Unit 01

BDwbU
weªwUk fvi‡Zi kvmbZvwš¿K aviv

1
evsjv‡`k Z_v mgMÖ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK I kvmbZvwš¿K weKv‡k weªwUk kvm‡bi cÖfve Ab¯^ xKvh©|
1757 mv‡j cjvkxi hy‡×I ga¨ w`‡q †MvovcËb nIqv weªwUk kvmb †Kej ivR‰bwZK †ÿ‡ÎB cwieZ©b Av‡bwb G
AÂ‡ji Rb‡Mvôxi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK I agx©q †ÿ‡Î my`~I cÖmvix cÖfve ‡d‡j‡Q| G kvmb 1757
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i 1947 mvj ch©šÍ A_©vr GKkZ beŸB eQi envj wQj| 1947 mv‡j weªwUk Dcwb‡ek †_‡K A‡bK
Av‡›`vjb msMÖ vg, ms¯‹vi I i³ÿ‡qi ga¨ w`‡q fviZ I cvwK¯Í vb bv‡g `ywU ¯^vaxb iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq| ÿzwìvg,
m~h©‡mb, Bjvwg‡Îi g‡Zv wecøe xiv †hgb i³ w`‡q‡Q †Zgwb weªwUk Dcwb‡ewkK kvmb gnvZœ v MvÜx, †bZvRx my fvl
P›`ª emy, †k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj nK, †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x Ges e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi g‡Zv A‡bK
†bZviI Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q GB kvmb I †kvlY| mgvR, wkÿv-ms¯‹…w Z I ivR‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î hy³ n‡q‡Q A‡bK bZz b ixwZ-
bxwZ, AvBb I c×wZ| Av‡jvP¨ BDwb‡U cjvkxi hy×, weªwUk Dcwb‡ewkK kvmb cÖw Zôv, weªw Uk we‡ivax wewfbœ
Av‡›`vjb, ivR‰bwZK I kvmbZvwš¿K cwieZ©bmg~n Zz‡j a‡I 1947 mv‡ji fviZ wefvM BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~ n
cvV-1: cjvkxi hy× I †Kv¤úvwb kvmb cvV-11: †LjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb
cvV-2: mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iva cvV-12: †e½j c¨v±, 1923
cvV-3: wmcvnx we‡`ªvn cvV-13: 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb
cvV-4: fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb cvV-14: e½xq AvBb mfv
cvV-5: fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm cvV-15: jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve
cvV-6: e½f½ I e½f½ i` cvV-16 : wµcm I gš¿x wgkb cwiKíbv
cvV-7: gymwjg jxM cvV-17 : fviZ ¯^ vaxbZv AvBb
cvV-8: gwj-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvBb cvV-18: ¯^ vaxb ALÛ evsjv cÖw Zôvi D‡`¨vM
cvV-9: Ôj‡ÿèŠÕ Pzw³, 1916 cvV-19 : weªw Uk kvm‡bi djvdj
cvV-10: g‡›U¸-†Pgm‡dvW© ms¯‹vi AvBb
cvV-1.1 cjvkxi hy× I †Kv¤úvwb kvmb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 fviZe‡l© weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i AvMgY I †Kv¤úvwbi kvmb m¤ú‡K© eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cjvkxi hy× m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Bó BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb, XvKvi evwYR¨ Kz wV, `¯Í K, mg›`, cjvkx cÖvšÍi, gxiRvdi,
¯^vaxbZvi m~h©|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ
fviZe‡l© weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i AvMgb

fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk Bó BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi gva¨‡g Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb ïiæ nq| Bó BwÛqv
†Kv¤úvwb weªw Uk‡ì GKwU ewYK msN| 1600 mv‡ji 23 †m‡Þ¤î weª‡U‡bi ivYx GwjRv‡e_ 217 Rb ewYK‡K GB
cÖvB‡fU R‡q›U óvd †Kv¤úvwb MVb Kivi mb` (charter) cÖ`vb K‡ib| GB †Kv¤úvwb‡K fviZ I c~e© fviZxq
Øxccy‡Ä weª‡ U‡bi cÿ †_‡K eëmv Kivi GK‡PwUqv AwaKvi †`qv nq| Bs‡iR‡ì G AÂ‡j AvMg‡bi c~‡e©B
cZz©wMR, divwm I Ij›`vRiv G‡`‡k evwYR¨ ïiæ K‡i| evwYR¨ msµvšÍ AvwacZ¨ we¯Í vi‡K †K›`ª K‡i G‡ì m‡½
Bs‡iR‡ì Ø›Ø msNl© nq| ‡kl Aewa Bó BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb fviZe‡l© evwYwR¨K AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii cvkvcvwk
wb‡R‡ì AcÖ wZØ›Øx kw³ wn‡m‡e Avwef‚© Z Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
Bó BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì cÖ_g evwYR¨ KzwV fvi‡Zi cwðg DcK‚‡j e›ì myiv‡Z (1613 wLª:) ¯’vcb K‡i| Gi
cÖvq wek eQi ci 1633 m‡b †Kv¤úvwb bv‡g gvÎ evsjvi m‡½ evwYR¨ D‡Øvab K‡i| Z‡e G AÂ‡j evwYR¨
jvfRbK bv nIqvq †Kv¤úvwb Gwb‡q cÖ_g wek eQi †ek wØav-Ø‡›Ø _v‡K| cieZ©x‡Z †Kv¤úvwb 1650 m‡b evsjvq
evwYR¨ KzwV ¯’ vc‡bi wm×všÍ †bq Ges 1651 mv‡j ûMjx‡Z ¯’vcb K‡i cÖ_g evwYR¨KzwV| GB NUbv‡K evsjvq
Bs‡iR Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb cÖwZôvi c‡_ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †Kv¤úvwbi kvmb cÖ wZôvi
c‡_ cieZ© x NUbv cÖev‡ni g‡a¨ me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© nj 1686-90 mv‡j G¨vs‡jv-gyNj hy× Gi ci m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re
KZ…©K evrmwiK †_vK wZb nvRvi UvKv ïé cÖ`v‡bi k‡Z© evsjvq Aeva evwYR¨ Kivmn †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZwbwa Re
Pvb©K‡K myyZvbyw U‡Z emwZ ¯’vc‡bi AbygwZ cÖ`vb Kiv| 1698 m‡b †Kv¤úvwb‡K KjKvZv, myZvbywU I †Mvwe›`cyi
bvgK wZbwU MÖ v‡gi Rwg`vwi mb` cÖ`vb Kiv Ges KjKvZvq †dvU© DBwjqvg `yM© ¯’vc‡bi AbygwZ cÖ `vb Kiv nq|
cieZ©x‡Z 1717 mv‡j m¤ªvU diiæL wkqvi †Kv¤úvwb‡K webvï‡é evwYR¨ Kivi AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡i| gv`ªvR, †ev‡¤^
I KjKvZv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †Kv¤úvwbi evwYR¨ `ª æZ cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Z _v‡K|
cjvkxi hy× I †Kv¤úvwb kvmb cÖwZôv
1717 mv‡ji ev`kvnx digvb beve I †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ m¤úK© µgk kxZj K‡i †Zv‡j| beve Avjxe`© x Lv‡bi
g„Zzï ci Zvi †`vwnÎ wmivRD‡ÏŠjv gywk© `vev‡ì gmb‡` Av‡ivnY (10 GwcÖj, 1756) K‡ib Ges †Kv¤úvwbi cÖwZ
Zuvi bxwZ †Nvlbv K‡ib| wZwb Dcjw× K‡ib †h, Bs‡iR‡ì Dcw¯’wZ G‡`‡ki ¯^ v‡_©i cÖw ZK‚j|
Bs‡iR‡ì evsjv †_‡K weZvo‡b wZbwU KviY wb¤œiƒc
cÖ_gZ, †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvBb-Kvbyb Agvb¨ K‡i KjKvZvi `y‡ f©`¨ `yM© I cwiLv ¯’ vcb|
wØZxqZ, †eAvBbxfv‡e †Kv¤úvwbi bv‡g cÖ vB‡fU e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨ `¯ÍK (webv ï‡é evwYR¨ Kivi cvk) weZiY K‡i
miKvi‡K êa ivR¯^ †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv Ges Z…ZxqZ, Rwg`vwi BRvivi wbqg f½ K‡i Bs‡iR‡ì KjKvZv
Rwg`vix‡K wb‡R‡ì mve©‡fŠg GjvKv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv Ges bevwe AvBb-Av`vjZ †_‡K cvwj‡q Avmv A‡bK
Acivax‡K KjKvZvq †Kv¤úvwbi AvkÖq cÖ`vb|
†Kv¤úvwbi cÖw Z bev‡ei †NvwlZ bxwZi Kvi‡Y Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ bev‡ei †ek K‡qK `dv hy× I kvwšÍPzw³ m¤úvw`Z
nq| e¯‘Z wmivRD‡ÏŠjv wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY Kivi ci †_‡K Zuv‡K jovB Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q bvbv Kvi‡Y gb:ÿzbœ N‡ii
kÎæ kIKZ Rs, N‡lwU †eMg ìev‡ii kÎæ AvgvZ¨ I †ewbqv m¤úª `vq Ges ewn:kÎæy Bs‡iR‡ì m‡½| bev‡ei
Af¨šÍixY kÎæy‡ ì Kv‡R jvwM‡q Bs‡iRiv beve‡K DrLv‡Zi GK bxj bKkv ˆZwi K‡i| 1757 mv‡ji 23 Ryb
ievU© K¬vB‡fi †bZ… Z¡vaxb Bs‡iR evwnbxi m‡½ bev‡ei evwnbxi GK hy× msNwVZ nq| Z‡e G‡K hy× bv e‡j
cvZv‡bv †Ljv ejv fv‡jv| KviY hy‡× loh‡š¿i Ask wn‡m‡e cÖa vb †mbvcwZ gxi Rvd‡ii †bZ… Z¡vaxb AwaKvsk
ˆmb¨ wbw®Œq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i hvi d‡j bev‡ei civRq N‡U| e›`x Ae¯’vq wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv nq evsjvi †kl
¯^vaxb beve‡K|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 2
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cjvkxi hy‡×i `yB ai‡Yi djvdj Av‡Q; cÖ_gZ AeëwnZ djvdj Ges wØZxqZ my`~i cÖmvix djvdj| cjvkx
hy‡×i ciciB G AÂ‡j ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv †`Lv †`q| Bs‡iRiv Pig jyÉbhÁ Pvjv‡Z _v‡K, evsjvi m¤ú`
cvPvi n‡Z _v‡K| Bs‡iRiv ¯’vbxq eëmvq †hvM`vb K‡i, hvi d‡j evsjvi A_©b xwZ‡Z weiƒc cÖfve m„wó nq|
Aciw`‡K, cjvkx hy‡×i my`~i cÖmvix djvdj wQj ivR‰bwZK| cjvkxi cwibwZ‡Z evsjvi cÖa vb cÖa vb cÖw Zôv‡bi
mgvwß N‡U Ges wfwË iwPZ nq bZzb cÖwZôv‡bi weªw Uk Jcwb‡ewkK iv‡óªi|
cjvkx hy‡×i ci lohš¿ †gvZv‡eK gxi Rvdi evsjvi beve nb| wKš‘ gvÎ wZb eQi ci wZwb wbR RvgvZv gxi
Kvwk‡gi loh‡š¿i wkKvi nb Ges bevex nvivb| gxi Kvwkg loh‡š¿i gva¨‡g wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY Ki‡jI †`‡ki
¯^v‡_© KvR Kiv ïiæ K‡ib| djkÖæwZ‡Z Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ Zuvi hy× (1763) nq Ges hy‡× civwRZ n‡j Zv‡K †`k
Z¨v‡M eva¨ Kiv nq| Gici Avevi beve nb gxi Rvdi| g~jZ Bs‡iRiv cyZzj beve cQ›` Ki‡Zb, †Kv‡bv
¯^vaxb‡PZv beve Zv‡ì cQ›` wQj bv| g~j Z †Kv¤úvwb mivmwi kvmbfvi nv‡Z bv wb‡jI †`kxq ivRvi gmb‡`
_vKv bv _vKv wQj Zv‡ì B”Qvi e¨vcvi| cÖ K…Z c‡ÿ cjvkxi hy‡×i ci †Kv¤úvwb †`‡ki kvmbKZ© v n‡q I‡V|
1765 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwb evsjv-wenvi I Dwol¨vi ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi GK”QÎ AvBbMZ ÿgZv jvf K‡i| 1772 mv‡j
weªwUk cvj© v‡g›U KZ…©K cÖY xZ Ô†i¸‡jwUs G¨v±Õ Gi gva¨‡g Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm‡K MfY©i †Rbv‡ij Ges Pvi m`m¨
wewkó Dc‡`óvgÐjxi weavb K‡i KjKvZvq me©cÖ_g †Kv¤úvwbi GKwU †K›`ªxq miKvi eë¯’ v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq|
Gici ax‡i ax‡i GB †K›`ªxq miKvi m¤úªmvwiZ nq| 1858 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwbi kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U Ges Gi ¯’‡j
weªwUk ivYxi mivmwi kvmb cÖw ZwôZ nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR cjvkx hy‡×i my`~i cÖmvix djvdj we‡kølY Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc
cjvkxi hy‡× Bs‡iRiv RwoZ nq g~jZ evwYwR¨K ¯^v‡_©| evsjv Z_v fvi‡Zi ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ †hvM`vb Ki‡Z
G‡mwQj Ij›`vR, divwm I Bs‡iRmn bvbvb BD‡ivwcq †`‡ki ewY‡Kiv| Zviv ¯’ vbxq kvmK I ewYK‡ì mv‡_
m¤úK© ¯’ vcb K‡i| Bs‡iR ewY‡Kiv evwY‡Rï cvkvcvwk ¯’ vbxq‡ì mv‡_ loh‡š¿ wjß n‡q evsjvi beve‡K gmb`
†_‡K DrLvZ K‡i| evwYR¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ nq ivR‰bwZK Avwac‡Z¨| ¯’ vwcZ nq weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK ivóª|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.1
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| cjvkxi hy× KZ mv‡j msNwUZ nq?
(K) 1757 mv‡j (L) 1857 mv‡j (M) 1905 mv‡j (N) 1947 mv‡j
2| weªwUk fvi‡Z †Kv¤úvwb kvm‡bi Aemvb nq KZ mv‡j
(K) 1754 mv‡j (L) 1757 mv‡j (M) 1858 mv‡j (N) 1857 mv‡j
3| gyNj mgªvU evnv`yi kv‡ni KvQ †_‡K B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb †Ìqvwb jvf KivqÑ
(i.) evsjvi beve ÿgZvnxb n‡q c‡ob
(ii.) †Kv¤úvwb mivmwi cÖk vmb wbqš¿‡Yi AwaKvi cvq
(iii.) †Kv¤úvwb jvf K‡i `vwqZ¡n xb ÿgZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
BDwbU GK c„ôv 3
cvV-1.2 mk¯ª cÖwZ‡iva

D‡Ïk¨
 weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j msMwVZ wewfbœ cÖw Z‡iva m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 nvRx kixqZDjø vn, `y`y wgTv I wZZzgx‡ii mk¯ª cÖw Z‡iva eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã f‚wg ivR¯^, weªw Uk we‡ivax, div‡qRx, wbh© vZb, jvwVqvj evwnbx, Kzms¯‹vi,
euv‡ki †Kjø v
weªwUk we‡ivax mk¯ª cÖwZ‡iva t

f‚wg ivR¯^ eë¯’ vi wbqš¿Y †bqvUvB wQj B÷-BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi kvm‡bi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨|
g~jZ GKwU evwYwR¨K ms¯’v wn‡m‡e †Kv¤úvwbi AwfÁZv wQj evwYR¨ wel‡q mxgve×| †`k kvmb m¤ú‡K©
†Kv¤úvwbi †Kvb AwfÁZv wQj bv| d‡j kvmb msµvšÍ cixÿv-wbixÿvi De©iZg †ÿÎ wQj f~wg ivR¯^ kvmb|
Zv‡ì kvmb-‡kvl‡Y wPivqZ MÖvgxY mgvR KvVv‡gv `ªæZ †f‡½ cowQj| K…l‡Ki DØ„Ë AvZ¥mv‡Zi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwb
miKvi kke¨¯Í _vK‡jI Liv, cø veb, `yw f©ÿ cÖ f„wZ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq m¤ú~Y© D`vmxb| ïay ZvB bq
K…lK‡ì Rb¨ AjvfRbK nIqv m‡Ë¡I Bs‡iR eëmvqxiv Zv‡ì eëmvwqK ¯^v‡_© K…l K‡ì bxj I jeY Pv‡l eva¨
Kiv nZ| GgZve¯’vq Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi weiæ‡× G‡Ki ci GK we‡`ªv‡ni Rb¥ nq| Gi g‡a¨ dwKi mbœ¨vmx
we‡`ªvn (1770-1790), iscyi K…lK we‡`ªvn (1783), m›Øxc we‡`ªvn (1764), PvKgv we‡`ªvn (1777-87), h‡kvi-
Lyjbvi cÖR v we‡`ªvn (1784-1796), cvMjvcš’v we‡`ªvn (1823-1833), div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb (1820-1857), bxj
we‡`ªvn (1859-60), cvebv K… lK we‡`ªvn (1872-1873) cÖf…w Z we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| AvVvi-Dwbk kZ‡K
evsjvi GB we‡`ªvn¸‡jv wQj cÖ vK-ivR‰bwZK †Kbbv G¸‡jv wQj g~jZ ag©xq, AcwiKwíZ, AmsMwVZ, Ges
¯^Z:ù‚Z©| Z‡e ivóªxq mxgve×Zv ¯^‡ËI Gme we‡`ª vn Avgv‡ì gyw³ msMÖv‡gi BwZnv‡mi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask|
weªwUk we‡ivax msMÖv‡g div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb I wZZzg x‡ii K…lK we‡`ª v‡ni Ae`vb :
weªwUk kvmbvg‡j evsjvq wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ weªwUk we‡ivax msMÖvg msMwVZ nq| Giƒc we‡`ªv‡ni g‡a¨ div‡qRx
Av‡›`vjb I wZZzg x‡ii †bZ…Z¡vaxb K… lK we‡`ª vn wQj AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© c~Y©| cÖv_wgKfv‡e G Av‡›`vjb¸‡jv
ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e ïiæ n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z Zv weªwUk we‡ivax mk¯¿ msMÖ v‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| gymjgvb‡ì
cuvPwU dih Kv‡Ri Dci ¸iæZ¡ v‡ivc K‡i div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv| Dwbk kZ‡Ki wØZxq `k‡K nvRx
kixqZzjøvn (1781-1840) ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡ib| cieZ© x‡Z Zuvi mšÍvb
gynv¤§` gnmxb DÏxb Ii‡d `y`y wgqvi (1819-1862) †bZ…‡Z¡ `ªæZ GwU K…l K Av‡›`vj‡b cwiYZ nq|
nvRx kixqZzjø vn I div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb :
nvRx kixqZzjø vn 1781 mv‡j e„nËi dwi`cyi †Rjvi evnv`yicyi MÖ v‡g Rb¥MÖn Y K‡ib| wZwb Bmjvgx wkÿvq my cwÛZ
wQ‡jb| ag©xq wkÿvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb 18 eQi eq‡m g°v MgY K‡ib Ges 20 eQi †mLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡ib| †`‡k
wd‡i ZrKvjxb gymjgvb mgv‡Ri `yive¯’v †`‡L wZwb Ly eB e¨w_Z I DwØMœ nb| GgZve¯’vq, wZwb gymjgvb mgvR‡K
Òï×Ki‡YiÓ †h Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡ib Zv div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPwZ| GQvovI wZwb cÖR vmvavi‡Yi Dci
P‡j Avmv mKj †kvlY, eÂYv I wbh©vZb iæ‡L ùvov‡bviI Avnevb Rvbvb| Zuvi †bZ…‡ Z¡ G Av‡›`vjb `ªæZ dwi`cyi,
ewikvj, XvKv, Kzwgjøv I gqgbwmsn AÂ‡j Qwo‡q c‡o|
`y`y wgqvi †bZ…‡ Z¡ div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb
BDwbU GK c„ôv 4
nvRx kixqZzjøvni g„Zzï Zuvi cyÎ `y`y wgTv div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb div‡qRx
Av‡›`vjb‡K GKwU myweb¨¯Í I kw³kvjx mvsMVwbK iƒc †`b| div‡qRx Av‡›`vjbf~³ mgMÖ AÂj‡K wZwb K‡qKwU
mv‡K©‡j wef³ K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨KwU mv‡K©j †`Lvïbvi `vwqZ¡fvi GKRb Lwjdv ev cÖw Zwbwai Dci b¨¯Í Kiv nq|
AZ¨vPvix Rwg`vi bxjKi‡ì †gvKv‡ejvq GKwU myk„sLj jvwVqvj evwnbx M‡o †Zvjv n‡qwQj| Rwg`vi-bxjKi‡ì
m‡½ `y`y wgqvi evwnbxi †ek K‡qKevi mivmwi msNl© euv‡a| Gi g‡a¨ 1846 mv‡j gv`vixcy‡ii Bs‡iR bxjKi
Wvbj‡ci mv‡_ msNl© D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
1857 mv‡j wmcvnx we‡`ª v‡ni mgq `y`y wgqv‡K e›`x Kiv nq| cieZ© x‡Z gyw³jvf K‡i wZwb XvKvq emevm ïiæ
K‡ib| 1862 mv‡j gvÎ 43 eQi eq‡m g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
wZZzgx‡ii K… lK we‡`ªvn
gxi wbmvi Avjx Ii‡d wZZzg xi (1782-1831) cwðg evsjvi PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZZzgxi cÖ_g
Rxe‡b b`xqv †Rjvi Rwg`v‡ii jvwVqvj evwnbxi cÖa vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb n¾¡eªZ cvj‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨ g°vq hvb| †mLv‡b wM‡q Invex Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv ˆmq` Avng` †e‡ijwfi mvwbœa¨ jvf K‡ib Ges Zu vi
gZv`‡k© DØy× nb|
wZZzgxi †`‡k wd‡i GKw`‡K ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb Aciw`‡K Rwg`vi, bxjKi I weªwUk evwnbxi wbg©g AZ¨vPvi
I †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× RbMY‡K msMwVZ Kivi †Póv K‡ib| kxNªB cwðg evsjvi wekvj AÂj Ry‡o wZZzgx‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡
K…lK we‡`ªvn †`Lv †`q| AZ¨vPvix bxjKi, Rwg`vi I weªw Uk evwnbxi m‡½ GKvwaK RvqMvq wZZzgx‡ii evwnbxi
msNl© nq| P~ovšÍ msNl© eu v‡a evivmv‡Zi A`~‡i bvwi‡Kjevwoqv bvgK ¯’v‡b| †mLv‡b wZZzg xi euv‡ki †Kjøv wbg©vY
K‡i kvmK‡Mvwôi Avµg‡Yi weiæ‡× exiZ¡c~Y© cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡jb| Avay wbK A‡¯ª mw¾Z K‡Y©j myqv‡U©i
†bZ…Z¡vaxb weªw Uk evwnbxi Kvgv‡bi †Mvjvi AvNv‡Z wZZzg x‡ii euv‡ki †Kjøv aŸsmcÖvß nq| 1831 mv‡ji 19 b‡f¤î
AbywôZ G m¤§yL hy‡ × 50 Rb mn‡hv×vmn wZZzg xi knx` nb| Gfv‡e wZZzgx‡ii †bZ… Z¡vaxb weª wUk we‡ivax
Av‡›`vj‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U|
wkÿv_©xi KvR wZZzgx‡ii mk¯¿ cÖw Z‡iv‡ai g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc
†Kv¤úvwbi `ytkvm‡bi weiæ‡× weiƒc cÖwZwµqv Rvbvq cÖ vq mKj †kÖwY I †ckvi gvbyl| wewfbœ †kÖwYi cÖwZwµqvi
wewfbœ KviY wQj| ïiæi w`‡Ki cÖ wZ‡iva msMÖv‡gi GKwU mvaviY jÿ¨ wQj weªwUk kvmb‡K DrLvZ Kiv| hwÌ G
mKj cÖw Z‡iva-msMÖ vg wQj wewÿß I AvÂwjK Z_vwc G mg¯Í Av‡›`vjb cieZ©x‡Z mKj weªw Uk we‡ivax msMÖv‡g
†cÖiYv hyw M‡q‡Q|
1| weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv wQ‡jb-
(i.) nvRx kixqZzjø vn
(ii.) wZZzgxi
(iii.) beve Avãyj jwZd
BDwbU GK c„ôv 5

(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
2| `y`y wgqvi cy‡iv bvg Kx?
(K) †bmvi Avjx (L) gynv¤§` gnmxb DÏxb
(M) gxi jwZd (N) kIKZ †eM
BDwbU GK c„ôv 6
cvV-1.3 wmcvnx we‡`ªvn, 1857

D‡Ïk¨
 1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx we‡`ªvn ev cÖ_g ¯^ vaxbZv msMÖvg m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 we‡`ªvnx cieZ© x Ae¯’vq weªw Uk miKv‡ii `„ wófw½ eY© bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg, †kvlY-eÂbv, Am¤§vb, jyÉbhÁ, Kvjvcvwb, ¯^Z¡-we‡jvc,

g½j cv‡Û, fvBmiq|
wmcvnx we‡`ª vn t
weªwUk fvi‡Zi BwZnvm 1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx we‡`ªvn GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq| weªwUk‡ì cÖvq `yÕk eQ‡ii
kvmbvg‡j wewfbœ Av‡›`vjb-msMÖ vg msMwVZ nq| ïiæi w`‡Ki Av‡›`vjb-msMÖ vg wQj wewÿß I wew”Qbœ Ges G¸‡jv
Lye †ekx mdjZvi gyL †`‡Lwb| wKš‘ 1857 mv‡ji we‡`ªvn weªwUk‡ì G AÂj m¤ú‡K© bZzb K‡i fve‡Z eva¨
K‡i| A‡bK HwZnvwmK Ôwmcvnx we‡`ªvnÕ‡K fviZxq BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g ¯^ vaxbZv msMÖvg wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
wmcvnx we‡`ª v‡ni KviYmg~n t
1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx we‡`ªvn †Kvb GKK Kvi‡Y nqwb| 1757 mv‡ji cjvkx hy‡×i c‡i †Kv¤úvwbi GKk eQ‡ii
AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY I eÂbvi cÖw Zev` nj wmcvnx we‡`ª vn| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wmcvnx we‡`ªvn msMwVZ nq, wb‡¤œ †m¸‡jv
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj :
 ivR‰bwZK KviY : †Kv¤úvwbi wewfbœ Kvh© Kjvc I c`‡ÿc G †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK I
ivR‰bwZK ÿgZv n« vm K‡i| jW© Wvj‡nŠmxi Ômv¤ªvR¨ we¯Í vi bxwZ I ¯^ Z¡ we‡jvc bxwZÕ Øviv †`kxq A‡bK
beve I ivRv Zv‡ì ivR¨ nvivb| Kzkvm‡bi Awf‡hv‡M A‡hva¨v I bvMcyi ivR¨ `Lj K‡i †bqv nq|
ZvQvov wewfbœ Dcv‡q †gvNj m¤ªvU evnv`yi kvn Rvdi‡K AcgvwYZ I Am¤§vb Kiv nq|
 A_©‰bwZK KviY : †Kv¤úvwbi GKk eQ‡ii kvm‡b G AÂ‡ji gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’ v G‡Kev‡i bvRyK
n‡q c‡o| †Kv¤úvwb cÖewZ©Z bZzb f‚wg I LvRbv bxwZ †hgb K…l K‡ì f‚wgnxb K‡iwQj †Zgwb A‡bK
Rwg`viI Zv‡ì Rwg`vwi nvivb| d‡j wecyj msL¨K gvbyl Kg©nxb n‡q c‡o| ZvQvov †Kv¤úvwb G‡`k
†_‡K g~jëvb avZz I abm¤ú` Bsj¨v‡Û cvPvi Ki‡Z _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwbi G jyÉbhÁ A_©‰bwZK wech©q
†W‡K Av‡b|
 mvgwiK KviY : †Kv¤úvwbi mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z 87 fvM wQj †`kxq wmcvnx| Z_vwc fviZxq I †`kxq
ˆmb¨‡ì †eZb, fvZv I Ab¨vb¨ myweavwì †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK êlg¨ wQj| †`kxq ˆmbïv m‡ev©”P c‡`vbœw Z †cZ
my‡e`vi ch©šÍ| ZvQvov GKRb weªwUk ˆmb¨ Aemi MÖnY KiZ 70 eQi eq‡m †hLv‡b GKRb fviZxq
Aemi †cZ gvÎ 55 eQi eq‡m| GQvov 1856 mv‡j jW© K¨vwbs ÔGeneral Service Enlistment Act'
bvgK GKwU AvBb cvk K‡i| G‡Z ejv nq †`kxq wmcvnx‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡b mgy`ª cvwo w`‡q `~i †`‡k wM‡q
KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| wn›`yy wmcvnxMY mgy`ª cvwo †Ìqv‡K ag© weiæ× g‡b KiZ| d‡j Zv‡ì‡K ÔKvjvcvwbÕ
A_©vr mgy`ª cvwo w`‡Z eva¨ Kivq Zv‡ì g‡a¨ fxlY Am‡šÍvl †`Lv †`q|
 cÖZ¨ÿ KviY/ZvrÿwYK KviY : †Kv¤úvwb mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z ÔEnfield RifleÕ bvgK GK cÖ Kvi bZzb A‡¯ªi
cÖPjb ïiæ K‡i, hvi KvZz©R ù vZ w`‡q KvU‡Z nq| ¸Re i‡U †h, G KvZz„©‡R ïKi I Miæi Pwe© wgwkÖZ
Av‡Q hv h_vµ‡g gymjgvb I wn›`y Dfq m¤úª`v‡q ag©xqfv‡e wbwl×| G NUbv wmcvnx‡ì we‡`ªvnx K‡i
BDwbU GK c„ôv 7
†Zv‡j Ges 1857 mv‡j wmcvnx we‡`ª vn ïiæ nq hv g~jZ Bs‡iR‡ì cÖw Z GKk eQi a‡i R‡g _vKv
†ÿv‡fi ewn:cÖ Kvk|
we‡`ªv‡ni we¯Ívi : 1857 mv‡ji 29 gvP© e¨vivKcyi c¨v‡iW MÖvD‡Û Gbwdì ivB‡dj eënvi Ki‡Z ejv n‡j
wmcvnx‡ì ga¨ †_‡K Ôg½j cv‡ÛÕ bvgK GKRb wmcvnx cÖ Kv‡k¨ cÖw Zev` K‡ib| µ‡g GwU we‡`ªv‡ni iƒc aviY
K‡i Ges wgivU, w`jøx, †eiæjx, Kvbcyi, Gjvnvev`, A‡hva¨v, KjKvZv, wenvi, XvKv, PÆMÖvg cÖf…w Z AÂ‡j Qwo‡q
c‡o| we‡`ªvnxiv †gvNj m¤ª vU evnv`yi kvn Rvdi‡K fvi‡Zi ev`kvn I we‡`ªv‡ni †bZv †NvlYv K‡ib| gvivVv †bZv
bvbv mv‡ne, Suvwmi ivYx jÿèx evB, †gŠjfx wjqvKZ Avjx cÖgyL e¨w³Z¡ we‡`ªvn‡K †bZ… Z¡ †`b| 1857 mv‡j cÖ_gZ
wmcvnxiv G we‡`ªvn ïiæ Ki‡jI cieZ©x‡Z mvaviY gvbylI G‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i| Bs‡iRiv K‡Vvi nv‡Z G we‡`ªvn
`gb K‡i| G we‡`ª vn GK eQ‡ii wKQz †ekx mgq ¯’vqx wQj|
djvdj I g~j¨vqb : wmcvnx we‡`ª v‡ni djvdj my`~icÖmvix| G we‡`ªvn mdj bv n‡jI GwU fvi‡Z weªw Uk kvm‡bi
g~‡j cÖPÛ AvNvZ nv‡b| 1858 mv‡j we‡`ªvn †k‡l GK †NvlYv e‡j gnvivYx wf‡±vwiqv fviZe‡l©i kvmbfvi wb‡Ri
nv‡Z Zz‡j †bb Ges Aemvb nq GKk eQ‡ii †Kv¤úvwb kvmb| weªw Uk ivR Ô¯^Z¡ we‡jvc bxwZÕ evwZj †NvlYv K‡i|
mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z e¨vcK cwieZ©b Avbv nq| evnv`yi kvn Rvdi‡K †i½y‡b wbe©vm‡b cvVv‡bv nq| fviZe‡l©i
welqvejx †`Lv‡kvbvi Rb¨ ÔfvBmiqÕ bvgK GKwU c` m„wó Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Bs‡iRiv Zv‡ì kvmbKv‡h© e¨vcK
cwieZ©b Av‡bb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR wmcvnx we‡`ª vn‡K fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb ejv nq †Kb?
mvims‡ÿc
Bó BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb Zuv‡ì GKk eQ‡ii kvmbvg‡j G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRKmn cÖwZwU
†ÿ‡Î †kvlY I AZ¨vPvi K‡i| †Kv¤úvwbi cÖw Z R‡g _vKv †ÿvf I Am‡šÍv‡li ewn:cÖKvk N‡U wmcvnx‡ì
gva¨‡g| ZvB 1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx we‡`ªvn mdj bv n‡jI Gi gva¨‡g fviZe‡l©i gvby‡li g‡a¨ ¯^vaxbZvi
AvKvsLv m„wó n‡qwQj|
1| wmcvnx we‡`ª vn KZ mv‡j msNwUZ nq?
(K) 1757 mv‡j (L) 1947 mv‡j
(M) 1857 mv‡j (N) 1905 mv‡j
2| ÔKvjvcvwbÕ Kx?
(K) giæf~wg (L) b`x
(M) mgy`ª (N) ce©Z
BDwbU GK c„ôv 8
cvV-1.4 fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb, 1861 I 1892

D‡Ïk¨
 1861 mv‡ji fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 1892 mv‡ji fviZxq KvDwÝj AvB‡bi wewfbœ aviv eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã AvBb mfv, MfY©i †Rbv‡ij, wbe© vnx cwil`, c‡ivÿ wbe© vPb|
1861 mv‡ji fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb t

1857 mv‡j wmcvnx we‡`ª v‡ni gva¨‡g GKk eQ‡ii Aemvb N‡U †Kv¤úvwb kvm‡bi Ges weªwUk ivR G
AÂ‡ji kvmbfvi ¯^n‡¯Í Zz‡j †bq| G mgq fviZe‡l© weª‡U‡bi AbyKi‡Y AvBb mfvi D™¢e nq av‡c av‡c| e¯‘Z
1858 mv‡ji cieZ©x wewfbœ fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi g‡a¨‡gB G †`‡k kvmbZvwš¿K weKvk N‡U| G †ÿ‡Î D‡Ïk¨ wQj
fviZxq‡ì kvmbKv‡h©i mv‡_ mswkøó Kiv| 1861 mv‡ji fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb fvi‡Zi mvsweavwbK BwZnv‡m
GKwU ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© Aa¨vq| G AvB‡bi cÖa vb êwkó¨mg~n wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1. MfY©i †Rbv‡i‡ji wbe© vnx cwil` 5 Rb mvaviY m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ nq|
2. AvBb mfv MfY©i †Rbv‡i‡ji wbe©vnx cwil‡ì 5 Rb mvaviY m`m¨ QvovI b~¨bZg Av‡iv 6 Rb Ges AbwaK
12 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ nq| AwZwi³ m`m¨MY MfY©i †Rbv‡ij KZ…©K `yB eQ‡ii Rb¨ g‡bvbxZ nb Ges GB
m`m¨‡ì A‡a©K †emiKvwi m`m¨|
3. MfY©i †Rbv‡ij wbe©vnx I AvBb Dfq cwil‡ì mfvcwZ|
4. AvBbmfv KZ…©K cvmK…Z †h †Kvb we‡j m¤§wZ cÖ`vb, †f‡Uv cÖ`vb ev weªwUk ivYxi Rb¨ msiwÿZ ivLvi AwaKvi
MfY©i †Rbv‡ij‡K cÖ `vb Kiv nq|
5. MfY©i †Rbv‡i‡ji c~e©vbygwZ Qvov miKvwi FY, †mbvevwnbx, ê‡`wkK m¤úK© BZ¨vw` wel‡h †Kvb wej AvBb
mfvq DÌvcb Kiv †hZ bv|
6. AvBb mfvi m`m¨MY AvBb cÖYq‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wbe©vnx cwil` KZ…©K DÌvwcZ †Kvb wel‡h AskMÖnY I civgk©
`vb Ki‡Z cviZ| Z‡e †Kvbiƒc cÖkœ Kivi AwaKvi wQj bv|
7. G AvBb Øviv †ev‡¤^ I gv`ª v‡Ri cÖ v‡`wkK AvBb mfv cyb M©VbI m¤úªmviY Kiv nq|
8. G AvBb Øviv evsjv, cvÄve I DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ cÖ‡`‡ki Rb¨ bZzb AvBb mfvi weavb Kiv nq|
g~j¨vqb t
1861 mv‡ji fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb fvi‡Zi wkwÿZ m¤úª `v‡qi cÖ Z¨vkv c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wbe©vnx cwil` I
AvBb mfv Dfq †ÿ‡Î miKvwi m`m¨‡ì cÖvavb¨ wQj| †emiKvwi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ ivR AbyMZ fviZxq‡ì g‡bvbxZ
Kiv nq| MfY©i †Rbv‡ij I MfY©‡ii wbi¼zk KZ…© Z¡ envj wQj| GZ`& &m‡Ë¡I G AvBb wQj AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y © KviY
Gi Øviv fvi‡Z cÖw ZwbwaZ¡kxj AvBb mfvi wfwË iwPZ nq|
1892 mv‡ji fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb t
1861 mv‡ji wZb `kK ci 1892 mv‡ji fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb cvk nq| BwZg‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK msMVb fviZxq
RvZxq Ks‡MÖm cÖ wZôv jvf K‡i| Aciw`‡K weªw Uk kvmKMY 1861 mv‡ji AvB‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv m¤^‡Ü cÖPzi
AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i| GgZve¯’vq, jW© Wvdwi‡bi †Póvq 1892 mv‡j weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U KZ…©K fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb
cÖYxZ nq| G AvB‡bi cÖvavb êwkó¨ mg~n wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
BDwbU GK c„ôv 9
1. G AvB‡b †K›`ªxq AvBb mfvi m`m¨ msL¨v e„w× Kiv nq| G‡Z Kgc‡ÿ 10 Rb Ges me©vwaK 16 Rb
AwZwi³ m`m¨ ivLvi weavb Kiv nq|
2. wewfbœ cÖ‡`‡ki AvBb mfvi m`m¨ msL¨vI e„w× Kiv nq|
3. †K›`ª xq I cÖv‡`wkK Dfq AvBb mfvq miKvwi m`m¨‡ì msL¨v MwiôZv I cÖvavb¨ Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
4. †K›`ª xq I cÖv‡`wkK Dfq AvBb mfvi ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj G AvB‡b m¤úªmvwiZ nq|
5. AvBb mfvi m`më„›` ev‡RU Av‡jvPbv I cÖk vmwbK wel‡q cÖkœ DÌvcb Kivi AwaKvi jvf K‡i|
6. AvBb mfvi †emiKvwi m`m¨‡ì msL¨vMwiô As‡ki c‡ivÿ c×wZ‡Z wbe© vwPZ nIqvi bxwZ ¯^xK…Z nq|
g~j¨vqb t
1892 mv‡ji AvBbI fviZxq‡ì cÖ Z¨vkvi Zzjbvi AcÖ Zzj wQj| AvBb mfvi ÿgZv I Kvh© vewj e„w× Kiv n‡jI
Zv wQj mxwgZ| G AvB‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K n‡jv c‡ivÿ wbe©vPb c×wZi cÖ Pjb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb 1861 I 1892 Gi g~j cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc
1861 mv‡ji fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb fviZxq‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj miKvi eë¯’vi mv‡_ cwiPq Kwi‡q †`q|
1892 mv‡ji fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb kvmb Kv‡h© Av‡iv AwaK cwigv‡Y fviZxq‡ì AskMÖ‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i †`q|
G mKj AvB‡bi avivewnKZvq weªwUk ivR cieZ© x‡Z Av‡iv A‡bK AvBb cÖe Z©b K‡i hv fviZe‡l©i kvmbZvwš¿K
weKvk mvwaZ K‡i|
1| MfY©i †Rbv‡i‡ji wbe© vnx cwil` KqRb mvaviY m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ nZ?
(K) wZbRb (L) PviRb
(M) cuvPRb (N) QqRb
2| KvDwÝj AvBb Abym v‡I kvmbKv‡h©I m‡e©mev© †K?
(K) miKvwi m`m¨ (L) ‡emiKvwi m`m¨
(M) ivR AbyM Z bvMwiK (N) Mf©Yi †Rbv‡ij
3| 1892 mv‡ji KvDwÝj AvBb‡K ejv nq
i. DMÖ RvZxqZvev‡ì c_ cÖ`k© K
ii. cÖw ZwbwaZ¡g~jK kvmb eë¯’ vi cÖ v_wgK avc
iii. msm`xq miKv‡ii wfwË¯îƒc
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
BDwbU GK c„ôv 10
cvV-1.5 fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm, 1885

D‡Ïk¨
 fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm cÖw Zôvi cUf‚wg Ges jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Ks‡MÖm cÖ wZôv m¤ú‡K© gymjgvb‡ì cÖwZwµqv eY© bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã c„ô‡cvlKZv, b¨vkbvj Kbdv‡iÝ cÖw Zwbwa, †bZ… Z¡ AvbyMZ¨, ¯^ KxqZv|
fviZxq Ks‡MÖm nj fviZxq‡ì me© cÖ_g ivR‰bwZK msMVb| weªwUk‡ì c„ ô‡cvlKZvq Ks‡MÖm cÖw ZwôZ
n‡jI AwP‡iB G `‡ji g‡a¨ weªw Uk we‡ivax Kvh©µg cwijwÿZ nq| cieZ©xKv‡j G `‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ fvi‡Z
weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
cUf‚ wg
1885 mv‡j Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖwZôv wQj Bs‡iwR wkÿvq wkwÿZ, ga¨weË †kÖwYi RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi GKwU me©fviZxq
cÖKvk| Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j G AÂ‡j cvðvZ¨ wkÿvi cÖm vi N‡U| 1857 mv‡j KjKvZv, †ev‡¤^ I gv`ªv‡R
wZbwU wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb I †`‡ki wewfbœ †Rjvq miKvwi ¯‹zj-K‡jR I QvÎvevm cÖw Zôvi d‡j fvi‡Z wkÿv
eë¯’vi GKwU AeKvVv‡gv iwPZ nq| ZvQvov Ewbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq, Ck¦i P›`ª we`¨vmvMi,
†KkeP›`ª †mb, †`‡e›`ªb v_ VvKzi cÖgyL ag© I mgvR ms¯‹vi‡Ki Avwef©ve N‡U| †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’ v‡b mywbw`©ó `vwe-
`vIqv wfwËK G‡mvwm‡qkb ev mwgwZ cÖwZwôZ n‡Z _v‡K| †hgb, †e½j weªwUk BwÛqv †mvmvBwU (1843),
KjKvZvq weªw Uk BwÛqvb G‡mvwm‡qkb (1851), my‡i›`ªbv_ e¨vbvR©xi BwÛqvb G‡mvwm‡qkb (1876), †ev‡¤^
G‡mvwm‡qkb (1852) BZ¨vw`|
1885 mv‡j fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm cÖw Zôvi cÖ v°v‡j Dcwb‡ewkK fvi‡Z ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi GK ai‡Yi AbyK‚j
Ae¯’vi m„wó n‡qwQj| 1883 I 1885 mv‡j KjKvZvq my‡i›`ªbv_ e¨vbvR© xi D‡`¨v‡M `yÕevi Ôb¨vkbvj Kbdv‡iÝÕ
AbywôZ nq| GKwU me©fviZxq ivR‰bwZK msMVb M‡o †Zvjvi ZvwM` †_‡KB wZwb G D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|
1885 mv‡j 28 wW‡m¤î †ev‡¤^ kn‡i AbywôZ fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib evOvwj
AvBbwe` D‡gkP›`ª e‡›`vcva¨vq| fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K †gvU 72 Rb cÖwZwbwa m‡¤§j‡b †hvM †`b|
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BDwbU GK c„ôv 11
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BDwbU GK c„ôv 12
cvV-1.6 e½f½, 1905 I e½f½ i`, 1911

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BDwbU GK c„ôv 13
A_©‰bwZK KviY
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e½f‡½i e¨vcv‡I D”Pe‡M©I A‡bK gymjgvb‡K AvK…ó K‡i|
fvM Ki, kvmb Ki bxwZ t
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a‡i|
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Ki I kvmb Ki bxwZÕ cÖ fve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 14
1| e½f½ msMwVZ nq KZ mv‡j?
(K) 1903 mv‡j (L) 1905 mv‡j
(M) 1906 mv‡j (N) 1911 mv‡j
2| e½f½ i` †NvlYvi g~j KviY †KvbwU?
(K) e½f‡½i weiæ‡× Zxeª Av‡›`vjb (L) gymjgvb‡ì `ye©j ivRbxwZ
(M) weªwUk ¯^ v_© (N) wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤cÖxwZ ¯’vcb
3| e½f‡½i g~j¨vqb wn‡m‡e †hŠw³K n‡jvÑ
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ii. weªwUk‡ì ÔfvM Ki I kvmb Ki-Õ bxwZi weRq
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BDwbU GK c„ôv 15
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BDwbU GK c„ôv 16
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2. weªwUk miKvi KZ…© K M„n xZ †Kvb bxwZ I Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© †KvbcÖKvi fyj aviYvi Rb¥ n‡j Zv `~i Kiv|
3. fviZxq gymjgvb‡ì AwaKvi I ¯^ v_© msiÿY Kiv Ges Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb I cÖ Z¨vkvi K_v weq I AvbyM‡Zï
m‡½ weªwUk miKv‡ii wbKU †ck Kiv|
4. jx‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ D‡Ïk¨ †hb wewNœZ bv nq †mw`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ m¤úª`v‡qi
†mŠnv`©¨ I m¤úªxwZ e„w× Kiv|
gymwjg jx‡Mi weKvkaviv
1906 mv‡j gymjxg jxM cÖw Zôvi ci 1908 mv‡j AvjxM‡o AbywôZ Awa‡ek‡b AvMv Lvb‡K mfvcwZ I ˆmq`
nvmvb wejMÖvwg‡K mvaviY m¤úv`K K‡i 43 m`m¨ wewkó †K›`ªxq KwgwU MVb Kiv nq& 1913 mvj ch©šÍ AvMv Lvb
jx‡Mi ¯’ vqx mfvcwZ wQ‡jb Z‡e gZcv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y wZwb H GKB eQi mfvcwZi c` †_‡K c`Z¨vM K‡ib| e¯‘Z
Gmgq weªwUk we‡ivax g‡bvfvem¤úbœ, wkwÿZ, ¯^vaxb †ckvi hy³, eq‡m A‡cÿvK… Z ZiæY GKwU Ask gymwjg
jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡ Av‡mb| G‡ì g‡a¨ dRjyj nK, †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœ vn, ˆmq` IqvwRi nvmvb cÖgyL D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
G‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jx‡Mi g‡a¨ mvÿwiZ nq HwZnvwmK j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³| Ks‡MÖm IjxM wgwjZfv‡e
wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbv K‡i| Z‡e gymwjg jx‡Mi mvsMVwbK we¯Í…wZ N‡Uwb| 1937 mv‡j
cÖv‡`wkK wbe© vP‡bi c~‡e© wRbœ vn gymwjg jxM‡K msMwVZ Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib| 1937 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b gymwjg
jxM 482wU gymwjg Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 104wU Avmb jvf K‡i| G wbe©vP‡bi ci †_‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi mvsMVwbK we¯Í…wZ
NU‡Z _v‡K| 1940 mv‡j jv‡nvi cÖ ¯Íve M„nxZ nevi ci gymwjg jxM AwZ `ªæZ MYwfwËm¤úbœ ivR‰bwZK cÖw Zôv‡b
cwiYZ nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR gymwjg jxM cÖw Zôvi KviY Kx?
mvims‡ÿc
weªwUk‡ì cÖwZ AbyM Z weËevb Ges wkwÿZ iÿYkxj gymjgvb‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ 1906 mv‡j gymwjg jxM cÖw Zôv jvf
K‡i| cÖwZôvi cieZ© x wZb `kK ch©šÍ gymjxg jxM Kvh©Z †Kvb mvsMVwbK wfwË m¤úbœ ivR‰bwZK msMV‡b
cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡iwb| cieZ© x‡Z jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve gymwjg jx‡Mi ivRbxwZ‡Z bZzb gvÎv †hvM K‡i|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 17
1| me©fviZxq gymwjg jxM KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq ?
(K) 1905 mv‡j (L) 1906 mv‡j
(M) 1911 mv‡j (N) 1909 mv‡j
2| weªwUk miKvi gymjgvb‡ì Avjv`v msMV‡bi Drmvn †`b †Kb?
(K) Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖwZ Av¯’vkxjZvi Rb¨
(L) Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖwZ weiƒc g‡bvfv‡ei Rb¨
(M) gymjgvb‡ì ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi aŸsm Kivi Rb¨
(N) wn›`y RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb‡K Drmvn †`qvi Rb¨
3| gymwjg jxM cÖw Zôvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj
i. mKj m¤cÖ` v‡qi ¯^ v_©iÿv
ii. weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖw Z gymjgvb‡ì AvbyM Z¨ wbwðZ Kiv
iii. gymjgvb‡ì ivR‰bwZK `vwe-`vIqv DÌvcb Kiv
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
BDwbU GK c„ôv 18
cvV-1.8 gwj©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvBb, 1909

D‡Ïk¨
 1909 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi †cÖÿ vcU m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 1909 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi g~j¨ êwkó¨mg~n eYbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã m`m¨ e„w×, c„_K wbe©vPb eë¯’v, ¯îvR, ivR‰bwZK †PZbv|
cUf‚ wg
fviZe‡l©i kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡m 1909 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb ev gwj©©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvBb GK
¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc| c~e©e Z©x AvBbmg~n fviZxq‡ì cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i e¨vcv‡i cÖZ¨vkv c~i‡Y e¨_© nq| fviZxq RvZxq
Ks‡MÖm µgvMZ fviZxq‡ì cÖw ZwbwaZ¡ weav‡bi `vwe DÌvcb Ki‡Z _v‡K| Ks‡MÖ‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡ e½f½ i` Av‡›`vjb
RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK †PZbvi D‡¤§l NUvq| Ab¨w`‡K, fvi‡Zi gymjgvb m¤úª`vqI ivR‰bwZKfv‡e wb‡R‡ì
msMwVZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖwZôv K‡i ivR‰bwZK msMVb ÔwbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxMÕ| GgbB GK cUf‚wg‡Z weªwUk
miKv‡ii fviZ mwPe jW© gwj© Ges fvBmiq jW© wg‡›Uvi D‡`¨v‡M weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U 1909 mv‡ji gwj©-© wg‡›Uv AvBb
cvk nq|
g~j êwkó¨mg~n
1909 mv‡ji gwj©©-wg‡›Uv AvBb Gi g~j êwkó¨mg~n wQj wb¤œiƒc :
1. G AvBb Øviv †K›`ª xq AvBbmfvi m`m¨ msL¨v e„ w× Kiv nq| MfY©i †Rbv‡ij I Zu vi wbe© vnx cwil‡ì 7 Rb
m`m¨ QvovI me©vwaK 60 Rb AwZwi³ m`m¨ G‡Z AšÍfy©&³ nb|
2. cÖv‡`wkK AvBbmfvmg~‡niI m¤úªmviY Kiv nq| eo cÖ‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î me©vwaK 50 Rb Ges †QvU cÖ‡ `‡ki †ÿ‡Î
m‡e©v”P 30 Rb m`m¨ _vKvi weavb Kiv nq|
3. G AvBb Øviv †K›`ªxq I cÖ v‡`wkK Dfq AvBbmfvi ÿgZv e„w× Kiv nq| m`mïv ev‡RU ev A_© wej wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kivi AwaKvi jvf K‡i|
4. G AvB‡b gymjgvb m¤úª `v‡qi `vex Abyh vqx Zv‡ì Rb¨ Ôc„_K wbe© vPb eë¯’ vÕ cÖe Z©b Kiv nq|
5. †K›`ª xq I cÖv‡`wkK AvBb mfv¸‡jv‡Z wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g fviZxq †emiKvwi m`m¨MY wbe© vP‡bi weavb Kiv nq|
Z‡e AwaKvsk m`m¨B wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb c‡ivÿ wbe© vP‡bi gva¨‡g|
6. GB cÖ_gevi cÖv‡`wkK AvBbmfvmg~‡n miKvwi m`m¨‡ì ¯’‡j †emiKvwi m`m¨‡ì msL¨vMwiôZv wbwðZ Kiv
nq|
7. G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ_gev‡ii gZ MfY©i †Rbv‡ij I MfY©‡ii wbe© vnx cwil‡` fviZxq‡ì AšÍf³ z© Kivi
weavb Kiv nq|
g~j¨vqb
1909 mv‡ji fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb c~e©eZ© x ms¯‹vi AvB‡bi Zzjbvq AMÖe Z©x c`‡ÿc wQj| †hgb- †K›`ª xq I
cÖv‡`wkK AvBbmfvmg~‡ni m¤úªmviY I ÿgZv e„w×, cÖv‡`wkK AvBbmfvi †emiKvwi m`m¨‡ì msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b,
MfY©i †Rbv‡ij I MfY©‡ii wbe©vnx cwil‡` fviZxq‡ì AšÍfy©w³ BZ¨vw`| Z‡e fviZxq‡ì µgea©gvb ¯îvR ev
BDwbU GK c„ôv 19
¯^kvm‡bi `vwe c~i‡Y Zv e¨_© nq| G AvB‡bi Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K nj gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ Ôc„_K
wbe©vPb eë¯’ vi ¯^ xK…w Z hv fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z my`~i cÖm vix cÖfve †d‡j|
wkÿv_©xi KvR 1909 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi 3wU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K D‡jøL Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc
1909 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb †gŠwjK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nqwb| †Kv‡bv bxwZMZ cwieZ©b bv
K‡i cÖwZwôZ bxwZi AvIZvaxb †_‡K fviZe‡l©i bvbv m¤úª`v‡qi Avkv-AvKvsLv c~iY KivB wQj G AvB‡bi
jÿ¨| c~e©eZ©x ms¯‹vi AvB‡bi Zzjbvq AMÖe Z©x c`‡ÿc n‡jI Zv wQj fviZxq‡ì cÖ Z¨vkvi Zzjbvq AcÖ Zzj|
1| gwj©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvBb KZ mv‡j cvm nq?
(K) 1885 mv‡j (L) 1909 mv‡j
(M) 1919 mv‡j (N) 1935 mv‡j
2| fviZ‡K ¯^ vqËkvmb `v‡bi cÖwZ weªw Uk‡Ì DÏxwcZ K‡iwQj †KvbwU?
(K) fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi ivRbxwZ (L) gymwjg jx‡Mi ivRbxwZ
(M) weªwUk‡ì D`viZv (N) cÖ_g gnvhy‡× fviZevmxi mn‡hvwMZv
3| gwj-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvBb e¨_© nIqvi KviYÑ
i. fviZxq ivR‰bwZK †PZbve„w×
ii. fviZxq RvZxqZvev‡ì D‡b¥l
iii. `vwqZ¡k xj miKv‡ii cÖwZ fviZxq‡ì AvMÖn
BDwbU GK c„ôv 20
cvV-1.9 j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³, 1916

D‡Ïk¨
 j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³i cUf‚wg I êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³i ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mv¤úª`vwqK HK¨, mg‡SvZv, wej cvk, cÖw Zwbwa, Avmb eivÏ, ¯^vqË¡k vmb
1916 mv‡j Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jx‡Mi g‡a¨ fvi‡Zi fwel¨Z kvmbZvwš¿ K iƒc‡iLv m¤ú‡K© m¤úvw`Z
Pzw³B j‡ÿèŠPzw³| 1909 mv‡ji gwj©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvB‡bi gva¨‡g gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ c„_K wbe©vP‡bi
AwaKvi †`qv n‡jI gymwjg †bZ…e„›` weªwUk miKv‡ii Dci m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Av¯’ vkxj n‡Z cv‡iwb| 1911 mv‡j
GKZidvfv‡e e½f½ i` weªw Uk iv‡Ri cÖ wZ gymjgvb m¤úª `v‡qi wb:kZ© Avby MZ¨ webó K‡i| Gici 1912 mv‡j
ejKvb hy‡× Zzi‡¯‹i cÖwZ weªw Uk‡ì weiæ×PviY fviZxq gymjgvb‡ì gg©vnZ K‡i| Gmg‡q 1913 mv‡j gymwjg
jx‡Mi †bZ…‡ Z¡ cwieZ©b Av‡m| bZzb †bZ…e„›` msMV‡bi `„wófw½‡Z cwieZ©b Av‡bb| Zviv fvi‡Z wn›`y-gymjgvb
m¤úª`v‡qi H‡Kï Dci †Rvi †`b| 1914 mv‡j cÖ_g wek¦hy× ïiæ n‡j wek¦e¨vcx ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi m¤¢ vebv
†`Lv †`q| G iKg cwiw¯’ wZ‡Z, 1915 mv‡j †ev‡¤^‡ Z Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM cÖ vq GKB mg‡q wbR wbR `‡ji
Awa‡ekb Avnevb K‡i| G mgq Dfq `j weªw Uk miKv‡ii wewfbœ bxwZ I kvmb cÖ wµqvi mgv‡jvPbv Ges
mv¤ªcÖ`vwqK HK¨ I m¤úªxwZi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i| 1916 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m j‡ÿèŠ‡Z Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM
fvi‡Zi fwel¨Z kvmbZvwš¿K ms¯‹v‡ii †ÿ‡Î wKQz †gŠwjK wel‡q mg‡SvZvq Av‡m| GB mg‡SvZvi Dci wfwË
K‡i HwZnvwmK j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq|
g~j êwkó¨mg~n
wb‡¤œ j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³i g~j êwkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
1. cÖv‡`wkK AvBb cwil` mg~n m¤úªmviY Kivi mycvwik Kiv nq| e„nr cÖ‡`‡ki m`m¨ msL¨v 125 Rb Ges †QvU
cÖ‡`‡ki m`m¨ msL¨v 50 †_‡K 75 Gi g‡a¨ wba©viY Kivi `vwe Kiv nq| G‡ì g‡a¨ cu vP fv‡Mi GK fvM
g‡bvbxZ m`m¨ Ges evKx cuvP fv‡Mi Pvi fvM RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nIqvi `vwe Kiv nq|
2. †K›`ª xq ev cÖv‡`wkK AvBb cwil‡` †Kvb m¤úª`v‡qi †Kv‡bv wej cv‡ki †ÿ‡Î AvBbmfvq H m¤úª`v‡qi wZb-
PZz_©vsk m`‡mï m¤§wZ Avek¨K n‡e|
3. j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³‡Z †fvUv‡ii msL¨v e„w× Ges †fvUvi‡ì †fvU w`‡Z DrmvwnZ Kivi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq|
4. G Pzw³i Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ nj, G‡Z msL¨vbycv‡Z AwaK cÖw Zwbwa‡Z¡i mycvwik Kiv nq| A_©vr †hLv‡b
gymjgvbMY msL¨vjNy, †mLv‡b Zv‡ì Avmb msL¨v †jvKmsL¨v †_‡K evwo‡q †`qv n‡e| Avi †hLv‡b msL¨v¸iæ
†mLv‡b RbmsL¨vi Zzjbvq Zviv Kg Avmb jvf Ki‡e| D`vniY¯îƒc D‡jøL Kiv hvq evsjv cÖ‡ `‡ki K_v|
evsjvi gymwjg RbmsL¨v wQj cÖ vq 52.6 kZvsk Avi gymwjg Avmb eivÏ Kiv nq 40 kZvsk| Gfv‡e wenvi I
Dwol¨v‡Z 25 kZvsk, †m›Uª vj cÖ‡`‡k 15 kZvsk, gv`ª v‡R 15 kZvsk, cvÄv‡e 50 kZvsk Ges hy&³ cÖ‡`‡k 30
kZvsk Avmb eiv‡Ïi K_v ejv nq|
5. G Pzw³‡Z gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ c„_K wbe©vPb eë¯’ vi ¯^xK…wZi cvkvcvwk msL¨vjNy m¤úª `v‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK
wbe©vPb cÖ`v‡b m¤§wZ †`qv nq|
6. fvi‡Zi Rb¨ ¯^-kvmb Kv‡q‡gi j‡ÿ¨ Ks‡MÖmI gymwjg jxM GK‡Î Av‡›`vjb Ki‡e|
7. cÖ‡`kmg~n †K›`ª xq miKvi h_vm¤¢e wbqš¿Ygy³ †_‡K ¯^vqZ¡k vmb †fvM Ki‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 21
8. MfY©i †Rbv‡i‡ji kvmb cwil‡ì A‡a©K m`m¨ fviZxq n‡eb| Zviv fviZxq AvBb cwil‡ì m`m¨ Øviv
wbe©vwPZ n‡eb|
¸iæZ¡
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki kvmbZvwš¿ K AMÖM wZi †ÿ‡Î 1916 mv‡ji j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³ GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc| G Pzw³i
gva¨‡g wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤úª`vq mw¤§wjZfv‡e weªw Uk miKv‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡R‡ì `vwe-`vIqv †ck Kivi my‡hvM cvq|
cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Z wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË iPbv K‡i GB Pzw³| weªwUk we‡ivax
Av‡›`vjb‡K msMwVZ I cwiKwíZ Kivi Rb¨ G Pzw³ Kiv nq| j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³i gva¨‡g gymjgvb m¤úª `v‡qi wewfbœ
my‡hvM-myweavi ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq| Zv m‡Ë¡I evsjvi iÿYkxj gymwjg †bZ…e„‡›ì g‡a¨ weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq|
Gi g~‡j wQj Avmb msL¨v mgš^‡qi wbxwZ|
wkÿv_©xi KvR mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ iÿvq j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³i ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb|
mvims‡ÿc
j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³i g~j jÿ¨ wQj wn›`y-gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ HK¨ †Rvi`vi Kiv weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK cwigÐ‡j j‡ÿèŠ
Pzw³ GK MiæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc| KviY G Pzw³ fvi‡Z GK Af‚Zc~e© mvsweavwbK AMÖMwZi cUf‚wg iPbv K‡i|
1| wb‡Pi †Kvb ¯’ v‡b 1915 mv‡j Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM m‡¤§jb Avnevb K‡i?
(K) j‡ÿèŠ‡Z (L) †ev‡¤^‡ Z
(M) KivwP‡Z (N) jv‡nv‡i
2| j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³i cÖv°v‡j fviZxq †bZ…e„›` wK‡mi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`b?
(K) wn›`y ag© (L) gymwjg ¯^v_©

(M) weªwUk ¯^ v_© (N) wn›`y-gymwjg m¤úªxwZ
BDwbU GK c„ôv 22
cvV-1.10 g‡›U¸-†Pgm‡dvW© ms¯‹vi AvBb, 1919

D‡Ïk¨
 1919 mv‡ji g‡›U¸-†Pgm‡dvW© AvBb cÖewZ© Z nIqvi KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 1919 mv‡ji g‡›U¸-†Pgm‡dvW© AvB‡bi cÖ avb êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ms¯‹vi, eë¯’vcK mfv, msiwÿZ, n¯Í všÍwiZ, nvBKwgkbvi|
1909 mv‡ji gwj©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvBb fviZxq‡ì Avkv AvKvsLv c~i‡Y e¨_© nq| Ab¨w`‡K 1905 †_‡K
1911 GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ e½f½ I cieZ©x‡Z e½f½ we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z bZzb gvÎv
†hvM K‡i| e½f½ i` Av‡›`vj‡bi mvdj¨ fviZevmxi g‡a¨ ¯^k vm‡bi `vwe cÖej K‡i †Zv‡j| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡ ×i mgq
fviZevmxi mn‡hvwMZvi cyi¯‹vi¯îƒc Ges hy× †k‡l fvi‡Zi Rb¨ bZzb kvmbZvwš¿K ms¯‹vi AeavwiZ wQj weavq
fviZ mwPe g‡›U¸ 1917 mv‡ji 20 AvM÷ KgÝ mfvq †NvlYv K‡ib †h, fviZxq‡ì fviZ kvm‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î
AwaKZvi my‡hvM w`‡q ch©vqµ‡g `vwqZ¡k xj kvmbeë¯’ v cÖeZ©b Kiv weªw Uk miKv‡ii bxwZ| Gi wfwË‡Z fviZ
mwPe g‡›U¸ Ges fvBmiq I MfY©i †Rbv‡ij †Pgm‡dvW© G `yÕ‡qi †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póvq 1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb
ev †g›U¸-†Pgm‡dvW© AvBb cvk Kiv nq|
g~j êwkó¨mg~n
1919 mv‡ji †g›U¸-†Pgm‡dvW© AvB‡bi g~j êwkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj :
1. 1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvq cwieZ©b Kiv nq| D”PK‡ÿi bvg nq ivRb¨
mfv Ges wb¤œ K‡ÿi bvg nq eë¯’ vcK mfv | D”PK‡ÿi m`m¨ msL¨v 60 Rb wba©viY Kiv nq Ges Zb¥‡a¨ 34
Rb wbe©vwPZ Ges Aewkó 26 Rb miKvi KZ…© K g‡bvbxZ n‡eb| wb¤œK‡ÿi m`m¨ msL¨v 145 Rb wba© viY Kiv
nq Zb¥‡a¨ 105 Rb _vK‡eb wbe©vwPZ Ges Aewkó 40 Rb miKvi g‡bvbxZ n‡eb|
2. G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g mKj cÖ‡`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU K‡i GKKÿ wewkó AvBbmfvi weavb Kiv nq| cÖ v‡`wkK
AvBbmfvi m`m¨ msL¨vI e„w× Kiv nq| ZvQvov G AvB‡b D‡jøL Kiv nq †h, cÖv‡`wkK AvBb cwil‡ì
m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Kgc‡ÿ kZKiv 70 fvM wbe© vwPZ Ges evKx m`mïv g‡bvbxZ n‡eb|
3. cÖ‡`‡k `vwqZ¡k xj miKvi cÖeZ©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ G AvB‡b miKv‡ii Kvh©vewj‡K †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ `yÕfv‡M fvM
Kiv nq| cÖwZiÿv, ciivóª, gy`ªv, e¨vsK, evwYR¨, AvqKi, ïé, WvK, †ijI‡q, Zvi, †hvMv‡hvM cÖ f…wZ †K›`ª xq
welq wn‡m‡e †K›`ª xq miKv‡ii Aax‡b ivLv nq| Aciw`‡K AvBb k„ •Ljv, wkÿv, f‚wg, ivR¯^, K…wl, †mP, c~Z©,
MY¯^v¯’¨ cÖf…wZ cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í Kiv nq|
4. 1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨ nj cÖ‡`‡k ˆØZkvmb eë¯’ vq cÖe Z©b| G
eë¯’vi cÖv‡`wkK welqmg~n‡K ÔmsiwÿZÕ I Ôn¯ÍvšÍwiZÕ G `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| AvBb-k„•Ljv, f‚wg, ivR¯^,
†mP| wePvi, †Rj cÖf…wZ ÔmsiwÿZÕ wel‡qi AšÍf‚©³ wQj| Aciw`‡K wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, K…wl, ¯’vbxq miKvi, c~Z©
cÖf…w Z| n¯ÍvšÍwiZ welq wQj, MfY©i Ges Zvi wbe©vnx cwil‡ì m`m¨MY ÔmsiwÿZÕ wel‡qi `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb|
Avi Ôn¯ÍvšÍwiZÕ welqmg~n MfY©i I Zuvi gš¿x‡ì `vwq‡Z¡ wQj| gš¿xMY AvBbmfvi m`m¨‡ì ga¨ †_‡K MfY©i
KZ…©K wbhy³ n‡Zb|
5. G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ msL¨vjNy m¤úª `v‡qi Rb¨ c„_ K wbe© vPb eë¯’vq wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq|
gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ c„_K wbe© vPb eë¯’ v Ae¨vnZ ivLvi cvkvcvwk cvÄv‡ei wkL, G¨vs‡jv-BwÛqvb,
fviZxq wLªó vb Ges BD‡ivcxq m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ c„_ K wbe© vP‡bi eë¯’v Kiv nq|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 23
6. wbe©vPbx eë¯’vi cÖeZ©b G AvB‡bi Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K| G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g †emiKvwi m`m¨‡ì cÖZ¨ÿ
wbe©vP‡bi eë¯’v Kiv nq| †fvUvi nIqvi †hvM¨Zvi g‡a¨ wQj wkÿv, m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv, †cŠiKi cÖ`vb
BZ¨vw`| ¯^vfvweK Kvi‡Y †fvUv‡ii msL¨v wQj LyeB mxwgZ|
7. G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g Bsj¨v‡Ð fviZxq‡ì ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU nvBKwgkbv‡ii c` m„wó Kiv nq|
g~j¨vqb
1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡b cÖ‡`‡k ˆØZkvm‡bi gva¨‡g `vwqZ¡k xj miKvi cÖw Zôv Kivi †Póv Kiv nq| wKš‘
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, G eë¯’vi d‡j cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡Z kvmb‡ÿ‡Î bvbvwea Amyweavi m„wó nq| ZvQvov msm`xq c×wZi
`vwqZ¡kxj eë¯’v cÖe Z©‡bi Rb¨ Av‡iv wKQz welq †hgb- gš¿x‡ì †hŠ_ `vwqZ¡kxjZv, `vqe×Zv BZ¨vw` Avek¨K|
wKš‘ G mg¯Í welq G AvB‡b wQj Aby cw¯’ Z| Z_vwc, fviZe‡l© `vwqZ¡k xj eë¯’v cÖe Z©b Kivi †ÿ‡Î 1919 mv‡ji
fviZ kvmb AvBb wQj GKwU ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© I Kvh© Ki c`‡ÿc|
wkÿv_©xi KvR 1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb cÖ‡qvRbxq wQj †Kb?
mvims‡ÿc
1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi gva¨‡g fviZxqiv mxwgZ AvKv‡i n‡jI `vwqZ¡ kxj miKvi cwiPvjbvi
mv‡_ mswkøó nevi my ‡hvM cvq| AvB‡bi d‡j AvBbmfvq `ywU K‡ÿi m„wó nq| cÖ ‡ Z¨K K‡ÿB wbe© vwPZ
m`m¨ msL¨v e„ w× cvq| ZvQvov hy³ivóª xq eë¯’ vI †Rvi`vi nq| we‡kl Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ c„ _K wbe©vPb
eë¯’ vI envj wQj|
1| 1919 mv‡j cÖewZ©Z bZzb kvmb eë¯’ v wQjÑ
(K) cÖa vbgš¿xi kvmb (L) ˆØZkvmb
(M) Mfb©‡ii kvmb (N) ivóªcwZi kvmb
2| 1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi Øviv AvBbmfvq †h wPÎ dz‡U I‡V Zvn‡jvÑ
i. wØ-Kÿwewkó †K›`ª xq AvBbmfv
ii. GK Kÿwewkó †K›`ª xq AvBbmfv
iii. cÖ v‡`wkK AvBbmg~‡ni 70 fvM m`m¨ wQj wbe©vwPZ
BDwbU GK c„ôv 24
cvV-1.11 wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb

D‡Ïk¨
 wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi we¯Ívi I cwibwZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ZzwK© mv¤ªvR¨, LwjKv, RvwjqvbIqvjvevM, wLjvdZ m‡¤§jb, cÂv‡qZ|
weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G Av‡›`vj‡bi
gva¨‡g cÖ_gev‡ii gZ weªw Uk‡ì weiæ‡× fvi‡Zi wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤úª`vq‡K HKë× Kiv m¤¢e
nq|
wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb
cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i mgq Zzi¯‹ weª‡U‡bi wec‡ÿ hy × K‡i| hy‡× weª‡Ub Rqjvf K‡i Gi d‡j ZzwK© mv¤ª v‡Rï ALÐZv
ûgwKi m¤§yLxb nq| fviZxq gymjgvbiv Zzi‡¯‹i myjZvb‡K gymjgvb‡ì Lwjdv ev †bZv e‡j g‡b KiZ| cÖ_g
wek¦hy× PjvKv‡j fviZxq gymjgvbiv GKwU k‡Z© weªwUk‡ì hy‡× mnvqZv K‡iwQj Avi Zv nj weªwUkiv ZzwK©
mv¤ªv‡Rï Dci n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡e bv| wKš‘ Rqjv‡fi ci weªw Ukiv Zv‡ì cÖ wZkÖ æwZ f½ K‡i Zzi¯‹ LÐ-weLÐ Ki‡Z
D`¨Z nq| GgZve¯’vq, fviZxq gymjgvbiv ZzwK© mv¤ª v‡Rï ALÐZv I Zzw K© myjZv‡bi gvb I gh©v`v iÿvi Rb¨
1919 mv‡j †h Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j, ZvB BwZnv‡m wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb
cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ci wek¦Ry‡o †h ivR‰bwZK cU cwieZ©b nq Zvi m~Î a‡i fviZxqiv Bs‡iR‡ì KvQ cÖv‡`wkK
¯^vqËkvmb cÖ Z¨vkv K‡iwQj| wKš‘ 1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb G cÖZ¨vkv c~i‡Y e¨_© nq| Aciw`‡K G mgq
weªwUk miKvi ÔivDjvU AvBbÕ cvk K‡i| G AvB‡b kvwšÍ-k„sLjv we‡ivax Kg© Kv‡Ði mv‡_ hy³ _vKvi Awf‡hv‡M
KvD‡K webv wePv‡i `xN© mg‡qi Rb¨ AvUK K‡i ivLvi weavb Kiv nq| G AvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i Rbg‡b hLb Am‡šÍvl
m„wó nw”Qj ZLb Av‡iKwU NUbv N‡U| 1919 mv‡ji 13 GwcÖj cvÄv‡ei RvwjqvbIqvjvevM bvgK ¯’ v‡b PZzw `©‡K
cÖvPxi †Niv GKwU gv‡V K‡qK nvRvi gvbyl cÖw Zev` mfvq wgwjZ nq| weªwUk miKvi GB wbi¯ª RbZvi Dci ¸wj
Pvjvq Ges G‡Z cÖvq Pvik gvbyl wbnZ Ges A‡b‡K AvnZ nq| GgZve¯’vq, 1919 mv‡j weªwUk‡ì `gb I
cxobg~j K Kvh© Kjv‡ci cÖwZev‡` gnvZ¥vMvÜxi Avnev‡b mgMÖ fviZe¨vcx †h Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V, Zv Amn‡hvM
Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPZ| G Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖK…w Z wQj Awnsm| GKB mgq, fvi‡Zi gymjgvb m¤úª `v‡qi †bZ…‡Z¡
wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V|
Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~wP I we¯Í vi
wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡b fviZxq gymjgvbiv ¯^Zù~ Z©fv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i| fvi‡Zi wewfbœ¯’v‡b Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ A‡bK
wLjvdZ KwgwU MwVZ nq| KjKvZvq 1919 mv‡ji 9 †deªæqvwi wLjvd‡Zi mg_©‡b cÖ_g Rbmfv AbywôZ nq|
w`wjø‡Z 1919 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m cÖ_g me©fviZxq wLjvdZ m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…e„‡›ì
g‡a¨ wQ‡jb †gvn¤§` Avjx, kIKZ Avjx, gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`, Avkivd DwÏb †PŠayix, G. †K. dRjyj
nK cÖgyL †bZ…e„›`| weªwUk miKvi KZ…©K Av‡qvwRZ ÔkvwšÍ DrmeÕ Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡i w`wjø m‡¤§j‡b cÖ¯Íve M„nxZ
nq|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 25
Aciw`‡K Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi GK ch©v‡q MvÜx Zuvi ÔeqKU Kg©m~P xÕ cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| G Kg©m~wP 1920 mv‡ji
†m‡Þ¤î gv‡m KjKvZvq AbywôZ Ks‡MÖm, gymwjg jxM I wLjvdZ KwgwUi m‡¤§jb Aby‡gvw`Z nq| eqKU Kg©m~wP
GKB eQ‡ii b‡f¤î gv‡m bvMcy‡i AbywôZ †hŠ_ m‡¤§j‡b M„n xZ nq| G Kg©m~wP‡Z wb‡¤œ v³ welqmg~n AšÍfy©³ Kiv
nq-
1. we‡`kx cY¨ eR©b|
2. weªwUk cÖ`Ë †LZve I c`we eR©b Ges A‰eZwbK c`mg~n Z¨vM|
3. weªwUk g‡bvbxZ fviZxq m`m¨‡ì AvBbmfv †_‡K c`Z¨vM KvDwÝj wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY bv Kiv|
4. miKvwi ¯‹zj-K‡jR eR© b Ges AvBbRxex‡ì Av`vjZ eR©b
5. cÂv‡qZ eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv I mymsnZ Kiv
6. mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ eRvq ivLv
7. mKj cÖ Kvi miKvwi Kvh©µg eR© b Kiv|
wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb KZ…© K eqKU Kg©m~wP MÖnY Ges gvnvZ¥v MvÜxi wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖw Z mg_©b G Av‡›`vjb‡K
Zxeª K‡i †Zv‡j| gvnvZ¥v MvÜxi eqKU Kg©m~wP RbMY‡K cÖPÐfv‡e Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i| RbMY we‡`kx cY¨ eR©‡bi
cvkvcvwk weªw Uk cÖ `Ë †LZve I c`we eR©b Ki‡Z _v‡K| wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤úª`vq mw¤§wjZfv‡e G
Av‡›`vj‡b mvwgj nb Ges GK `ye©vi MY Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| Av‡›`vjb `gb Kivi Rb¨ weªwUk miKvi wewfbœ
`gb I wbh©vZbg~jK c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡K|
wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi cwiYwZ

Av‡›`vjb hLb Zzgyj ch© v‡q, ZLb wewfbœ mwnsm NUbv NU‡Z ïiæ K‡i| wKš‘ Awnsm Av‡›`vj‡bi Av`k© mwnsmZv
we‡ivax| GK ch©v‡q 1922 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡ki †PŠwi‡PŠiv bvgK ¯’v‡b D‡ËwRZ RbZv
¯’vbxq _vbv AvµgY K‡i Ges G‡Z cÖvq 22 Rb cywjk AwMœ `» n‡q gviv hvb| G NUbvq gg©vnZ n‡q gvnvZ¥v MvÜx
cÖvq GKK wm×v‡šÍ Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb cÖ Z¨vnvi K‡ib| mv‡_ mv‡_ wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb w¯ÍwgZ n‡q Av‡m| Gi g~j
KviY wQj G iKg GKwU MYAv‡›`vjb cwiPvjbv Kivi gZ mvsMVwbK ÿgZv I †hvM¨Zv wLjvdjZ †bZ…e„‡ ›ì wQj
bv| fvi‡Z, 1924 mv‡j †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj cvkv Zzi‡¯‹i `vwqZ¡ fvi MÖnY K‡i wLjvd‡Zi wejywß †NvlYv K‡ib|
djkÖæwZ‡Z wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U|
wkÿv_©xi KvR Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb nVvr K‡i cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nj †Kb?
mvims‡ÿc
wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb e¨_© n‡jI G Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| G Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g fviZxq
RbMY MYAv‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nq Ges Zv ivR‰bwZK †PZbv weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i| wn›`y-gymjgvb
m¤úª xwZ e„w× cvq|
1| †LjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jbÑ
i. gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` Avjx
BDwbU GK c„ôv 26
ii. gvIjvbv Avãyj Kvjvg AvRv`

iii. gvIjvbv nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx
2| gnvZ¥v MvÜx Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡ibÑ
i. wnsmvZ¥K c_ eR©‡bi gva¨‡g
ii. wnsmvZ¥K c‡_i gva¨‡g
iii. mZ¨vMÖn bxwZ‡K mvg‡b †i‡L
BDwbU GK c„ôv 27
cvV-1.12 †e½j c¨v±, 1923

D‡Ïk¨
 †e½j c¨v± Gi cUf~wg I êwkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |
 †e½j c¨v‡±i cwiYwZ Z_v djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ, msL¨vMwiô, msL¨vbycvZ, ag© xq Abyf‚w Z, BwZevPK,

A¯^xK…wZ, AKvh©Ki|
weªwUk we‡ivax Awnsm wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb mwnsm iƒc aviY Ki‡j, gnvZ¥v MvÜx 1922 mv‡j
G Av‡›`vjb cÖ Z¨vnvi K‡ib| Av‡›`vjb Zz‡½ _vKv Ae¯’ vq Zv eÜ †NvlYv Kivi ci c‡ÿ-wec‡ÿi
gZvgZ e¨³ n‡Z _v‡K| Aciw`‡K, 1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb Abyhvqx cÖv‡`wkK AvBbmfvi wØZxq wbe©vPb
1923 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K AbywôZ nevi K_v| GgZve¯’ vq, 1922 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m AbywôZ Ks‡MÖ‡mi evwl©K
m‡¤§jb wQj AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G m‡¤§j‡b cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe© vP‡b AskMÖnY cÖm‡½ gZ‡f` †`Lv †`q| MvÜxi
†bZ…Z¡vaxb GKwU Ask wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY Kivi wec‡ÿ wQ‡jb Aciw`‡K †`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡mi (wm Avi `vm) Gi
†bZ…Z¡vaxb Av‡iKwU Ask wbe©vP‡bi c‡ÿ w Q‡jb| wm Avi `v‡mi cÖ¯Íve Ks‡MÖm m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ nqwb GgZve¯’vq,
wZwb Zuvi mg_©K‡ì wb‡q 1922 mv‡ji 31‡k wW‡m¤î MVb K‡ib ¯îvR cvwU©|
wm.Avi `vm wQ‡jb mv¤úª`vwqK H‡Kï c‡ÿi gvbyl| wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i wZwb weªwUk‡ì mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z
Pvbwb eis wbqgZvwš¿Kfv‡e weªw Uk‡ì we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| G cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wZwb wbR cÖ‡`k evsjvq
gymjgvb †bZ…e„‡›ì mv‡_ ivR‰bwZK mg‡SvZv I mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ eRvq ivLvi R‡b¨ 1923 m‡b GK Pzw³
mvÿi K‡ib hv †e½j c¨v± bv‡g cwiwPZ|
‰ewkó¨mg~n
†e½j c¨v‡±i cÖa vb êwkó¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc:
1. evsjvq cÖ v‡`wkK KvDwÝj wbe© vP‡b wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤úª`vq RbmsL¨vi wfwË‡Z cÖw ZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡e|
2. ¯’vbxq cwil` wbe©vP‡b mswkøó GjvKvi msL¨vMwiô m¤úª`vq cv‡e kZKiv 60 fvM Avmb Ges msL¨vjNy
m¤úª`vq cv‡e kZKiv 40 fvM Avmb|
3. gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi c„_K wbe©vPb eë¯’vi ¯^xK…wZ|
4. miKvwi PvKwii †ÿ‡Î gymjgvb m¤úª `v‡qi Rb¨ kZKiv 45 fvM eivÏ Kiv nq| hZw`b ch©šÍ wn›`y I gymjgvb
m¤úª`v‡qi PvKwi jv‡fi GKB AbycvZ AwR©Z bv n‡e, ZZw`b ch©šÍ gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ 80 fvM PvKwi
jv‡fi weavb ivLv nq|
5. mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ eRvq ivLvi †ÿ‡Î wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤úª`vq Ggb †Kvb KvR Ki‡e bv hv agx©q
Abyf~wZ‡Z AvNvZ nv‡b|
c¨v‡±i cwiYwZ :
gymjgvb‡ì cÖwZwµqv
‡e½j c¨v‡±i cÖw Z gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi cÖ wZwµqv wQj LyeB BwZevPK| G c¨v‡±i gva¨‡g gymjgvb m¤úª`vq Zv‡ì
¯^v_© msiwÿZ n‡q‡Q †`‡L me© vZ¥Ki‡Y c¨v±wU‡K ¯^ vMZ Rvbvq| G c¨v‡±i gva¨‡g gymjgvbiv evsjvq msL¨vbycv‡Z
BDwbU GK c„ôv 28
cÖv‡`wkK KvDwÝj I ¯’vbxq cwil‡` Avmb cvq| ZvQvov gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwe c„_K wbe© vPb eë¯’ v G
c¨v‡± ¯^ xK… Z nq| ZvB G c¨v‡±i cÖwZ gymjgvb‡ì BwZevPK cÖwZwµqv e¨³ n‡Z _v‡K|
wn›`y‡ì cÖwZwµqv
†e½j c¨v‡±i cÖw Z evsjv I evsjvi evB‡ii wn›`y m¤úª`v‡qi eo GKwU As‡ki wQj weiƒc cÖw Zwµqv| wn›`y
m¤úª`v‡qi wbqš¿vaxb cwÎKvmg~n †e½j c¨v‡±i mgv‡jvPbvq gyLi n‡q I‡V| wm Avi `vm‡K myweavev`x I gymwjg
¯^v_© iÿvKvix wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| gnvZ¥v MvÜx †e½j c¨v‡±i K‡qKwU As‡ki mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| 1923
mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m AbywôZ Awa‡ek‡b Ks‡MÖm †e½j c¨v± Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Z A¯^ xK…w Z Rvbvq| KviY wn‡m‡e ejv
nq, wn›`y-gymwjg mgm¨v mgvav‡b cÖ v‡`wkK ch©v‡qi cÖ‡Póv me© fviZxq ch©v‡qi cÖ‡Póv‡K wewNœ Z Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†e½j c¨v‡±i cÖ wZ Ks‡MÖ‡mi †bwZevPK `„wófw½ c¨v‡±i MÖn Y‡hvM¨Zv‡K cÖ‡kœi m¤§yL xb K‡i †Zv‡j| 1925 mv‡j wm
Avi `v‡mi AK¯§vr g„Zz¨ c¨v‡±i fwel¨Z AwbwðZ K‡i †Zv‡j| Zuvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z G c¨v‡±i mg_©‡b KvR Kivi
g‡Zv †Kvb RbwcÖ q I e¨w³Z¡m¤úbœ †Kvb †bZv wQ‡jb bv| Gfv‡e wm Avi `v‡mi g„Zzï GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †e½j
c¨v± AKvh© Ki n‡q c‡o|
wkÿv_©xi KvR †e½j c¨v± `xN©¯’vqx nqwb †Kb?
mvims‡ÿc
wn›`y I gymjgvb m¤úª `v‡qi mv¤úª `vwqK I ivR‰bwZK mg‡SvZvi †ÿ‡Î Ô‡e½j c¨v±Õ wbtm‡›`‡n GKwU
cÖ ksmbxq D‡`¨vM wQj| AbMÖ mi gy mwjg RbM‡Yi Dbœ q‡b †e½j c¨v± wb:m‡›`‡n Kvh© Ki wQj| wKš‘ wn›`y
m¤úª `v‡qi eo GKwU As‡ki we‡ivaxZv I wm Avi `v‡mi nVvr g„ Zz¨ ‡Z †e½j c¨v± gy L _ye‡o c‡o|
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 1bs I 2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
ÔKÕ AÂ‡j wewfbœ m¤cÖ `v‡qi †jvK emevm K‡i| †h‡Kv‡b ARynv‡Z G AÂ‡j emevmKvix wn›`y I gymjgvb‡ì
g‡a¨ gvivgvwi I nvbvnvwb †j‡M _v‡K| G fq¼i cwiw¯’w Z †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Rb¨ Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi wKQz ivR‰bwZK
e¨w³ GKwU Pzw³ m¤úv`b K‡i|
1| DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ AÂ‡j †Kvb Pz w³i Avfvl cvIqv hvq?
(K) j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³ (L) †e½j c¨v±
(M) cyb v Pzw³ (N) wmgjv Pzw³
2| GB Pzw³i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K-
i. ¯^vqËkvm‡bi eywbqv` cÖw Zôv
ii. ag©wfwËK mgvR cÖw Zôv
iii. mv¤cÖ` vwqK m¤cÖ xwZ cÖw Zôv
BDwbU GK c„ôv 29
cvV-1.13 fviZ kvmb AvBb, 1935

D‡Ïk¨
 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi cUf~wg eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi êwkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã wewae× Kwgkb, mvsweavwbK AMÖM wZ, mvBgb Kwgkb, †b‡niæ wi‡cvU©,
mv¤úª`vwqK †iv‡q`v`, hyM ¥ welq, bZzb cÖ‡`k|
1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb fviZxq‡ì ivR‰bwZK Avkv-AvKvsLv c~i‡Y e¨_© nq| ZvQvov 1919
mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb Abyhvqx G AvB‡bi 10 eQi ci fvi‡Zi mvsweavwbK AMÖM wZ ch© v‡jvPbvi Rb¨
GKwwU wewae× Kwgkb MV‡bi K_v wQj| GgZve¯’vq weªwUk miKvi 1927 mv‡j m¨vi Rb mvBg‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ 7
m`m¨ wewkó GKwU Kwgkb MVb K‡i| hv mvBgb Kwgkb bv‡g cwiwPZ| G Kwgk‡b fviZxq †Kvb m`m¨ AšÍf³ ©y bv
_vKvq fviZe‡l©i cÖ avb ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n Z_v Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM Zv cÖ Z¨vL¨vb K‡i|
Aciw`‡K, fviZxq‡ì Rb¨ mvsweavwbK iƒc‡iLv cÖYq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ 1928 mv‡j Ks‡MÖm wb‡RB gwZjvj †b‡niæ‡K
mfvcwZ K‡i GKwU KwgwU MVb K‡i| GB KwgwU †h wi‡cvU© cÖKvk K‡i, Zv Ô†b‡niæ wi‡cvU©Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G
wi‡cv‡U© gymjgvb‡ì `vex-`vIqv c~iY bv nIqvq gymwjg †bZ…e„›` Zv eR©b K‡ib| †b‡niæ wi‡cv‡U©i cÖwZev‡`
1929 mv‡j gymwjg jx‡Mi cÿ †_‡K †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœ vn Zu vi †PŠÏ `dv `vwe †ck K‡ib| GgbB GK
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z, fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m MvÜxi †bZ…‡ Z¡ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvBb Agvb¨ Av‡›`vjb (1930-32) ïiæ
nq| GgZve¯’vq, weªw Uk miKvi fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK msKU I kvmbZvwš¿K iƒc‡iLv cÖ Yq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ fviZxq
†bZ…e„‡›ì mv‡_ GK †Mvj‡Uwej êVK AvnŸvb K‡i| G êVK 1930 mv‡j ïiæ n‡q wZb `dvq 1932 mvj ch©šÍ
AbywôZ nq| fviZxq †bZ…e„‡›ì g‡a¨ wewfbœ wel‡q P~o všÍ mg‡SvZvi m¤¢vebv bv †`‡L 1932 mv‡ji 17 AvM÷
weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x ivg‡R g¨vK‡Wvbvì GKwU mgvavb cÖ`vb K‡ib- G‡Z wZwb AvBbmfvq wewfbœ m¤úª`v‡qi cÖw Zwbwa
eÈbmn fvi‡Zi Rb¨ GKwU fwel¨Z msweav‡bi iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb K‡ib| GwU g¨vK‡Wvbv‡ìi Ômv¤úª`vwqK †iv‡q`v`Õ
bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB avivevwnKZv‡Z 1935 mv‡j weªw Uk cvj©v‡g‡›U bZzb fviZ kvmb AvBb cvk nq|
‰ewkó¨ :
1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi cÖavb êwkó¨mg~n wQj wb¤œiƒc:
1. 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb Abyhvqx weªwUk fvi‡Zi mKj cÖ‡`k I †`kxq ivR¨mg~n wb‡q GKwU
me©fviZxq hy³ivóª MV‡bi K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq|
2. G AvBb Abyhvqx †K›`ª xq AvBbmfv wØ-Kÿ wewkó Kiv nq| Gi D”PKÿwU ivR¨mfv (Council of state) I
wb¤œKÿwU eë¯’vcK cwil` ( House of Assembly) e‡j AwfwnZ n‡e| D”PK‡ÿi me©‡gvU cÖwZwbwa n‡eb
260 Rb Ges wb¤œ K‡ÿi m`m¨ msL¨v n‡e 375 Rb|
3. G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g kvmb msµvšÍ welq¸‡jv‡K wZbfv‡M wef³ Kiv nq h_v: †K›`ª xq welq, cÖv‡`wkK welq I
hyM¥ welq| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z †K›`ªxq ZvwjKvfz³ welqmg~n h_v: †`kiÿv, ê‡`wkK m¤úK©, gy `ªv,
AvqKi, †hvMv‡hvMM, Z_¨`ßi cÖf…w Z b¨¯Í Kiv nq| Aciw`‡K, cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z cÖv‡`wkK welqvejx
h_vÑ AvBbk„sLjv, cywjk, wkÿv, Rb¯^v¯’¨, ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖf…w Z welq cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq| GQvov hyM¥
ZvwjKvfz³ welqmg~n h_vÑ †dŠR`vwi AvBb, wePvi cÖY vjx, DBj cÖ f…wZ †K›`ª I cÖ‡`k Dfq miKv‡ii
GLwZqvif~³ ivLv nq|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 30
4. 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb cÖ‡`‡k ˆØZkvmb eë¯’v wejyß K‡i cÖ v‡`wkK ¯^ vqËkvmb cÖe Z©b K‡i|
cÖv‡`wkK welqmg~‡ni Dci cÖ‡`‡ki KZ©„ Z¡ ¯^xKvi Kiv nq Ges cÖv‡`wkK gwš¿mfv‡K AvBbmfvi wbKU
Revew`wn Kivi weavb Kiv nq|
5. 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb †K‡›`ª ˆØZkvmb eë¯’ v Pvjy K‡i| MfY©i †Rbv‡ij I Zuvi wbe© vnx cwil‡ì
wbKU cÖw Ziÿv, ê‡`wkK m¤úK©, agx©q welq, DcRvwZ cÖf…w Z wel‡qi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv nq| Aciw`‡K Ab¨vb¨
welqvejx MfY©i †Rbv‡ij I Zu vi gwš¿mfvi nv‡Z b¨¯Í Kiv nq|
6. G AvB‡b fviZe‡l©i Rb¨ GKwU †dWv‡ij †KvU© ev hy³ivóª xq Av`vjZ cÖw Zôvi eë¯’ v Kiv nq| GKRb cÖa vb
wePvicwZ I Ab¨vb¨ wePvicwZ wb‡q Zv MwVZ n‡e|
7. G AvBb Øviv wmÜz I Dwol¨v bv‡g `y wU bZzb cÖ‡`k m„wó Kiv nq|
8. gymjgvb I Ab¨vb¨ msL¨vjNy m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ c„_K wbe© vPb eë¯’ v I msL¨v AwZwi³ cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ae¨vnZ ivLv
nq|
9. GB AvB‡b evg©v‡K (eZ©gvb gvqvbgvi) fviZel© †_‡K c„_ K Kiv nq|
10. G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g †fvU`vb‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv nq Ges †fvUvi nevi †hvM¨Zv wkw_j Kiv nq|
11. G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvq gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ GK-Z… Zxqvsk Avmb eivÏ ivLv nq|
12. 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi †h‡Kvb cÖ Kvi ms‡kvab, cwieZ© b ev cwigvR©‡bi ÿgZv weªw Uk cvjv©v‡g‡›Ui
nv‡Z ivLv nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR fviZ kvmb AvBb 1935 Gi ZwU êwkó¨ wjLyb|
mvims‡ÿc
weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb GKwU ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© c`‡ÿc| G AvB‡bi
gva¨‡g cÖ‡`‡k ¯^ vqËkvmb eë¯’ v Pvjy Kiv nq| ZvQvov G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g fviZxqiv AwaKgvÎvq
cÖ wZwbwaZ¡ kxj miKvi eë¯’ vi mv‡_ hy ³ nevi my‡hvM cvq|
1| 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi we‡kl w`K †KvbwU?
(K) hy³d«›U wbe© vPb (L) hy³ivóª †NvlYv (M) ¯^vqËkvmb (N) fviZ wefw³
2| 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi gva¨‡g weªwUkiv cÖkwgZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQjÑ
i. weªwUk‡ì cÖwZ fviZxq‡ì Am‡šÍvl
ii. weªwUk‡ì cÖw Z wn›`y‡ì †ÿvf
iii. wn›`y-gymwjg mv¤cÖ `vwqK `~iZ¡
(K) i (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3| fviZ kvmb AvB‡b fviZxq Dc‡`óvgÐjx iwnZ Kivi mv‡_ †KvbwU RwoZ?
(K) fviZ mwPe (L) ivRcÖw Zwbwa (M) Dc‡`óv msL¨v (N) fviZxq cÖwZwbwa
BDwbU GK c„ôv 31
cvV-1.14 e½xq AvBbmfv, 1937
D‡Ïk¨
 cÖ_g e½xq AvBbmfv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 G AvBbmfvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz c`‡ÿc m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã AvBbmfv, gwš¿mfv, †Kvqvwjkb, K…l K, cÖRv, K…wlLvZK, FY mvwjkx †evW©,

PvKwi wb‡qvMwewa|
1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb cÖ‡`‡k ¯^vqZ¡kvmb cÖe Z©b K‡i| GQvov G AvB‡b †fvUvwaKvi I
AvBbmfvi m`m¨ msL¨v e„w× Kiv nq| Gi djkÖæwZ‡Z cÖ v‡`wkK ch©v‡qi wbe©vPb Ges miKvi MV‡bi
welqwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| Gmgq evsjvi ivRbxwZ‡Z gymwjg †bZ…‡ Z¡i DÌvb N‡U| weªwUk kvm‡bi †kl `k‡K
(1937-1947) evsjvq PviwU gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq| G¸‡jv dRjyj n‡Ki cÖ_g gwš¿mfv (1937-41), dRjyj n‡Ki
wØZxq gš¿xmfv (1941-43), bvwRgyÏxb gwš¿mfv (1943-45) I †mvnivIqv`x© gwš¿mfv (1946-47)|
cÖ_g e½xq AvBbmfv ev dRjyj n‡Ki cÖ_g gwš¿mfv
1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi Aax‡b 1937 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m fvi‡Zi cÖ v‡`wkK cwil` wbe©vPb AbywôZ
nq| G wbe©vP‡b evsjvq gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ eivÏK…Z 117wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ gymwjg jxM 40wU, dRjyj n‡Ki K…lK-
cÖRv cvwU© 35wU Ges ¯^ Zš¿ gymwjg cÖv_x©iv 42wU Avmb jvf K‡i| †Kv‡bv `‡ji wbi¼zk msL¨v MwiôZv bv _vKvq
†Kvqvwjkb miKvi MVb Awbevh© n‡q I‡V| mvaviY Avm‡bi wbe©vP‡b Ks‡MÖm 54wU Avmb cvq| wbe©vP‡b
msL¨vMwiôZv †c‡jI Ks‡MÖm miKvi MV‡b Am¤§wZ Rvbvq| GgZve¯’vq, K… lK-cÖRv cvwU©i †bZv dRjyj n‡Ki
e¨w³MZ MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I RbwcÖq Zv we‡ePbvq wb‡q dRjyj nK‡K miKvi MV‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq|
dRjyj nK cÖ_‡g Ks‡MÖ‡mi mv‡_ gwš¿mfv MV‡bi c‡ÿ wQ‡jb| wKš‘ bvbv Kvi‡Y †m D‡`¨vM mdj nqwb| Gici
wZwb gymwjg jxM‡K wb‡q 11 m`m¨ wewkó GKwU cÖRv-jxM †Kvqvwjkb gwš¿mfv MVb K‡ib| GB gwš¿mfvi
m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ 6 Rb gymjgvb I 5 Rb wn›`y wQ‡jb| G‡ì g‡a¨ 6 Rb Rwg`vi, 1 Rb cyuwRcwZ Ges 4 Rb
AvBbRxex I ivRbxwZwe` wQ‡jb|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc
cÖ_g e½xq AvBbmfv evsjvi K…lK I evOvwj wkwÿZ gymjgvb‡ì ¯^v‡_© A‡bK ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki| wb‡¤œ G
m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv njÑ
1. e½xq cÖR v¯^ Z¡ (ms‡kvab) AvBb, 1938
G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g Rwg n¯ÍvšÍi msµvšÍ wd, Rwgµ‡qi †ÿ‡Î Rwg`vi‡ì cÖvavb¨, mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ_vi gva¨‡g
LvRbv Av`vq Ges mvaviY Pvlx‡ì KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ A‰ea Av`vq cÖf…w Z evwZj Kiv nq| ZvQvov GB AvB‡b
e‡Kqv LvRbvi Dci avh©K…Z my‡ì nvi 12.5% †_‡K Kwg‡q 6.25% Kiv nq|
2. K…wl-LvZK AvBb, 1938
GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g mgMÖ cÖ‡`‡k AmsL¨ FY mvwjwk †evW© MVb Kiv nq|
3. gnvRwb AvBb, 1940
BDwbU GK c„ôv 32
e½xq gnvRwb AvB‡bi gva¨‡g mKj gnvR‡bi †UªW jvB‡mÝ _vKv eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq Ges my‡ì nvi w¯’i
K‡i †`qv nq|
4. e½xq PvKwi wb‡qvM wewa ev m¤úª`vq wfwËK eÈb wewa, 1939
GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g evsjvq wkwÿZ gymjgvbiv me‡P‡q †ekx DcK… Z nq| Gi gva¨‡g kZKiv 50 fvM PvKwi
gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ wbw`©ó K‡i ivLv nq Ges wb‡qvM bxwZ Z`viwKi Rb¨ GKRb Kg©KZ© v wbhy³ Kiv nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR e½xq AvBb mfvi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kø lY Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc
cÖ _g e½xq AvBbmfv‡K A‡bK cÖwZiƒj Ae¯’ vi ga¨w`‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡Z nq| mKj wbe©vPbx cÖwZkÖ æwZ c~i Y
Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI G AvBbmfv †ek wKQz ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© Kvh© µg MÖ nY K‡i| e‡Kqv LvRbvi Dci avh© K…Z Ki
n«vm, FYmvwjwk †evW© MVb, PvKwii wb‡qvM wewa D‡jø L‡hvM¨|
1| weªwUk kvmb Avg‡j evsjvq KqwU gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq?
(K) 2wU (L) 3 wU
(M) 4 wU (N) 5 wU
2| e½xq AvBb mfvi K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c`‡ÿc nj-
i. K…wl-LvZK AvBb, 1938
ii. gnvRbx AvBb, 1940
iii. e½xq PvKwi wb‡qvM wewa, 1939
BDwbU GK c„ôv 33
cvV-1.15 jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve, 1940
D‡Ïk¨
 jv‡nvi cÖ ¯Ív‡ei †cÖÿvcU m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |
 jv‡nvi cÖ ¯Ív‡ei g~j aviv¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã wØRvwZZË¡, mv¤úª`vwqK, GK`k© x bxwZ, cvwK¯Í vb cÖ¯Íve, evwl© K Awa‡ekb|
weªwUk fvi‡Z gymjgvb‡ì ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| G cÖ¯Íve
gymjgvb‡ì ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvavivq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b Av‡b| e¯‘ Z: jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve I †gvnv¤§` Avjx
wRbœvni wØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡i Dci wfwË K‡i gymwjg jxM cwiPvwjZ Av‡›`vj‡bi cwiYwZ‡Z fviZel© fvM nq|
†cÖÿvcU
1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb Abyh vqx cÖ‡`‡k ¯^vqËkvmb cÖ `vb Kiv nq| Gi djkÖæwZ‡Z 1937 mv‡j cÖ‡`‡k
mvaviY wbe©vPb Abyw ôZ nq| D³ cÖv‡`wkK wbe© vP‡b AwaKvsk cÖ‡ `‡k Ks‡MÖm Rqjvf K‡i| GgbwK gymwjg
msL¨vMwiô cÖ‡`‡kI Ks‡MÖm Rqjvf K‡i| gymwjg jx‡Mi civRq gymwjg †bZ…e„›`‡K kswKZ K‡i †Zv‡j| Ggb
GK ev¯Íe Zv‡Z, 1940 mv‡j gymwjg jx‡Mi mvaviY Awa‡ekb Avnevb Kiv nq| wØZxq wek¦hy×RwYZ ev¯ÍeZv,
fviZxq †bZ…e„‡ ›Ì mv‡_ civgk© QvovB fviZ miKv‡ii hy‡× †hvM`vb Ges 1937 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b gymwjg
msL¨vMwiô cÖ‡`k¸wj‡ZI gymwjg jx‡Mi civR‡qi KviY ch©v‡jvPbvB wQj Awa‡ek‡bi D‡Ïk¨| GB Awa‡ek‡b
gymwjg jx‡Mi †bZv †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn Ks‡MÖm I RvZxqZvev`x g‡bvfve m¤úbœ gymwjg †bZv‡Ì Zxeª
mgv‡jvPbvi Kvi‡Y wZwb ag©wfwËK RvwZi aviYv‡K mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡I, wn›`y-gymwjg‡Ì `ywU RvwZ wnmv‡e `vex
K‡ib| wRbœvni mv¤úª`vwqK wØRvwZ ZË¡ Ges gymwjg‡Ì Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ Avevmf~wgi `vex, GK ch©v‡q jv‡nv‡I AbywôZ
Dc‡iv³ Awa‡ek‡bi g~j myi n‡q I‡V| GB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z, 1940 mv‡ji 23 gvP© gymwjg jx‡Mi evwl©K Awa‡ek‡b
evsjvi gyL¨gš¿x G †K dRjyj nK GKwU cÖ¯Íve †ck K‡ib| wRbœvni mfvcwZ‡Z¡ cÖ ¯ÍvewU mfvq M„n xZ nq| GB
cÖ¯ÍveB HwZnvwmK jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve bv‡g cwiwPZ|
‰ewkó¨:
jv‡nvi cÖ ¯Ív‡ei g~j êwkô¨mg~n wb¤œiƒc:
1. †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx msjMœ ev mwbœwnZ ¯’vbmg~n‡K c„_ K AÂj wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. fviZe‡l©i DËi-cwðg I c~e©vÂ‡ji †hmKj ¯’v‡b gymjgvbiv msL¨vMwiô †mLv‡b ¯^vaxb ivóªmg~n MVb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
3. Gme ¯^vaxb ivóª MV‡b cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a fviZe‡l©i gymwjg msL¨vMwiô GjvKv¸‡jvi mxgvbv cyb:wba©viY Ki‡Z
n‡e|
4. Gme ¯^vaxb iv‡óªi A½ivR¨mg~n n‡e mve©‡fŠg I ¯^vqËkvwmZ|
5. fvi‡Zi I beMwVZ gymwjg iv‡óªi msL¨vjNy m¤úª`v‡qi AwaKvi I ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi Kvh© Ki eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e|
6. cieZx©‡ Z †`‡ki †h‡Kvb kvmbZvwš¿ K cwiKíbvq D³ welq¸‡jv‡K †gŠwjK bxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
djvdj I Zvrch© t
BDwbU GK c„ôv 34
jv‡nvi cÖ ¯Ív‡ei wfwË wQj wØRvwZ ZË¡| G cÖ¯Ív‡ei †Kv_vI cvwK¯Ívb kãwU wQj bv| Z_vwc G cÖ¯Íve ÔcvwK¯Ívb
cÖ¯ÍveÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| G cÖ¯Íve fviZxq gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ c„_K Avevmf~wgi ¯^cœ ecb K‡i| Ks‡MÖm
†bZ…e„›` jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei weiæ‡× Zxeª cÖw Zwµqv e¨³ K‡i|
jv‡nvi cÖ ¯Íve gymwjg jxM‡K GKwU mywbw`©ó Kg©m~wP I w`Kwb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i| fvi‡Zi gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ c‡ÿ
RbgZ ˆZwi n‡Z _v‡K| 1946 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi djvdj Gi cÖgvY|
1946 mv‡j wRbœvni †bZ…‡Z¡ w`wjø gymwjg †jwRm‡jUim Kb‡fbkb G gymjgvb‡ì GKvwaK ivóª cwiPvjbv‡K ev`
w`‡q GK cvwK¯Í vb ivóª MV‡bi cwiKíbv Kiv nq| GwU wQj 1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cÖ ¯Ív‡ei mv‡_ wek¦ vmNvZKZv|
Z_vwc, 1947 mv‡ji 14 AvM÷ fviZ wef³ n‡q `yÕwU ¯^ vaxb iv‡óª cwiYZ nq| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki gymwjg
msL¨vMwiô DËi-cwðg AÂj I c~e©vÂj wb‡q m„wó nq cvwK¯Í vb Ges evwK Ask wb‡q MwVZ nq fviZ|
wkÿv_©xi KvR jv‡nvi cÖ ¯Ív‡ei wfwË Kx wQj?
mvims‡ÿc
1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cÖ ¯Íve cvwK¯Í vb Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg g~ jwfwË wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ| G cÖ ¯Ív‡ei gva¨‡g
fvi‡Zi gy mjgvb‡ì Rb¨ GKvwaK ¯^ vaxb ivóª MV‡bi K_v ejv nq| cieZx© ‡Z wRbœvni wØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡i
wfwË‡Z gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ GKwU Z_v cvwK¯Í vb iv‡óªi m„ wó nq|
1| †k‡ievsjv G ‡K dRjyj nK KZ mv‡j HwZnvwmK jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib?
(K) 1905 mv‡j (L) 1935 mv‡j
(M) 1940 mv‡j (N) 1947 mv‡j
2| jv‡nvi cÖ ¯Ív‡e gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ KqwU iv‡óªi `vwe Kiv n‡qwQj?
(K) GKwU (L) `ywU
(M) GKvwaK (N) †KvbwU bq
3| wØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡i g~j K_v wK?
(K) wn›`y-gymwjg GKRvwZ (L) wn›`y-gymwjg `yB RvwZ
(M) me© fviZxq GK RvwZ (N) †KvbwU bq
BDwbU GK c„ôv 35
cvV-1.16 wµcm wgkb I gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbv
D‡Ïk¨
 wµcm wgkb I gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbvi cUf~wg eY© bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbvi g~j êwkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ivR‰bwZK msKU, Lmov cÖ¯Íve, hy³ivóª, mv¤úª`vwqK `v½v, Kv‡jv wèm
cUf~ wg
weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m wµcm wgkb Ges gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv| wµcm
wgkb hLb KvR ïiæ K‡i ZLb Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM ci¯úi we‡ivax Ae¯’v‡b wQj| wek¦ ivRbxwZ ZLb wØZxq
wek¦hy× Bmy¨‡Z wØavwef³| Ggb GK cwiw¯’w Z‡Z weªw Uk K¨vwe‡b‡Ui cÖfvekvjx gwš¿ m¨vi ÷¨v‡dvW© wµcm Gi
†bZ…Z¡vaxb GKwU cÖ wZwbwa`j fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK msKU mgvav‡bi Rb¨ 1942 mv‡ji 29 gvP© GKwU Lmov cÖ ¯Íve
†ck K‡i| ÷¨v‡dvW© wµcm Gi bvgvbymv‡i G wgk‡bi bvg nq wµcm wgkb|
wµcm wgkb Gi cÖ ¯Ívebvq fvi‡Z GKwU hy³ivóª cÖw Zôv Ges GKwU †Wvwgwbq‡bi gh© v`vi Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv nq|
ZvQvov, wØZxq wek¦hy× †k‡l msweavb cÖ Yq‡bi Rb¨ MYcwil` MVb, AšÍe Zx©Kvjxb miKvi MVb wel‡qI mycvwik
Kiv nq|
wKš‘ wµcm wgk‡bi cÖ¯Íve gymwjg jxM cÖ Z¨vL¨vb K‡i| d‡j G wgkb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c e¨_© nq|
cieZx©‡ Z wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i Aemv‡bi ci weªwUk miKvi Avev‡iv fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK I kvmbZvwš¿K mgm¨v mgav‡b
D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| ZvQvov, weª‡ U‡b kÖwgK `‡ji bZzb miKvi fviZxq‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi cÖw Z mnvbyf~wZkxj wQ‡jb|
djkÖæwZ‡Z 1946 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m weªw Uk gwš¿mfvq wZbRb cÖfvekvjx gwš¿ wb‡q MwVZ GKwU wgkb wmgjv‡Z
fviZxq †bZ…e„‡ ›ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvq e‡m| Giv n‡jb fviZmwPe jW© c¨vw_K j‡iÝ, evwYR¨‡ev‡W©i mfvcwZ m¨vi
÷¨v‡dvW© wµcm Ges ivRKxq †bŠ evwnbxi cÖ_g jW© G.wf. Av‡jKRvÛvi|
G wgkb 1946 mv‡ji 16 †g fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK I kvmbZvwš¿K msKU DËi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ GKwU mywbw`©ó cÖ¯Ívebv †ck
K‡i| G cÖ¯Ívebv gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
‰ewkó¨
gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbvi cÖ ¯Íve¸‡jv ¯^í‡gqvw` I `xN©‡gqv`x G `yÕ fv‡M wef³ wQj| wb‡¤œ gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbvi g~j
êwkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv njÑ
1. gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbvq fvi‡Zi wewfbœ cÖ‡`k I †`kxq ivR¨¸‡jvi mgš^‡q GKwU hy³ivóª MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq|
cÖwZiÿv, †hvMv‡hvM I ‰e‡`wkK m¤úK© G wZbwU welq †K›`ª xq miKv‡ii wbqš¿vaxb ivLv nq|
2. †K›`ª xq miKv‡ii AvIZvfz³ welq Qvov kvmb msµvšÍ Ab¨vb¨ mKj wel‡qi Dci cÖv‡`wkK I †`kxq ivR¨
miKv‡ii KZ©„Z¡ _vK‡e|
3. weªwUk fviZ I †`kxq iv‡Rï cÖw Zwbwa‡ì wb‡q hy³iv‡óªi †K›`ªxq AvBbmfv I kvmb wefvM MwVZ n‡e|
4. †K›`ª xq AvBbmfvq †Kv‡bv m¤úª`v‡qi †gŠwjK ¯^ v_© mswkøó †Kv‡bv wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡j H m¤úª`v‡qi
msL¨vMwiô m`‡mï mg_©b cÖ‡ qvRb n‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 36
5. weªwUk fvi‡Zi cÖ‡`kmg~n‡K wZbwU MÖ æ‡c wef³ Kiv n‡e| h_vÑ

ÔKÕ MÖæc- G MÖæ‡c _vK‡e wn›`y msL¨vMwiô QqwU cÖ‡`k h_v- gv`ªvR, †ev¤^vB, wenvi, Dwol¨v, ga¨ cÖ‡`k I hy³
cÖ‡`k|
ÔLÕ MÖæc- G MÖæ‡c _vK‡e DËi-cwðg fvi‡Zi gymjgvb msL¨vMwiô wZbwU cÖ‡`k h_v- wmÜz, cvÄvi I DËi-
cwðg mxgvšÍ cÖ‡`k|
ÔMÕ MÖæc- G MÖæ‡c _vK‡e c~e© fvi‡Zi gymjgvb msL¨vMwiô `yÕwU cÖ‡`k h_vÑ evsjv I Avmvg|
cÖwZwU MÖ æc ¯^vZš¿¨ jvf Ki‡e Ges †K›`ª xq miKv‡ii welqmg~n Qvov c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb AR©b Ki‡e|
6. cÖv‡`wkK ch©v‡q cÖ wZwU MÖæ‡ci Avjv`v kvmb wefvM I AvBb wefvM _vK‡e|
7. fviZxq hy³iv‡óªi kvmbZš¿ iPbvi Rb¨ cÖwZwU MÖ æ‡ci cÖwZwbwa‡ì mgš^‡q MYcwil` MwVZ nq|
8. †K›`ª xq miKvi I cÖv‡`wkK MÖæ‡ci kvmbZ‡š¿ Ggb kZ© _vK‡Z n‡e †hb `k eQi ci †h‡Kvb cÖ‡`k
msweav‡bi kZ© vejx cybwe©‡ ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. †h‡Kvb cÖ‡`‡k msweavb iwPZ nevi ci mswkøó MÖæc †_‡K †ei n‡q Avm‡Z cvi‡e|
10. G cwiKíbvq fvi‡Zi Rb¨ bZzb msweavb cÖYxZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ MfY©i †Rbv‡ij KZ©„K cÖavb cÖavb ivR‰bwZK
`‡ji cÖwZwbwa‡ì wb‡q GKwU AšÍe Zx© Kvjxb miKvi MVb Kiv n‡e|
11. cÖ¯ÍvweZ hy³ivóª MV‡bi ci †`kxq ivR¨mg~‡ni Dci †_‡K weª wUk mve©‡fŠg ÿgZvi Aemvb n‡e|
gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbvi cwiYwZ

gymjxg jxM gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbv‡K m¤ú~Y© fv‡e MÖnY Ki‡jI Ks‡MÖm wgk‡bi AšÍeZx© Kvjxb miKvi MVb I
eva¨Zvg~jK MÖæwcs eë¯’ v‡K †g‡b wb‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq| GgZve¯’ vq, weª wUk miKvi 1946 mv‡ji 26 Ryb
wb‡R‡ì g‡bvbxZ m`m¨‡ì wb‡q GKwU ZË¡veavqK miKvi MV‡bi †NvlYv †`q| G †NvlYvq gymwjg jxM gg©vnZ
nq Ges weªwUk miKvi‡K wek¦ vmNvZK wn‡m‡e wPw ýZ K‡i| cvwK¯Ívb m„wói j‡ÿ¨ 1946 mv‡ji 16 AvM÷ ÔcÖZ¨ÿ
msMÖv‡giÕ WvK †`q| BwZg‡a¨ Ks‡MÖm AšÍeZx© Kvjxb miKvi MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve †g‡b wb‡jI, gymwjg jxM ÔcÖZ¨ÿ
msMÖv‡giÕ Kg©m~wP‡Z Abo _v‡K| GgZve¯’ vq KjKvZvq 16 AvM÷ GK fqven mv¤úª`vwqK `v½v msNwUZ nq| Gi
g‡a¨ weªwUk miKvi 1946 mv‡ji 24 AvM÷ Ks‡MÖ‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡ kvmb cwil` MVb K‡i hvi cÖwZev`¯îƒc gymwjg
jxM 1 †m‡Þ¤î ÔKv‡jv wèmÕ cvjb K‡i| G mgq Dcgnv‡`‡ki wewfbœ RvqMvq mv¤úª `vwqK `v½v evo‡Z _v‡K|
GK mgq gymwjg jxM AšÍeZx© Kvjxb miKv‡i †hvM`v‡b m¤§wZ Rvbvq| wKš‘ Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jx‡Mi ci¯úi
we‡ivax Ae¯’vb w`b w`b evo‡ZB _v‡K| d‡j, AwP‡iB gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbv e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR gwš¿wkkb cwiKíbv e¨_© nj †Kb?
mvims‡ÿc
gwš¿ wgkb cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g weªwUk miKvi fviZel© ‡K GKwU wkw_j eÜbxi gva¨‡g hy ³ ivL‡Z
†P‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ G wgkb fvi‡Z wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤úª `v‡qi ci¯úi we‡ivax ¯^ v‡_©i mgš^ q Ki‡Z e¨_© nq|
djkÖ æwZ‡Z gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbv Kvh© Ki Kiv m¤¢e nq wb|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 37
1| wµcm wgkb e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq †Kb?
(K) Ks‡MÖm cÖ Z¨vL¨vb Kivq (L) gymwjg jxM MÖnY Kivq
(M) weªwUkiv cÖ Z¨vL¨vb Kivq (N) ivYxi Aby‡gv`b bv cvIqvq
2| gwš¿cwil` cwiKíbv †ck Kiv nq KZ mv‡j?
(K) 1944 mv‡j (L) 1946 mv‡j
(M) 1947 mv‡j (N) 1948 mv‡j
3| gwš¿wgk‡bi m`m¨ wQ‡jb
i. m¨vi ÷¨v‡dvW© wµcm
ii. jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub
iii. jW© c¨vw_K j‡iÝ
BDwbU GK c„ôv 38
cvV-1.17 fviZxq ¯^vaxbZv AvBb, 1947
D‡Ïk¨
 fviZxq ¯^ vaxbZv AvBb 1947 Gi g~j êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fviZxq ¯^ vaxbZv AvB‡bi djvdj I Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ÿgZv n¯Í všÍi, ¯^vaxbZv AvBb, †Wvwgwbqb MYcwil`, KgbI‡qj_, ¯^ vaxb ivóª|
cUf~ wg t
weªwUkiv Zv‡ì ÔfvM Ki kvmb KiÕ bxwZi gva¨‡g fviZe‡l© Zv‡ì kvmb cÖjw¤^Z Ki‡jI, †kl ch©šÍ
Zviv HKë× fvi‡Zi c‡ÿ wQj hvi cÖgvY wQj gš¿x wgkb cwiKíbv| wKš‘ Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jx‡Mi ci¯úi
we‡ivax Ae¯’vb G cwiKíbv‡K AKvh© Ki K‡i †`q| †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b mv¤úª`vwqK `v½v evo‡Z _v‡K| D™¢Z ‚
ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’w Z I kvmbZvwš¿K mgm¨vi mgvavbK‡í weªwUk miKvi ¯’vqxfv‡e fviZxq‡ì nv‡Z ÿgZv †Q‡o
†èvi †NvlYv †`q| weªwUk fvi‡Zi me©‡kl Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡U‡bi †bZ…‡ Z¡ 1947 mv‡ji 3 Ryb GKwU
cwiKíbv †NvwlZ nq| G cwiKíbvi Av‡jv‡K 1947 mv‡ji 18 RyjvB fviZxq ¯^ vaxbZv AvBb cvm nq| GB
AvBb Abyh vqx fviZe‡l© cÖvq 190 eQ‡ii weªwUk kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
êwkó¨ t
fviZxq ¯^ vaxbZv AvBb 1947 Gi g~j êwkó¨¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc :
1. G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g fviZxq Dcgnv‡`k wef³ n‡q `yÕwU ¯^ vaxb ivóª fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi m„wó nq| Dfq ivóª
†Wvwgwbq‡bi gh© v`v jvf K‡i|
2. G AvB‡b e„nr `yÕwU cÖ‡`k evsjv I cvÄve‡K wn›`y I gymjgvb msL¨vMwiô AÂ‡j wef³ K‡i fviZ I cvwK¯Í vb
iv‡óªi m‡½ hy³ Kivi eë¯’v Kiv nq|
3. G AvBb Abyhvqx fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb wbR wbR MYcwil` MVb Ki‡e Ges Zv‡ì Kv‡Q msweavb iPbvi ÿgZv
†`qv nq| Av‡iv wm×všÍ †bqv nq †h, msweavb iPbvq c~e© ch©šÍ GB `yB cwil` wbR wbR †`‡ki mve©‡fŠg
†K›`ª xq AvBb cwil` iƒ‡c KvR Ki‡e|
4. G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb weªwUk KgbI‡qj_fz³ _vK‡e wKbv †m wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi c~Y© AwaKvi
†`qv nq|
5. 1947 mv‡ji fviZxq ¯^vaxbZv AvBb fviZ mwPe c` wejyß K‡i|
6. G AvB‡bi gva¨‡g †`kxq ivR¨¸‡jvi nv‡Z wbR Ae¯’ vb m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ †bqvi c~Y© AwaKvi †`qv nq|
7. G AvB‡b fviZ mwPe KZ©„K wbhy³ Kg©PvixMY‡K fviZ I cvwK¯Í v‡bi Aax‡b PvKzwi Kivi e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi AwaKvi †`qv nq|
8. fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi MYcwil` KZ©„K wbR wbR †`‡ki msweavb iwPZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ wb¤œwjwLZ ms‡kvab I
cwieZ©b mv‡c‡ÿ 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb Abyh vqx †K›`ª xq I cÖv‡`wkK miKvi cwiPvwjZ n‡e|
(K) gwš¿cwil‡ì civgk© Aby hvqx Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I cÖv‡`wkK Mfb©i Zv‡ì mKj cÖKvi KvR cwiPvjbv
Ki‡eb|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 39
(L) ¯^ ¯^ †Wvwgwbq‡bi gwš¿ cwil‡ì civgk©µ‡g weªwUk ivR Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wb‡qvM Ki‡eb|
(M) gwš¿cwil‡ì civgk© Abyh vqx Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij cÖ v‡`wkK Mfb©i wbhy³ Ki‡eb|
djvdj I Zvrch© :
1947 mv‡ji fviZxq ¯^vaxbZv AvBb weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK I kvmbZvwš¿K mgm¨v mgvav‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges
me©‡kl c`‡ÿc| Gi gva¨‡gB fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ nq| c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î ÔfviZÕ I ÔcvwK¯Í vbÕ bvgK `yÕwU
iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq| Aemvb nq fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k my`xN© weªwUk kvm‡bi| hwÌ gnvZ¥v MvÜx Awef³ fvi‡Zi Rb¨
†Póv K‡iwQ‡jb, wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ Zuvi `‡ji wKQz m`‡mï Abgbxq g‡bvfv‡ei Kvi‡Y wZwb c~‡e©i Ae¯’vb n‡Z m‡i
Av‡mb| G AvB‡b g~j jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve‡K Gwo‡q hvIqv n‡q‡Q| djkÖæwZ‡Z fviZ wefw³ G AÂ‡j ¯’vqx mgvavb
w`‡Z cv‡iwb| cieZx© Kv‡j cybivq cvwK¯Ív‡bi wefw³ N‡U Ges Afz¨`q nq ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki|
wkÿv_©xi KvR 1947 mv‡ji fviZxq ¯^vaxbZv AvB‡bi ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb|
mvims‡ÿc
1947 mv‡ji fviZ ¯^ vaxbZv AvB‡bi gva¨‡g fviZe‡l© `xN© 190 eQ‡ii weªwUk kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U Ges
m„wó nq `yÕ wU bZzb ¯^vaxb ivóª - fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb| wØZxq wek¦hy× cieZ©x ev¯Í eZv‡Z fviZe‡l© I fwel¨r
wb‡q weªwUkiv wfbœ fv‡e wPšÍ v Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| ZvQvov fviZe‡l© ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZI A‡bKUv weªwUk‡ì
wbqš¿ ‡Yi evB‡i P‡j hvw”Qj| GgZve¯’v‡Z fviZxq KZ…© c‡ÿi wbKU ÿgZv n¯Í všÍ ‡ii Dcvq wn‡m‡e jW©
gvD›Ue¨vUb 1947 mv‡ji fviZ ¯^vaxbZv AvBb †NvlYv K‡ib|
1| †Kvb cwiKíbvq ev¯Íeiƒc fviZ ¯^vaxbZv AvBb?
(K) gwš¿cwil` cwiKíbv (L) 3 Ryb cwiKíbv
(M) fviZ cwiKíbv (N) wµcm cwiKíbv
2| fvi‡Zi me©‡kl Bs‡iR Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †K?
(K) jW© wg‡›Uv (L) jW© KvR©b
(M) jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub (N) jW© wjUb
3| fviZxq ¯^ vaxbZv AvB‡bi djvdj-
i. Bs‡iR kvm‡bi Aemvb
ii. gymwjg kvm‡bi cybR© vMiY
iii. fviZ wefw³
BDwbU GK c„ôv 40
cvV-1.18 ¯^vaxb ALÐ evsjv cÖwZôvi D‡`¨vM
D‡Ïk¨
 ALÐ evsjv cÖ wZôvi D‡`¨v‡Mi cUf~wg eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ALÐ evsjv cÖ wZôvi D‡`¨v‡Mi e¨_©Zvi KviY Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ALÐ evsjv, wn›`y gnvmfv, fviZxq BDwbqb, dg~©jv, mv¤úª`vwqK `v½v, me©fviZxq|
1947 mv‡j wØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡i wfwË‡Z fviZel© wefw³i cÖ v°v‡j Awef³ evsjvq me©‡kl gyL¨gš¿x †nv‡mb
knx` †mvnivIqv`x©| †bZvRx myfvl P›`ª emyi eo fvB kirP›`ª emy Ges e½xq cÖv‡`wkK gymwjg jxM I
Ks‡MÖ‡mi K‡qKRb †bZv Ô¯^vaxb ALÐ evsjv ivóªÕ MV‡bi D‡`¨vM †bb| | G cÖ‡Póv mdj n‡j 1947 mv‡jB evsjv
fviZe‡l© Z…Zxq ¯^vaxb ivóª wn‡m‡e Avwef©~ Z nZ|
cUf~ wg
gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbv e¨_© nevi ci fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK A½‡b cÖej Aw¯’iZv I ˆbivR¨ †`Lv †`q| Aciw`‡K,
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×vËi cwiw¯’w Z‡Z, we‡k¦i wewfbœ RvqMvq Dcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi Aemvb AeavwiZ n‡q c‡o| Ggb
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z, 1947 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x jW© GUwj 1948 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi g‡a¨ fviZxq‡ì
nv‡Z ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii †NvlYv †`b| G †NvlYvq fviZ wefw³ I cvwK¯Í vb cÖwZôvi cÖ”Qbœ Bw½Z wQj| GgZve¯’vq,
wn›`y mv¤úª`vwqK msMVb, wn›`y gnvmfv evsjv‡K wef³ K‡i wn›`y cÖa vb AÂj w`‡q cwðg evsjv cÖ‡`k MVb Ges
G‡K fviZxq BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ hy³ Kivi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i| Ks‡MÖmI G Av‡›`vjb‡K mg_©b K‡i| GQvov GB
mgq fvi‡Zi DËi-cwðg I DËi-c~e© gymwjg msL¨vMwiô AÂ‡j wRbœvni cvwK¯Í vb cÖ wZôvi Av‡›`vjbI Zz‡½|
Ggb GK cwiw¯’w Z‡Z †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©, kirP›`ª emy cÖgyL ALÐ evsjv ivóª cÖwZôvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib|
1947 mv‡ji 27 GwcÖj w`jøx‡Z AbywôZ GK msev` m‡¤§j‡b †mvnivIqv`x© AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ¯^vaxb ALÐ evsjv ivóª
cÖwZôvi D‡`¨v‡Mi K_v †NvlYv K‡ib| wZwb Zu vi `xN© e³…Zvq Awef³ evsjvq †hŠw³KZv Zz‡j a‡ib| cÖv‡`wkK
gymwjg jx‡Mi mfvcwZ Aveyj nvwkg, kirP›`ª emy Ges e½xq cÖv‡`wkK Ks‡MÖ‡mi msm`xq `‡ji †bZv wKiY ksKi
ivq G D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖwZ Zv‡ì mg_©b cÖ Kvk K‡ib| AZtci 1947 mv‡ji 20 †g kir emyi KjKvZv¯’ evwo‡Z
Awef³ ¯^vaxb evsjvi mg_©K Dfq m¤úª `v‡qi evOvwj †bZ…e„‡›ì g‡a¨ GKwU Pz w³ m¤úvw`Z nq| G Pzw³i
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨mg~n wQj wb¤œiƒcÑ
1. evsjv GKwU ¯^vaxb ivóª n‡e| fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki mv‡_ wK m¤úK© n‡e evsjv Zv wb‡R wba©viY Ki‡e|
2. ¯^vaxb evsjvq kvmbZ‡š¿ wn›`y I gymjgvb‡ì msL¨v Abycv‡Z Avmb msiÿYmn hy³ wbe©vPb Ges cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì
†fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z AvBbmfv wbe©vP‡bi eë¯’v _vK‡e|
3. weªwUk miKvi †NvlYv Ki‡e †h, ¯^ vaxb evsjvi cÖ ¯Íve M„n xZ n‡q‡Q Ges evsjv wef³ n‡e bv|
4. bZzb kvmbZš¿ Abyh vqx AvBbmfv I gwš¿mfv MwVZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤úª`v‡qi mvgwiK
evwnbx I cywjkmn Ab¨vb¨ PvKwi‡Z mgvb Ask _vK‡e|
5. evsjvi AvBbmfv 30 m`m¨ wewkó GKwU msweavb cwil` wbe©vwPZ Ki‡e †hLv‡b 16 Rb gymjgvb I 14 Rb
wn›`y m`m¨ _vK‡eb|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 41
e¨_©Zvi KviY
¯^vaxb ALÐ evsjv cÖw Zôvi D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖw Z evsjvi MfY©i m¨vi †d«WwiL ev‡ivm c~ Y© mg_©b Ávcb K‡ib| GKUv
mgq ch©šÍ G D‡`¨v‡Mi e¨vcv‡i †K›`ª xq gymwjg jxM †bZv wRbœ vni mg_©b wQj| Ks‡MÖ‡mi nvB Kgv‡Ði g‡a¨ MvÜx
cÖ_g w`‡K G D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖw Z Drmvn cÖ `k©b K‡ib| Z‡e RInijvj †b‡niæ I ejøf fvB c¨v‡Uj cÖ_g †_‡KB G
D‡`¨v‡Mi e¨vcv‡i †f‡Uv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z _v‡K| Kvh© Z ¯^vaxb evsjv iv‡óªi fvM¨ evsjvi evB‡i me©fviZxq ch©v‡q
wba©vwiZ nq|
ZvQvov fviZ wefw³i c~‡e©i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GK `kK (1937-47) mgqKv‡j evsjvq ivR‰bwZK A½‡b gymjgvb
†bZ…e„›` gyL¨ fywgKvq P‡j Av‡m| ‡Kvb †Kvb we‡køl‡Ki g‡Z, G welqwU evsjvi wn›`y †bZ…e„‡ ›ì g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi
ivR‰bwZK nZvk I wew”QbœZv‡ev‡ai Rb¥ †`q| G †_‡K wn›`y m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ evsjv wefw³i gvbwmKZv †`Lv †`q|
ZvQvov, 1946 mv‡j KjKvZv `v½vi ci wn›`y gymjgvb HKë× Ae¯’vb cÖ vq `yiƒn n‡q c‡o| ïayg vÎ Ks‡MÖm bq
evsjvq gymwjg jx‡Mi GKwU Ask I ALÐ evsjvq we‡ivwaZv K‡i|
wkÿv_©xi KvR ¯^vaxb ALÐ evsjv cÖ wZôvi D‡`¨vM †Kb e¨_© nq?
mvims‡ÿc
fviZel© wefw³i cÖv°v‡j †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©, kirP›`ª emy cÖ gyL ALÐ ¯^ vaxb evsjv ivóª cÖ wZôvi
D‡`¨vM †bb| g~ jZ Ks‡MÖ‡mi nvB KgvÐ I gy mwjg jx‡Mi †Muvov †bZv‡ì we‡ivaxZvq G D‡`¨vM e¨_© nq|
1| ¯^vaxb ALÐ evsjv cÖ wZôvi D‡Ø‡Mi mv‡_ †Kvb e¨w³ RwoZ?
(K) †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x© (L) †k‡ievsjv G‡K dRjyj nK
(M) e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb (N) Aveyj gbmyi Avn‡g`
2| cjøe m¨vi †kªwYK‡ÿ Ggb GKRb †bZvi K_v ej‡jb, whwb ¯^vaxb ALÐ evsjv cÖwZôvi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib|
wZwb Kvi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb?
(K) kir emy (L) myfvl P›`ª emy
(M) wKiY k¼I ivq (N) ejøf fvB c¨v‡Uj
BDwbU GK c„ôv 42
cvV-1.19 weªwUk kvm‡bi djvdj

D‡Ïk¨
 evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK eë¯’ vi Dci weª wUk kvm‡bi cÖ fve Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weªwUk kvm‡bi d‡j ivR‰bwZK eë¯’ vi cwieZ© bmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Avg~j cwieZ©b, wegvZvm~jf, wb:¯^, cyuwRcwZ †kÖwY, ga¨weË †kÖwY, ivRbxwZ m‡PZb,
gyL¨ kã
msm`xq kvmb eë¯’v, mgvR KvVv‡gv, bZzb A_©bxwZ, wkwÿZ ga¨weË
fviZe‡l© cÖ vq `yÕk eQ‡ii weªwUk kvmb wQj LyeB NUbveûj I Zvrch©c~Y©| G kvm‡bi AwfNv‡Z evsjv
Z_v fviZe‡l©i wPivqZ cÖvq ¯^wbf©i I ¯^wbqwš¿Z MÖvgxY mgvR eë¯’v `ªæZ †f‡½ c‡owQj| ivR‰bwZK
A½‡bI G‡mwQj Avg~j cwieZ©b| wb‡¤œ evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK eë¯’vi Dci weªw Uk kvm‡bi djvdj
Av‡jvPbv Kiv njÑ
mvgvwRK eë¯’ v
weªwUk kvmbvg‡j evsjvq mgvR KvVv‡gv‡Z e¨vcK cwieZ©b Av‡m| Dcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi cwibwZ‡Z evsjv Z_v
fviZe‡l©i bvMwiKiv wbR †`‡k wØZxq †kÖw Yi bvMwi‡K cwiYZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î gymjgvb‡ì Ae¯’v †ewk †kvPbxq n‡q
c‡o e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i Bs‡iwR wkÿv MÖnY Kiv †_‡K weiZ †_‡K gymjgvbiv mgv‡Ri cÖw ZwU
†ÿ‡Î wcwQ‡q c‡o|
Bs‡iwR wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii d‡j wewfbœ agx©q I ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ ÎcvZ nq| mZx`vn cÖ_ v wejy ß, weaev weevn
Pvjy, evj¨ weevn †iva, AvjxMo Av‡›`vjb BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cwieZ©b Av‡m eY© cÖ_ vi wfwË‡Z M‡o DVv mvgvwRK
¯Íi web¨v‡m| cvðvZ¨ wkÿvq wkwÿZ PvKzwiRxex ga¨weË †kÖYxi D™¢e N‡U| Bs‡iwR wkÿv, cyuwRev‡ì cÖmvi I bZzb
ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi Kvi‡Y evsjvi mvgvwRK Ae¯’vq e¨vcK cwieZ©b Av‡m| A‡bK `vex K‡i `vex K‡ib †h,
weªwUkivB Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb cÖjw¤^ Z Kivi Rb¨ mv¤úª`vwqKZvi wele„ÿ ecb K‡i| G we‡f` bxwZi Kvi‡Y wn›`y I
gymjgvb m¤úª`vq gy‡Lvgyw L Ae¯’v‡b P‡j hvq| weªw Uk‡ì †ivwcZ mv¤úª`vwqKZvi exR cieZx©‡ Z wekvj gnxiƒ‡n
cwiYZ nq hvi dj¯îƒc ïay evsjv cÖ‡`‡ki wefw³ nqwb, wef³ n‡q‡Q fviZxq Dcgnv‡`kI|
A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v
weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmKMY wb‡R‡ì kvmb I †kvl‡Yi AbyK~‡j GK bZzb A_©‰bwZK eë¯’ vi D™¢e K‡ib| G
eë¯’vi g~j jÿ¨ wQj m¤ú` jyÉb I ivR¯^ msMÖn| weªwUk cÖewZ©Z f~wg e‡›`ve¯Í cÖ_v, wPi¯’vqx eë¯’v, f~wgi
gvwjKvbv ¯^ Z¡ cÖ `vb, Ki Av‡ivc I Av`v‡qi bZz b-bZzb ixwZ-bxwZ evsjvi A_©b xwZ‡Z e¨vcK cwieZ©b Av‡b|
weªwUk cÖewZ©Z wPi¯’ vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖ_v bZzb Rwg`vi I ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMx †kÖwYi Rb¥ †`q| weªwUk kvmK‡ì cvkvcvwk
`yÕ‡kÖwYi †kvlY I wbcxob evsjvi K…l K I K…wl eë¯’v‡K aŸsm K‡i †`q| †Rvic~e© K PvjyK…Z bxj Pvl GKw`‡K
†hgb Rwgi Drcv`b n«vm K‡i, †Zgwb K…lK‡ì‡K †¯^vcvwR© Z A_©b xwZ †_‡K DrLvZ K‡i|
Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjvi ¯’vbxq wkí-KviLvbv, Kyw Ui wkí, ZuvZ wkí aŸs‡mi m¤§yLxb nq| weªwUk
kvmKiv evsjv‡K wk‡íi KuvPvgv‡ji †hvMvb`vZv wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i| Avevi evsjvi Ku vPvgvj †_‡K ˆZix wRwb‡mi
evRvi wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i GB fviZel©‡KB| weªwUk cÖewZ©Z A_©b xwZ‡Z evsjvq cyuwRev‡ì weKvk N‡U, Avi GB
cyuwRcwZ †kÖw YB evsjvi eëmv-evwYR¨mn A_©b xwZ‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|
BDwbU GK c„ôv 43
ivR‰bwZK eë¯’v
weªwUk kvm‡bi d‡j fviZe‡l© mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ, Rxeb-eë¯’v, A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v cÖf…wZ RvqMvq e¨vcK cwieZ©b
Av‡m, hvi †Quvqv jv‡M ivR‰bwZK A½‡bI| Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi me‡P‡q BwZevPK w`K nj, eyw×e„wËK PP©vi
Af~Zc~e© cÖmvi| cvðvZ¨ wkÿvq wkwÿZ ga¨weË †kÖwY GK ch©vq G‡m MYZš¿, ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi, ¯^vwaKvi,
RvZxqZvev` G mg¯Í Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Gi d‡j cÖ_‡g `vwe I‡V ivóª cwiPvjbvq Askx`vwi‡Z¡i,
cwiewZ©‡Z Zv weªw Uk kvmb DrLvZ K‡i ¯^kvm‡bi `vwe‡Z cwiYZ nq|
weªwUk‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvi 1885 mv‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k Rb¥ jvf K‡i cÖ_g ivR‰bwZK `j ÔfviZxq RvZxq
Ks‡MÖmÕ| cieZx©‡ Z 1906 mv‡j Rb¥ jvf K‡i Ôme©fviZxq gymwjg jxMÕ| G `yÕwU ivR‰bwZK `j fviZxq
Dcgnv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv m„wó K‡i fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖ vg‡K ev¯ÍweK iƒc †`q|
weªwUk kvm‡bi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡”Q 1861 mvj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i M„wnZ wewfbœ kvmbZvwš¿K ms¯‹vi| hvi
gva¨‡g fviZe‡l© cvðvZ¨ avivi msm`xq kvmbeë¯’vi hvÎv ïiæ nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR weªwUk kvm‡bi `xN©‡gqv`x djvdj we‡kølY Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc
weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb evsjvi mgvR, A_©b xwZ I ivR‰bwZK A½‡b e¨vcK cwieZ©b Av‡b| Dcwb‡ewkK kvmb
evsjvq mv¤úª `vwqKZvi exR †ivcb K‡iwQj| Avevi GB kvm‡bi g‡a¨B cvðvZ¨ wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii d‡j D™¢e N‡U
ga¨weË †kÖwYi| GB ga¨weË †kÖwY fvi‡Zi ¯^ vaxbZv msMÖv‡g †bZ… Z¡ †`q|
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 1 I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb‡K fvM K‡i XvKv `wÿY I XvKv DËi bv‡g `yw U c„_K wmwU K‡c© v‡ikb iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq|
eZ©gv‡b K‡c© v‡ikb `yw U‡Z `yRb wbe©vwPZ †gq‡ii †bZ…‡ Z¡ c„_K cwil` cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|
1| DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvi mv‡_ weªw Uk fvi‡Zi †Kvb NUbvi `~ieZ©x wgj Av‡Q?
(K) e½f½ (L) fviZ wefw³
(M) ¯^‡`wk Av‡›`vjb (N) wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb
2| DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvi mv‡_ wg‡j hvIqv weªw Uk fvi‡Zi HwZnvwm NUbvi d‡j
i. RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb evavMÖ¯Í nq
ii. mv¤cÖ `vwqKZvi m„wó nq
iii. kvmK‡ì cÖw Z gvby‡ li Av¯’v ev‡o
(K) i (L) i I ii
BDwbU GK c„ôv 44
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK
1| GKwU †`‡ki me© `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’ Z ÔKÕ BDwbqbwU AvqZ‡b A‡bK eo Ges RbmsL¨vI wecyj| GKRb
†Pqvig¨v‡bi c‡ÿ GZeo BDwbqb wbqš¿Y Kiv KwVb| BDwbq‡bi GK wekvj Rb‡Mvôx c„_ K BDwbqb MV‡bi `vwe
Rvbvq| KZ©„cÿ Zv‡Z mvov w`‡q cÖkvmwbK, A_©‰bwZK I wewfbœ KviY †`wL‡q BDwbqbwU‡K wef³ K‡i `ywU
BDwbqb MV‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i|
(K) cjvkxi hy× KLb msNwUZ nq?
(L) wmcvnx we‡`ª v‡ni cÖZ¨ÿ KviYwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ NUbvi mv‡_ HwZnvwmK †Kvb wel‡qi wgj i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cvV¨ eB‡qi HwZnvwmK NUbvwUi djvdj g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
2| Ebwesk kZvãxi †klw`‡K fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ivR‰bwZK `j fviZxq Ks‡MÖm cÖ wZwôZ nq| G `jwU weªwUk
miKv‡ii Kv‡Q G AÂ‡ji gvby‡li `vwe Zz‡j ai‡Z m‡Pó wQj| GZ`m‡Ë¡I gymjgvb‡ì ¯^Zš¿ †Kvb †Kvb
ivR‰bwZK `j bv _vKvq Zviv cðvrc` Ae¯’ v‡b wQj| djkÖæwZ‡Z gymwjg ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ 1906 mv‡j
Dcgnv‡`‡ki wØZxq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Rb¥ nq|
(K) e½f½ KLb msNwUZ nq?
(L) wØRvwZ ZË¡ Kx?
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖ_g ivR‰bwZK `jwUi cÖw Zôvi ¸iæZ¡ eY©b v Kiæb|
(N) ÔDÏxc‡Ki wØZxq ivR‰bwZK `jwU gymwjg RvZxqZvev`‡K weKwkZ K‡iÑ g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
DËigvjv :
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.1 t 1| K 2| M 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.2 t 1| K 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.3 t 1| K 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.4 t 1| M 2| N 3| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.5 t 1| K 2| N 3| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.6 t 1| L 2| K 3| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.7 t 1| L 2| L 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.8 t 1| L 2| N 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.9 t 1| L 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.10 t 1| L 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.12 t 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.13 t 1| M 2| K 3| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.14 t 1| M 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.15 t 1| M 2| M 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.16 t 1| K 2| L 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.17 t 1| L 2| M 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.18 t 1| K 2| N
BDwbU GK c„ôv 45

Unit 01

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Unit 01

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BDwbU

weªwUk fvi‡Zi kvmbZvwš¿K aviv

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

cvV-1.1 cjvkxi hy× I †Kv¤úvwb kvmb

fviZe‡l© weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i AvMgb

wkÿv_©xi KvR cjvkx hy‡×i my`~i cÖmvix djvdj we‡kølY Kiæb|

cvV-1.2 mk¯ª cÖwZ‡iva

weªwUk we‡ivax mk¯ª cÖwZ‡iva t

wkÿv_©xi KvR wZZzgx‡ii mk¯¿ cÖw Z‡iv‡ai g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

cvV-1.3 wmcvnx we‡`ªvn, 1857

gyL¨ kã ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg, †kvlY-eÂbv, Am¤§vb, jyÉbhÁ, Kvjvcvwb, ¯^Z¡-we‡jvc,

cvV-1.4 fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb, 1861 I 1892

1861 mv‡ji fviZxq KvDwÝj AvBb t

cvV-1.5 fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm, 1885

gyL¨ kã c„ô‡cvlKZv, b¨vkbvj Kbdv‡iÝ cÖw Zwbwa, †bZ… Z¡ AvbyMZ¨, ¯^ KxqZv|

cvV-1.6 e½f½, 1905 I e½f½ i`, 1911

kvmb e¨e¯’v, evOvwj RvZxqZvev`, mv¤úª `vwqK, A_©‰bwZK, †K›`ª¯’j,

wkÿv_©xi KvR e½f½ Kx mv¤úª `vwqKZv e„w × K‡iwQj?

cvV-1.7 gymwjg jxM, 1906

wkÿv_©xi KvR gymwjg jxM cÖw Zôvi KviY Kx?

cvV-1.8 gwj©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvBb, 1909

gyL¨ kã m`m¨ e„w×, c„_K wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v, ¯^ivR, ivR‰bwZK †PZbv|

cvV-1.9 j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³, 1916

wkÿv_©xi KvR mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ iÿvq j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³i ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb|

(K) wn›`y ag© (L) gymwjg ¯^v_©

cvV-1.10 g‡›U¸-†Pgm‡dvW© ms¯‹vi AvBb, 1919

gyL¨ kã ms¯‹vi, e¨e¯’vcK mfv, msiwÿZ, n¯Í všÍwiZ, nvBKwgkbvi|

cvV-1.11 wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb

gyL¨ kã ZzwK© mv¤ªvR¨, LwjKv, RvwjqvbIqvjvevM, wLjvdZ m‡¤§jb, cÂv‡qZ|

wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi cwiYwZ

wkÿv_©xi KvR Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb nVvr K‡i cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nj †Kb?

ii. gvIjvbv Avãyj Kvjvg AvRv`

cvV-1.12 †e½j c¨v±, 1923

gyL¨ kã mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ, msL¨vMwiô, msL¨vbycvZ, ag© xq Abyf‚w Z, BwZevPK,

wkÿv_©xi KvR †e½j c¨v± `xN©¯’vqx nqwb †Kb?

cvV-1.13 fviZ kvmb AvBb, 1935

wkÿv_©xi KvR fviZ kvmb AvBb 1935 Gi ZwU ˆewkó¨ wjLyb|

cvV-1.14 e½xq AvBbmfv, 1937

gyL¨ kã AvBbmfv, gwš¿mfv, †Kvqvwjkb, K…l K, cÖRv, K…wlLvZK, FY mvwjkx †evW©,

wkÿv_©xi KvR e½xq AvBb mfvi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kø lY Kiæb|

cvV-1.15 jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve, 1940

gyL¨ kã wØRvwZZË¡, mv¤úª`vwqK, GK`k© x bxwZ, cvwK¯Í vb cÖ¯Íve, evwl© K Awa‡ekb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR jv‡nvi cÖ ¯Ív‡ei wfwË Kx wQj?

cvV-1.16 wµcm wgkb I gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbv

5. weªwUk fvi‡Zi cÖ‡`kmg~n‡K wZbwU MÖ æ‡c wef³ Kiv n‡e| h_vÑ

gwš¿wgkb cwiKíbvi cwiYwZ

wkÿv_©xi KvR gwš¿wkkb cwiKíbv e¨_© nj †Kb?

cvV-1.17 fviZxq ¯^vaxbZv AvBb, 1947

wkÿv_©xi KvR 1947 mv‡ji fviZxq ¯^vaxbZv AvB‡bi ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb|

cvV-1.18 ¯^vaxb ALÐ evsjv cÖwZôvi D‡`¨vM

cvV-1.19 weªwUk kvm‡bi djvdj

wkÿv_©xi KvR weªwUk kvm‡bi `xN©‡gqv`x djvdj we‡kølY Kiæb|

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