv Avek¨K †Zgwb wb‡R‡`i aviYv ¯^”Q I `xN©¯’vqx
n‡j cieZ©x‡Z Gme welqe¯‘ wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡Q mnR I AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv
m¤¢e n‡e|

cvV- 1: gvbe †`n: MVb ˆewkó¨, †`‡ni A½ I

A½Zš¿, KsKvjZš¿
cvV- 2: gvbe †`n: i³ msenb, cwicvK I
k¦mbZš¿
cvV- 3: Lv`¨ I cywó
cvV- 4: wkï Lv`¨
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 1 gvbe‡`n: MVb ˆewkó¨, †`‡ni A½ I A½Zš¿, KsKvjZš¿

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

gvbe‡`‡ni MVb ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

†`‡ni wewfbœ A½ I A½Z‡š¿i bvg D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

gvby‡li KsKvjZ‡š¿i wewfbœ Ask mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

KsKvjZ‡š¿i KvR eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

c„w_exi wewfbœ A‡j Qwo‡q Av‡Q bvbv Rv‡Zi gvbyl| eY©, †MvÎ, fvlv, ag©, K…wó
BZ¨vw`‡Z we¯Ívi cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI me gvbylB GKB cÖRvwZi m`m¨| GKRb ¯^vfvweK
cwiYZ eq‡mi gvby‡li D”PZv nq 56 †_‡K 78 BwÂ| Z‡e Gi e¨wZµgI Av‡Q|
GKRb evgb ev †e‡U gvbyl D”PZvq n‡Z cv‡i gvÎ 18 †_‡K 36 BwÂ, Aciw`‡K
ˆ`Z¨vKvi GKRb gvby‡li D”PZv 9 dzU ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| IR‡bi w`K †_‡KI RvwZ,
D”PZv, eqm I wj½‡f‡` A‡bK cv_©K¨ nq| my¯^v‡¯’i AwaKvix GKRb 20−24
eQ‡ii hye‡Ki Mo IRb 70 †KwR Ges H GKB eq‡mi GKRb hyeZxi Mo IRb
56 †KwR| Z‡e GKw`‡K cywónxbZv Ges Aciw`‡K †`‡n †g` Rg‡j IR‡bi A‡bK
†ni‡di nq|

†`n ˆewkó¨

†mvRv n‡q `vovevi Ges †mvRv n‡q Pjv‡div Kivi ¶gZv gvby‡li Ab¨b¨ ˆewkó¨|
†`‡ni Zzjbvq gw¯Í®‹ A‡bK eo I RwUj Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ Kivi ¶gZv wewkó| gyL gÛj
gm„Y, †PcUv ai‡bi| Z¡K cvZjv, bgbxq| †`‡ni Pzj LvU, cvZjv, gv_vi Pz‡ji e„w×
N‡U mviv Rxeb| †`‡ni Zzjbvq nvZ AvbycvwZK j¤^v| cv nv‡Zi †P‡q ˆ`‡N©¨ kZKiv
30 fvM †ewk, cv‡qi ey‡ov Av½yj Ab¨vb¨ Av½y‡ji mv‡_ ci¯úi gy‡LvgyLx bq|
GQvovI gvby‡li A‡bK ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q hv GKvš¿fv‡e Zvi wb‡Ri, Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx‡`i
mv‡_ Zvi wgj †bB|

†`‡ni A½

A‡½i msÁv wbw`©ó GK ev GKvwaK KvR Kivi Rb¨ †`‡ni wewfbœ Kjv `je× n‡q GK‡Î †h
we‡kl MVb ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡K A½ ejv nq| gvbe‡`‡n bvbv ai‡bi A½ Av‡Q| †hgb
e„° GKwU A½| †iPb KvR m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ †ckx, †hvRK Kjv BZ¨vw`i mgš^‡q e„°
MwVZ| †PvL, Kvb, ürwcÐ, dzmdzm, hK…Z BZ¨vw` Avgv‡`i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A½|

BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 254

Bangladesh Open University

A½Zš¿

ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó kvixie„wËK KvR m¤úv`‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ KZK¸‡jv

A‡½i mgš^q‡K A½Zš¿ ejv nq| †ckxZš¿, KsKvjZš¿, i³msenbZš¿, cwicvKZš¿,
†iPbZš¿, ¯øvqyZš¿, cÖRbbZš¿ BZ¨vw` gvbe‡`‡ni cÖavb A½Zš¿|

KsKvjZš¿

†h Zš¿ †`‡ni KvVv‡gv ˆZwi K‡i, †`n‡K GKwU wbw`©ó AvK…wZ †`q I big
A½mg n‡K msi¶Y K‡i Zv‡K KsKvjZš¿ ejv nq| cÖvwYRM‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ
`yB ai‡bi KsKvjZš¿ †`wL: (1) ewnt KsKvjZš¿ I (2) AšÍ: KsKvjZš¿| wPswo I
KxU cZ‡½i ewniveiYx, wSbyK I kvgy‡Ki †Lvjm, cvwLi cvjK, gv‡Qi AuvBk BZ¨vw`
ewntKsKv‡ji D`vniY| Avgv‡`i †`‡ni Pzj, bL ewntKsKv‡ji ch©v‡q c‡o|
†Kvgjvw¯’ I Aw¯’i mgš^‡q MwVZ gvbe‡`‡ni †h KsKvj Zv AšÍ:KsKv‡ji ch©vqfz³|

AšÍ:KsKvj‡K mvaviYZ `yÕwU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq: A¶xq KsKvj I Dcv½xq KsKvj|
K‡ivwU I †giæ`‡Ði mgš^‡q A¶xq KsKvj MwVZ| Aciw`‡K A¶xq KsKv‡ji m‡½
hy³ hveZxq KsKvj‡K Dcv½xq KsKvj ejv nq| nvZ, cv, Av½y‡ji Aw¯’mg~n G
†kªwYi KsKv‡ji AšÍfz©³|

wPÎ 13.1.1: AšÍ:KsKvj|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 255
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

AšÍ:KsKv‡ji gvbe‡`‡n †gvU 206wU Aw¯’ Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ K‡ivwU gw¯Í®‹, †PvL I AšÍ:KY©‡K
cÖKvi‡f` msi¶Y K‡i| †giæ`Ð †`‡ni fvienb I g~j KvVv‡gv MV‡b mnvqK| †m m‡½
møvqyi¾y‡K Lv‡ci gZ wN‡i iv‡L| †`‡ni Ab¨vb¨ Aw¯’ cÖavbZ A½ cÖZ‡½i Pjb I
bovPvovi m‡½ RwoZ| Avgv‡`i ewn: KY© I bv‡Ki KvVv‡gv †h we‡kl GK ai‡bi
Aw¯’‡Z ˆZwi Zv‡K †Kvgjvw¯’ (Cartilage) ejv nq| †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i wewfbœ ¯’v‡bI
g~j KsKv‡ji m‡½ †Kvgjvw¯’i Dcw¯’wZ j¶¨ Kiv hvq|

K‡ivwU

A‡bK¸‡jv ‡QvU eo cvZjv †cø‡Ui g‡Zv Aw¯’i mgš^‡q gvby‡li K‡ivwU (Skull)
MwVZ| K‡ivwUi Dc‡ii Ask K‡ivwUKv (Cranium) Ges wb‡Pi Ask †Pvqvj
(Jaw)| K‡ivwUKvi mv‡_ †Pvqvj KeRvi g‡Zv bgbxqfv‡e mshy³ _v‡K| d‡j †Pvqvj
mn‡RB gReyZfv‡e hy³| K‡ivwUKvi †K›`ª we›`y‡Z msiw¶Z _v‡K gw¯Í®‹ Ges P¶z I
KY©‡KvU‡i mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K †PvL I AšÍ:tKY©| K‡ivwUi wcQ‡bi †dviv‡gb g¨vMbvm
bv‡gi wQ`ªc‡_ gw¯Í®‹ †_‡K møvqyi¾y †ei n‡q †giæ`‡Ði †kl cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ cÖmvwiZ|
K‡ivwUi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Aw¯’¸‡jvi g‡a¨ d«›Uvj, c¨vivBUvj, Aw·wcUvj I †Ug‡cvivj
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e eo|

Dc‡ii †Pvqvj `„pfv‡e K‡ivwUi m‡½ hy³ Ges mgvb Wvb I evg As‡k wef³| G‡Z
GK †Rvov g¨vw·jvix Ges GK †Rvov RyMvj Aw¯’ _v‡K| wb¤œ †PvqvjI `yBwU mgvb
As‡k wef³| wb¤œ †Pvqv‡ji cÖavb Aw¯’ GK †Rvov †W›Uvix|

†giæ`Ð

GK mvwi A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU †QvU Aw¯’ wb‡q †giæ`Ð MwVZ| cÖwZ Aw¯’ LЇK K‡kiæKv
(Vertebra) ejv nq| eY©bvi mywe‡ai Rb¨ K‡kiæKv¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx
†giæ`ЇK cuvPwU A‡j fvM Kiv nq: MÖxev‡`kxq (Cervical), e¶‡`kxq
(Thoracic), KwU‡`kxq (Lumber) †kªvYx‡`kxq (Sacral) Ges K·xRxq
(Coccygeal)| MÖxev‡`kxq mvZwU Aw¯’i g‡a¨ cÖ_g `ywU‡K h_vµ‡g A¨vUivm
(Atlas) I A¨vw·m (Oxis) ejv nq| e¶‡`‡k _v‡K †gvU 12wU Aw¯’ Ges G‡`i
cÖwZwUi m‡½ hy³ _v‡K GK †Rvov K‡i ey‡Ki cuvRi (Ribs)| MÖxev‡`kxq K‡kiæKv,
cuvRi Ges ÷vibvg mw¤§wjZfv‡e ˆZwi K‡i e¶wcÄi, hv ürwcÐ Ges dzmdzm‡K
msiw¶Z K‡i I k¦mb Kv‡R ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

KwU‡`kxq K‡kiæKvi msL¨v cuvP| Zzjbvg jKfv‡e eo Ges gReyZ| †kÖvYx‡`kxq

cuvPwU K‡kiæKv GKm‡½ wg‡k wM‡q mw¤§wjZfv‡e m¨vKivj bv‡g GKwU gReyZ
KvVv‡gv MVb K‡i| Gi m‡½B †kÖvYxPµ AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| cðv`w`‡K m¨vKivg

BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 256

 Bangladesh Open University

Kw··-Gi m‡½ hy³| PviwU †QvU K·xRxq K‡kiæKv Ggbfv‡e GKÎxf‚Z †h †`‡L
GKwU gvÎ Aw¯’ g‡b nq|

mvg‡bi w`‡K †giæ`‡Ði wZbwU A‡ji cÖwZwU K‡kiæKvi gv‡S GKwU K‡i
†Kvgjvw¯’i †QvU PvKwZ PjvPj ev †`Šov‡`Šwoi mgq mwbœwnZ `ywU K‡kiæKvi msNl©
cÖwZ‡iva K‡i|

e¶Pµ I evû Dcv½xq KsKvj: nv‡Zi Aw¯’ I e¶ Pµ Ges cv‡qi Aw¯’ I †kªvYxPµ mw¤§wjZfv‡e
gvby‡li Dcv½xq KsKvj MVb K‡i| GK †Rvov K¬vwfKj Ges GK‡Rvov ¯‹¨vcyjv-Gi
mgš^‡q ˆZwi gvby‡li e¶Pµ| evûi wnDgvivm Aw¯’wUi gv_v Dciw`‡K ¯‹¨vcyjvi M‡Z©
†XvKv‡bv _v‡K| Avgv‡`i nv‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ Aw¯’¸‡jvi bvg †iwWI-Avjbv, Kvc©vjm&,
†gUvKvc©vjm I d¨vjvb‡Rm| Kwâi †QvU †QvU Aw¯’‡K ejv nq Kvc©vjm&| cuvPwU
†gvUvKvc©jm& Aw¯’ _v‡K Avgv‡`i nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z| gvby‡li cuvPwU Av½y‡j `yBwU Ges
Ab¨ PviwU Av½y‡ji cÖwZwU‡Z _v‡K wZbwU K‡i|

†kªvYxPµ I cv Bwjqvg, BmwPqvg Ges wcDwem bv‡gi GKÎxf‚Z wZbwU Aw¯’ wb‡q gvby‡li †kÖvYxPµ
MwVZ| `yB cv‡ki cÖwZwU †kÖvYxP‡µi Luv‡R emv‡bv _v‡K cv‡qi cÖ_g Aw¯’ wdgvi-Gi
†MvjvKvi gv_v| cv‡qi Ab¨vb¨ Aw¯’i bvg wUweqv, wdeyjv, Uvimvjm&, †gUvUvimvjm& I
d¨vjvb‡Rm&| nv‡Zi g‡ZvB cv‡qi 14wU d¨vjvb‡Rm& Aw¯’ Abyiƒcfv‡e mvRv‡bv|
A_©vr cÖwZwU Av½y‡j _v‡K wZbwU K‡i, Avi ey‡ov Av½y‡j `yBwU| wdgv‡ii wb¤œ cÖv‡šÍ
wdgvi I wUweqvi mwÜ ¯’‡j emv‡bv _v‡K c¨v‡Ujv bv‡g GKwU †MvjvKvi Aw¯’|

KsKvjZ‡š¿i KvR: KsKvjZ‡š¿i cÖavb K‡qKwU KvR wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj:

KsKvj †`‡ni AvK…wZ`v‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|

†`‡ni wewfbœ A½‡K AvNv‡Zi nvZ †_‡K i¶v K‡i|

†`‡ni Af¨šÍi fv‡Mi big A½¸‡jv‡K msi¶Y K‡i|

Aw¯’g¾v †_‡K i³KwYKv ˆZwi K‡i|

†ckxmg~n‡K Avkªq`vb K‡i|

†`‡ni hveZxq fvi enb K‡i|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 257

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|

1. gvby‡li Ab¨vb¨ ˆewkó¨−

K. †`Šov‡`Šwo Kivi ¶gZv
L. †mvRv n‡q Pjvi ¶gZv
M. eo AvKv‡ii K‡ivwUi Dcw¯’wZ
N. gv_vq Pz‡ji Dcw¯’wZ|
2. gvby‡li †`‡n †gvU Aw¯’i msL¨v−
K. 240
L. 206
M. 105
N. †Kvb wbw`©ó msL¨v †bB|
3. †giæ`Ð †h †QvU †QvU Aw¯’LÐ wb‡q MwVZ Zv‡`i bvg−
K. ¯‹¨vcyjv
L. wcDwem
M. K‡kiæKv
N. wdgvi|
4. i³KwYKv ˆZwi nq−
K. e„‡°
L. K‡kiæKvq
M. Aw¯’g¾vq
N. †kªvYxP‡µ|
5. wb‡P †Pv‡qv‡ji cÖavb Aw¯’ −
K. †WbUvix
L. RyMvj
M. g¨vw·jvix
N. c¨vivBUvj|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| L, 2| L, 3| M, 4| M, 5| K|
BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 258
 Bangladesh Open University

cvV 2 gvbe‡`n: i³ msenb, cwicvK I k¦mbZš¿

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

gvby‡li i³msenbZ‡š¿i wewfbœ A½ mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

i³ mÂvjb cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

gvby‡li cwicvKZ‡š¿i A½¸‡jv mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cwicvK c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cwicvKZ‡š¿i m‡½ mswkøó MÖwš’¸‡jvi f‚wgKv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

gvby‡li k¦mbA½, k¦mb cÖwµqv I k¦m‡bi kvixie„Ë eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

i³msenbZš¿, cwicvKZš¿ I k¦mbZ‡š¿i KvR D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†`n‡K mPj I Kvh©¶g ivLvi Rb¨ †`‡ni wewfbœ A½ I A½Zš¿ mw¤§wjZfv‡e ci¯úi
mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g cÖwZwbqZ bvbv ai‡bi kvixie„wËK Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ K‡i| Gme Z‡š¿i
†KvbwUi ¸iæZ¡B Kg bq| AvcvZ`„wó‡Z wewfbœ A½Z‡š¿i MVb I Kvh©cÖYvjx wfbœZi
n‡jI Zv‡`i mvwe©K I myô Kvh©KvwiZvB †`n‡K my¯’ I mej iv‡L| Gi †Kvb GKwU
Kg©¶gZv e¨vnZ n‡j †`n Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o| G cv‡V i³msenb, cwicvK I
k¦mbZ‡š¿i msw¶ß eY©bv i‡q‡Q| fvjfv‡e eySv I Rvbvi Rb¨ cÖwZwU Z‡š¿i wewfbœ
As‡ki wP‡Îi mvnvh¨ Avcbv‡K wb‡Z n‡e| Avcbvi wk¶v_©xiv †hb Avcbvi wbKU
‡_‡K wPÎ AuvKvi †KŠkj †k‡L †mw`‡K `„wó ivL‡eb|

i³ msenbZš¿

†h Z‡š¿i gva¨‡g i³ cÖwZwbqZ †`‡ni wefbœ A½ I Ask PjvPj K‡i Zv‡K i³

msenbZš¿ ejv nq| gvby‡li i³ msenbZš¿, i³, i³evwnKv I ürwcÐ wb‡q MwVZ|
i³evwnKv i³evwnKv (Blood Vessels) ej‡Z agbx, wkiv I ˆKwkK RvwjKvmn me ai‡bi
i³bvjx eySvq| †h i³ evwnKvi gva¨‡g ürwcÐ †_‡K i³ †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k Qwo‡q
c‡o Zv‡`i agbx (Artery) Ges †h me evwnKvi gva¨‡g i³ cybivq ürwc‡Ð wd‡i
Av‡m Zv‡`i wkiv (Vein) ejv nq| agbx kvLv-cÖkvLvq wef³ n‡Z n‡Z hLb AwZ
m~² ch©v‡q †cuŠQvq ZLb Zv‡`i ˆKwkK RvwjKv (Capillary) e‡j|

i³ i³ GK ai‡bi Zij †hvRK Kjv| i³im ev cøvRgv (Plasma) Ges K‡qK ai‡bi
i³ KwYKvi (Blood Corpuscles) mgš^‡q i³ MwVZ| i‡³i iO wenxb Zij AskB
cøvRgv| Avgv‡`i i³i‡mi kZKiv 92 fvMB cvwb| evwK As‡k _v‡K `ªexf‚Z Avwgl,
wKQy ˆRe †hŠM I mvgvb¨ A‰Re jeb| gvby‡li i³ KwYKv wZb ai‡bi: (1) †jvwnZ
i³KwYKv (RBC), (2) †k¦Z i³KwYKv (WBC) Ges (3) i³ AYyPwµKv (Blood
Platelets)| †k¦Z i³KwYKv Avevi †ek K‡qK ai‡bi, †hgb- B‡qvwm‡bvwdj,
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 259
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

e¨v‡mvwdj, wbD‡Uªvwdj, g‡bvmvBU BZ¨vw`| meiKg i³KwYKvB i³i‡m fvmgvb

Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Avgiv A‡bK mgq i³ wmivg (Blood Serum) kãwU ï‡b _vwK|
i³ †_‡K †jvwnZKwYKv Ges i³ RgvU evavi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb¸‡jv mwi‡q
wb‡j i‡³i †h Blr-njy` Ask Aewkó _v‡K Zv‡K wmivg ejv nq|

ürwcÐ i³msenbZ‡š¿i cÖavb A½ ürwcÐ| Gi mvnv‡h¨B msenbZ‡š¿ i³ cÖevn mPj _v‡K|

ürwcÐ mviv‡`n †_‡K i³ msMÖn K‡i Zv cybivq cv¤ú K‡i me©Î cvwV‡q †`q|
gvby‡li ürwcÐ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Pvi Kvgovq wef³| Gi Dc‡ii `ywU Wvb I evg Awj›`
Ges wb‡Pi `ywU‡K Wvb I evg wbjq ejv nq| Awj‡›`i Zzjbvq wbj‡qi cÖvPxi cyiæ I
†ckxeûj| Kvgovq wef³ _vK‡jI †MvUv ürwcÐ GKK (Unit) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
m¤ú~Y© PviwU Kvgovq wefw³i d‡j Avgv‡`i ürwc‡Ð Aw·‡Rbhy³ I
Kve©bWvBA·vBWhy³ i‡³i mswgkª‡Yi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB|

i³msenb

gvby‡li i³ msenb `ywU c„_K cwiµ‡gi (Circuit) gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq| cwiµg `ywU
wm‡÷wgK msenb I cwj‡gvbvix msenb bv‡g cwiwPZ|

wm‡÷wgK msenb me wm‡÷wgK agbxi D™¢e nq A¨vIU©v †_‡K Avi A¨vIU©vi D™¢e N‡U evg wbqj
†_‡K| ürwc‡Ði m‡¼vP‡bi d‡j evg wbjq †_‡K i³ cÖ_gZ A¨vIU©i wfZi w`‡q
agbx‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| c‡i wewfbœ Kjv I A‡½i agwbKv I RvwjKvi wfZi w`‡q
cÖevwnZ nq| RvwjKv †_‡K i³ cybivq msM„nxZ n‡q Dcwkivi gva¨‡g wkivq cÖ‡ek
K‡i| me wkivi i³ c‡i wcÖ-K¨vfvj I †cvó-K¨vfvj wkiv w`‡q ürwc‡Ði Wvb
Awj‡›` cÖ‡ek K‡i| evg wbjq †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Wvb Awj‡›` †cuŠQv ch©šÍ i³ msen‡bi
†h cwiµg ZvB wm‡÷wgK msenb|

cvj‡gvbvix msenb wm‡÷wgK msen‡bi gva¨‡g i³ Wvb Awj‡›` †cuŠQvi ci †mLvb †_‡K UªvBKvmwcW
KcvwUKvi ga¨ w`‡q Wvb wbj‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i| Wvb wbj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki ciciB ürwc‡Ði
m‡¼vP‡bi d‡j dzmdzmxq agbxi ga¨ w`‡q i³ dzmdz‡m wM‡q †Xv‡K| dzmdz‡mi g‡a¨
M¨v‡mi wewbgq N‡U| i³ †_‡K CO2 AcmvwiZ nq Ges †m m‡½ O2 i‡³ †hvM nq|
i³ dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIwj ev evqy‡Kv‡li wfZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ nevi mgq AmsL¨
ˆKwkK RvwjKv dzmdz‡m cÖweó evZv‡mi wbweo ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m| d‡j e¨vc‡bi gva¨‡g
CO2 †ei n‡q Av‡m, Avi O2 GKB c×wZ‡Z i‡³i †jvwnZ KwYKvi wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi
m‡½ m¤ú„³ n‡q hvq| bZzbfv‡e Aw·‡Rb mg„× n‡q G i³ dzmdzmxq wkivq msM„nxZ
n‡q Zvi gva¨‡g evg Awj‡›` Mgb K‡i| evg Awj›` †_‡K evBKvmwcW KcvwUKvi
wfZi w`‡q i³ evg wbj‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i| Gfv‡e Wvb wbjq †_‡K i³ dzmdz‡m Ges
†mLvb †_‡K evg Awj‡›` wd‡i Avmvi ga¨ w`‡q msen‡bi †h msw¶ß cwiµg m¤úbœ

BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 260

 Bangladesh Open University

nq Zv‡K cvj‡gvbvix msenb e‡j| cvj‡gvbvix msen‡b ürwc‡Ð AvwbZ Aw·‡Rb

mg„× i³ cybivq wm‡÷wgK msen‡bi gva¨‡g mviv‡`‡n †cÖwiZ nq|

ü`NvZ ürwc‡Ði avivevwnK m‡¼vPb I wkw_jZvi d‡j i³ †`‡ni wewfbœ ¯’v‡b MgbvMgb
K‡i| G m‡¼vPb I kø_b mw¤§wjZfv‡e ü`NvZ (Heart Beat) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
ürwc‡Ði Q›`vwqZ GB †h ¯ú›`b Zv Zvi we‡kl GK ai‡bi †ckxi ¸‡Y| G †ckxi
m‡¼vPb I cÖmvi‡Y gvby‡li †Kvb wbqš¿Y †bB|

wekªvg Ae¯’vq GKRb ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li ürwcÐ cÖwZ wgwb‡U 70 evi m‡¼vwPZ nq
Ges cÖwZ ¯ú›`‡b cÖvq 60 wgwjwjUvi i³ ürwcÐ †_‡K †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask Qwo‡q
c‡o| †h‡nZz gvby‡li †`‡n i‡³i cwigvY cÖvq 6000 wgwjwjUvi ZvB m¤úyY©fv‡e me
i³ GKevi ürwc‡Ði wfZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡Z gvÎ 100 evi ¯ú‡›`i cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq cÖwZ wgwb‡U ürwcÐ †_‡K cÖevwnZ i‡³i cwigvY cÖvq Pvi wjUvi|

i³ msenbZ‡š¿i KvR

i³ I i³ msenbZš¿ Avgv‡`i †`‡ni A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| Gi g‡a¨

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj:

msenbZ‡š¿i mnvqZvq Lv`¨ mvi, cvwb, O2, CO2 ni‡gvb, I wewfbœ wecvKxq
`ªe¨vw` †`‡ni wewfbœ ¯’v‡b cwievwnZ nq|

msenbZš¿ †`‡ni wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎv eRvq ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

i‡³i †k¦ZKwYKv wewfbœ †ivM RxevYy †_‡K kixi‡K msi¶Y K‡i|

cwicvKZš¿

kix‡ii Kv‡R jvMvevi Rb¨ wewfbœ Dr‡mP‡Ki ZrciZvq Lv`¨ `ªe¨‡K †h GK we‡kl
ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cwiewZ©Z n‡Z nq Zv‡K cwicvK ejv nq| G cÖwµqvq
Lv`¨ cÖ_gZ mij `ªeYxq Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| c‡i †Kvl AveiYxi wfZi w`‡q
mn‡RB Zv A‡š¿i †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek K‡i| †mLvb †_‡K cwicvKK…Z G Lv`¨mvi i‡³i
gva¨‡g †`‡ni wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †cuŠQvq| wKQy Lv`¨ †hgbÑ cvwb, Møy‡KvR, LwbR jeb
BZ¨vw` Lvevi ci †Kvb cwieZ©b QvovB mivmwi †`‡n †kvwlZ n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ RwUj
kK©iv, Avwgl I †møn RvZxq Lv`¨ Gfv‡e †Kvl AveiYx †f` Ki‡Z m¶g nq bv|
ZvB kK©iv Lv`¨‡K mij wPwb‡Z, Avwgl‡K A¨vwg‡bv Gwm‡W Ges †mønRvZxq Lv`¨‡K
wMømvij I d¨vwU Gwm‡W cwieZ©b KiZ nq| cwicvKK…Z Lv`¨ kix‡i kw³ †hvMvq,
†cÖv‡UvcøvRg ˆZwi K‡i, ni‡gvb I we‡kl RvZxq `ªe¨vw` Drcv`b K‡i, kix‡ii wewfbœ
Kvh© wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges fwel¨r cÖ‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ Rgv _v‡K|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 261

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

MVb Lv`¨ `ªe¨ cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ Avgv‡`i †`‡n gyLMnŸi, Mjwej, MÖvmbvwj, cvK¯’jx, Aš¿,
gjvkq, cvqy Ges K‡qKwU MÖwš’ wb‡q cwicvKZš¿ MwVZ| †cŠwóKbvjxi ïiæ gyL †_‡K
Ges †kl nq cvqy‡Z| cwicvKZ‡š¿i KvR myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †h MÖwš’¸‡jv
mnvqZv K‡i Zv‡`i g‡a¨ jvjvMÖwš’, hK…Z I AMœ¨vkq cÖavb|

KvR cwicvKZš¿ cÖavbZ wZbwU KvR m¤úbœ K‡i: (1) Lv`¨ MjvatKiY, (2) cwicvKKiY
I †kvlY, Ges (3) AcÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨vsk `~ixKiY|

cwicvK cÖwµqv

cwicvK GKwU RwUj ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv Ges gvby‡l Zv †Kej Lv`¨bvjx‡ZB m¤úbœ
nq| gyL-MnŸi me© cÖ_g Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i| GLv‡b KwVb Lv`¨ `v‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ †cwlZ
nq| GKv‡R wRnŸv mwµq mvnvh¨ K‡i| Lv`¨ Pwe©Z I †cwlZ nevi mgq gy‡Li
jvjvMÖwš’ †_‡K jvjv ev m¨vjvBfv G‡m wgwkªZ nq| m¨vjvBfv‡Z m¨vwjfvix
A¨vgvB‡jR bv‡g GK Dr‡mPK _v‡K hv mvaviYZ Uvqvwjb (Ptyalin) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
m¨vjvBfv MjatKi‡Yi myweav‡_© Lv`¨e¯‘‡K wcw”Qj K‡i Ges Dr‡mP‡Ki mvnv‡h¨
÷vP©‡K g¨vj‡Uv‡R cwiYZ K‡i|

wPÎ 13.2.1: gvby‡li cwicvKZ‡š¿i wewfbœ Ask, cwicv‡K AskMÖnYKvix wewfbœ

ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ Ges Zv‡`i Drm|

BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 262

 Bangladesh Open University

cvPK im gyL †_‡K Lv`¨ Mjwej I MÖvmbvjxi wfZi w`‡q cvK¯’jx‡Z G‡m †cuŠQvq| cvK¯’jx
cÖvPx‡i wew¶ßfv‡e Qov‡bv Av‡Q nvRvi nvRvi ¶z`ª MÖwš’ hv †_‡K ÔcvPK imÕ wbtm„Z
nq| Gme MÖwš’‡Z wZb ai‡bi †Kv‡li Dcw¯’wZ j¶¨ Kiv †M‡Q: (1) c¨vivBUvj †Kvl
hv †_‡K HCL ¶wiZ nq, (2) wPd †Kvl hv †ccwm‡bv‡Rb ¶iY K‡i, Ges (3)
wgDKvm †Kvl hv †_‡K wgDwmm Drcbœ nq| cvPK i‡m Av‡iv `yÕGK iKg ivmvqwbK
`ª‡e¨i Dcw¯’wZ wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ jvB‡cR I †iwbb D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wbtm„Z
Gme ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ wewfbœfv‡e cwicv‡K AskMÖnY K‡i|

Avwš¿K im cwicv‡Ki w`K †_‡K ¶z`ªvš¿ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| G As‡kB hK…Z I AMœ¨vkq †_‡K
bvjx G‡m A‡š¿i m‡½ †g‡k| Aš¿ cÖvPx‡i Av‡Q AmsL¨ ¶z`ª MÖwš’| G me MÖwš’ †_‡K
†ek K‡qK ai‡bi Dr‡mPKmn †h im wbtm„Z nq Zv ÔAvwš¿K imÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Avwš¿K i‡mi wewfbœ Dr‡mPK wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨ cwicv‡K mwµq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cwicvK cÖwµqvi AwaKvsk Kvh©vw`i mgvwß N‡U A‡š¿ Ges Aš¿ cÖvPx‡ii †Kv‡lB
cwicvKK…Z Lv`¨ mvi †kvwlZ nq| A‡š¿i †ckxi Pvjbvq Lv‡`¨i evwK Ask µgvš^‡q
e„n`‡š¿i w`‡K cvwiPvwjZ nq| hw`I e„n`‡š¿i cÖavb KvR Lv‡`¨i Aewkó AcvP¨ Ask
kixi †_‡K AcmviY Kiv, Z_vwc hyMcr wKQy cÖ‡qvRbxq KvRI m¤úbœ K‡i|

Lv‡`¨i Aewkó Ask ev ÔKvBgÕ (Chyme) hLb e„n`‡š¿ G‡m †cuŠQvq ZLb G‡Z
cvwbi cwigvY _v‡K kZKiv 75 †_‡K 80 fvM| Zv Qvov _v‡K wKQy Avwgl, wjwcW,
jeY Ges DØ„Ë Dr‡mPK| Gme †_‡K e„n`š¿ jeb I cvwb †kvlY K‡i Zv i‡³
cvVvq| d‡j Dw”Qó Lv`¨ Nwbf‚Z g‡j cwiYZ nq| gj gjvk‡q mvgwqKfv‡e Rgv
†_‡K Ae‡k‡l cvqy c‡_ †`n †_‡K †ei n‡q Av‡m|

Avgv‡`i †`‡n kK©iv, Avwgl I †mønRvZxq Lv`¨ cwicvK nq wewfbœ ai‡bi

Dr‡mP‡Ki AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g| Gme Dr‡mP‡Ki DrmI A‡bK‡¶‡Î wfbœZi| Lv`¨
cwicv‡K †hme ivmvqwbK wewµqvi D™¢e nq Zv cÖavbZ Dr‡mPK ØvivB wbqwš¿Z nq|

wP‡Î Ges Q‡K gvby‡li cwicvKZ‡š¿i wewfbœ Ask, cwicv‡K AskMÖnYKvix wewfbœ
ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, Dr‡mPK I Zv‡`i Drm, Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ BZ¨vw` †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

QK: gvby‡li cwicv‡K AskMÖnYKvix cÖavb Dr‡mPK, Zv‡`i Drm Ges cwicvK
†k‡l Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i bvg|

cwicvKZ‡š¿i Dr‡mP‡Ki Drm cÖavb †h ai‡bi Drcvw`Z `ªe¨

Ask Dr‡mP‡Ki bvg Lv‡`¨i Dci
wµqvkxj
gyL jvjvMÖwš’ wbtm„Z Uvqvwjb kK©iv g¨vj‡UvR
jvjv (†mwjfvix
A¨vgvB‡jR)

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 263

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvK¯’jx cvK¯’jxi MÖwš’ †ccwm‡bv‡Rb Avwgl †cÖvwUI‡Rm,

wbtm„Z ÔÔcPK imÕÕ → †cc‡Uvbm Ges
†ccwmb †cvwj‡ccUvBWm

†¯œnRvZxq Lv`¨ d¨vwU GwmW I

jvB‡cR wMømvwib
`y‡ai K¨vwmb c¨vivK¨vwmb
†iwbb
¶z`ªvš¿ ¶z`ªv‡š¿i MÖwš’ g¨vj‡UR kK©iv-g¨vjv‡UvR Mø‡y KvR
wbtm„Z ÒAvwš¿K myK‡iR kK©iv-myK‡ivR Møy‡KvR I d«zK‡UvR
imÓ j¨vK‡UR kK©iv-j¨vK‡UvR Møy‡KvR I
†cÖvwU‡qR Avwgl-†cc‡Uvb M¨vjvK‡UvR
I †ccwUWm A¨vwg‡bv GwmWm
jvB‡cR †mønRvZxq Lv`¨ d¨vwU GwmW I
wMømvwib
AMœ¨vkq wbtm„Z †cÖvwU‡qR Avwgl †ccwUWm& I
ÒAMœ¨vkq imÓ A¨vwg‡bv GwmWm&
A¨vgvB‡jR kK©iv g¨vj‡UvR
jvB‡cR †mønRvZxq Lv`¨ d¨vwU GwmW I
wMømvij

hK…Z †_‡K Drcvw`Z ÔevBjÕ ev wcË GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ n‡jI G‡Z
cwicv‡Ki mnvqK †Kvb Dr‡mPK †bB| cwicv‡K †Kej wcË je‡bi f‚wgKv mwµq|

A‡š¿i WzI‡Wbvg As‡ki mwbœK‡U _v‡K AMœ¨vkq MÖwš’| G MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z nq
Bbmywjb bv‡gi GK cÖKvi ni‡gvb Ges K‡qKwU Dr‡mPKmn ÔAMœ¨vkq imÕ| Df‡qB
cwicv‡K mwµq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Bbmywjb mivmwi i‡³ wg‡k hvq| i‡³ kK©iv
Lv`¨ Kv‡R jvMv‡Z ni‡gvb Acwinvh©|

k¦mbZš¿

evB‡ii cwi‡ek †_‡K cÖvYx‡`‡n Aw·‡Rb MÖnY Ges kixi †_‡K Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW
Z¨vM Kivi kvixie„wËK cÖwµqv‡K k¦mb ejv nq| k¦m‡bi gva¨‡g †Kv‡li wfZ‡ii
Lv`¨ O2 Gi mvnv‡h¨ RvwiZ n‡q CO2 wbM©Z nq Ges Lv‡`¨i w¯’wZ kw³‡K MwZ
kw³iƒ‡c gy³ K‡i|

gvbe‡`‡n k¦m‡bi Rb¨ dzmdzmB GKgvÎ A½ n‡jI Gi m‡½ mswkøó K‡qKwU A½

†hgb MøwUm, ¯^ihš¿, k¦vmbvjx BZ¨vw` wg‡j k¦mbZš¿ MwVZ| k¦mb cÖwµqvq Gme
A‡½i mivmwi †Kvb f‚wgKv bv _vK‡jI dzmdz‡m evqy msen‡b Giv mwµq AskMÖnY
K‡i|

BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 264

 Bangladesh Open University

wPÎ 13.2.2: k¦mbZš¿|

MVb k¦mbZ‡š¿i cÖ_g A½ bvK| bvmvi‡Ü«i ga¨ w`‡q evZvm cwikÖæZ n‡q dzmdz‡m hvq|
gyL evqy cÖ‡e‡ki weKí c_| Z‡e mvaviY Ae¯’vq gyL w`‡q evZvm k¦mbZ‡š¿ cÖ‡ek
K‡i bv| bvK †_‡K evZvm Mjwe‡ji wfZi w`‡q ¯^ih‡š¿ †cuŠ‡Q| ¯^ih‡š¿i wVK
wcQ‡bB k¦vmbvjx| gvby‡li k¦vmbvjx Pvi †_‡K cuvP Bw j¤^v| GwU 15-20 wU wis Gi
g‡Zv †Kvgjw¯’‡Z ˆZwi| d‡j KL‡bv Pzc‡m hvq bv| k¦vmbvjx cÖ_gZ `yB fv‡M fvM
n‡q `ywU †K¬vg bvjx ev eªw¼ MVb K‡i| cÖwZwU †K¬vgbvjx c‡i AmsL¨ †K¬vgbvwjKv ev
eªw¼Ijm&-G wef³ nq| GK GKwU †K¬vgbvwjKv c‡i evqy‡Kvl ev A¨vjwfIjv‡mi m‡½
wM‡q wg‡k| Kv‡h©i w`K †_‡K cÖwZwU A¨vjwfIjvm dzmdz‡mi GKK| k¦vmKv‡h© evZvm
I i‡³i g‡a¨ M¨v‡mi †h wewbgq Zv †Kej GLv‡bB N‡U| gvby‡mi dzmdz‡m 30 †KvwU
ev ZviI †ewk evqy‡Kvl _v‡K| G‡`i mw¤§wjZ wfZ‡ii †¶Îdj 40 †_‡K 80 eM©
wgUvi n‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq GKRb ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li
dzmdz‡mi †¶Îdj GKwU †Uwbm ‡Kv‡U©i mgvb|

cÖvß eq¯‹ gvby‡li dzmdzm aymi bxj i‡Oi Ges ¯ú‡Äi g‡Zv big| Wvb w`‡Ki
dzmdzm evgw`‡Ki dzmdz‡mi †P‡q wKQyUv eo I PIov| ga¨”Q`v ev Wvqvd«vg
(Diaphragm) bv‡g GKwU †ckxgq c`©v ey‡Ki †h As‡k dzmdzm I ürwcÐ _v‡K †m
Ask‡K †cU †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i iv‡L| k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡m Wvqvd«vg I cuvRo ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

k¦mb cÖwµqv

k¦vm-cÖk¦vm wµqv g~jZ †ckx Pvjbvi cÖfv‡e m¤úw`Z n‡jI G‡K ewntk¦mb I
AšÍtk¦mb G `yÕch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq| ewntk¦m‡b dzmdzm †_‡K O2 i‡³ cÖ‡ek K‡i
Ges †mLvb †_‡K CO2 evB‡i Av‡m| AšÍtk¦mb e¯‘Z †Kvl ch©v‡qi k¦mb| G ch©v‡q
†`n‡Kvl I i‡³i g‡a¨ O2 I CO2 Gi wewbgq N‡U|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 265

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖk¦vm ewntk¦mb‡K cybivq cÖk¦vm (Inspiration) Ges wbtk¦vm (Expiration) G `yÕfv‡M

fvM Kiv nq| cÖk¦vm Kvh© m¤úbœ nq mgwš^Z †ckx m‡¼vP‡bi gva¨‡g, hvi d‡j e¶
Mne‡ii AvqZb ev‡o| e¶ Mne‡ii AvqZb e„w× †c‡j dzmdzmI cÖmvwiZ nq| Gi
d‡j evB‡i †_‡K evZvm bvK I k¦vmbvjxi ga¨ w`‡q Awej‡¤^ dzmdzm Xz‡K c‡o| g‡b
ivL‡eb, e‡¶i cÖmvi‡Yi d‡jB dzmdz‡m evZvm †Xv‡K, evZvm Xz‡K e¶‡K cÖmvwiZ
K‡i bv|

wbtk¦vm wbtk¦vm ev k¦vm Z¨v‡Mi mgq †h NUbv N‡U Zv cÖk¦v‡mi wVK wecixZ| G mgq cÖk¦v‡mi
m‡½ RwoZ e‡¶i me †ckx nVvr K‡iB wkw_j n‡q Av‡m Ges e¶ cÖvPxi cÖmvwiZ
dzmdz‡mi Dci Aembœfv‡e X‡j c‡i| G‡Z dzmdz‡mi AvqZb K‡g hvq| d‡j
wfZ‡ii evZvm `ªæZ †ewi‡q Av‡m|

¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq GKRb cÖvß eq¯‹ gvby‡li cÖwZ wgwb‡U cÖvq 15 evi k¦vm-cÖk¦vm N‡U
Ges cÖwZevi cÖvq 500 wgwjwjUvi evZvm dzmdz‡m †Xv‡K Ges †ewo‡q Av‡m|

kvixie„Ë

dzmdz‡m evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb e¨vcb cÖwµqvq A¨vjwfIjv‡mi AveiYx †f` K‡i †Kv‡l
†cuŠ‡Q| †mLvb †_‡K GKB cÖwµqvq O2 i³ RvwjKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| i‡³ †jvwnZ
KwYKvi wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi m‡½ O2 hy³ n‡q Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb MVb K‡i|
wn‡gv‡Møvweb + Aw·‡Rb → Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb
i³ cÖev‡ni m‡½ Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb kix‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b cwievwnZ nq| †hme Kjvq
Aw·‡R‡bi Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b O2 gy³ Kiv nq| Aw·‡Rb nvievi ci
Aw·‡Rbwenxb †jvwnZ KwYKv wkivMZ i‡³i gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m P‡j Av‡m|
Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb †_‡K O2 c„_K Kivi e¨vcviUv Avm‡j GKwU weRviY cÖwµqv|

k¦mb cÖwµqvq O2 MÖnY Ges CO2 `yixKiY, G `yÕai‡bi wecixZgyLx NUbvi AeZviYv
nq| CO2 `~i Kivi Kjv‡KŠkj GKUz RwUj| †`n‡Kvl †_‡K i‡³ e¨vc‡bi mgq
CO2 Kv‡e©vwbK GwmW (H2CO3)-G iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges G Ae¯’vq i³ Zv‡K
dzmdz‡mi w`‡K enb K‡i wb‡q hvq|
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
Kv‡e©vwbK GwmW
†ewkifvM CO2 i‡³ evwnZ nq †mvwWqvg A_ev cUvwmqvg evBKv‡e©v‡bU (NaHCO2
or KHCO3) wn‡m‡e| dzmdzm RvwjKvq †cuŠQv‡j Kv‡e©vwbK A¨vbnvB‡WªR bvgK GK
Dr‡mP‡Ki ZrciZvq CO2 gy³ nq Ges †mLvb †_‡K e¨vcb cÖwµqvq cÖ_‡g dzmdz‡m
I c‡i bvmviÜ« c‡_ †`‡ni evB‡i P‡j Av‡m|

BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 266

 Bangladesh Open University

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|

1. †KvbwU agbxi gva¨‡g nq?

K. `ywlZ i³ cÖevwnZ nq
L. weï× i³ cÖevwnZ nq
M. ürwcÐ †_‡K i³ †`‡ni wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o
N. †`‡ni wewfbœ A½ †_‡K i³ ürwc‡Ð wd‡i Av‡m|
2. dzmdzm †_‡K Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ ürwc‡Ð wd‡i Av‡m wK‡mi gva¨‡g?
K. dzmdzmxq wkivi gva¨‡g
L. dzmdzmxq agbxi gva¨‡g
M. wcÖ-K¨vfvj wkivi gva¨‡g
N. A¨vIU©vi gva¨‡g|
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb MÖwš’ †_‡K Bbmywjb wbtm„Z nq?
K. hK…Z †_‡K
L. ¶z`ªv‡š¿i cÖvPxi MÖwš’ †_‡K
M. AMœ¨vkq †_‡K
N. jvjvMÖwš’ †_‡K|
4. cvK¯’jx‡Z HCL ¶wiZ nq †Kvb †Kvl †_‡K?
K. wgDKvm †Kvl †_‡K
L. c¨vivBUvj †Kvl †_‡K
M. Pxd †Kvl †_‡K
N. hK…Z †Kvl †_‡K|
5. ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq GKRb cÖvß eq¯‹ gvby‡li cÖwZ wgwb‡U KZevi k¦vm-cÖk¦vm N‡U?
K. cÖvq 10 evi
L. cÖvq 15 evi
M. cÖvq 20 evi
N. cÖvq 30 evi|
mwVK DËi
A) 1| M, 2| K, 3| M, 4| L, 5| L|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 267

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 3 Lv`¨ I cywó

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

Lv`¨ wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

cywó wK Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

Lv`¨ I cywói cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cywónxbZvi KviY D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

cywónxbZvi ¶wZKi w`K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

mylg I myjf Lv‡`¨i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

mylg I myjf Lv`¨ mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

mylg I myjf Lv`¨ e¨env‡i Drmvnx n‡eb|

Avgv‡`i kixi‡K Kg©¶g ivL‡Z n‡j kw³ I Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB kw³ I Zvc
†hvMvq Lv`¨| hLbB Avgv‡`i Zvc I kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq ZLbB Avgv‡`i ¶zav jv‡M,
Avgiv Lv`¨ LvB| Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †`n‡K my¯’¨ I mej, Kg©¶g Ges †`‡ni
¶q c~iY I e„w×mva‡bi Rb¨ †hme Dcv`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq †m me Dcv`vb wewkó
Lv`¨
e¯‘‡K Lv`¨ e‡j|

cywó Gevi Pjyb cywó ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS †R‡b †bB| cywó nj GKwU cÖwµqv hv‡Z
Lv`¨e¯‘ LvIqvi ci cwicvK nq Ges †f‡½ mij Dcv`v‡b cwiYZ nq| GB mij
Dcv`vb †`n‡Kvl †kvlY K‡i †bq| †kvwlZ nIqi ci Lv‡`¨i Dcv`vb †`‡ni mKj
A‡½ ¶qcÖvß †Kv‡li cybt MVb I †`ne„w×i Rb¨ bZzb †Kvl ˆZwii gva¨‡g Zvc m„wó
K‡i, †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i Ges ¯^v¯’¨ fvj iv‡L| Lv‡`¨i Gi mKj KvR‡K Avgiv cywó
ewj| wKš‘ GB e¨vcK KvR †Kvb wbw`©ó Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i Øviv m¤¢e bq| Avgiv †hme Lv`¨
MÖnY Kwi Zvi g‡a¨ †gvU QqwU Dcv`vb _v‡K| †hgb-

kK©iv

†møn c`v_©

Avwgl

wfUvwgb

LwbR jeb Ges

cvwb|

Avi †h Lv‡`¨ GB QqwU Dvcv`vb cwiwgZ cwigv‡Y i‡q‡Q Zv‡K Avgiv ewj mylg
Lv`¨| GB Lv`¨ e¨w³ we‡k‡li ˆ`wnK Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i Ges Zv‡K my¯’ mej I
†ivMgy³ _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 268
 Bangladesh Open University

mylg Lv‡`¨i Dcv`vb

†k¦Zmvi 60% cvwb
†Zj 15% LwbR jeb I 10%
Avwgl 15% wfUvwgb

kK©iv kK©iv ev Carbohydrate RvZxq Lv`¨ Avgv‡`i kix‡ii wewfbœ KvR K‡g©i Rb¨ kw³
†hvMvq| Pvj, AvUv, Wvj, wPwb BZ¨vw` kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ LvIqvi ci cwicvK n‡q
Møy‡Kv‡R cwiYZ nq| Møy‡KvR †`‡ni cÖwZwU †Kv‡l Avw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z `vn¨ n‡q
cvwb, Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW I kw³ ˆZwi K‡i| kw³ gvcvi GKK n‡”Q wK‡jvK¨v‡jvix|
wKQy kK©iv RvZxq Dcv`vb †`n MV‡b cÖ‡qvRb nq| WvUv, dj, mewRi †Lvmvq I
kv‡Ki dvBevi gj ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges †KvôKvwVbœ `~i K‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡bi Kg
kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡j kixi `ye©j n‡q c‡o| Avevi cÖ‡qv‡R‡bi †ewk fvZ,
iæwU, wgwó BZ¨vw` †L‡j Avgv‡`i kixi †g`eûj n‡q c‡o| AwZwi³ kK©iv Pwe©iƒ‡c
Rgv n‡q †`‡ni IRb evovq Ges bvbviKg AmyL †hgb- ü`‡ivM, Wvq‡ewUm BZ¨vw`
†`Lv †`q|
kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ n‡Z kw³ cvIqv hvq| AwZ Kg k©Kiv
MÖn‡Y †hgb kixi `ye©j nq, †Zgwb AwZwi³ kK©iv MÖn‡Y
kixi †g`eûj nq|

†cÖvwUb Avwgl ev Protein RvZxq Lv`¨ Avgiv Dw™¢`¾ I cÖvYxR Dfq Drm †_‡KB †c‡q
_vwK| `ya, wWg,gvQ, gvsm, Wvj, ev`vg I wewP‡Z †ewk cwigvY †cÖvwUb _v‡K| bvbv
iK‡gi Dw™¢¾ Lv`¨ †hgb- Wvj, Pvj, Avjy, wewP GKmv‡_ wgwk‡q ivbœv Ki‡j †m
Lvev‡i †cÖvwU‡bi gvb DbœZ nq| †hgb- wLPzwo, nvwjg, BZ¨vw`| †`‡ni †Kvle„w× I
¶qc i‡Y GwU Acwinvh©| †cÖvwUb RvZxq Dcv`vb †`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv
†`q| Avgiv Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k ZvKv‡j †`L‡Z cv‡ev, R‡b¥i ci †cÖvwU‡bi Afve
†`Lv w`‡j wkïi ˆ`wnK e„w× wVKgZ nq bv| wkïiv D”PZvq I IR‡b ev‡o bv| wkïi
†`n iæMœ n‡q c‡o, Pvgovq Nv nq Ges A‡bK mgq gyL, nvZ I cv dz‡j I‡V|
†cÖvwUb RvZxq Lv`¨ †`‡ni ¶qc iY I e„w× mva‡b
Acwinvh©| Gi Afve wkï‡`i Rb¨ gvivZ¥K n‡Z cv‡i|

†Zj †Zj I Pwe© RvZxq Lv‡`¨i cÖavb KvR n‡”Q kw³ Drcv`b| Avgiv cÖvwYR Drm †_‡K
†Zj, gvs‡mi Pwe©, `y‡ai mi, gvLb, wN BZ¨vw` †c‡q _vwK Avevi mqvweb †Zj,
mwilvi †Zj, ev`vg †Zj, bvi‡Kj †Zj, wZ‡ji †Zj Ges WvjWv Dw™¢R Drm †_‡K
cvB|
†Zj †`‡ni kw³ Drcv`‡b Acwinvh©| AwZwi³ Pwe© MÖn‡Y bvbv iK‡gi
AmyL nq|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 269

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wfUvwgb UvUKv kvK-mewR, dj †_‡K Avgiv †ewk cwigvY wfUvwgb cvB| wfUvwgb bvbv
iK‡gi Av‡Q| wfUvwg‡bi Afv‡e wewfbœ iKg †ivM †`Lv †`q| wfUvwgb ÔwmÕi Afv‡e
¯‹vwf© Ges wfUvwgb ÔwWÕi Afv‡e wi‡KU †ivM nq| †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ ˆ`bw›`b
¯^vfvweK Lvev‡i wfUvwgb _vK‡Z n‡e| wfUvwgb me ai‡bi ZvRv kvK-mewR †hgb-
Kjgx kvK, jvD kvK, cvjs kvK, wgwó Kzgov, MvRi, U‡g‡Uv, †jey I dj †hgb-
†cqviv, Kvgiv½v BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y _v‡K|
me iKg Lvevi †L‡j wfUvwg‡bi Afve nq bv| wfUvwgb ÔGÕi Afv‡e
ivZKvbv, wfUvwgb ÔwWÕi Afv‡e wi‡KU, wfUvwgb ÔwmÕi Afv‡e ¯‹vwf©
BZ¨vw` nq| ZvB ¯^v¯’¨ i¶vq wfUvwg‡bi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK|

cvwb †`n‡K my¯’¨ ivL‡Z cvwb Acwinvh©| cvwb cwicv‡K Ges i‡³ Lv`¨ cwien‡b mvnvh¨
K‡i Ges eR© c`v_© g~Îiƒ‡c wbM©Z K‡i| †KvôKvwVb¨ `~i K‡i| GQvov †`‡ni
ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿Y K‡i| AwZwi³ Nv‡g, ewg I Wvqwiqv‡Z †`‡n cvwbi Afve N‡U Ges
†Kv‡l cvwb K‡g hvq| d‡j kix‡i i³Pvc K‡g hvq, wRnŸv ïwK‡q hvq Ges cÖKU
n‡j g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ N‡U| ZvB cÖwZw`b cÖPzi cwigv‡Y weï× cvwb cvb Kiv Avek¨K| cvwb
Lye mn‡RB `~wlZ nq Ges gvivZ¥K †iv‡Mi m„wó K‡i| ZvB LvIqvi cvwb Aek¨B
weï×, Rxevbygy³ nIqv DwPZ| g‡b ivLv DwPZ- cvwb dzUbœ Ae¯’vq †cuŠQvi ci Avav
N›Uv dzUv‡bv n‡j Zv RxevYygy³ nq|
cvwbi Aci bvg Rxeb| ZvB cÖPzi cwigv‡Y weï× cvwb cvb Kiv
Avek¨K|

LwbR jeb K‡qK iK‡gi LwbR c`v_© i‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ K¨vjwmqvg, †jŠn I Av‡qvwWb
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| `ya, cwbi, †QvU gv‡Qi KuvUv, Kjgx kvK BZ¨vw`‡Z K¨vjwmqvg cvIqv
hvq| KwjRv, wWg, gvsm BZ¨vw`‡Z †jŠn Ges mvgyw`ªK gvQ I je‡b Av‡qvwWb cvIqv
hvq| G mg¯Í Dcv`vb †`†ni Kv‡R mvnvh¨ K‡i| Av‡qvwW‡bi Afv‡e MjMÐ, †jŠ‡ni
Afv‡e i³ k~b¨Zv, K¨vjwmqv‡gi Afv‡e wi‡KU BZ¨vw` †iv‡Mi m„wó nq|
Lv‡`¨i GB QqwU Dcv`vb cÖavbZ Avgv‡`i †`‡n wZbwU KvR K‡i−

e„w×mvab, ¶qc~iY I i¶Yv‡e¶Y|

Zvc Drcv`b I Kg©kw³ cÖ`vb|

†ivM cÖwZ‡iva I my¯’¨Zv weavb|
m‡ZR I Kg©¶g kix‡ii Rb¨ LwbR c`v‡_©i fzwgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
cywónxbZvi KviY I Avgiv cÖwZw`b †h Lvevi LvB †mB Lvev‡ii g‡a¨ hw` Lv‡`¨i QqwU Dcv`v‡bi †h
¶wZKi w`K †Kvb GKwU Dcv`vb †`‡ni Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq AcwiwgZ _v‡K A_ev m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ev`
c‡o ZLb †mB Dcv`v‡bi Afv‡e †`‡n cywói Afve N‡U| `xN©w`b cywói Kv‡R e¨vNvZ
NU‡j †`‡n Acywó ev cywónxbZvi j¶Y †`Lv †`q| wkï‡`i †KvqvwkqiKi,
BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 270
Bangladesh Open University

†givmgvm, wi‡KU, ivZKvbv BZ¨vw` †ivM cywónxbZvi Kvi‡Y n‡q _v‡K| Avgv‡`i
†`‡k kZKiv 80 Rb †jvKB Acywó‡Z †fv‡M| d‡j Zv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ `ye©j, Kg©¶gZv Kg
Ges A‡b‡Ki AKvj g„Zz¨ N‡U| Avgiv Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k GKUz fvj K‡i ZvKv‡jB
eyS‡Z cvi‡ev Gi cÖavb KviY n‡jv `vwi`ªZv, Kzms¯‹vi I AÁZv| AÁZv Avi
Kzms¯‹vi m„wó nq wk¶vi Afv‡e| Avevi wk¶vi Rb¨ PvB A_©| †m Kvi‡Y Avgiv
†`L‡Z cvB `wi`ª RbMYB AÁZv Avi Kzms¯‹v‡ii A‡±vcv‡k Ave×| Kv‡RB
`vwi`ªZvB cywónxbZvi g~j KviY| Avevi AcywóRwbZ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ GKwU wkï
cwiev‡ii Kj¨v‡Yi cwie‡Z© wb‡q Av‡m AKj¨vY I `ytL| †mB wkï‡K my¯’¨ K‡i
†Zvjvi Rb¨ cwiev‡ii mvgvb¨ Av‡qi †ewki fvMB LiP nq e‡j Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨MY
A_©vfv‡e Acywó‡Z †fv‡M I Kg©¶gZv nvivq| d‡j cwieviwU µgkt `wi`ª n‡Z
_v‡K| ZvB `vwi`ªZv †hgb- cywónxbZvi KviY, †Zgwb cywónxbZvI `vwi`ªZvi KviY|
GKwU AciwUi mv‡_ I‡Zv‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| RbmsL¨vi K_vI Avgv‡`i GLv‡b
fve‡Z n‡e| KviY GKw`‡K RbmsL¨v evo‡Q wKš‘ Avev`‡hvM¨ Rwg evo‡Q bv|
GQvov Abve„wó, Liv, eb¨v G me‡Zv Av‡QB| d‡j Lv`¨ NvUwZ gvivZ¥K ch©v‡q †b‡g
G‡m‡Q|

wPÎ 13.3.1: mylg I myjf Lv`¨|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 271
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mylg myjf Lv`¨ G‡nb cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K Avgv‡`i i¶v †c‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Avgv‡`i mylg Lv`¨ MÖnY
Kivi Af¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e| mylg Lv`¨ A_© ïay `vgx Lvevi bq| ¯^í e¨v‡q Avgv‡`i
nv‡Zi Kv‡Qi mnRjf¨ wRwbm †_‡K Avgiv mylg Lv`¨ †c‡Z cvwi| ZvB cywó Ávb
m¤^‡Ü Avgv‡`i m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e Ges G Ávb mK‡ji g‡a¨ Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e| Avgiv
GKUz j¶¨ Ki‡j †`L‡Z cv‡ev Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK wkw¶Z I AwaK Av‡qi e¨w³i
Lv`¨ wbe©vPb m¤ú‡K© åvšÍ aviYv i‡q‡Q| Zviv g‡b K‡ib †h, Lv`¨ MÖnY Kiv †nvK bv
†nvK ¯^v`UvB cÖavb| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, ¯^v‡`i Rb¨ Lv`¨ bq, ¯^v‡¯’¨i
Rb¨ Lv`¨| ¯^í Li‡PI Avgiv mylg Lv`¨ †c‡Z cvwi| GRb¨ `iKvi Lv`¨ I Gi Drm
m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv _vKv|

Lv`¨ Dcv`vb Drm (m¯Ív I mnRjf¨)

kK©iv Pvj, Mg, Avjy, AvUv, cÖf…wZ
†cÖvwUb †QvU gvQ, Wvj, wPbv ev`vg cÖf…wZ
†møn mqvweb, bvwi‡Kj †Zj cÖf…wZ
wfUvwgb AvgjwK, †cu‡c, KvVvj, KPzkvK cÖf…wZ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|

1. cywói AfveRwbZ †ivM bq †KvbwU?

K. †ewi‡ewi
L. †givmgvm
M. ü`‡ivM
N. ivZKvbv|

2. wfUvwgb ÔwWÕi Afv‡e †h †ivM nq Zvnj−

K. wi‡KU
L. ivZKvbv
M. Wvqwiqv
N. ¯‹vwf©|

BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 272

Bangladesh Open University

3. cywóKi Lv‡`¨i A_© nj−

K. gyL‡ivPK Lv`¨
L. †ewk `vgx Lv`¨
M. kix‡ii Pvwn`v gZ Lv`¨
N. Pwe© RvZxq Lv`¨|
4. mylg Lv`¨ ZvwjKv ˆZwii ¸iæZ¡ wK?
K. Z…wßmn Lv`¨ MÖnY Kiv hvq
L. Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y ˆewPΨ Avbv hvq
M. cywó mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv hvq
N. Lv‡`¨i m`f¨vm MVb Kiv hvq|
5. Lv‡`¨i Dcv`vb cÖavbZ KqwU?
K. PviwU
L. `yBwU
M. QqwU
N. AvUwU|

6. cywónxbZvi g~j KviY−

K. wk¶vi Afve
L. Kzms¯‹vi
M. `vwi`ªZv
N. cywóÁv‡bi Afve|
7. †`n‡K my¯’¨ I mej ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb−
K. `vgx Lv`¨
L. my¯^v`y Lv`¨
M. AwaK Lv`¨
N. mylg Lv`¨|
8. Lv`¨ wbe©vP‡bi mgq †Kvbw`‡K †ewk j¶¨ w`‡Z n‡e?
K. Lv‡`¨i Dcv`vb I cwigvY
L. `vgx I fvj Lv`¨
M. mnRcvP¨ I Z…wß`vqK Lv`¨
N. cywóKi I iæwPc~Y© Lv`¨|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| M, 2| K, 3| M, 4| M, 5| M, 6| N, 7| N, 8| N|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 273

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 4 wkï Lv`¨

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

wkï Lv`¨ wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

wkïi Rb¨ gvZ…`y‡»i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

wkï‡`i gv‡qi `ya LvIqvevi ¯^c‡¶ BwZevPK g‡bvfve cÖKvk Ki‡eb Ges

¯^v¯’¨ MV‡b `y‡ai f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

GKwU gvbe wkï Amnvq Ae¯’vq c„w_ex‡Z Avmvi ci me iKg Lv`¨ nRg Kivi
¶gZv _v‡K bv| ZLb wkïi GKgvÎ MÖnY‡hvM¨ Lvevi n‡jv gv‡qi `ya| c„w_exi mg¯Í
wPwKrmK I cywó we‡klÁiv GKev‡K¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, gvZ…`y‡»i weKí wKQy †bB|
wkïi R‡b¥i ci †_‡K 5 gvm ch©šÍ †KejgvÎ gv‡qi `yaB wkïi me iKg Lv‡`¨i
wkï Lv`¨ cÖ‡qvRb wgUvq| Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h G e¨e¯’v †KejgvÎ GKRb my¯’¨ gv I
Zvi mšÍv‡bi Rb¨B cÖ‡hvR¨| hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y gvZ…¯Í‡b¨i NvUwZ c‡o Zv n‡j Zvi
weKí wnmv‡e Miæ ev QvM‡ji `y‡a cÖ‡qvRb gZ cvwb wgwk‡q LvIqv‡eb| Miæ ev
QvM‡ji `y‡ai Afv‡e Avcwb evRv‡ii ¸ov `yaI LvIqv‡Z cv‡ib| wkïi cuvP gvm
eq‡mi ci GKgvÎ gv‡qi `ya wkïi †`n e„w×i Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| ZLb `y‡ai cvkvcvwk
wkï‡K Ab¨ Lvevi w`‡eb| †hgb- Avjy‡m×, PUKv‡bv fvZ-Wvj, †m×wWg, `y‡ai ˆZwi
mywR, cv‡qm, cvKv Kjv, cvKv †cu‡c, cvKv Avg, †mB mv‡_ gvQ, gvsm I mewRi
my¨c|

`y‡ai cvkvcvwk gv wkï‡K Ab¨ Lvevi w`‡”Qb|

wPÎ 13.4.1: gv I wkï|
BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 274
 Bangladesh Open University

gvZ…`y‡»i ¸iæZ¡ wkïi kixi Lye `ªæZ e„w× cvq| wkïi †`n my¯’¨ mejfv‡e M‡o DVvi Rb¨ wkïi
Lv‡`¨, Lv‡`¨i QqwU Dcv`vbB _vKv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| Avcbviv Rv‡bb †`n MV‡bi me
Dcv`vbB gv‡qi `y‡a i‡q‡Q| GB cywóMZ gvb I Av`k© Lvevi wnmv‡e gv‡qi `yaB
wkïi me©‡kªô Lvevi| wkïi R‡b¥i c‡iB gv‡qi ey‡K kvj`ya bv‡g Blr njy` †h `ya
Rgv _v‡K Zv wkïi Rb¨ LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq| G `y‡a wkïi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq
Kj÷ªvg _v‡K| wkï‡K Aek¨B GB kvj`ya LvIqv‡eb| GB `ya LyeB cywóKi, wbivc`
Ges wkïi †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kivi ¶gZv e„w× K‡i| R‡b¥i ci †_‡K cuvP gvm eqm
ch©šÍ wkï‡K ïaygvÎ ey‡Ki `ya LvIqv‡eb| ey‡Ki `ya LvIqv‡j Z…òv wbevi‡Yi Rb¨
evowZ cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| d‡j cvwb LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ wkïi cvZjv cvqLvbv ev
Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|

cix¶v I M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, gvbewkïi gw¯Í®‹ MV‡bi Rb¨ †hme

we‡kl Dcv`vb cÖ‡qvRb, Zv gvZ…`y‡» cvIqv hvq| Miæ, QvMj ev Ab¨
†Kvb Lv`¨ `ªe¨ wkï‡K LvIqv‡j wkïi gw¯Í®‹ MV‡bi GB m¶g
cÖwµqv e¨vnZ nq|

gv‡qi `ya cÖvK…wZK Dcv‡q ˆZwi Ges wkï‡K LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ †evZj, wbcj BZ¨vw`i
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, K…wÎg `ya e¨q eûj| `ytLRbK n‡jI GK_v mZ¨ †h A‡bK gv
Zv‡`i fzj aviYv I Kzms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ wkïi cÖvc¨ ey‡Ki `ya †_‡K wkï‡K ewÂZ
Ki‡Qb| A_P wkï‡K ey‡Ki `ya LvIqv‡j gv‡qi ¯Íb I Rivqyi K¨vÝvi nIqvi Avk¼v
_v‡K bv ej‡jB P‡j|

gv‡qi `ya mnRcÖvc¨, RxeYygy³ I †`n MV‡bi Dc‡hvMx| Kv‡RB wkïi Rb¨ ch©vß `ya
†c‡Z n‡j, †`n‡K cywónxbZvi nvZ †_‡K euvPv‡Z n‡j gv‡K Aek¨B cywóKi I evowZ
Lvevi †L‡Z n‡e|

wkïi kvixwiK e„w× I gvbwmK cwic~Y©Zvi Rb¨ gv‡qi `y‡ai

weKí †bB|

¯^v¯’¨ MV‡b `ya ¸YMZ ˆewkó¨ Ges mylg Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨ `ya cÖK…wZi †h †Kvb Lv‡`¨i Zzjbvq †kªô
wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ| wkïi e„w×, hye‡Ki kw³, e„‡×i RxebaviY Ges Amy¯’ e¨w³i †mevq
`y‡ai `vb Acixmxg| `y‡ai cywóMZ gvb wnmv‡e `ya‡K mylg Lv‡`¨i m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| mylg Lv‡`¨i QqwU Dcv`vbB GB `y‡ai g‡a¨ Av‡Q hvi Kvi‡Y `ya GKwU
Av`k© Lv`¨ wnmv‡e cwiwPZ|

`y‡a Av‡Q †cÖvwUb hv wK bv Ab¨vb¨ mKj †cÖvwU‡bi Mo cwicv‡Ki Zzjbvq †ewk|

`y‡ai †cÖvwU‡b jvBwmb Ges wUªc‡Uv‡db cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk _v‡K| Dw™¢`
RvZxq †cÖvwU‡b GB A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW؇qi NvUwZ ev m¤ú~Y© Afve _v‡K| ZvB `y‡ai
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 275
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†cÖvwUb Ges Dw™¢` †cÖvwUb GKmv‡_ cvb Ki‡j `y‡ai †cÖvwU‡bi D×…Ë jvBwmb Ges
wUªc‡Uv‡db Dw™¢` †cÖvwU‡bi Ab¨vb¨ A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi mswgkª‡Y kixi Kjv Ges †`n
†cÖvwUb ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| myZivs `y‡ai †cÖvwUb Dw™¢` †cÖvwU‡bi cywógv‡bi NvUwZi
m¤ú~iK e‡j cywówe`MY `y‡ai †cÖvwUb‡K cywói m‡e©v”P ¯’vb w`‡q‡Qb| `y‡ai Pwe© ev
†møn c`v_© ev gvLb Ab¨vb¨ †h †Kvb Pw©e© n‡Z cQ›`bxq, KviY Gi ¯^v` I MÜ Ab¨ †h
†Kvb †møn c`v_© †_‡K DrK…ó| `y‡a Acwinvh© d¨vwU GwmW cÖPzi cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb|

j¨vK‡UvRB GKgvÎ †k¦Zmvi ev kK©iv RvZxq Dcv`vb hv ïay `y‡aB cvIqv hvq| cywó
wnmv‡e j¨vK‡UvR Ab¨vb¨ †k¦Zmvi A‡c¶v A‡bK DbœZgv‡bi| j¨K‡Uv‡Ri
Dcw¯’wZ‡nZz Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡`¨i K¨vjwmqv‡gi Zzjbvq `y‡ai K¨vjwmqvg mn‡RB nRg I
cwicvK nq|

`y‡a LwbR c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q K¨vjwmqvg, dmdivm, g¨vM‡bwkqvg, †mvwWqvg,

cUvwkqvg, wRsK, †K¬vwib, Avqib, Kcvi, g¨vsMvwbR Ges Av‡qvwWb| GB mg¯Í LwbR
c`v_© Avgv‡`i cywói Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq|

kix‡ii ¯^vfvweK e„w×, ¯^v¯’¨ i¶v I cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ wfUvwgb Aek¨B AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq|
cywói Rb¨ AwZ Aí cwigv‡YB G‡`i cÖ‡qvRb| `ya cÖvq mKj wfUvwgbB aviY K‡i|
Bnv wi‡evd¬vwfb mg„×|

myZivs Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, `ya Ggb GKwU Av`k© Lv`¨ hv wK bv cywógv‡bi
eûjvs‡k wgUv‡Z m¶g| AwaKš‘ `ya mn‡RB nRg nq| `ya my¯^v`y I cQ›`bxq| `y‡ai
ˆZwi im‡Mvjøv, m‡›`k, PgPg, imgvjvB, `B, Qvbv BZ¨vw` wbqwgZ e¨env‡ii
GKw`‡K †hgb ¯^v¯’¨ i¶v K‡i Ab¨w`‡K AwZw_qZvi KvR K‡i|

`ya GKwU Av`k© Lv`¨| ˆ`wbK cÖwZwU gvby‡li `ya LvIqv

cÖ‡qvRb|

BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 276

 Bangladesh Open University

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|

1. wkï ïaygvÎ gv‡qi `ya cvb Ki‡e-

K. GK gvm ch©šÍ
L. wZb gvm ch©šÍ
M. cuvP gvm ch©šÍ
N. mvZ gvm ch©šÍ|

2. †`n MV‡b Lv‡`¨i me Dcv`vbB Av‡Q-

K. gvs‡m
L. `y‡a
M. wLPzix‡Z
N. mwâ‡Z|

3. kvj `ya †L‡j wkïi-

K. †`‡ni e„w× N‡U
L. gw¯Í®‹ MVb e¨vnZ nq
M. cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv ev‡o
N. †c‡U AmyL nq|
4. wkïi k³ Lv‡`¨i e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z nq-
K. 3 gvm eqm †_‡K
L. 6 gvm eqm †_‡K
M. 8 gvm eqm †_‡K
N. 12 gvm eqm †_‡K|
5. gvZ…`y‡»i weKí-
K. Miæ, †gl ev QvM‡ji `ya
L. fv‡Zi †db
M. mwâi my¨c
N. Zvj wgQwii kieZ|

mwVK DËi
A) 1| M, 2| L, 3| M, 4| L, 5| K|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 277
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb


Av) msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. Lv`¨ wK? cwigvY gZ Lv`¨ MÖnY bv Ki‡j wK ¶wZ nq?

2. cywó ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? cywónxbZvi KviY I Zvi ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|
3. mylg Lv`¨ ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb ms‡¶‡c wjLyb| Avgiv wK K‡i myjf g~‡j¨ mylg
Lv`¨ †c‡Z cvwi D‡jøL Kiæb|
4. i³ wK ai‡bi Kjv? wewfbœ i³ KwYKvi bvg wjLyb|
5. agbx I wkivi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|
6. gvby‡li ürwcÐ Pvi cÖ‡Kvó wewkó nevi mywe‡a wK?
7. wm‡÷wgK msenb ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
8. ü`NvZ wK? Avgv‡`i ürwcÐ cÖwZ wgwb‡U KZevi m‡¼vwPZ nq?
9. i³ msenbZš¿ †`‡n wK wK KvR m¤úbœ K‡i?
10. cwicvKZ‡š¿i wZbwU KvR D‡jøL Kiæb|
11. Bbmywj‡bi Drm wK? Gi wK KvR?
12. Avwš¿K i‡m †h me Dr‡mPK _v‡K Zv‡`i bvg wjLyb|
13. ewntk¦mb I AšÍtk¦m‡bi cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
14. cÖk¦vm I wbtk¦vm ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS?
15. Aw·‡Rb wKfv‡e †`n‡Kv‡l †cuŠQvq Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
16. kvj `ya Kv‡K e‡j? GUv wkïi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kb?

Av) iPbv I mgm¨vg~jK cÖkœ

1. gvby‡li i‡³i msw¶ß weeiY w`b|

2. gvby‡li i³ msenbZš¿ eY©bv Kiæb|
3. wm‡÷wgK msen‡bi weeiY w`b|
4. gvby‡li cwicvK cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiæb|
5. GKwU Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ cwicv‡K AskMÖnYKvix wewfbœ Dr‡mPK, Zv‡`i Drm Ges
†h ai‡bi Lv‡`¨i Dci wµqvkxj Zv D‡jøL Kiæb|
6. cwicv‡K ¶z`ªvš¿ I e„n`‡š¿i f‚wgKv eY©bv Kiæb|
7. gvby‡li k¦mb cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiæb|
8. k¦m‡bi msÁv w`b| ms‡¶‡c k¦m‡bi kvixie„Ë Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
9. Ô`ya GKwU Av`k© Lv`¨Õ− e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

BDwbU- 13 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb- 278