Kwezv: Cvv-1. E FVLV Cvv-2. Ejvkv Cvv-3. Evzvqb CV K Evk-Ziæi Mvwi Cvv-4. Ebjzv MB Cvv-5. Agi GKZ K

2
KweZv
mvwnZ¨ RM‡Zi cÖavb wkíiƒc n‡”Q KweZv| gvbyl Zvi †PZbvi D‡b¥lKvj †_‡KB Kíbvkw³ I fvlvi mvnv‡h¨
KweZv iPbvi ¶gZv AR©b K‡iwQj| evsjv fvlvi Avw` wb`k©b Phv©c` KweZvq iwPZ| Kv‡ji avivq evsjv
KweZv weKwkZ n‡q‡Q gvbegb, mgvRRxeb I cÖK…wZi iƒcim Aej¤^b K‡i; cÖvPxb I ga¨hyM AwZµg K‡i
eZ©gvb mgq ch©šÍ Gi wewPÎ aviv cÖmvwiZ| Dwbk kZ‡K Jcwb‡ewkK Rxeb-cÖwZ‡e‡k m~wPZ nq cvðvZ¨
mvwnZ¨v`‡k©i Aby‡cÖiYv-F× GKwU AvaywbK aviv, Z‡e ¯^‡`‡ki Rxeb I wbmM©B wQj GB KweZvi fve I
iƒc‰ewP‡Îï g~j Dcv`vb|
BDwbU-2 G Avcwb KweZvi GB AvaywbK avivi µgweewZ©Z iƒ‡ci m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡eb, welqe¯‘ I Kve¨‰kjxi
êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb| GLv‡b evsjv KweZvi cvuPRb cÖavb Kwei cuvPwU wewkó KweZv wbe©vPb Kiv
n‡q‡Q, hv Dwbk I wek kZ‡Ki aviv-wb‡`©kK| wb‡b¥v³ web¨vmµ‡g KweZvmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
 cvV-1. e½fvlv
 cvV-2. ejvKv
 cvV-3. evZvqb cv‡k ¸evK-Ziæi mvwi
 cvV-4. ebjZv †mb
 cvV-5. Agi GKz‡k
Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV-1
e½fvlv
gvB‡Kj gaym`~ b `Ë
(1824-1873)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
 KweZvwUi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 KweZvq AjsKvi, Q›` I fvlv wKfv‡e eëüZ nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 KweZvwUi Kve¨g~j¨ KZUzKz, Zv we‡klY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
gvB‡Kj gaym`~ b `Ë [1824-1873] evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbK avivi cÖeZ©K| AmvaviY †gav, myMfxi cvwÛZ¨ I
cÖwZfv wb‡q wZwb KweZvi ga¨hyMxq cÖ_ve× iƒcixwZ †f‡O AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡ib| evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡ZÏ
i‡q‡Q Zuvi Uª¨vwRwW I cÖnmb iPbvi Amvgvb¨ K…wZZ¡| wZwb h‡kvni †Rjvi K‡cvZv¶ b‡ì Zx‡ii mvMi`vuwo
MÖv‡g 1824 wLªóv‡ã 28 Rvbyqvwi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZv ivRbvivqY `Ë I gvZv Rvýex †èx| ivRbvivqY `Ë
wQ‡jb mdj DwKj, DbœwZkxj weËevb ga¨weË| evj¨Kv‡j gaym`~ b cvwievwiK †¯œnggZv I cÖvPz‡h©i g‡a¨
cÖwZcvwjZ nb| cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vi cvkvcvwk wZwb gv‡qi Kv‡Q cvV K‡ib K…wËev‡mi ivgvqY, Kvkxivg `v‡mi
gnvfviZ, PÛxg½j, Abœ`vg½j cÖf…wZ evsjv Kve¨| Gi d‡j †`kR mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© Zvui cwiwPwZ N‡U,
cieZx©Kv‡j GB cwiPqB Zuvi m„wókxj iPbv‡K K‡i †Zv‡j ¯^‡`‡ki gg©g‡~ j †cÖvw_Z Ges HwZn¨jMœ|
Zvui wk¶vRxeb AwZevwnZ nq Dcwb‡ek-KjKvZvi eY©vX¨ bMi cÖwZ‡e‡k| ZrKvjxb e½xq †i‡bmvu‡mi cxV¯’vb
KjKvZvi wPšÍv‡PZbvi Av‡jvK, cvðvZ¨ wk¶v-mvwn‡Zï ms¯úk© I wejvm-êfe Zvui wPË‡K K‡i cÖfvweZ|
MÖxK, j¨vwUb, wneªæ, Bs‡iwR, divwm, Rvg©vb cÖf…wZ cÖvq †Zi †PŠÏwU fvlv AvqË K‡i gaym`~ b n‡q I‡Vb cvwÛZ¨
I imÁv‡b cÖvYešÍ| cÖ_‡g Bs‡iwR fvlvq KveïPbvi cÖqvm wQj, Bsj¨v‡Û wM‡q Bs‡iwR fvlvi eo Kwe nIqvi
evmbvq wZwb wLªóvb ag©I MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui Bs‡iwR fvlvq Kve¨PP©vi wb`k©b Captive Ladie, Visions of the
Past cÖf…wZ [1848-49]| wKš‘ 1858-62 mgqc‡e© gaym` ~ b evsjv fvlvq iPbv K‡ib Zvui weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ I
bvUKmg~n| 1865 wLªóv‡ã d«v‡Ýi cÖevmRxe‡b m„wó K‡ib ÔPZz`©kc`x KweZvejxÕ| Zvui weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ n‡”Q
wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e Kve¨ [1860], †gNbvèa Kve¨ [1861], eªRv½bv Kve¨ [1860], exiv½bvKve¨ [1861] BZ¨vw` Ges
bvUKmg~n kwg©ôv [1859], G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv, ey‡ov kvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †ivu [cÖnmb RvZxq iPbv 1959], cÙveZx
[1960], K…òKzgvix [1961], gvqvKvbb BZ¨vw`| gnvKv‡eï K¬¨vwmKixwZ, AwgÎv¶i Q›`, m‡bU, Uª¨v‡RwW,
cÖnmb BZ¨vw` wewPÎ Avw½K cÖeZ©‡b gaym`~ b hyMÜi-cÖwZfv, Gme †¶‡Î wZwb cw_K…s|
wewPÎ Rxebhvcb I wech©‡qi g‡a¨ AwZevwnZ n‡q‡Q Zvui RxebKvj| ag©všÍ‡ii d‡j wcZv Zvu‡K cwiZ¨vM
K‡ib| gaym`~ b cÖ_‡g GK Bs‡iR bxjK‡ii Kb¨v †i‡eKv g¨vKUvwfm‡K weevn K‡ib| cieZx© mg‡q Gwgwjqv
†nbwiGUv †mvwdqv bv‡gi divwm hyeZx‡K cZœx wn‡m‡e eiY K‡ib| gv`ªv‡R Ae¯’vbKv‡jB [ 1848-1856]
wk¶K, mvsevw`K I Kwe wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| cieZx©Kv‡j Bsj¨vÛ †_‡K e¨vwi÷vix cvk K‡i
KjKvZv nvB‡Kv‡U© †hvM`vb K‡ib, wKš‘ A_©-DcvR©‡b Lye mdj nbwb| Av‡qi †P‡q e¨q †ewk nIqvi d‡j wZwb
cwievimn `y‡fv©‡Mi m¤§yLxb nb| Rxe‡bi †kl cÖv‡šÍ iPbv K‡ib †n±iea Kve¨ [1871]; fMœ¯^v¯’¨, †ivMvµvšÍ
gaym`~ ‡bi †klRxeb wQj `ytmn I `yf©vM¨RbK| 1873 wLªóv‡ã 29 Ryb wZwb ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| Ebwesk
kZvãxi GB wewPÎ cÖwZfv I cÖ_g AvaywbK Kwei c~Yv©½ Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Avcbviv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb †hvMx›`ªbv_ emy
iwPZ ÔgvB‡Kj gaym`~ b `‡Ëi RxebPwiZÕ, Ges my‡ikP›`ª ˆgÎ cÖYxZ ÔgvB‡Kj gaym`~ b `Ë, ÔRxeb I mvwnZ¨Õ
Mª‡š’|
BDwbU-2 c„ôv - 44
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cvV- cwiwPwZ
gaym`~ b `Ë iwPZ Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvwU ÔPZzÏ©kc`x-KweZvejxÕ MÖš’ †_‡K M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| d«v‡Ýi fvm©vB bM‡i
Ae¯’vbKv‡j 1865 wLªóv‡ã wZwb m‡bU iPbvq eªZx nb, GB iPbvmg~n ÔPZzÏk © c`x-KweZvejxÕ MÖ‡š’ msKwjZ n‡q
1866 wLªóv‡ã cÖKvwkZ nq| Z‡e Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU cÖ_‡g 1860 wLªóv‡ãi †mÞ¤î-A‡±vei gv‡m ÔKwe-
gvZ…fvlvÕ bv‡g wjwLZ n‡qwQj, GwU cyYwj©wLZ n‡q Ôe½fvlvÕ bv‡g D³ MÖš’f³
z nq|
g~jcvV
†n e½, fvÛv‡i Ze wewea iZb;-
Zv m‡e, (A‡eva Avwg!) Ae‡njv Kwi,
ci-ab †jv‡f gË, Kwiby fªgY
ci‡`‡k, wf¶ve„wË Kz¶‡Y AvPwi|
KvUvBby eûw`b myL cwinwi!
Awb`ªvq, wbivnv‡i muwc Kvq, gbt,
gwRby wedj Z‡c Ae‡i‡Y¨ ewi;-
†Kwjby ˆkev‡j; fzwj Kgj-Kvbb!
¯^‡cœ Ze Kzjj¶x K‡q w`jv c‡i-
ÒI‡i evQv gvZ…-‡Kv‡l iZ‡bi ivwR,
G wfLvwi-`kv Z‡e †Kb †Zvi AvwR?
hv wdwi, AÁvb ZzB, hv †i wdwi N‡i|Ó
cvwjjvg AvÁv my‡L; cvBjvg Kv‡j
gvZ…-fvlv-iƒ‡c Lwb, c~Y© gwYRv‡j\

e¯‘ms‡¶c
evsjv fvlvi mvwnZ¨fvÛvi wewPÎ m¤ú‡` cwic~Y©, wKš‘ Kwe †mme êfe‡K Ae‡njv K‡i wb‡e©v‡ai gZ c‡ii
m¤ú` Avni‡Y cÖe„Ë n‡qwQ‡jb; A_©vr cvðvZ¨ mvwnZ¨PP©vi RM‡Z cwiåg‡Yi wf¶ve„wË MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| G wQj
Kwei Rxe‡bi GK Abwf‡cÖZ mgq, wedj mvabvq gMœ _vKvi gixwPKv gvÎ| KviY cifvlvq eo Kwe nIqvi
cÖqvm e¨_©ZvB e‡q Av‡b| cÙe‡bi †mŠ›`h© I êwPÎ¨ cwiZ¨vM K‡i wZwb k¨vIjv wb‡q µxovgË n‡qwQ‡jb|
wKš‘ gvZ…fvlvi AwaôvÎx †èx ¯^cœv‡`‡k Kwei †PZbv RvMÖZ K‡ib, A_©vr Kve¨PP©vi †cÖiYv Abyfe K‡i wZwb
evsjvfvlvq cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| GB fvlv Kwei gvZ…fvlvARmª gwYgvwY‡K¨ cwic~Y©, AZGe cifvlvi¯œv‡i wf¶v
cÖv_©bvi †Kvb hyw³ †bB| Kve¨j²xi AvnŸv‡b Kwe myLvbyf‡e I AvZ¥gh©v`vq F× n‡q gvZ…fvlvq Ly‡u R cvb AbšÍ
iZœm¤ú‡ì AvKi Ges evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K wbR cÖwZfvi ¯ú‡k© mg„× K‡ib|
evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 45

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. Ôci-ab †jv‡f gËÕ ej‡Z Kwe wK eywS‡q‡Qb?
DËi : Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvi D×…Z evK¨vs‡k ciab A_©vr Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨-Dcv`v‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| gaym`~ ‡bi
AvKv•¶v wQj Bs‡iwR fvlvq eo Kwe n‡eb, Zuvi mvwnZ¨ mvabvi Avi¤¢I nq Bs‡iwR fvlv‡ZB|
Dwbk kZ‡K Jcwb‡ewkK fviZe‡l© Bs‡iwR fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wQj evOvwj wkw¶Z ga¨weË ZiæY‡ì Kv‡Q Aviva¨|
KjKvZvi be¨wkw¶Z hyeK‡ì wPšÍv‡PZbvq Bs‡iR mf¨Zv-ms¯‹…wZi †h cÖej cÖfve c‡owQj Zv‡Z ˆZwi n‡qwQj
GK civbyKvix A_P Av‡jvwKZ hyemgvR, BwZnv‡m hviv Bqs †e½j bv‡g AwfwnZ| gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ G‡ì wQj
Ae‡njv| Kwe wb‡RI Bs‡iwR KweZv iPbvi åvšÍ c_vbymvix n‡qwQ‡jb|
2. Ôe½fvlvÕ †Kvb RvZxq KweZv?

DËi : Ôe½fvlvÕ evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g m‡bU RvZxq KweZv| Kwe gaym`~ b Gi cÖeZ©K| m‡bU iwPZ nq †PŠÏ
csw³‡Z, AvU I Qq csw³i wefvR‡b fvebve¯‘i cª¯vÍ ebv I m¤úÖmviY N‡U GKwU mywbw`©ó ixwZ‡Z| AvU csw³‡K
ejv nq AóK (Octave) Ges Qq csw³i bvg lóK (Sestet)| m‡b‡U cÖavbZ `ywU ixwZ Abym„Z n‡q _v‡K
†cÎvKx©q I †k·cxqixq| e½fvlvq M„nxZ n‡q‡Q Dfq ixwZi wgkªY| cÖ_g Pvi I †kl `yB csw³ †k·cxqixq
ixwZ‡Z, cÂg †_‡K Aóg PiY ch©šÍ AwbqwgZ †k·cxqixq ixwZ‡Z Ges beg †_‡K¯œv`k PiY ch©šÍ †cÎvKx©q
MV‡b web¨¯Í n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi Aó‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q gvZ…fvlv‡K D‡c¶v Kivi g‡bv‡e`bv, ló‡K e¨³
n‡q‡Q Kve¨‡cÖiYvi mwVK wb‡`©kbv jvf, ¯^fvlvq mvwnZ¨PP©vi †cÖiYv I wmw×jv‡fi cÖm½|
3. Ôe½fvlvÕi Q›` wK ?
DËi : Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvwU A¶ie„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| Avcbviv wbðqB BDwbU- 1 G KweZvi Q›` wel‡q cwiwPZ
n‡q‡Qb| A¶ie„Ë, gvÎve„Ë I ¯îe„Ë GB wZbwU Q›ìƒ‡ci g‡a¨ A¶ie„Ë cÖavb Q›`| M¤¢xi fve, IR¯^x kã
I axijq m¤^wjZ GB Q›`wUi weKvk I êwPÎ¨ evsjv Kve¨RM‡Zi we‡kl m¤ú`| GLv‡b cÖwZ Pi‡Y 14 gvÎvi `ywU
ce© i‡q‡Q, cÖ_g c‡e© 8 gvÎv Ges wØZxq c‡e© 6 gvÎv| †h‡nZz GwU m‡bU, ZvB Gi AšÍwgj nj KL KL, LK
LK, MN NM, OO|
Drm I cÖm½ wb‡`©k K‡i e¨vL¨v wjLyb

1. †Kwjby ˆkev‡j, fzwj Kgj-Kvbb ?
DËi : Av‡jvP¨ PiYwU gvB‡Kj gaym`~ b `Ë iwPZ Ôe½fvlvÕ bvgK m‡bU †_‡K M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Kwe ˆkevj
I cÙKvb‡bi m‡½ Bs‡iwR I evsjv fvlv‡K DcgvwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
evsjv fvlvi Hk¦h© I kw³ Ae‡njv K‡i Kwe Bs‡iwR fvlvq Kve¨PP©vq eªZx n‡qwQ‡jb| Zvui cÖZ¨vkv wQj wZwb H
fvlvq eo Kwe n‡eb| wKš‘ GUv wQj e¨_© cÖqvm, cia‡bi cÖwZ †jvf wf¶ve„wËZzj¨| Kwei GB gvbwmKZv
ågvZ¥K I Mvwbgq| †h wbR gvZ…fvlv‡K D‡c¶v K‡i wb‡Ri m„wó¶gZv‡K Ab¨fvlvq cÖKv‡k wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K, †m
Aek¨B e¨_© n‡Z eva¨| †Kbbv wbR fvlv ARmª m¤ú‡` cwic~Y©, we‡klZ evsjvfvlvi HwZn¨, kãm¤ú` I
Q›ìxwZ Abb¨| wKš‘ Jcwb‡ewkK wk¶v I AvZ¥Áv‡bi AfveekZ wZwb Bs‡iwR‡KB †kªqÁvb K‡iwQ‡jb; A_P
Bs‡iwR fvlv ˆkev‡ji gZ cy®únxb, wecix‡Z evsjvfvlvq m„ó Kve¨wb`k©bmg~n †hb cÙe‡bi †kvfv| Kwe GB
†kvfv we¯§„Z n‡q k¨vIjv wb‡q †Ljv K‡i‡Qb|
Kwei Mfxi AvZ¥Mvwb I gvZ…fvlvi †kªôZ¡ m¤ú‡K© aviYv D³ Kve¨vs‡k iƒcvwqZ n‡q‡Q| e³e¨ Dc¯’vc‡b Kwe
cÖK…wZRM‡Zi ˆkevj I cÙe‡bi cÖwZZzjbv eënvi K‡i‡Qb|
2. gvZ…fvlv-iƒc Lwb, c~Y© gwYRv‡j|

DËi : [ms‡KZ]
DcwiD³ c×wZ‡Z e¨vL¨vwU wb‡R cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb| GLv‡b evsjv fvlvi Kve¨m¤ú‡ì K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| c~Y© gwYRv‡j
A_©vr wewPÎ KweZvMv‡b evsjv mvwnZ¨Lwb cwic~Y©| gaym`~ ‡bi c~e©eZx©Kv‡j iwPZ Kve¨m¤ú‡ì cÖm½B GLv‡b
DÌvwcZ; †hgb, KweK¼‡bi PÛxg½j, fviZP‡›`ªi Abœ`vg½j, Kvkxivg `v‡mi gnvfviZ, K…wËev‡mi ivgvqY
cÖf…wZ|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. Òe½fvlvÕÕ KweZv Kwe gaym`~ ‡bi AvZ¥ Avwe®‹v‡ii wkífvl¨  gšÍe¨wU Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. m‡bU wn‡m‡e Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvi ¯îƒc I mv_©KZv wbiƒcY Kiæb|
3. Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvi fvee¯‘ I wkíg~j¨ we‡ePbv Kiæb|
1 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi:

Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q gvZ…fvlvi gwngvwš^Z †MŠi‡ei cÖwZ Kwei myMfxi ü`qv‡eM| G‡Z e¨³ n‡q‡Q
Kwei AvZ¥Rxe‡bi åvwšÍ, KweZv iPbvi mwVK w`Kwb‡`©kbvi Z_¨ Ges evsjv fvlvi Hk¦h©gwÛZ iƒ‡ci fvewPÎ|
AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi m~Pbvj‡Mœ gaym`~ b AwgÎv¶i Q›ìxwZ I e¨w³gvby‡li AšÍ‡e©`bv cÖKv‡k g‡bv‡hvMx
wQ‡jb| m‡bU iƒcK‡íi †cÎvKx©q-†k·cxqixq ixwZi mw¤§jb NwU‡q wZwb iPbv K‡ib Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU|
eûfvlvwe` gaym`~ ‡bi cÖZ¨vkv wQj Bs‡iwR fvlvq Kve¨PP©v K‡i hk¯^x n‡eb| wKš‘ GB cš’v wf¶ve„wË ev A‡bï
m¤ú` ni‡Yi gZB bxPKvR, G‡Z cÖK…Z myL I AvZ¥gh©v`v _‡K bv| Ab¨ fvlvq Kve¨PP©vi cÖqvm n‡q I‡V
K…wÎgZvi bvgvšÍi, hv GK mgq Kwe‡K K‡i wedjZvq hš¿Yvwe× Ges e¨_©| Kwe G‡K AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb cÙe‡bi
cwie‡Z© ˆkevj wb‡q gMœ n‡q _vKvi A_©nxb wµqv wn‡m‡e| D”Pvwfjv‡l †gvnMÖ¯Í Kwe AvZ¥Mvwb‡Z cxwoZ n‡q
¯^fvlvq cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib I wb‡Ri mgMÖ Rxebavivi cwieZ©b NUvb| KweZv iPbvi AšÍ‡cª©iYvB Zuv‡K GB m‡Zï
c_ †`Lvq| gvZ…fvlvi M‡f©B i‡q‡Q Zuvi cÖwZfvi †hvM¨ †¶Î I KweZv m„wói Drm-Dcv`vb| gvby‡li cÖK…Z ¯îƒc
gvZ…fvlv‡Z cÖKvk¶g I ¯^Ztù‚Z© nq, GB wPišÍb mZ¨ Dcjwä K‡i KwewPË n‡q I‡V beRvMÖZ I Av‡eMgq|
Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvq wea„Z n‡q‡Q GB AvZ¥¯^v¶wiZ I m‡PZb AšÍ‡jv©‡Ki D™¢vm| evsjvfvlvi Hk¦‡h©i cÖwZ wcÖq
m¤¢vlY I kª×v‡ev‡a KweZvwU Abb¨| GLv‡b Av‡iv D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q wfbœfvlv I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wjß _vKvi åvwšÍ †_‡K
gyw³i Avb›`| KwewP‡Ë †R‡M‡Q gvZ…fvlv-cÖxwZ I m‡PZbZv, wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ AšÍwb©wnZ Av‡eM Ges
mvwnZ¨PP©vi †¶‡Î Mfxi AvZ¥wek¦vm| G‡K ejv hvq AÜKvi wPË¸nvq m~h©v‡jv‡Ki ¯úk©jvf Ges gvZ…fvlvq
HwZnïƒc wekvj iZœLwbi Avwe®‹vi| Kwei GB Avwe®‹vi I cÖZ¨veZ©bB cieZx©Kv‡j Zuv‡K Awfwl³ K‡i‡Q evsjv
mvwn‡Zï eicyÎ wn‡m‡e| Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvwU gaym`~ ‡bi KwemËvi eÜb‡gvPb I weKv‡ki msnZ wkífvl¨| G‡Z
e¨Äbvgq n‡q D‡V‡Q evsjv fvlv welqK Abyf‚wZi wPivqZ cÖKvk, cieZ©xKv‡ji AviI A‡bK fvlv welqK
KweZvi ggZvNb I msKí-ï× iƒ‡ci c~e©vfvm| Avgv‡ì 21 †deªæqvwii i³vcyZ msMÖvg I Av‡eM-AvwZ©i †h
gnËg BwZnvm i‡q‡Q, KweZvwU †hb ZviB exRv¼zi|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV-2
ejvKv
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
(1861-1941)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb 
 KweZvi welqfvebv m¤ú‡K© e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 KweZvwUi Aj¼vi, kãfvlv I Q›` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 KweZvwU‡Z wKfv‡e ZË¡`k©b Kve¨g~j¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q, Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
1861 wLª÷v‡ãi 7 †g (1268 e½v‡ãi 25 êkvL) KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kv‡Z, evsjv mvwn‡Zï †kªô cÖwZfv,
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1817-1905), Rbbx mvi`v‡èx| iex›`ªbv‡_i
wcZvgn wcÖÝ¯œviKvbv_ VvKzi (1794-1846) wQ‡jb †mKv‡ji GKRb weL¨vZ e¨w³| Bs‡iwR I dviwm fvlvq
ey¨rcbœ¯œviKvbv_ wb‡Ri †hvM¨Zv e‡j †mKv‡ji KjKvZvq abx wkícwZ I mgv‡Ri cÖavb e¨w³ n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb|
Dwbk kZ‡Ki KjKvZvq ag©-mvwnZ¨-eëmv-wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ PP©vq Ges mgvR-ms¯‹vig~jK Kg©Kv‡Û †Rvovmuv‡Kvi
VvKzi evwoi AMÖYx f‚wgKv me©Rbwew`Z| d‡j ˆkke †_‡KB iex›`ªbv_ GK AwfRvZ cwiGÛ‡ji g‡a¨ eo n‡q
I‡Vb| KjKvZvi Iwi‡q›Uvj †mwgbvix bg©¨vj ¯‹zj, †e½j GKv‡Wgx, †m›U †Rwfqvm© ¯‹zj cÖf…wZ cÖwZôv‡b Zuv‡K
†cÖiY Kiv n‡jI, ˆkke-ˆK‡kvi †_‡KB we`¨vj‡qi cov‡jLvi cÖwZ Zuvi †Kvb AvKl©Y wQ‡jv bv| 1878 wLª÷v‡ã
Zuv‡K cÖ_g Bsj¨vÛ cvVv‡bv nq| jÛ‡bi BDwbfvwm©wU K‡j‡R Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ Aa¨qbI K‡ib wKQyw`b| wKš‘
wcZ…-Av‡`‡k cvV-Amgvß †i‡LB †`‡k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| Zuv‡K e¨vwi÷vix cov‡bvi R‡b¨ wØZxq evi jÛ‡b
†cÖi‡Yi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq, wKš‘ hvÎvi¤¢ K‡iI ga¨c‡_ gv`ªvR †_‡K KjKvZvq wd‡i Av‡mb iex›`ªbv_| d‡j
iex›`ªbv‡_i mbvZb cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v †ewk `~i AMÖmi nqwb| cyuw_MZ we`¨vi euvab Zuv‡K Ave× Ki‡Z cv‡iwb
KLbI|
ˆkk‡eB m~² Kíbvkw³, ms‡e`bkxjZv I gbba‡g©i cÖKvk N‡UwQ‡jv iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡a¨| Avi gvÎ †lvj eQi
eq‡m wZwb cÖKvk K‡ib evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g †QvUMí ÔwfLvwiYxÕ (1284 e½vã)| Zuvi iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm
ÔKiæYvÕ (1284-85 e½vã)| cwieZ©gvb mgq‡mªv‡Z iex›`ª-gvbm µgweKwkZ n‡q‡Q cÖwZwbqZ, `xN© Avwk eQ‡ii
Rxe‡b KweZv, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ, wkïmvwnZ¨, †QvUMí, ågYmvwnZ¨, igïPbv, msMxZ, wPÎKjv cÖf…wZ
kvLvq Zuvi m„RbkxjZv Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q GK mg„× fvÛvi| iex›`ªbv‡_i mgMÖ iPbvewj Zuvi Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvi
mv¶ën|
GKRb Kg©‡hvMx gvbyl wn‡m‡eI iex›`ªbv_ KxwZ©gvb| 1901 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb cÖwZôv K‡ib ÔkvwšÍwb‡KZb we`¨vjqÕ|
DËiKv‡j GB we`¨vjqB Ôwek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vj‡qÕ iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| evsjv‡`‡k wZwbB cÖ_g K…wl e¨vsK ¯’vcb
K‡ib| Zuvi m„RbkxjZvi †kªômgq AwZevwnZ nq evsjv‡`‡ki wkjvB`n, cwZmi Ges mvRv`cyi AÂ‡j|
cvwievwiK Rwg`vwii ZË¡veavb-m~‡Î c~e©evsjvi cÙvwe‡aŠZ GB AÂ‡j Zuv‡K †cÖiY Kiv nq| G mgq K…wl Dbœqb
I K…lK-Kj¨v‡Yi RbÏ iex›`ªbv_ eûgyLx D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib|
1912 wLª÷v‡ã iex›`ªbv_ ÔMxZvÄwjÕi ¯^K…Z Bs‡iRx Abyev` ‘Songs Offerings’ cÖKvk K‡ib| GB MÖ‡š’i Rb¨B
1913 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb †bv‡ej cyi¯‹v‡i f‚wlZ nb| we‡k¦i wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vjq m¤§vbm~PK W±‡iU wWwMÖ w`‡q Zuv‡K
m¤§vwbZ K‡ib| weªwUk miKvi ÔbvBUÕ Dcvwa Zuv‡K cÖ`vb K‡ib|
`jxq ivRbxwZi m‡½ cÖZ¨¶ msmªe i¶v bv Ki‡jI iex›`ªbv_ wQ‡jb Rxeb I ivRbxwZ mZK© gvbyl| 1919
wLª÷v‡ã RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡Mi cÖKvk¨ MYnZ¨vi cÖwZev‡` wZwb miKvi cÖ`Ë ÔbvBUÕ Dcvwa eR©b K‡ib| wØZxq
wek¦hy× Kv‡j d¨vwmev`x AvMÖvm‡bi weiæ‡×I wZwb mvg‡b G‡m ùvovb| g„Zzï wKQyKvj c~‡e© iwPZ Ômf¨Zvi msKUÕ
(1941) cÖe‡Ü iex›`ªbv_ mf¨ZvMex© A_P hy‡×vb¥v` Bs‡iR‡ì weiæ‡× Zxeª N„Yv cÖKvk K‡ib| weªwUk
Jcwb‡ewkK kw³‡K GKw`b G-†`k †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ n‡e iex›`ªbv_ G-Avkvev` cÖZ¨q`„p K‡É †NvlYv
K‡ib Ômf¨Zvi msKUÕ cÖe‡Ü|
Kwe Awfav-B iex›`ªbv‡_i †kªô cwiPq| Z‡e mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi g‡Zv evsjv †QvUM‡íi D™¢e I weKvkavivq
Zuvi Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb Awe¯§iYxq| Zuvi m„Rbmvg‡_©¨B evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †QvUM‡íi cÖ_g AvZ¥cÖKvk| my`xN©
mvwnwZ¨KRxe‡b Ô†mÕ Ges wjwcKvÕi iPbv¸wj QvovB iex›`ªbv_ iPbv K‡i‡Qb PzivbeŸBwU †QvUMí| ÔwfLvwiYxÕ
†_‡K Ôgymjgvbxi MíÕ (gy‡L gy‡L iwPZ M‡íi Lmov) ch©šÍ GB wekvj MífvÛvi evsjv †QvUM‡íi D™¢e I
weKvkvavivi wkwíZ BwZnvm| evsjv m„wókxj M‡`ï MwZcÖevnI wPwýZ n‡q Av‡Q ALÛ ÔMí¸‡”QÕi cvZvq
cvZvq| G cÖm‡½ iex›`ªbv_ wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb  ÔAvgvi fvlv hw` KL‡bv Avgvi Mívsk‡K AwZµg K‡i ¯^Zš¿g~j¨
cvq, †mRb¨ Avgv‡K †`vl w`‡Z cv‡iv bv| Gi KviY, evsjv M`¨ Avgvi wb‡R‡KB Mo‡Z n‡q‡Q| fvlv wQj bv,
c‡e© c‡e© ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q Avgv‡K|.... †gvcvmuvi g‡Zv †hme we‡`kx †jL‡Ki K_v †Zvgiv cÖvqB
e‡jv, Zuviv ˆZwi fvlv †c‡qwQ‡jb| wjL‡Z wjL‡Z fvlv Mo‡Z n‡j Zv‡ì Kx `kv nZ Rvwb †b|Õ
mËiZg Rb¥w`‡bi m¤â©bvq iex›`ªbv_ e‡jb, ÔGKwUgvÎ cwiPq Avgvi Av‡Q| †m Avi wKQy bq, Avwg KwegvÎÕ|
VvKzi evwoi AbyK‚j-cwi‡e‡k ˆkk‡eB Zuvi Kwe-cÖwZfvi ùyiY N‡U| gvÎ c‡b‡iv eQi eq‡mB cÖKvwkZ nq Zuvi
cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔebdzjÕ (1876)| Gici g„Zzï c~e© ch©šÍ wZwb bvbv cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡g µgvMZ evsjv
KweZv‡K F× K‡i †M‡Qb| Zuvi cÖwZwU Kve¨B ¯^Zš¿-êwk‡óï D¾¡j|
1941 wLª÷v‡ãi 7 AvM÷ Zvwi‡L (1348 e½v‡ãi 22 kªveY) evsjv mvwn‡Zï †kªô cÖwZfv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi-Gi
Rxebvemvb nq|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi-Gi D‡jL‡hvM¨ iPbv
KweZv: gvbmx (1890), †mvbvi Zix (1893), wPÎv (1896), ¶wYKv (1900), MxZvÄwj (1911), ejvKv
(1916), cybð (1932), Rb¥w`‡b (1941), Av‡ivM¨ (1941), †kl †jLv (1941)|
Dcb¨vm: ivRwl© (1889), †Pv‡Li evwj (1903), †Mviv (1910), PZzi½ (1916), N‡i evB‡i (1916),
†hvMv‡hvM (1929), †k‡li KweZv (1929)|
M`¨ iPbv: qy‡ivc-hvÎxi Wvqvwi (1891), wewPÎ cÖeÜ (1907), Rxeb¯§„wZ (1912) wQbœcÎ (1912),
cÖeÜ: KvjvšÍi (1937), wek¦ cwiPq (1937)|
bvUK: wemR©b (1890), APjvqZb (1911), gy³aviv (1922), i³Kiex (1926)|
Mvb: MxwZweZvb|
†QvUMí: Mí¸”Q (1g LÛ-1926, 2q LÛ-1926, 3q LÛ-1927), †m (1937), wZbm½x (1941), Mímí
(1941)|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ ÔejvKvÕ Zuvi weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ ÔejvKvÕi (1926) AšÍM©Z 36 msL¨K KweZv| 1322 e½v‡ã
Kvkk¥x‡ii kªxbM‡i Ae¯’vbKv‡j wZwb KweZvwU iPbv K‡ib| KL‡bv-KL‡bv cÖK…wZi `„k¨vwfÁZv †_‡K KwewP‡Ë
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KweZv| kªxbM‡ii wSjg b`x‡Z †ev‡U Ae¯’vb Kivi mgq wZwb Avmbœ mÜ¨vi c‡U †`‡LwQ‡jb GK SuvK
ey‡bvnuv‡mi D‡o-Pjvi `„k¨| Zv‡ì cvLvi kãaŸwb Kwei `„wói m¤§y‡L Zz‡j a‡i we‡k¦i PvÂj¨ I MwZkxjZvi
cÖwZ”Qwe| GB cÖwZ”Qwe‡K Aej¤^b K‡i iex›`ªbv_ m„wó K‡i‡Qb MwZ`k©‡bi wkíg~wZ©| ÔejvKvÕ cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq
meyRcÎ cwÎKvq, KvwZ©K 1322 e½v‡ã|

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euvKv Z‡jvqvi!
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Gj Zvi †f‡m-Avmv Zvivdzj wb‡q Kv‡jv R‡j ;
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†Ì`vi-Ziæ mv‡i mv‡i ;
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k‡ãi we`y¨rQUv k~‡bï cÖvšÍ‡i
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gvwUi AvKvk-Õc‡i SvcwU‡Q Wvbv ;
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j¶ j¶ ex‡Ri ejvKv|
†`wL‡ZwQ Avwg AvwR 
GB wMwiivwR
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b¶‡Îi cvLvi ¯ú›`‡b
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ïwbjvg gvb‡ei KZ evYx `‡j `‡j
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w`‡b iv‡Z
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aŸwbqv DwV‡Q k~b¨ wbwL‡ji cvLvi G Mv‡b
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kªxbMi| KvwZ©K 1322
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cy‡i wbj| †Rvqvi-fuvUvi ci¤úivi g‡Zv w`‡bi Av‡jvi †k‡l Gj iv‡Zi GB Kv‡jv Auvavi-eb¨v| b`xi R‡j
cÖwZwew¤^Z ZvivR¡jv AvKv‡ki Qwe †hb eb¨vq †f‡m-Avmv Zvivdzj| Kwe b`xi PÂj †mªv‡Z APÂj AvKv‡ki
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Zviv †m K_v‡K cyÄxf‚Z Kvbœvq iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i iv‡L, †mB KvbœvB n‡jv AÜKvi|
GB ¯Íä gyn~‡Z© nVvr †kvbv †Mj GK SuvK ns‡mi c¶aŸwb| Kwei gv_vi Dci w`‡q Zviv k‡ãi we`y¨rQUv weKxY©
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m‡½ hy³ n‡jv ¯ÍäZv| ¯^‡M©i Aáiv c„w_exi Fwl‡ì Zcm¨v f½ Ki‡Zv| Zv‡ì iƒc †hgb kãaŸwb n‡q mbœ¨vmxi
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ce©Z‡kªYx, †ivgvwÂZ n‡jv †è`viæ| Zv‡ì RocÖv‡Y mÂvwiZ n‡jv Pjvi Av‡eM| nsmcvLvi wegvbMwZ Zv‡ì
g‡a¨ RvwM‡q Zzj‡jv MwZi AvKv•¶v|
GB aŸwb ¯ú‡k© ¯’vby ce©Z †g‡Ni g‡Zv D‡o Pjvi AvKv•¶vq e¨vKzj n‡jv| wkKoe× e„¶‡kªYxI gvwUi eÜb wQbœ
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i‡q‡Q Aw¯’iZvi PvÂj¨, ïayB D‡o-Pjvi AvKzjZv| cwiwPZ evmvq Zviv wPiKvj evm Ki‡Z Pvq bv| GK evmv
Gm Gm GBP Gj
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wek¦cÖv‡Y †mB myi evwR‡q w`‡q †Mj †h w¯’wZ bq, Ab¨ †Kv_vI avweZ nIqvi Av‡eMB m„wói cÖK…Z ag©|
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ce©Z, eb, e„¶ivwR, b¶Î mewKQyB m¤§yL w`‡K avegvb; mg¯Í wek¦RMr MwZ¯ú›`‡b e¨vKzj I mPj| Z‡e GB
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avweZ n‡”Q| †PZbvi D‡b•lKvj †_‡K  †Kvb GK A¯úó AZx‡Z gvbewP‡Ë R‡b•wQj GBme AvKv•¶v-
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Zv‡ì mnhvÎx n‡q Kwei gb Pj‡Q| A_©vr m„wó‡jvK, gvbewP‡Ëi evYx Avi Kwei ü`q mewKQy GKm~‡Î GKwU
MwZi my‡i euvav| wKš‘ †Kv_vq MšÍe¨ Zv Rvbv †bB| Kwe ïay GUzKz Rv‡bb †h GB evm¯’vb †Q‡o, w¯’wZi gvqv †Q‡o
Ab¨ †Kv_vI †h‡Z n‡e| ejvKv †hgb msmvi-bxo †Q‡o wK‡mi Av‡e‡M AK‚‡j cvwo †`q, AwbðqZvq D‡o P‡j,
†Zgwb b`x-eb-cvnvo-b¶Î-gvbyl-Kwegb mewKQyi g‡a¨ Av‡Q H m¤§yL MwZi `y‡Á©q Av‡eM| GB Av‡eM-
iƒcwUB n‡”Q iex›`ªbv‡_i MwZZË¡, Dcwbl‡` G‡K ejv n‡q‡Q P‰i‡ewZ|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß-DËig~jK-cÖkœ
1. nsmejvKvi D‡o hvIqvi KwewP‡Ë Kx cÖfve †d‡jwQj?
2. ÔcvLv weevwMÕ ej‡Z Kx eywS‡q‡Qb?
3. ejvKvi c¶aŸwb cÖK…wZ‡K Kxfv‡e Av‡jvwoZ Kij?
1 bs msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:

ÔejvKvÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍf©³
z ÔejvKvÕ KweZvwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii MwZ m¤úwK©Z `k©‡bi ˆkwZ¥K cÖKvk| Kvk¥x‡ii
kªxbM‡i wSjg b`xi †ev‡U Ae¯’vb Kivi mgq Avmbœ mÜ¨vi c‡U Kwe Ae‡jvKb Ki‡jb GK SuvK nuv‡mi D‡o-
Pjvi `„k¨| G `„k¨ Kwei ü`q‡K DcbxZ K‡i GK Mfxi `k©‡bi cÖv‡šÍ| ejvKv D‡o P‡j hvevi ci wZwb Abyfe
Ki‡jb mg¯Í cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi Av‡e‡Mi m~ÎcvZ K‡i‡Q|G Av‡eM Pjvi Av‡eM| ¯Íä cÖK…wZ Zvi w¯’i
Ae¯’v‡bi eÜb wQbœ K‡i D‡o P‡j †h‡Z Pvq my`~‡ii cv‡b| G †_‡K Kwe Abyfe Ki‡jb c„w_exi mg¯Í e¯‘Õi g‡a¨
GK ai‡bi MwZkxjZv weivRgvb|

1. g‡b nj m„wó †hb ¯^‡cœ Pvq K_v Kwnev‡i,
ewj‡Z bv cv‡i ¯úó Kwi, 
Ae¨³ aŸwbi cyÄ AÜKv‡i DwV‡Q ¸gwi|
DËi: D×…Z csw³mg~n iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ ÔejvKvÕ KweZv †_‡K M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Kwe m„wóRM‡Zi
†gŠbZvi AšÍiv‡j Ae¨³ aŸwbgq µ›`‡bi K_v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|
mÜ¨viv‡M AbyiwÄZ wSj‡gi ew¼g †mªvZivwk ivwÎi AvMg‡b AÜKv‡i Ave„Z n‡Z hv‡”Q| AvKv‡ki b¶ÎivwRi
cÖwZwe¤^ ey‡K wb‡q µ‡g b`xi R‡j †hb ivwÎi †Rvqvi RvMj| ¯Íä ce©Z cv`‡`‡k †è`viæ e„‡¶i mvwi, AÜKv‡i
†X‡K †Mj| m„wói cÖ”Q‡` ivwÎi GB AÜKvi †hb bv-ejv-K_vi, AùzU aŸwbcy‡Äi wgwjZ µ›`b| AÜKvi ivwÎi
cÖn‡i m„wó Zvi fvlv Luy‡R †d‡i ¯^cœRM‡Z| wKš‘ A¯úóZv I ¯ÍäZvi Rb¨ Zvi K‡É kã D”PvwiZ nq bv| cÖK…wZi
c‡U m„wóRM‡Zi †e`bvwenŸj aŸwbnxb wbe©vK iƒcwU GLv‡b Kvwe¨K e¨Äbvq iƒcvwqZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe fveKíbvi
†¶‡Î eënvi K‡i‡Qb wPÎKí Z_v B‡gR|
wek¦RM‡Zi fvlvnxb AšÍ‡ii †e`bvNb-¯îƒc Kwei AšÍ`©„wó‡Z aiv w`‡q‡Q| gvbeü`‡qi cÖKvwkZ evYxi gZB †hb
m„wó wb‡R‡K e¨³ Ki‡Z bv cvivi A¶gZvq Amnvq|
2. g‡b nj, G cvLvi evYx
w`j Avwb
ïay cj‡Ki Z‡i
cyjwKZ wbð‡ji AšÍ‡i AšÍ‡i
†e‡Mi Av‡eM|
DËi: csw³ PZzóq iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ ÔejvKvÕ KweZvi AšÍM©Z| Kwe GLv‡b ejvKvi c¶aŸwb‡Z ¯ÍäZvi
RvMiY‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
wSjg b`xi cÖwZ‡e‡k Kwe Avmbœ ivwÎi AÜKvi cÖwZ”Qvqvq wek¦cÖK…wZi ¯îƒcwU cÖZ¨¶ KiwQ‡jb| AK¯§vr GK
SuvK nsm`~Z kãSsKv‡i wb¯ÍäZv †f‡O w`‡q AvKv‡k D‡o †Mj| aŸwbnxb, wbe©vK e„¶-b`x-ce©Z ejvKvi cvLvi
k‡ã wknwiZ nj| G `„k¨vbyf‚wZ‡Z Kwei AšÍiRM‡Z D‡b¥vwPZ nj GKwU Mfxi `k©bfvebv| wek¦RM‡Zi wbðj
I kãnxb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i g‡a¨ nsmc¶aŸwb GK gyn~‡Z©i Rb¨ †hb Pjvi Av‡eM RvwM‡q w`‡q †Mj| iex›`ªbv_ me©vw¯Íev`x
A_©vr mewKQyi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek¦vmx, Avevi KweKíbvq Abyfe K‡ib e¯‘i iƒc I ¯îƒc  `y‡Uv‡KB| iƒ‡c †h e¯‘
APj I wbtkã, ¯îƒ‡c †mB e¯‘B PvÂ‡j¨ MwZkxj| A_©vr wek¦RMr AL MwZgvbZvq AvewZ©Z I m¤§y‡L cÖmvwiZ|
GB MwZcÖev‡ni cÖZ¨¶ `„‡kï AšÍiv‡j A`„k¨ Pjvi Db¥yL Av‡eMB GLv‡b e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3. ïwbjvg gvb‡ei KZ evYx `‡j `‡j

Ajw¶Z c‡_ D‡o P‡j
 A¯úó AZxZ n‡Z AùzU my`~i hyMvšÍ‡i|
DËi: D×…Z Kve¨vsk iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ ÔejvKvÕ KweZvi AšÍM©Z| GLv‡b Kwe gvby‡li Pjvi MwZcÖevn m¤ú‡K©
e¨Äbvgq Dw³ Ki‡Qb|
mÜ¨v I ivwÎi mwÜ¶‡Y GK SuvK nsmcvwLi AvKw¯§K kãSsKv‡i KwewP‡Ë D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q wek¦m„wói Pjvi ag©
m¤úwK©Z †evwa| mPj I APj Dfq e¯‘‡Z wZwb cÖZ¨¶ K‡ib AšÍwenxb PjgvbZv, my`~i AZxZ Drm †_‡K
AbvMZ I AùzU fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K mewKQyB wbišÍi avweZ n‡”Q| gvbyl m„wói ˆPZbëvb cÖvYx, Zvi Avkv-
AvKv•¶v, kªg-Kg© I evYx i‡q‡Q| gvbyl me©`vB ¯^cœ I Av`k©‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc w`‡Z Pvq| GB AmsL¨ ¯^cœv`k©
evYxiƒc aviY K‡i AZxZ †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡iwQj, eZ©gvb cvi n‡q Zviv Pj‡Q AcwiùzU my`~i fwel¨‡Zi
w`‡K| Pjvi ag©B Rxeb ag©, ˆPZ‡bïI j¶¨ GB Pjvi ga¨ w`‡q c~Y©Zvq †cuŠQv‡bv; wKš‘ †mB c~Y©Zvi ¯îƒc †m
Rv‡bbv, ZvB Kwe G‡K AùzU ej‡Qb| Z‡e gvbyl Zvi my›ì, ïf I Kj¨vYgq mËvi w`‡KB Qy‡U Pj‡Q|
gvby‡li GB hvÎvc_wU‡K Kwe †`L‡Z cv‡”Qb, GK A‡_© iex›`ªbv_ me©`vB cw_K gvby‡li K_v e‡jb PjvB hvi
Avb›`|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
Gm Gm GBP Gj
1. ÔejvKvÕ KweZvi MwZev` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2. ÔejvKvÕ KweZvi wkíiƒc I Kveïm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. ejvKvi D‡o-Pjv I gvbeRxe‡bi Pjvi g‡a¨ Kwe †Kvb HK¨ †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb?
1 bs cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:
†ivgvw›UK iex›`ªbv_ gbbkxj ˆPZ‡bï cÖKvk NwU‡q‡Qb KweZvq| weÁvbZË¡, mgvRe¨vL¨v, gnvRvMwZK iƒc,
Aa¨Z¥‡eva BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î Zuvi imw¯œ» gb Mfxifv‡e fveyK I `vk©wbK| ÔejvKvÕ KweZvwU‡Z AvaywbK weÁv‡bi
cigvYyev` I MwZev` Awfbe Kveïƒc †c‡q‡Q| Gi m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q fviZxq Rxeb`k©‡bi wbh©vm| Kwei Rxeb-
AwfÁZvq cvðvZ¨ åg‡Yi Zvrch© KweZvwU‡Z cÖvYv‡eM mÂvi K‡i‡Q| gvbeRxeb cÖev‡ni cÖej avivwU‡K wZwb
cÖZ¨¶ K‡iwQ‡jb BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvi Kg©RM‡Z| mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cÖvwßi Av‡eM-g~jÏ GLv‡b
†cÖiYviƒ‡c mwµq wQj| Kwe me©‡Zvfv‡e wek¦gvb‡ei HK¨‡mªvZ‡K Abyaveb K‡iwQ‡jb| Avi †mm‡½ Zvi †PZbvq
wecixZ cÖZ¨vNvZ wn‡m‡e wQj cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i giY-wefxwlKv|
kªxbM‡ii wSjg b`x‡Z †ev‡U Ae¯’vbKvjxb GKwU mvÜ¨-gyn~‡Z© nsmejvKvi c¶aŸwb KweZvwUi Rb¥m~Î| ¶Y¯’vqx
ev¯Íe AwfÁZv †_‡K Kwei AšÍR©M‡Z †R‡M I‡V Av‡jv Ges †mB Av‡jv‡Z we‡k¦i MwZ-¯îƒcwU `k©b K‡ib wZwb|
KweZvq iex›`ªbv_ eûc~e© †_‡KB Pjvi my‡ii mvaK| Pjvi K_v, MwZi K_v eûfv‡e wZwb cÖKvk K‡i G‡m‡Qb|
Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq A‡bK Av‡jvPK divwm `vk©wbK †eM©‡mui Creative Evolution MÖ‡š’ Dc¯’vwcZ MwZZ‡Ë¡i m‡½
mvgÄm¨ I cv_©K¨ †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb| †eM©‡mui g‡Z, gvbyl cÖvwYRM‡Zi µgweKvk-avivi m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡ii Rxe, Zvi
cÖvY‡eM-kw³ i‡q‡Q Ges †m me©`v Aweivg msNv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q Pj‡Q| Aweivg GKwU MwZ Ro I †PZb‡K Avkªq
K‡i Awfe¨³ n‡”Q, wKš‘ GB MwZ cÖwZgyn~‡Z© evavi m¤§yLxb nq| MwZi m‡½B i‡q‡Q cðv`MwZ A_©vr evav, GB
evavB e¯‘iƒ‡c AvKvi jvf K‡i _v‡K| gvbyl †PZbvm¤úbœ e‡j †m evav‡K AwZµg K‡i MwZkxj _vK‡Z Pvq,
GUvB Zvi ¯^fve| Z‡e †eM©‡mui Z‡Ë¡ GB MwZi †Kvb cwiYvg †bB, gvby‡li PjviI †Kvb AwšÍg MšÍe¨ †bB|
iex›`ªbv_ Dcwbl`¯œviv Avevj¨ cÖfvevwš^Z, †mLv‡bI wek¦m„wó‡K cig mËvi cÖKvkiƒc ejv n‡q‡Q, Pjvi gš¿
D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q| Dcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, PjvB cÖv‡Yi ag©| wKš‘ Zv D‡Ïk¨nxb, AÜ wbq‡g e× bq|
e¯‘RM‡Zi GB Pjvi j¶¨ n‡”Q cig mËvi c~Y©¯îƒ‡c DËxY© nIqv| iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi †ivgvw›UK KíYvgbxlv w`‡q
Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb we‡k¦i g‡a¨ GKK cÖvYkw³i jxjv| GB cÖvYkw³ Pjvi Av‡e‡M m¤§y‡L avweZ, †mB m¤§y‡L
i‡q‡Q GK cig eª‡þi m‡½ HKvZ¥Zv jv‡fi Kvgbv|
KweZvwUi ïiæ‡Z b`xi Rj‡mªvZ, ¯Íä wMwiZU I †è`viæ e„‡¶i g‡a¨ Kwe Pjgvb MwZ I APj MwZ 
`y‡Uv‡KB Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| G KweZvi Kveïm Nbxf‚Z n‡q‡Q GB APjZvi g‡a¨ MwZi mÜvb-Kíbvq, †Kbbv
ZË¡wUi g~j K_vB nj Ro I †PZb Df‡q GKwU MwZi AšÍM©Z cÖevn| ZvB ex‡Ri g‡a¨ MwZi Zi½, ce©‡Zi
AšÍ‡i †g‡Ni gZ D‡o †eovevi AvKv•¶v jvwjZ| GB wbtkã MwZi cÖm½wU êÁvwbKfv‡eI mZ¨, e¯‘RMr
AYycigvYy-P‡µ AweiZ AvewZ©Z n‡”Q| me©vw¯Íev`x iex›`ªbv_ Roe¯‘‡ZI ZvB Pjvi Av‡eM‡K Abyfe K‡ib|
wØZxqZ, Zuvi MwZfvebvq i‡q‡Q gvbe RxebcÖev‡ni cÖm½| my`~i AZxZ †_‡K gvbyl Zvi AvKv•¶v-¯^cœ-†Póv
wb‡q GK cig iƒ‡ci AwfhvÎx, †m me©`v iƒcvšÍ‡ii g‡a¨ Avcbvi mËv‡K weKwkZ Ki‡Q| ZvB Zvi hvÎv KLbI
¯’wMZ nq bv, gvbeRxebavivi g‡a¨ GB hvÎv AwekªvšÍfv‡e Pjgvb| GK A‡_© mf¨Zvi hvÎx gvbyl Zvi my›ì-ïf-
Kj¨v‡Yi wewPÎ c_ cwiµgvq hyM †_‡K hyMvšÍ‡i avweZ|
Z…ZxqZ, mw¤§wjZ gvbeRxe‡bi Pjvi cv‡k Kwe Avwe®‹vi K‡ib wb‡Ri e¨w³g‡bi Pjvi MwZ‡K| gvby‡li gb
PÂj, bxoevmx n‡qI memgq bxo cwiZ¨vM K‡i AvKv‡k Do‡Z Pvq| ˆReiƒ‡ci eÜb †Q‡o †m n‡Z Pvq gyw³i
cvwL| Kwei gb wek¦cÖvYiƒ‡ci Ask e‡jB wek¦MwZi wbqgekZ Pjvi Av‡e‡M Aw¯’i I Db¥yL| gvbyl hv wKQy m„wó
ev AR©b K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ Ave× I mgvß n‡q _v‡K bv, AwR©Z nIqv gvÎ †mwU cwiZ¨vM K‡i †m bZzb m„wó-¯^‡cœ
D‡ØwjZ I mwµq nq| Gi d‡j m„wói cÖevn A¶zYœ _v‡K Ges GKwU c~Y©Zi iƒc AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ gvbyl memgq
wb‡ew`Z _v‡K|
D³ wZbwU MwZiƒ‡ci m~‡Î Avcbviv cÖkœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Gi cÖvmw½KZv Kx ! iex›`ªRxe‡b I KweZvq GB Pjvi
ZË¡wU AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©en| wek¦hy‡×i msNv‡Z Av‡jvwoZ KwewPË ¯^‡`k, gvbeRvwZ I e¨w³-AvZ¥vi Pjvi c‡_
RoZv, RxY©Zv I ¯’weiZv †_‡K †hgb †P‡q‡Q gyw³, †Zgwb w¯’wZ †f‡O AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Q wbZ¨ bZz‡bi
Avwef©ve‡K| bZz‡bi A‡š^lvB e¨w³‡K iƒc †_‡K iƒcvšÍ‡i wb‡q hvq, cÖwZgyn~‡Z© n‡q IVvi Rb¨ †cÖiYv †`q|
iex›`ªbv‡_i MwZev` weÁvb-`k©b m~Îe× n‡qI Zv GKvšÍB Kwegbxlvi ¯^Kxq fvebv| G wel‡q we¯Í…Z Rvbvi Rb¨
†`Lyb ¶zwìvg `v‡mi iex›`ªcÖwZfvi cwiPq, bxnviiÄb iv‡qi iex›`ªmvwn‡Zï f‚wgKv BZ¨vw` MÖš’|
ÔejvKvÕ Kwei wbweo Dcjwäi wkíiƒc, weÁvb-`k©b-BwZnv‡mi ZË¡ KwewP‡Ëi imvq‡b GKxf‚Z n‡q‡Q|
we¯§qRvZ Avb›ìm KweZvwUi cÖavb Aej¤^b| Av‡e‡Mi AwZD”Q¡vm‡K mshZ K‡i‡Q wPÎKí, MwZi Aeva
cÖKvk‡K msnZiƒ‡c e× K‡i‡Q gy³K mwgjixwZi Q›`| AvKw¯§K Av‡jvK-D™¢v‡m RvMÖZ KwewPË I Zuvi
AvZ¥fvlY †hgb MxwZKweZvi gwngv jvf K‡i‡Q, †Zgwb Rxeb`k©‡bi welq wn‡m‡e ˆbe©¨w³KZvI †c‡q‡Q|
Kwei AvZ¥ag© cÖKvk †c‡j KweZv MxwZKvwe¨K nq, Avi wb‡R‡K Avov‡j †i‡L mve©Rbxb A_ev e¨w³wbi‡c¶
welq, `„wó I fv‡ei cÖKvk NU‡j ˆbe©¨w³KZv A¶zYœ _v‡K| ÔejvKvÕq `ywU êwkó¨B mgwš^Z n‡q‡Q| Avevi †Kvb
ZË¡I †h KweZv n‡Z cv‡i ZviI wb`k©b GB KweZvwU|
ZË¡ I Av‡e‡M ÔejvKvÕi cÖKvkiƒc ¯^Ztù‚Z©| AvKvk, g„wËKv GgbwK Kwei g‡bvRMr ch©šÍ Kíbv cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q,
mewKQyB Avevi GKwU Abyf‡ei Av‡jv‡K Ave× n‡q‡Q, †mwU nj MwZcÖevn| AbyfeRMr, Bw›`ªq‡eva Ges
wek¦cÖK…wZi GKxf‚Z iƒcwUB ÔejvKvÕi Kíbv‡K K‡i‡Q wkwíZ|
¯’wei wbmM©‡K GLv‡b `„k¨wP‡Îi g‡a¨ Pjgvb-iƒ‡c AvuKv n‡q‡Q| wbmM©wPÎ, Bw›`ª‡qi cÖej eënvi Ges AvZ¥iƒc
wbg©v‡Y Kwe Dcgv-Dr‡cÖ¶v-iƒc‡Ki cÖ‡qvM NwU‡q‡Qb| wbmM©wPÎ: ÔmÜ¨viv‡M wSwjwgwj wSj‡gi †mªvZLvwb
euvKv/Avuav‡i gwjb nj †hb Lv‡c-XvKv/euvKv Z‡jvqviÕ, A_ev ÔZiæ‡kªYx Pv‡n, cvLv †gwj/ gvwUi eÜb †dwj/
IB kã‡iLv a‡i PwK‡Z nB‡Z w`kvnvivÕ BZ¨vw`| Bw›`ª‡qi †¶‡Î `„wó I kÖæwZi cÖej eënvi N‡U‡Q, †hgb:
Ôk‡ãi we`y¨r”QUv k~‡bï cÖvšÍ‡i, Ôwe¯§‡qi RvMiY Ziw½qv Pwjj AvKv‡kÕ BZ¨vw`| AvZ¥iƒc wPÎ: ÔAvR iv‡Î †gvi
Kv‡Q Ly‡j w`‡j ¯ÍäZvi XvKv, Ôïwbjvg Avcb AšÍ‡i/AmsL¨ cvwLi m‡½/w`‡biv‡Z/IB evmvQvov cvwL avq Av‡jv
AÜKv‡iÕ BZ¨vw`|
KweZvwU‡Z AvU gvÎvi ce©B †ewk eëüZ, Pvi gvÎvi cÖ‡qvM we¯§q m„wói mnvqK| ÔejvKvÕ KweZv MwZev‡ì
wkíiƒc wn‡m‡e Abb¨|
3 bs cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi: [ms‡KZ]

G-cÖm‡½ Avcbviv wb‡Ri e³‡eï m‡½ hy³ Kiæb iex›`ªbv‡_i wb‡¤œv³ fvl¨:
ÒejvKv bv‡gi g‡a¨ GB fveUv Av‡Q †h, ey‡bv nuv‡mi `j bxo †eu‡a‡Q, wWg †c‡o‡Q, Zv‡ì Qvbv n‡q‡Q, msmvi
cvZv n‡q‡Q Ggb mg‡q Zviv wK‡mi Av‡e‡M Awff‚Z n‡q cwiwPZ evmv †Q‡o c_nxb mgy‡`ªi Dci w`‡q
†Kvb-wmÜzZx‡i Avi GK evmvi w`‡K D‡o P‡j‡Q|ÕÕ [`ª. iex›`ª iPbvejx,¯œv`k LÛ]|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV-3
evZvqb-cv‡k ¸evK-Ziæi mvwi
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
(1899-1976)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 GB cv‡V Avcwb evsjv mvwn‡Zï GKwU MxwZKweZv m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡eb|
 we‡`ªvnx Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ bRiæ‡ji ü`q‡e`bvi cÖwZ”Qwe Ly‡u R cv‡eb |
 cÖK…wZi m‡½ ¯§„wZi wbweo ms‡hvM m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi Kve¨‡eva RvMÖZ n‡e|
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
Avengvb evsjv KweZvi avivq KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Abb¨ Kwee¨w³Z¡| GKw`‡K wZwb †ivgvw›UK Kve¨Kíbvq
Av‡eMgq I weinx, Ab¨w`‡K mgKvjxb ivR‰bwZK-mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK cUf‚wgKv Aej¤^‡b KweZv iPbvi †¶‡Î
we‡`ªvnx wkíx| cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvw¯’Z Pziæwjqv MÖv‡g 1899 wLª÷v‡ãi 24 †g wZwb
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZv KvRx dwKi Avn‡g`, gvZv Rv‡e`v LvZzb| MÖv‡gi g³‡e wb¤œ cÖvBgvwi cix¶v cvm K‡ib
1909 wLª÷v‡ã| wK‡kvi eq‡m †j‡Uv bvP, Mvb I hvÎvi `‡j †hvM`vb I AvÂwjK †jvKms¯‹…wZi m‡½ cwiPq
N‡U| we`¨vjq Z¨vM K‡i bRiæj evwo †_‡K cvwj‡q Avmvb‡wLª÷v‡ãi iæwUi †`vKv‡b PvKwi †bb| 1914 wLª÷v‡ã
gqgbwms‡ni wÎkvj _vbvi KvRxiwkgjv MÖv‡gi wbK‡U Aew¯’Z `wiivgcyi we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nb| cieZx©Kv‡j
g¨vwUªK cix¶vq AeZxY© bv n‡q 1917 wLª÷v‡ã ZrKvjxb weªwUk fvi‡Zi ˆmbëvwnbxi evOvwj cë‡b ˆmwbK
wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib I nvwej`vi c‡` DbœxZ nb| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i c‡i Kwe KjKvZvq wd‡i Av‡mb Ges c~Y©
D`¨‡g mvwnZïPbv, mvsevw`KZv I m½xZPP©vq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|
weªwUk we‡ivax Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi (1920-1922) cÖv°v‡j bRiæj KweZv, cÖeÜ, Mvb I mvsevw`KZvi ga¨
w`‡q mwµq n‡q I‡Vb| Ôa~g‡KZzÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`bv Kv‡j wZwb fviZe‡l©i ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mg_©‡b wewea iPbv
cÖKvk Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Ôa~g‡KZzÕi 22 †m‡Þ¤î 1922 msL¨vq Zuvi ÔAvb›`gqxi AvMg‡bÕ KweZv cÖKvwkZ n‡j
†MÖdZvi I Kviviæ× nb| cieZx©Kv‡j bRiæ‡ji ivR‰bwZK Kg©hÁ AviI cÖejiƒc aviY K‡i| 1942-Gi
A‡±ve‡i wZwb gw¯Í‡®‹i e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nb I Zuvi evKkw³ †jvc cvq| 1972-Gi 24 †g ZrKvjxb miKvi Zuv‡K
evsjv‡`‡k wb‡q Av‡mb, Zuv‡K RvZxq Kwei gh©v`v cÖ`vb Kiv nq| 1976 wLª÷v‡ãi 29 AvM÷ bRiæj g„Z¨z eiY
K‡ib|
bRiæj Zuvi Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ n‡jI ü`qv‡eM I †e`bvi cÖKvk‡¶‡ÎI Abb¨| iex›`ªcÖfve AwZµg
K‡i wZwb GKwU ¯^Kxq Kveäviv m„wó Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi iwPZ Kve¨MÖš’: AwMœexYv (1922), we‡li euvwk
(1924), fvOvi Mvb (1924), mvgëv`x (1925), me©nviv (1926), dwY-gbmv (1927), wRwÄi (1928),
mÜ¨v (1929) I cÖjqwkLv (1930)| Zuvi KweZvi g~j welq n‡”Q †cŠiæl`„ß msMÖvg, MY‡PZbv I wbh©vwZZ
gvby‡li gyw³i AvKv ¶v, ¯^vRvZ¨‡eva, gvbeZv I mvgëv`| †Kvgj gayi gvbweK †cÖ‡gi wb`k©b i‡q‡Q
†`vjbPuvcv (1923), QvqvbU (1924), cy‡ei nvIqv (1925), wmÜz-wn‡›`vj (1927) I PµevK (1929)
Kv‡e¨| GQvovI wZwb iPbv K‡ib Rxebxg~jK Kve¨ wPËbvgv (1926) I giæ-fv¯‹i (1951-G cÖKvwkZ)|
†QvU‡ì KweZv-MÖš’ wS‡Odzj (1926) I mvZ fvB P¤úv| M`¨mvwn‡Zï †¶‡Î iwPZ Dcb¨vm n‡”Q euvabnviv
(1927), g„Zz¨¶zav (1930) I Kz‡nwjKv (1931)| MíMÖš’: e¨_vi `vb (1922), wi‡³i †e`b (1925),
wkDwjgvjv (1931), bvUK: wSwjwgwj (1930), Av‡jqv (1931) I gaygvjv (1959)| cÖeÜcy¯K Í : hyMevYx
(1922), ivRe›`xi Revbe›`x (1923), `yw`©‡bi hvÎx (1926) I iæ`ªg½j (1927)| m½x‡Zi †¶‡Î iPbv
K‡ib †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb, †Kvivm, †cÖgMxwZ, k¨vgvm½xZ, Bmjvwg m½xZ, cjxMxwZ I nvwmi Mvb| weªwUk miKvi
KZ©„K ev‡Rqvß n‡qwQj AwMœexYv, we‡li euvwk, fvOvi Mvb, cÖjq-wkLv, hyMevYx I P›`ªwe›`y| Kwe‡K KjKvZv
wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„K RMËvwiYx ¯^Y©-c`K (1945), fviZ miKvi KZ©„K ÔcÙf‚lYÕ Dcvwa (1960), iex›`ª
wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„K wW-wjU (1974), XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„K wW-wjU (1974) I evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖ`Ë GKz‡ki
c`K (1976) cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
cvV-cwiwPZ
ÔevZvqb-cv‡k ¸evK-Ziæi mvwiÕ KweZvwU 1929 wLªóv‡ãi 14 Rvbyqvwi PÆMÖv‡g Ae¯’vbKv‡j iwPZ nq| KweZvwU
cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq ÔKvwj-KjgÕ cwÎKvq Z…Zxq e‡l©i msL¨vq  ˆPÎ, 1355 e½v‡ã| c‡i ÔPµevKÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’ I
ÔmwÂZvÕ msKj‡b AšÍf©³ z nq|
KweRxe‡bi K‡qKwU ¯§iYxq Aa¨vq GB KweZvwUi Rb¥jv‡f wµqvkxj wQj| PÆMÖv‡g nvexeyjøvn evnvi I
mvgmybœvnvi-†ì evwo‡Z Ae¯’vbKv‡j GKwU we‡kl cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Kwe‡K gy» K‡iwQj| Kwe †h N‡i _vK‡Zb
Zvi Rvbvjvi cv‡k cyKzi cv‡o wQj bqwU mycvwi MvQ| MvQ¸wji m‡½ Kwei bxie mL¨ M‡o I‡V| P›`ªv‡jvvwKZ
ivwÎ I cyKz‡ii R‡j cÖwZwew¤^Z mycvwiMv‡Qi cvZvi K¤úb`„k¨ wQj Kwei fvjjvMvi Drm| GB MvQ¸wj †Q‡o
Avmvi †e`bvB KweZvwUi Aej¤^b-fve| Avmbœ we`v‡qi c‡U mÂvwiZ welYœZv KweZvq myim‡¤§vn m„wó K‡i‡Q|
cÖK…wZ‡cÖg I ü`qv‡e‡Mi cÖKvkB Gi gyL¨ Avkªq|
g~jgvV
we`vq, †n †gvi evZvqb-cv‡k wbkx_ RvMvi mv_x!
I‡Mv eÜziv, cvÛzi n‡q Gj we`v‡qi ivwZ!
AvR nÕ†Z nÕj eÜ Avgvi Rvbvjvi wSwjwgwj,
AvR nÕ†Z nÕj eÜ †gv‡ì Avjvcb wbwiwewj|...
A¯Í-AvKvk-Awj‡›` Zvi kxY© K‡cvj ivwLÕ
Kuvw`‡Z‡Q Puv`, Ògymvwdi Rv‡Mv, wbwk Avi bvB evwKÓ!
wbkxw_bx hvq `~i eb-Qvq, Z›`ªvq XzjyXzj&,
wd‡i wd‡i Pvq, `ynv‡Z Rovq Avuav‡ii G‡jvPzj| 
PgwKqv RvwM, jjv‡U Avgvi Kvnvi wbkvm-jv‡M?
†K K‡i exRb Zß jjv‡U, †K †gvi wkq‡i Rv‡M?
†R‡M †`wL, †gvi evZvqb-cv‡k RvwMQ ¯^cbPvix
wbkx_ iv‡Zi eÜz Avgvi ¸evK-Ziæi mvwi!
†Zvgv‡ì Avi Avgvi AvuvwLi cje-K¤ú‡b
mviv ivZ †gviv K‡qwQ †h K_v, eÜz, cwo‡Q g‡b! 
RvwMqv GKvKx R¡vjv KÕ†i AvuvwL AvwmZ hLb Rj,
†Zvgv‡ì cvZv g‡b nÕZ †hb mykxZj KiZj
Avgvi wcÖqvi!  †Zvgvi kvLvi cjegg©i
g‡b nÕZ †hb Zvwi K‡Éi Av‡e`b mKvZi|
†Zvgvi cvZvq †`‡LwQ Zvnvwi AvuvwLi KvRj-†iLv ;
†Zvgvi †`‡niB gZb `xNj Zvnvi †`‡ni †iLv|
Ze wSi&wSi& wgi& wgi& †hb Zvwi KzwÉZ evYx,
†Zvgvi kvLvq Sz‡jv‡bv Zvwii kvwoi AvuPj Lvwb|
 †Zvgvi cvLvi nvIqv
Gm Gm GBP Gj
Zvwi A½ywj-ci‡ki gZ wbweo Avì-QvIqv!

fvwe‡Z fvwe‡Z Xzwjqv c‡owQ Ny‡gi kªvšÍ †Kv‡j,
Nygv‡q ¯^cb †`‡LwQ,  †Zvgvwi mybxj Svji †`v‡j
†Zgwb Avgvi wk_v‡bi cv‡k| †`‡LwQ ¯^c‡b, Zzwg
†Mvc‡b Avwmqv wMqvQ Avgvi Zß jjvU PzwgÕ|
nqZ ¯^c‡b evov‡qwQ nvZ  jB‡Z cikLvwb,

evZvq‡b †VwKÕ wdwiqv G‡m‡Q, jBqvwQ jv‡R UvwbÕ|
eÜy, GLb iæ× Kwi‡Z nB‡e †m evZvqb|
Wv‡K c_, nuv‡K hvÎxiv, ÒKi we`v‡qi Av‡qvRb!ÕÕ
 AvwR we`v‡qi Av‡M
Avgv‡i Rvbv‡Z †Zvgv‡i Rvwb‡Z KZ wK †h mva Rv‡M!
g‡g©i evYx ïwb Ze, ïay gy‡Li fvlvq †Kb
Rvwb‡Z Pvq I ey‡Ki fvlv‡i †jvfvZzi gb †nb?
Rvwb  gy‡L gy‡L n‡e bv †gv‡ì †Kvbw`b RvbvRvwb,
ey‡K ey‡K ïay evRvB‡e exYv †e`bvi exYvcvwb!
nqZ †Zvgv‡i †`wLqvwQ, Zzwg hvnv bI ZvB KÕ†i,
¶wZ wK †Zvgvi, hw` †Mv Avgvi Zv‡ZB ü`q f‡i?
my›ì hw` K‡i †Mv †Zvgv‡i Avgvi AvuwLi Rj,
nviv-†gvg&Zv‡R j‡q Kv‡iv †cÖg i‡P hw` ZvR-gj,
 e‡jv Zv‡n Kvi ¶wZ?
†Zvgv‡i jBqv mvRve bv Ni, m„wRe AgiveZx! ...
nq Z †Zvgvi kvLvq KL‡bv e‡m wb Avwmqv kvLx,
†Zvgvi Kz‡Ä cÎcy‡Ä †KvwKj I‡V wb WvwKÕ|
k~‡bï cv‡b Zzwjqv awiqv cje-Av‡e`b
†R‡M‡Q wbkx‡_ Rv‡M wb KÕ mv‡_ LywjÕ †Kn evZvqb|
 me Av‡M Avwg AvwmÕ
†Zvgv‡i Pvwnqv †R‡MwQ wbkx_ wMqvwQ †Mv fvjevwm!
†Zvgvi cvZvq wjwLjvg Avwg cÖ_g cÖYq-†jLv
GBUzKz †nvK mvšÍ¡bv †gvi, †nvK& ev bv †nvK& †`Lv|...
†Zvgv‡ì cv‡b Pvwnqv eÜz, Avwg Avi RvwMe bv|
†Kvjvnj KwiÕ mviv w`bgvb Kv‡iv a¨vb fvwOe bv|
 wbðj wbðzc
Avcbvi g‡b cywoe GKvKx MÜweayi a~c| 
ïavB‡Z bvB, ZeyI ïavB  AvwR‡K hvevi Av‡M 

H cje-Rvdwi Lywjqv ZzwgI wK Abyiv‡M
†`‡LQ Avgv‡i  †`wLqvwQ h‡e Avwg evZvqb LywjÕ?
nvIqvq bv †gvi Abyiv‡M Ze cvZv DwVqv‡Q `ywjÕ?
†Zvgvi cvZvi nwir AvuP‡j Puv`bx Nygv‡e h‡e,
gywQ©Zv n‡e my‡Li Av`‡j  †m Av‡jvi Drm‡e
g‡b wK cwo‡e GB ¶wY‡Ki AwZw_i K_v Avi?

†Zvgvi wbkvm k~b¨ G N‡i Kwi‡e wK nvnvKvi?
Puv‡ì Av‡jvK we¯^v` wK †Mv jvwM‡e †mw`b †Pv‡L?
Lo&Lwo LywjÕ †P‡q iÕ†e `~i A¯Í AjL-†jv‡K? 
 A_ev Ggwb KwiÕ
ùvov‡q iwn‡e Avcb †aqv‡b mviv w`bgvb fwiÕ?
gwjb gvwUi eÜ‡b euvav nvq Amnvq Ziæ,
c`Z‡j a~wj, D‡aŸ© †Zvgvi k~b¨ MMb-giæ|
wè‡m cywoQ †iŠ‡`ªi `v‡n, wbkx‡_ wfwRQ wn‡g,
KuvwèviI bvB kKwZ, g„Zz¨-Avwd‡g cwoQ wS‡g!
†Zvgvi `y:L †Zvgv‡iB hw`, eÜz, e¨_v bv nv‡b,
wK n‡e wi³ wPË fwiqv Avgvi e¨_vi `v‡b! ...
fzj K‡i Kfz Avwm‡j ¯§i‡Y Agwb Zv †h‡qv fzwjÕ|
hw` fzj K‡i KL‡bv G †gvi evZvqb hvq LywjÕ,
eÜ Kwiqv wÌ cyb: Zvq! ... †Zvgvi Rvd&wi-duv‡K
Ly‡u Rv bv Zvnv‡i MMb-Avuav‡i  gvwU‡Z †c‡j bv _v‡K|

e¯‘ms‡¶c
evZvqb-cv‡k wbkx_ RvMvi m½x‡K Kwe we`vq m¤¢vlY Rvbv‡”Qb, we`v‡qi ivZ cvÐzi n‡q Avm‡Q| Rvbvjvi
wSwjwgwj ïay bq, e„¶ivwRi m‡½ wbwiwewj AvjvcI eÜ n‡q Gj| ü`‡qi m‡½ †hvMeÜb wQbœ n‡”Q e‡j Avmbœ
we`v‡qi ivZ †e`bv I wei‡n Av”Qbœ| wbkx_ iv‡Zi we`v‡q †hgb Z›`ªv”QbœZv, AvKzjZv, †Zgwb AvKv‡k A¯ÍMvgx
Puv‡ì Kvbœv gymvwdi‡K RvMÖZ nIqvi Rb¨ µ›`b Ki‡Q| GB gymvwdi n‡”Qb Kwe wb‡R| PÆMÖvg evmKv‡j G-
KweZv iwPZ e‡j H-mgqKvi †Kvb †MvcbPvwiYx bvixi cÖwZ”Qvqv GLv‡b AvfvwmZ| ïay ¸evKZiæi ¯úk© bq,
Kwe‡K †mev K‡iwQj †Kvb gvbexi n¯Í¯úk©I|
Kwe ¯§„wZPviY Ki‡Z wM‡q ¸evK Ziæi m‡½ Zvi gayi gyn~Z©¸‡jvi K_v ej‡Qb| ¸evK-Ziæ fvlvnxb, Df‡qi
K_v wewbgq nZ †Pv‡Li fvlvq| wbtm½ ivZ-RvMvi DËß †PvL‡K H Ziæi cvZv kxZj ¯úk© w`‡q w¯œ× K‡i w`Z|
Zvi cÎgg©‡i aŸwbZ nZ KwewcÖqvi KÉevYx| Zvi cÎ¸‡”Q †`Lv †hZ wcÖqvi †Pv‡Li KvRj‡iLv, ¸evK e„¶‡`‡ni
gZB `xNj H bvixi †`n| bgª, bZ ¸evK-Ziæi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q  `xNj AvK…wZ n‡jI †cÖwgKvi KzÉvwgkª K_v,
Zvi kvwoi AvuPj I A½ywj¯úk©|
kªvšÍ Kwe hLb wb`ªvgMœ n‡Zb, ZLbI ¸ev‡Ki cÎSv‡ji Zvi wkq‡i `yjZ, ¯^‡cœi g‡a¨ †c‡Zb Zvi Pz¤^b¯úk©|
wKš‘ Rvbvjv w`‡q nvZ evwo‡q ¯úk© Ki‡Z wM‡q Kwe e¨_© n‡q‡Qb| GLb †mB evZvqb eÜ Kivi mgq G‡m‡Q|
Kwei c‡_ †ei nevi jMœ Dcw¯’Z, †Kbbv wZwb gymvwdi gvÎ|
GB we`v‡qi Av‡qvR‡b e„¶¸‡jv Zv‡ì AKw_Z evYx D”PviY Ki‡Z PvB‡Q, †m evYx Df‡qi AšÍ‡iB ïay Abyfe
Kiv hv‡e| Kwe ¸evKe„¶‡K †h-iƒ‡c †`‡L‡Qb Zv †Kej ZviB Av‡ivwcZ-iƒc, Kwei ü`qB G‡ì‡K gwngv I
†cÖ‡gi MfxiZvq g~jën g‡b K‡i‡Q| ZvB `~‡i P‡j wM‡qI wZwb †mB ü`q-Kíbv w`‡qB Zv‡ì ZvRgn‡ji gZ
AgiZ¡ †`‡eb  †hgb w`‡q‡Qb KweZvi RM‡Z| GZw`b GB e„‡¶ †Kvb cvwL evmv euv‡awb, Gi cÎKz‡Ä
†KvwKj Wv‡Kwb, Ab¨ †KD evZvqb Ly‡j ivZ Rv‡Mwb| KweB cÖ_g G‡ì m‡½ ivwÎ KvwU‡q‡Qb, cÎcj‡e
cÖYqwjwc iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
GB bxie cÖYq ü`‡q wb‡q Kwe n‡q hv‡eb MÜa~‡ci gZ wbtk‡ã cÖR¡jšÍ| Zey GKwU †Mvcb cÖZ¨vkv Rv‡M, Kwei
cÖkœ KLbI Zvi wcÖqv wK Kwe‡K Rvbvjv Ly‡j †`‡L‡Q? GLv‡b A‡`Lv wcÖqvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¸evKZiæi m‡½ GKvZ¥ n‡q
†M‡Q| e„¶cvZvq Puv‡ì Av‡jv hLb Ny‡g g~wQ©Z n‡e, †mB myLv‡e‡ki mgq Zv‡ì wK g‡b co‡e Kwei K_v|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
A_ev †cÖwgKvi my‡Lvrm‡ei gyn~‡Z© Kwei K_v ¯§i‡Y G‡b †m wK D`vm n‡e? mviv w`b a¨vbgMœ n‡q _vK‡e 
¸evK e„‡¶i gZ?
gvwU‡Z ew›` ¸evKe„¶, †iv`wn‡g Amnvqfv‡e ùvwo‡q _v‡K| GRb¨ Zvi hw` `ytL‡eva bv _v‡K, Z‡e †m †¶‡Î
Kwe wb‡Ri `ytL‡K hy³ Ki‡Z Pvb bv| e¨w_‡Zi m½x n‡Z cv‡i †Kej `ytLxRb| ZeyI fzj K‡i Kwei K_v g‡b
G‡j †hb m‡½ m‡½ Zv we¯§„Z n‡q hvq| Ab¨gb¯‹fv‡e Rvbvjv Ly‡j †dj‡jI Zv †hb Avevi eÜ K‡i †Ìqv nq|
Rvbvjvi duvK w`‡q AvKvk-AÜKv‡i Kwe‡K bv †LuvRvi K_v ej‡Qb, †Kbbv GKw`b gvwUi N‡i A_©vr ev¯Í‡eI
Zv‡K cvIqv hvqwb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1. Ôgymvwdi Rv‡Mv, wbwk Avi bvB evwK|Õ GB gymvwdi †K?
DËi: †h gymvwdi‡K RvMÖZ nIqvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Kiv n‡”Q, †m gymvwdi n‡jb ¯^qs Kwe| PÆMÖvg md‡i Kwe
gymvwdi A_©vr we‡`‡k ¶YKv‡ji AwZw_| GKmgq Zv‡K we`vq wb‡Z nq, ZvB ivwÎ‡k‡l cÖ¯‘Z nIqvi Rb¨ ejv
n‡”Q| bRiæj `yBevi PÆMÖv‡g wM‡qwQ‡jb 1928 wLª÷v‡ãi RyjvB gv‡m Ges 1929 wLª÷v‡ã| Av‡jvP¨
KweZvwU wØZxqevi PÆMÖvg Ae¯’vbKv‡j iwPZ n‡qwQj|
2. ¸evK-Ziæi m‡½ KwewcÖqvi mv`„k¨ wK wK?
DËi: ¸evK-Ziæi cÎcje Kwei †MvcbwcÖqvi mykxZj KiZj, kvLvi gg©iaŸwb Zvi KÉevYx| ¸ev‡Ki cvZvq
Aw¼Z n‡q Av‡Q †mB bvixi †Pv‡Li KvRj-†jLv, ¸ev‡Ki `xN©‡`‡ni g‡a¨ Kwe wcÖqvi `xNj †`n‡KB †`L‡Z
cvb| `xN© cÎavivq Kwe †`‡Lb ZviB kvwoi AvuPj, cvZvi cvLvq Lyu ‡R cvb Zvi A½ywj-¯ú‡k©i wbweo Avì|
Kwei †Mvcb-wcÖqv G-KweZvq wbe©vK Ziæi iƒc‡K ms‡Mvc‡b Dcw¯’Z|
3. Kwe Kv‡K wb‡q AgiveZx-iƒ‡c mvRv‡Z Pvb?

4. ÔgvwUi eÜ‡b euvavÕ ¸evK-Ziæ †Kb Amnvq?

1. †Zvgv‡ì cv‡b Pvwnqv eÜz, Avwg Avi RvwMe bv|
†Kvjvnj Kwi mviv w`bgvb Kv‡iv a¨vb fvwOe bv|
 wbðj wbðzc
Avcbvi g‡b cywoe GKvKx MÜweayi a~c| 
DËi: D×…Z Kve¨vsk KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg iwPZ ÔevZvqb-cv‡k ¸evK-Ziæi mvwiÕ KweZvi AšÍM©Z| GLv‡b Kwe
we`vq-e¨_vZzi wP‡Ë AvZ¥vwfgvb‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Qb|
cÖev‡m AvwZ_¨ MÖn‡Yi mgq N‡ii cv‡k ¸evK e„‡¶i m‡½ Kwei mL¨ M‡o I‡V| wbkx_ iv‡Z GKvKx Kwe Zv‡ì
m‡½ †gŠb fvewewbgq Ki‡Zb| Zvi †MvcbwcÖqvi cÖwZ”Qvqv‡K Lyu‡R †c‡Zb ¸evKe„‡¶i c‡Î, ¯ú‡k©, `xNj‡`‡n|
AvR we`vqKv‡j GB me mv_x‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i wZwb P‡j hv‡”Qb, Zv‡ì m‡½ nqZ Avi †`Lv n‡e bv|
AwfgvbvnZ wP‡Ë Kwe we`vq MÖnY K‡i ej‡Qb †h, Zvi †e`bvfiv ü`qevYx KvD‡K Rvbv‡eb bv| we‡`ªvnx Kwe
D”P wPrKvi K‡i wKQy `vweI Ki‡eb bv| Kvgbvevmbvi a~c R¡vwj‡q GKvKx wb‡R‡KB `» K‡i MÜ wewj‡q
hv‡eb| A_©vr ü`q‡e`bvi cÖKvk NUv‡eb bv, a~‡ci gZ wb‡R‡K wbt‡kl Ki‡eb|
Av‡jvP¨ As‡k we‡`ªvnx Kwei wbðzc n‡q hvIqvi †h Awfgvb cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q, Zv cieZx©Kv‡j ev¯ÍeZB N‡UwQj|
bRiæj e¨vwaMÖ¯Í n‡q g~K n‡q hvb|
2. ... †Zvgvi Rvd&wi-duv‡K

Lyu‡Rvbv Zvnv‡i, MMb-Avuav‡i  gvwU‡Z †c‡jbv hv‡K|
DËi: DcwiD³ csw³Øq Kwe bRiæj Bmjvg iwPZ ÔevZvqb-cv‡k ¸evK-Ziæi mvwiÕ kxl©K KweZv †_‡K M„nxZ
n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Kwe Zvi †Mvcb wcÖqv‡K j¶ K‡i ¯§„wZwe× bv nevi K_v ej‡Qb Ges Kwe‡K fz‡j hvevi cÖm½
DÌvcb K‡i‡Qb|
AwZw_ wn‡m‡e PÆMÖv‡g Ae¯’vbKv‡j Kwei Rxe‡b †Kvb †MvcbPvwiYxi Avwef©ve N‡UwQj| †h M„‡n Kwe wQ‡jb Zvi
Mev¶c‡_ ¸evKe„‡¶i w`‡K ZvwK‡q †MvcbwcÖqvi cÖwZwe¤^B Ae‡jvKb Ki‡Zb| H e„¶¸wj †hb wQj Kwei wbtm½
ivwÎi mLv, gg©mnPi| we`vqKv‡j Kwe †mB Aj¶¨ wcÖqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ ej‡Qb Zvi Rxe‡b hw` KL‡bv ¯§iY-gyn~‡Z©
†R‡M I‡V Kwei ¯§„wZ, Z‡e †hb H Mev¶c‡_ Zv‡K mÜvb bv K‡i| ivwÎi AÜKvi AvKv‡k †m mÜvb e¨_© n‡Z
eva¨, †Kbbv hv‡K gvwU‡Z A_©vr ev¯Í‡e cvIqv †Mj bv Zv‡K weg~Z© AvKvkc‡_ cvIqvi `ytL eiY bv KivB fvj|
ev¯Í‡e †h cÖZ¨¶iƒ‡c cwiwPZ nqwb, Zvi Rb¨ nvnvKvi Kiv e„_v|
gvby‡li cÖvwßi RMr ev¯Íe m‡Zï Dc‡i M‡o I‡V, A‡`Lv weg~Z© fve‡K cÖZ¨¶ ¯ú‡k©i RM‡Z †c‡Z nq| Zv
N‡Uwb e‡jB Kwe †mB e¨_© mvabv †_‡K weiZ _vKvi K_v ej‡Qb|
iPbvg~jK cª‡kœi-DËi wjLyb

1. ÒcÖK…wZi cÖZx‡K gvbeg‡bi wPišÍb-wein‡e`bv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|ÕÕ ÔevZvqb-cv‡k ¸evK-Ziæi mvwiÕ KweZv
Aej¤^‡b e³e¨wU Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. ÔevZvqb-cv‡k ¸evK-Ziæi mvwiÕ KweZvq wea„Z n‡q‡Q †ivgvw›UK †e`bv I AvKzwZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. KweZvwUi kãfvlv I Q›ìƒc m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
gymvwdi cw_K Kwei `„wó‡Z ¸evK-Ziæi mvwi Zvi †Mvcb wcÖqvi cÖwZwbwa| Kweg‡bi myL`ytL I †e`bv cÖKv‡ki
gg©mnPi GBme e„¶| Rvbvjvi cv‡k ¸evK e„¶mvwii m‡½ wZwb †cÖgfvl‡Y iZ|
cÖ_‡gB Kwe ¸evKe„‡¶ cÖvYv‡ivc K‡i Zv‡ì m‡½ fvewewbgq Ki‡Qb| KviY, Kwe †cÖwgKvi iƒcKí‡K cÖK…wZi
wPÎK‡í AvfvwmZ K‡i ¸evK-Ziæi g‡a¨ mÜvb Ki‡Qb †Mvcb wcÖqv‡K, AbvwgKv‡K| GLv‡b cÖK…wZB wcÖqviƒc
a‡i, Avevi wcÖqvB †hb cÖK…wZ n‡q hvq| GKwU D¾¡j Qwe Gu‡K Kwe Zvi g‡a¨ wcÖqvi †`niƒc‡K Zz‡j a‡ib; Zvi
†e`bvgqx weinx wcÖqv AvfvwmZ nq A¯Í AvKvk-Awj‡›` èvb K‡cvj †i‡L gymvwdi Pvu`‡K RvMv‡bvi wP‡Î, wbtmxg
†e`bvi iƒc”Qwe GLv‡b Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| Avuav‡ii G‡jvPzj wcÖqvi †e`bv”QbœZvi cÖKvkiƒc|
¸evK-Ziæi evZvm Kwei Kv‡Q wcÖqvi n¯Í¯úk©, Zvi `xN©‡`‡n wcÖqvi `xNj Ziæi iƒcvfvm, Zvi cvZvq AvuKv
Av‡Q wcÖqvi †Pv‡Li gvqvKvRj †iLv| cÖK…wZ I wcÖqvi Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤^× iPbvi †¶‡Î Kwe KZ¸wj Bw›`ªqgq kixix
wPÎ Gu‡K‡Qb| †h bvwqKv `~‡ii, AcwiwPZ I A‡`Lv, Zv‡K †hb cÖZ¨¶ Kiv hv‡”Q cÖK…wZi kvšÍ gyLkªx‡Z|
bvix‡mŠ›`‡h©i ¯îƒc‡K cÖK…wZ‡Z Gfv‡e `„k¨gvb K‡i †Zvjvi d‡j Zv‡K †`navwiYx iƒ‡c Kíbv Kiv m¤¢e nq|
cÖ_g cÖY‡qi j¾v, ms‡KvP, wØav BZ¨vwì cÖKvkI GLv‡b wcÖqv‡K mZ¨ K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| †ivgvw›UK wP‡Ëi ag©B nj
†cÖg I wcÖqv‡K ev¯Í‡ei †P‡q cÖK…wZRM‡Zi m‡½ †ewk K‡i Awe‡”Q`¨ K‡i †Zvjv| Kwei wcÖqv cÖK…wZi m‡½
GKxf‚Z n‡q _v‡K e‡j ¸evK-Ziæi g‡a¨ cÖK…Z A‡_© wcÖqv‡KB iƒcvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z †cÖg¯ú‡k© gw›`ªZ
KwíZRMr Gfv‡eB †ivgvw›UK‡ì Kv‡Q cÖK…wZwbf©i n‡q I‡V| Kwe bRiæ‡ji bvixcÖwZgv we‡`nx ev weg~Z© †Kvb
mËv bq, †m me©`v kixiavix †MvcbPvwiYx, KL‡bv iƒcjveY¨gqx cweÎ bvix, KLbI wK‡kvixi gZ bgª, bZ,
PwKZ c`PvwiYx| d‡j cÖK…wZi wewfbœ wP‡Îi g‡a¨ Zv‡K Kíbv w`‡q M‡o Zzj‡Z nq| evZvqb-cv‡ki ¸evK e„‡¶
ZvB wcÖqvi †`niƒc †hgb AvfvwmZ, †Zgwb Kwei fvewewbgqI N‡U Zvi m‡½| mgvRm‡PZb we‡`ªvnx bRiæ‡ji
wbtm½-wein-†e`bvZ© iƒcwU G KweZvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
Gm Gm GBP Gj
†cÖg I †mŠ›`‡h©i Rb¨ wPi-mÜvb I †e`bv cÖKvkB †ivgvw›UK KwewP‡Ëi ag©| AcÖvwßi nvnvKvi †ivgvw›UK‡K
memgq †e`bvZzi K‡i iv‡L, †cÖ‡gi Rb¨ wPiZ…òvB GLv‡b gyL¨| Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU‡Z GB †e`bv I AZ…wß
Zxeªfv‡e cÖKvwkZ| ¸evKZiæi mvwi‡K Aej¤^b K‡i D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q Kwei e¨w³ü`‡qi wPišÍb Av‡eMiƒc|
bRiæ‡ji KweZvq, we‡klZ †cÖgg~jK KweZvq cvIqv-bv-cvIqvi wein weayiZv memgq cÖavb myi n‡q I‡V|
KL‡bv †MvcbwcÖqv, KL‡bv ev wbôzi-wcÖqv Zuv‡K AvnZ I i³v³ K‡i| Kwe Zvi Rb¨ µ›`bvKzj n‡q _v‡Kb|
wbiæ× Av‡eM wb‡q GKvKx a~‡ci gZ `» n‡Z _v‡Kb| DwjwLZ KweZvq GKRb †MvcbwcÖqvi Avfvm j¶Yxq,
Kwei m‡½ Zvi cÖZ¨¶ cwiPq N‡Uwb| wKš‘ Kíbvq †m Kwei ü`‡q me©`vB Dcw¯’Z, Zvi cÖwZ Av‡eM cÖKv‡k
wZwb KiæY †e`bvwenŸj; e¯‘Z, bv-cvIqv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB †ivgvw›U‡Ki wPË I KíRM‡Z Awfmvi K‡i|
cÖK…wZwe‡k¦, GLv‡bI i‡q‡Q ¸evK e„‡¶ Kwei AZ…ß †cÖ‡gi iƒc`k©‡bi AvKzjZv, wPišÍb †cÖ‡gi Rb¨ Zxeª
A‡š^lY| cvÐzi, we`vq, A¯Í, kxY©, †e`bv, ¶wZ, k~b¨, wbðj, wbðzc, weayi, wbivk, k~b¨, MMb-Avuavi BZ¨vw`
kã †ivgvw›UK wei‡ni e¨vKzj-D”PviY| wbt‡k‡l wb‡Ri †e`bvfvi‡K wb‡e`b K‡i †ivgvw›UK wPË Zvi wPiZ…òv‡K
e¨³ K‡i| GLv‡bI AvZ¥`n‡bi g‡a¨, GKvKx a~c`» nIqvi g‡a¨ †mB Z…òvi iƒcwPÎ AvuKv n‡q‡Q| ÔevZvqb-
cv‡k ¸evK-Ziæi mvwiÕ KweZvq bRiæ‡ji e¨w³¯^fv‡ei I AwfÁZvi g‡a¨B †ivgvw›UK Kíbvi ¯^Ztù‚Z© cÖKvk
N‡U‡Q|
3 bs cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi: [ms‡KZ]

cÖ‡kœi DËiwU wb‡R cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb| kãiƒc ej‡Z wPÎiPbv I Aj¼vi, we‡klY BZ¨vw` †evSvq| Avi Q‡›ì †¶‡Î
†`Lyb KweZvwU gvÎve„‡Ë iwPZ gš’i I `xN©MwZi gvÎve„Ë| `„óvšÍ: Ôwe`vq, †n †gvi/ evZvqb-cv‡k/wbkx_
RvMvi/mv_x ! I‡Mv eÜziv,/cvÐzi n‡q/ Gj we`v‡qi/ivwZÕ|
cvV-4
ebjZv †mb
Rxebvb›` `vk
(1899-1954)
D‡Ïk¨
G KweZv cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
 GB KweZv cvV‡k‡l Avcwb AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi wZwi‡ki hyM m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, H hy‡M
iwPZ KweZvi welq I iƒcixwZ we‡klY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 KweZvwUi fvee¯‘ Av‡jvPbv K‡i BwZnvm‡eva I e¨w³gvby‡li cÖvw_©Z wPišÍb gvbex m¤ú‡K© e³e¨ cÖKvk
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 KweZvi fvlv, Aj¼vi I iPbvixwZ we‡klY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†jLK-cwiwPwZ
wek kZ‡Ki wZwi‡ki `k‡K AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi AMÖMY¨ Kwe Rxebvb›` `vk| iex›`ª-cieZx© bZzb KweZvi
aviv cÖeZ©‡b Zuvi f‚wgKv cÖavb| cÖK…wZ, Avengvb mgq I HwZ‡nï m‡½ AvaywbK ˆPZ‡bï ms‡hv‡M wZwb m„wó
K‡ib GK Awfbe wkíRMr| 1899 wLª÷v‡ãi 17 †deªæqvwi ewikvj †Rjv kn‡i Zuvi Rb¥, wcZv mZ¨vb›` `vk,
gvZv Kwe KzmygKzgvix `vk| eskMZfv‡e Zuvi c~e©cyiæl wn›`y n‡jI wcZvgn me©vb›` `vk eªvþa‡g© `x¶v †bb|
cwieviwU wQj wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ, mvwnZ¨PP©v I Av`k© Rxebhvc‡bi g‡a¨ cwikxwjZ|
ewikv‡jB Rxebvb‡›ì ¯‹zj I K‡jR Rxeb AwZevwnZ nq| KjKvZvi †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡jR †_‡K 1919-G Bs‡iwR
mvwn‡Z¨ Abvm©mn we.G. Ges 1921-G KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Gg.G. cvk K‡ib| Zvici AvBb covi Rb¨
fwZ© n‡jI Amy¯’Zvi Rb¨ cix¶vq AskMÖnY K‡ib wb| Zuvi Kg©Rxeb ïiæ nq 1922 wLª÷v‡ã, KjKvZvi wmwU
K‡j‡R Bs‡iwR fvlvmvwn‡Zï Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e| cieZx©Kv‡j wZwb wewfbœ K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| GKmgq
Bbmy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvwbi G‡R›U wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡iwQ‡jb| 1935 †_‡K 1946 ch©šÍ ewikvj eªR‡gvnb K‡j‡R
wk¶KZv K‡ib| 1946-G Rxebbv›` ¯’vwqfv‡e KjKvZvq emevm Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Kg©Rxe‡b gv‡S gv‡S
PvKwiPz¨Z n‡q‡Qb ev wb‡RB cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e g~jZ Aa¨vcbv †ckv‡ZB wZwb wQ‡jb wb‡qvwRZ|
Zuvi mvwnZ¨RxebB wQj cÖK…Z Rxeb, GB Rxe‡bB wZwb me©‡Zvfv‡e wQ‡jb wb‡ew`Z| cÖ_g KweZv cÖKvwkZ nq
1919-G, Ôel©-AvevnbÕ bv‡g| wZwi‡ki `kK †_‡KB Rxebvb‡›ì Kve¨m„wói ewjô I ¯^Kxq iƒcwU D‡b¥vwPZ n‡Z
_v‡K| 1927-G cÖKvwkZ nq cÖ_g Kve¨Mš’ ÔSivcvjKÕ| Ôa~mi cvÛzwjwcÕ (1936) Kv‡e¨ Rxebvb‡›ì †gŠwjK
Kwe¯^fve I AvaywbK KveïxwZi cÖKvk N‡U, hv‡K iex›`ªbv_ AwfwnZ K‡ib ÔwPÎiƒcgqÕ e‡j| Zuvi Kve¨welq
cÖavbZ cÖK…wZ-f‚‡Mvj-BwZnvm-†cÖg-bvix-g„Zz¨‡PZbv| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i aŸsm‡¶‡Î I wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i wefxwlKv-
wech©‡qi g‡a¨ wZwb Lyu‡R‡Qb gvbe-Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ˆbwZKZv I ü`qmËvi ¯îƒc| G‡¶‡Î HwZ‡nï wecyj Hk¦h© Zuv‡K
cÖvwYZ K‡i‡Q, BwZnvmÁvb w`‡q‡Q mskq I ˆbiv‡kï †¶‡Î Av‡jvi Bkviv| Rxebvb›` wPÎK‡íi we¯§qKi f‚eb
iPbv K‡i‡Qb, Kve¨fvlvi ¯^Zš¿ iƒc M‡o‡Qb Ges AvaywbK Kjv‡KŠk‡j mg„× K‡i‡Qb evsjv KweZvi Avw½K|
cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš:’ SivcvjK (1929), a~mi cvÛzwjwc (1936), iƒcmx evsjv 1933), ebjZv †mb (1942),
gnvc„w_ex (1944), mvZwU Zvivi wZwgi (1948), †ejv A‡ejv Kvj‡ejv (1961)| Zuvi AMÖwš’Z KweZvi msL¨vI
wecyj| 1954 wLª÷v‡ãi 14 A‡±vei Uªvg `yN©Ubvq AvnZ n‡q Rxebvb›` 22 A‡±vei g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
wZwb K_vmvwn‡ZïI iPwqZv, Z`ycwi i‡q‡Q cÖeÜcy¯Z¥K| cÖPwjZ iƒcixwZ eR©b K‡i †QvUMí Dcb¨v‡mi †¶‡Î
wZwb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb bZzb ai‡bi Avw½K| AvaywbK e¨w³gvby‡li D¾¡j Rxeb‡e` I †e`bvi iƒc D‡b¥vPb K‡i‡Qb
Rxebvb›`; †hLv‡b Avkv I ˆbivk¨, ev¯Íe I civev¯Íe, AÜKvi I Av‡jv AvšÍi‰ecix‡Z¨ Kz‡nwjKv”Qbœ n‡q Av‡Q|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
gvqvex Aciƒc welYœZv I †e`bvi Mfxi Zvrch© Zuvi Kwe¯^fv‡ei g~jiƒc| cieZx© evsjv KweZvi AMÖMwZ I
weKv‡ki †¶‡Î Zuvi cÖfve me‡P‡q †ewk|
cvV-cwiwPwZ
ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZvwU ÔebjZv †mbÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g KweZv| GwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq ey×‡è emy m¤úvw`Z
ÔKweZvÕ cwÎKvq, †cŠl 1342 e½v‡ã| Kwei e¨w³Rxe‡b ebjZv †mb bv¤§x †Kvb bvixi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ
mgv‡jvPK Mfxi AbymwÜrmv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi ÔKviæevmbvÕ bvgK Dcb¨v‡m  hv Zuvi AvZ¥Rxe‡bi m‡½
mvgÄm¨ enb K‡i, ebjZv bvgwUi D‡jL i‡q‡Q|
g~jcvV
nvRvi eQi a‡i Avwg c_ nuvwU‡ZwQ c„w_exi c‡_,
wmsnj mgy`ª †_‡K wbkx‡_i AÜKv‡i gvjq mvM‡i
A‡bK Ny‡iwQ Avwg; wew¤^mvi A‡kv‡Ki a~mi RM‡Z
†mLv‡b wQjvg Avwg; Av‡iv `~i AÜKv‡i we`f© bM‡i;
Avwg K¬všÍ cÖvY GK, Pvwiw`‡K Rxe‡bi mgy`ª m‡db,
Avgv‡i `y`Û kvwšÍ w`‡qwQj bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mb|
Pzj Zvi K‡eKvi AÜKvi wew`kvi wbkv,
gyL Zvi kªve¯Íxi KviæKvh©; AwZ`~i mgy‡`ªi Õci
nvj †f‡O †h bvweK nviv‡q‡Q w`kv
meyR Nv‡mi †`k hLb †m †Pv‡L †`‡L `viæwPwb-Øx‡ci wfZi,
†Zgwb †`‡LwQ Zv‡i AÜKv‡i; e‡j‡Q †m ÔGZw`b †Kv_vq wQ‡jb?Õ
cvwLi bx‡oi g‡Zv †PvL Zz‡j bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mb|
mg¯Í w`‡bi †k‡l wkwk‡ii k‡ãi gZb
mÜ¨v Av‡m; Wvbvi †iŠ‡`ªi MÜ gy‡Q †d‡j wPj;
c„w_exi me iO wb‡f †M‡j cvÛzwjwc K‡i Av‡qvRb
ZLb M‡íi Z‡i †RvbvwKi i‡O wSjwgj;
me cvwL N‡i Av‡m  me b`x  dzivq G-Rxe‡bi me †jb‡`b;
_v‡K ïay AÜKvi, gy‡LvgywL ewmevi ebjZv †mb|

e¯‘ms‡¶c
cw_K-wP‡Ëi AweiZ ågY †hgb Rxebag©, †Zgwb cÖkvwšÍi Avkªq mÜvbB Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨| GB cw_K nvRvi eQi
a‡i c_ Pj‡Q A_©vr †PZbv D‡b¥‡li ïiæ †_‡KB Zuvi GB c_Pjv| wmsnj mgy`ª †_‡K gvjq mvMi ch©šÍ †hgb †m
bvweK n‡q Rjc_ ågY K‡i‡Q my`~i AZxZ †_‡K, †Zgwb ¯’jc‡_I Ny‡i‡Q wew¤^mvi-A‡kv‡Ki a~mi Kvj †_‡K|
d‡j cw_KwPË K¬všÍ, Rxe‡bi m‡db mgy‡`ªi gvSLv‡b A_©vr MwZZi‡½i †dbvq cyÄxf‚Z Rxe‡bi Aw¯’iZvi g‡a¨
cw_K †c‡q‡Q kvwšÍ`vwqbx ebjZvi ms¯úk©| bv‡Uvi bvgK ¯’v‡bi D‡jL K‡i ebjZv‡K GKvšÍ, wbR¯^ gvbex mËv
wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b AZxZ ¯’vbKvj eZ©gv‡bi ¯’v‡bi m‡½ GKxf‚Z n‡q †M‡Q|
GB ebjZv †mb AÜKv‡ii Nb‡Z¡ Ave„Z, Zvi Pzj, gyL I †Pv‡Li eY©bvq dz‡U I‡V K¬¨vwmK †mŠ›`h© I †ivgvw›UK
iƒcgvayix| ebjZv †m‡bi †Kkivwk AZx‡Zi wew`kv bMixi ivwÎi gZ AÜKvi A_©vr cÖMvp Kv‡jv| Zvi
gyL”Qwe‡Z kªve¯Íx bMixi KviæKvh©, AZx‡Zi K¬¨vwmK iƒcmylgvq †m MwVZ| wKš‘ Zvi †PvL cvwLi bx‡oi gZ wbweo
Avkª‡qi cÖZxK A_©vr kªvšÍ Rxe‡bi Rb¨ †m enb K‡i Abvwej cÖkvwšÍ I w¯’iZv| Mfxi mgy‡`ª Rvnv‡Ri bvweK nvj
†f‡O †M‡j bvweK hLb w`kvnxb n‡q c‡o, ZLb †Kvb `viæwPwb meyR Øxc †`L‡Z †c‡j Avk¦¯Í nq| e¨w³gvbylI
Zvi wbiæ‡Ïk, Db¥ j Rxe‡bi K¬všÍ-kªvšÍ åg‡Yi †k‡l wbR wbR gvbexmËvi †Pv‡L mÜvb K‡i w¯’wZ I kvwšÍ| GB
gvbexmËvI †hb K¬všÍ cw_‡Ki Rb¨ _v‡K A‡c¶gvb| wbivkªqx wP‡Ëi Rb¨ †mŠ›`h© I cÖkvwšÍi RMr ˆZwiB Kwei
j¶¨|
w`b‡k‡li wPÎ Gu‡K Kwe cÖv‡Yi MwZgyL Z_v g„Zzï Bw½Z cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| mÜ¨vq wb‡f hvq c„w_exi iO-Av‡jv,
wP‡ji Wvbvq †iŠ‡`ªi MÜ _v‡K bv A_©vr Rxe‡bi D¾¡jZv _v‡K bv| mewKQy Ave„Z nq Ggb GK AÜKv‡i,
†hLv‡b Avkªq, g„Zz¨ Ges GKB m‡½ _v‡K bZzb m„wókxjZvi Av‡qvRb| Qvqv-AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨B Kwe †`‡Lb Zvi
cÖvw_©Z mËvi Aw¯ÍZ¡| ZLb GK Pjvi ev¯ÍeZv †_‡K Kwe cÖ‡ek K‡ib Av‡iK ev¯ÍeZvq hvIqvi Av‡qvR‡b|
cvÛzwjwc †hgb †Kvb wjwLZ MÖš’ bq, MÖ‡š’i c~e©iƒc gvÎ| cvÛzwjwc iPbvi Av‡qvRb nq AÜKv‡i †RvbvKxi
Av‡jv‡Z A_©vr †Kvb Acvw_©e gyn~‡Z©  †hLv‡b cvwL I Rxebb`xi me Pjv I PvIqvcvIqv wbt‡kl n‡q hvq|
wKš‘ †R‡M _v‡K bZzb m„wói m¤¢vebv  ebjZv †mb †mB m„wómËviB cÖZxK|
AÜKvi-gyn~‡Z© †m mZ¨ n‡q I‡V, GB gyn~Z©wU n‡”Q GK mËv †_‡K Av‡iK mËvq DcbxZ nIqvi gaëZx© ¯Íi| Gi
c‡i me K_KZv M‡o DV‡e AÜKviw¯’Z ebjZv †m‡bi m‡½, †h wPigvbexi in‡m¨ AÜKvi-Zzj¨| KweZvwU‡Z
BwZnvmÁvb I cÖvK…wZK Rxe‡bi w¯’iZi kvwšÍ wgwk‡q Kwe ¯’vwcZ K‡i‡Qb Zuvi ebjZv †mb‡K Z_v wPišÍb
mËv‡K|
UxKv
wmsnj mgy`ª  eZ©gv‡b kªxj¼v ivóª, c~e©bvg wmsnj| Gi wbKU¯’ mgy`ª‡K ejv n‡”Q wmsnj mgy`ª|
gvjq mvMi  c~‡e© gvjq wQj `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi GKwU DcØxc| msjMœ Øxçwj GKxf‚Z n‡q gvj‡qwkqv ivóª
MwVZ n‡q‡Q| gvj‡qi wbKU¯’ mvMi‡K gvjq mvMi bv‡g Kwe AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
wew¤^mvi  wLª:c~: 537 †_‡K wLª: c~: 485 ch©šÍ wew¤^mvi wQ‡jb cÖvPxb gM‡ai mgªvU| ey×‡`‡ei Kv‡Q wZwb
†eŠ×a‡g© `x¶v MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb, cyÎ ARvZkªÎæ KZ©„K wbnZ nb|
A‡kvK  cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi †gŠh©es‡ki Z…Zxq mgªvU| Zvi wcZv we›`ymvi| mgªvU A‡kvK wLª: c~: 273 †_‡K
wLª: c~: 232 ch©šÍ ivRZ¡ K‡ib| cÖ_g Rxe‡b wQ‡jb wbôzi I b„ksm cÖK…wZi, Zvi Dcvwa wQj
ÔPÐv‡kvKÕ| hy×‡¶‡Î ARmª ˆm‡bï g„Zz¨ †`‡L AbyZß n‡q mbœ¨vmx Dç‡ßi Kv‡Q †eŠ×a‡g©
`x¶v †bb| cieZx© Rxe‡b wQ‡jb cÖRvermj I ag©cÖPviK; cyÎ g‡n›`ª I Kb¨v msNwgÎv‡K
ag©cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ kªxjsKvq cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| ÔPÐv‡kvKÕ n‡q I‡Vb Ôag©v‡kvK|Õ
we`f©  cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi ivR¨| eZ©gv‡bi bvg †eivi cÖ‡`k|
bv‡Uvi  evsjv‡`‡ki ivRkvnx AÂ‡ji GKwU kni| ivYx fevbxi ivRZ¡Kv‡j ivRavbx wQj|
wew`kv  cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi GKwU bMix; gvje iv‡Rï AšÍM©Z| AvaywbK bvg wfjmv, †Mvqvwjq‡ii wbK‡U
Aew¯’Z|
kªve¯Íx  cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi bMix| AvaywbK bvg Ômv‡nZ gv‡nZÕ| ey×‡`‡ei mg‡q GLv‡b GKwU †eŠ×wenvi
cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1. ÔnvRvi eQi a‡iÕ Kwe †Kv_vq c_ cwiågY Ki‡Qb?

DËi: Kwe cw_K I bvweK  `yBiƒ‡cB mnmª ermi a‡i c„w_exi c‡_ nuvU‡Qb| mgy`ª-c‡_ wZwb ågY K‡i‡Qb
wmsnj mgy`ª †_‡K gvjq mvMi GjvKv ch©šÍ A_©vr `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi Rjc_| cÖvPxbKv‡j fviZ Rjc‡_ D³
AÂ‡j evwY‡Rï cÖmvi I ag©ms¯‹…wZi we¯Ívi NwU‡qwQj| cw_K wn‡m‡e Kwe †h AZxZ ¯’v‡b ågY K‡ib Zv n‡”Q
cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi wew¤^mvi, A‡kvK cÖf…wZ mgªv‡Ui ivR¨-bMi-bMix| wPiKvj †_‡KB GB `y‡Uv ågY-c‡_ gvbyl
AZxZ †_‡K c„w_ex cwiµgv Ki‡Q  †Kvb Awš^ó mËv‡K cvevi j‡¶¨|
2. Ôbv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mbÕ wK A‡_© cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q?

DËi: nvRvi eQi a‡i c_ †nu‡U K¬všÍ Kwe Avkªq Lyu‡R cvb bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †m‡bi Kv‡Q| AweiZ ågYKvixi
R‡b¨ †Kvb †fŠ‡MvwjK mywbw`©ó Ae¯’vb †bB  me©ÎB Zvi cwiµgv| wKš‘ GLv‡b Kwe Z_v cw_K bv‡Uvi bvgK
gdt¯^j kn‡ii bvg D‡j‡Li ga¨w`‡q wbg©vY Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb GKvšÍ wbR¯^ GKwU ¯’vb I g‡bvjxb bvixcÖwZgv|
e¨w³gvby‡li g‡bvRM‡ZB Kvw•¶Z bvixi KwíZ Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K| bv‡Uvi kn‡ii ebjZv †mb ZvB Kwei wek¦åg‡Yi
c_hvÎvq GKwU AvKvw•¶Z ¯’vbbvg, †mLv‡b wZwb hvÎv †k‡l cÖkvwšÍ I weivg jvf K‡i‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³gvbylB
AwbðqZvi f‚‡Mvj I A¯’vqx mgqcÖev‡n wPwýZ K‡i †bq wbR¯^ GKwU RMr I Zv‡Z AwawôZ K‡i cÖvw_©Z
mËviƒc‡K|
3. ÔcvwLi bx‡oi gZ †PvLÕ K_vwUi Zvrch© wK?

DËi: GwU GKwU Dcgv| nvRvi eQi c_ Pjvi ci K¬všÍ Kwe Zvi g‡bvjxbvi Kv‡Q AvkªqcÖv_x© nb| cvwLi evmvi
gZ †PvL Zz‡j GB bvix Kwe‡K †`q cigvkªq I cÖkvwšÍ| w`b‡k‡l cwikªvšÍ cvwL †hgb bx‡o cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i,
†Zgwb KweI `xN© c_hvÎv †k‡l bxomÜvbx nb| GB bx‡o Av‡Q kvwšÍ I wekªvg| ebjZv †m‡bi †Pv‡L GB bx‡oi
cÖwZ”Qwe †`‡Lb Kwe| wbweo ggZvgq cvwLi bx‡oi B‡g‡R e¨Äbvgq n‡q D‡V‡Q Aweivg cwiåg‡Yi
MšÍe¨¯’jwU| cÖvw_©ZRb gv‡ÎB Avkªqnxb gvby‡li Kv‡Q GK-GKwU bxom`„k|
4. KweZvwU‡Z KZevi I wK A‡_© ÔAÜKviÕ kãwU eëüZ n‡q‡Q?

DËi: ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZvq me©‡gvU cuvPevi AÜKvi kãwU cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q| AvayywbK KweZvq kã gvÎB eûgvwÎK
A‡_© eëüZ nq, iƒcMZ w`K †_‡KI MÖnY K‡i wfbœ wfbœ PwiÎ, KLbI Zv Dcgv, KLbI ev iƒcK, wPÎKí
A_ev cÖZxK wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
GLv‡b cÖ_g ¯Íe‡K `ywU ¯’v‡b ÔAÜKviÕ `yB Zvrc‡h© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Ôwbkx‡_i AÜKv‡iÕ A_© BwZnv‡mi c_-
åg‡Yi K_v ejv n‡”Q  AÜKvi A_©vr cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ gvbyl Zvi c_ Pj‡Q| Ô`~i AÜKv‡i we`f© bM‡iÕ
 evK¨wU‡Z AÜKvi n‡”Q AZxZ ¯’vbKvj| wØZxq ¯Íe‡K ÔAÜKvi wew`kvi wbkvÕ Dcgv wn‡m‡e ebjZv †m‡bi
†Kkivwki NbZ¡ I wecyjZv e¨³ Ki‡Q| PZz_© ÔAÜKviÕ kãwU Kwei e¨w³g‡bi eZ©gvb K¬vwšÍ, w`kvnxbZv I
AÜKviv”Qbœ cwi‡e‡ki wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| †kl ÔAÜKviÕ enb Ki‡Q g„Z¨z i AÜKvi| ˆRweK Rxeb I gvby‡li
Rxeb mewKQyB GK mgq w¯’iZvq weivg jvf K‡i| †mB w¯’iZv mÜ¨vi gZB wbR©b I AÜKvi|
5. KweZvq eëüZ HwZnvwmK ¯’vbbv‡gi Zvrch© wK?
6. ÔcvÛzwjwcÕ kãwU wK A‡_© eëüZ ?

1. Avwg K¬všÍ cÖvY GK, Pvwiw`‡K Rxe‡bi mgy`ª m‡db,
Avgv‡i `yÕ`Û kvwšÍ w`‡qwQ‡jv bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mb|
DËi : D×…Z csw³Øq Rxebvb›` `vk iwPZ ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZv †_‡K msKwjZ| GLv‡b K¬všÍ I wbivkªqx KwewPË
Zvi gvbexmËvi Kv‡Q Avkªq cªv_©bv Ki‡Q|
Kwe cw_K I bvweK  `yB iƒ‡cB myì~ AZxZ †_‡K c_ ågYKvix| mf¨Zvi hvÎvc_ me©`vB AZxZ †_‡K
fwel¨‡Z cÖmvwiZ| gvbyl ïå, my›ì I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ wPi-Kvw•¶Z| cÖwZwU e¨w³ gvbylB GB mg‡eZ Pjvi
AšÍM©Z n‡jI Zvi i‡q‡Q wbR¯^ cÖv_©bv I Avkª‡qi j¶¨| Rxebmgy‡`ªi †dbcy‡Ä fvmgvb e¨w³gvbyl GKmgq
cwikªvšÍ nq, AvZ¥wb‡e`b KiZ Pvq| ebjZv †mb †mB Avkªq‡K›`ª I kvwšÍcÖ`vwqbx| nvRvi eQi a‡i åvg¨gvb
kªvšÍwPË‡K †m †`q cig Avkªq| hwÌ †m Avkªq `y`‡Ði gZ ¶YKvjxb, Zey gvbyl Zvi Kv‡QB †h‡Z Pvq| bv‡Uvi
bvgK ¯’vb D‡j‡Li ga¨w`‡q e¨³ n‡q‡Q ebjZv †m‡bi m‡½ Kwei GKvšÍ m¤úK©| c„w_exi AZxZ Kvj,
BwZnv‡mi ¯’vb-bv‡gi cv‡k bv‡Uvi bvgwU †hb eZ©gv‡bi Bw½Zen, Av‡iKw`‡K Awbw`©ó, bvbv ¯’v‡b ågYKvix
e¨w³i Rb¨ GKwU ¯’vqx wVKvbv| GLv‡b Rxe‡bi K¬všÍiƒc, we¶zä Zi‡½ fvmgvb wPË Ges wbw`©ó w¯’wZi g‡a¨
A‡c¶gvb cÖkvwšÍ`vwqbx bvix  GB wZbwU welq Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
2. ........ Wvbvi †iŠ‡`ªi MÜ gy‡Q †d‡j wPj;
c„w_exi me is wb‡f †M‡j cvÛwjwc K‡i Av‡qvRb
ZLb M‡íi Z‡i †RvbvwKi i‡O wSjwgj
DËi : Av‡jvP¨ AskUzKz Rxebvb›` `v‡ki ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZvi AšÍM©Z| GLv‡b Kwe AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨ wbwnZ
bZzb m„wókxjZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb|
w`b‡k‡l wP‡ji Wvbvq †iŠ‡`ªi MÜ _v‡Kbv A_©vr m~‡h©i Av‡jv wb‡f hvq, Qvqvgq AÜKv‡i †X‡K hvq c„w_ex| GB
AÜKv‡i Kwei gb Mfxi Av¯^v` I Avkªq Lyu‡R cvq| Kvi  AÜKv‡iB myß _v‡K m„wó¶gZvi exR| w`bvemv‡b
ivwÎ I Avevi w`‡bi Avi¤¢  GB cwiµgvq ivwÎi f‚wgKv n‡”Q cvÛzwjwc iPbvi Av‡qvRb Kiv A_v©r bZzb mywói
cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv| GB cwi‡ek †RvbvwKi iO A_©vr ˆReAv‡jv‡Z wSjwgj Ki‡Q| AÜKv‡i †h M‡íi cvÛzwjwc
iPbvi Av‡qvRb NU‡Q Zv ˆRec„w_exi m„wó¶gZvq wegwÛZ| Gi g‡a¨B c~e©mËv ‡_‡K Ab¨ Av‡iKwU mËvi
Rb¥m¤¢vebv wbwnZ| Kwe GLv‡b †mB Acvw_©e gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ GKB m‡½ †`L‡Qb Aemvb I cybR©‡b¥i c~ev©fvm|
3. me cvwL N‡i Av‡m  me b`x  dzivq GRxe‡bi me †jb‡`b|
_v‡K ïay AÜKvi, g‡LvgywL ewmevi ebjZv †mb|
DËi : [ms‡KZ]
cvwLi w¯’iZv, b`xi w¯’iZv, Rxe‡bi w¯’iZv  wZbwU Aemv‡bi iƒc Dc¯’vwcZ| AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨ G‡ì w¯’iZv
g„Zz¨m`„k| g„Zzï c‡iI †h wPivqZ gvbex †_‡K hvq, †mB n‡”Q ebjZv †mb| †m wPišÍb gvbex  hv‡K cvIqv
hvq ågY-K¬všÍ Rxe‡bi Aemvb gyn~‡Z© A_ev AÜKv‡ii wbweoZvq|
iPbvg~jK cªkœ
1. ÒBwZnvm-f‚‡Mv‡ji c‡U e¨w³MZ †cÖ‡gi Dc¯’vcbvB ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZvi Av‡aqÕÕ|  Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. ÔebjZv †mbÕ †Kvb& avivi KweZv? cÖm½Z KweZvwUi wkíiƒc Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZvi g~jfve e¨³ Kiæb|
4. ÔebjZv †mbÕ wK MxwZKweZv? KweZvwUi bvgKiY KZUzKz h_vh_?

Gm Gm GBP Gj
1 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:

ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZvi ebjZv bv‡Uvi AÂ‡ji Awaevmx n‡jI cÖK…Z A‡_© †m e¨w³ü`‡qi †cÖ‡gi ¯§„wZmËv Ges
BwZnvm-f‚‡Mv‡j cÖmvwiZ cÖZxKxmËv| A¯úó, a~mi I my`~i AZx‡Zi †`kKv‡j ¯^cœgq ¯§„wZgš’‡bi KweZv n‡jI
†kl ch©šÍ g~jmyiwU‡Z aŸwbZ n‡Z _v‡K eZ©gvb e¨w³gvby‡li Kvwnbx| GB e¨w³gvbyl wek kZ‡Ki Z„Zxq-PZz_©
`k‡Ki AÜKvi mgqc‡e©i Awaevmx| †m wbivkªqx, Db¥yjxZ Ges †cÖg †_‡K wePz¨Z| AZx‡Zi mnmª erm‡ii
mf¨Zvi c_ cwiµgv K‡iI AvR‡Ki gvbyl ¶q Avi AÜKv‡ii m¤§yLxb|
Rxebvb›` GKvwKZ¡, AvZ¥gMœZv I wbR©bZvi Kwe| Zvui †PZbv‡K wN‡i _v‡K wewQbœZvi †e`bv, e¨_©Zvi welv` I
Mfxi Aemv`| GB wbtm½Zv I Aemv` †_‡K wZwb gyw³ †Lvu‡Rb BwZnv‡m, cÖK…wZ‡Z Ges bvixcÖwZgvq| d‡j
Zuvi KweZvq mgqcÖev‡ni GK AwewQbœZv iwPZ nq, eZ©gv‡bi mg‡qi m‡½ hy³ nq †hgb bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mb,
†Zgwb Zv‡Z wg‡k _v‡K AZx‡Zi a~mi †`kKvj| wPišÍb gvb‡ei Rb¨ wPišÍb gvbex-A‡c¶gvb _v‡K, ZviB Rb¨
gvbe cÖvPxb BwZnv‡mi e„ËvšÍ †_‡K Ávb AvniY K‡i| eZ©gv‡bi Rxeb- AwfÁZvi m‡½ †m Áv‡bi wgkª‡Y ebjZv
†mb n‡q I‡V wPiKvjxb A_v©r BwZnvm-f‚‡Mv‡ji cUB Zv‡K K‡i me©Kvjxb| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡bi AÜKv‡i †m GKvšÍB
Kwei e¨w³ ü`‡qi cÖwZgv, hvi Kv‡Q wZwb AvwkªZ I mgwc©Z| G-hy‡Mi gvbeg‡bi †cÖg APwiZv_© I bvixcÖwZgv
ev¯Í‡e AšÍwn©Zv| w`‡bi ev¯Íe †iŠ`ªv‡jv‡K Zv‡K cvIqv hvq bv, ZvB AÜKvi-gyn~‡Z© iwPZ nq cvÛzwjwc 
cvkvcvwk e‡m-_vKvi gnvgyn~Z©| K¬všÍ, ¶Zwe¶Z e¨w³gvby‡li †cÖgmËvB ågY K‡i BwZnv‡mi c_, f‚‡Mv‡ji
gvbwPÎ|
AvR‡Ki e¨w³gvbyl Ávbgq †cÖwgK, Zvi mËv ˆReRxe‡bi Avb›`cÖZ¨vkx, Avevi gbbï× nvIqvi RbÏ
D‡ØwjZ| mf¨Zvi Ae¶q I wech©‡q †m Avkªq †Lvu‡R BwZnv‡mi cÖÁv‡jv‡K Ges bvixi g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q †mB cÖÁvi
Drm| d‡j AvaywbK e¨w³i ¯îƒcwU GLv‡b cÖwZwew¤^Z nq| GB gvbyl †hgb GKRb K¬všÍ, Aemv`MÖ¯Í e¨w³gvÎ,
†Zgwb BwZnvm-f‚‡Mv‡ji ÁvbcÖK‡l©I F×| ZvB e¨w³i †cÖg cÖÁvc_evnx, ebjZv †mb n‡q I‡V mf¨Zvi
†cÖ¶vc‡U, ü`qevmbvi mËviƒc, eZ©gv‡bi wech©¯Z¥Kv‡j †h AÜKv‡i Ave„Z|
iex›`ª-cieZ©x wZwi‡ki `k‡Ki Kveävivq ÔebjZv †mbÕ GKwU AvaywbK KweZv| cÖ_g wek¦hy× cieZx©Kv‡j GB
avivi m~Pbv K‡ib cÖavbZ cvuPRb Kwe Rxebvb›` `vk, myax›`ªbv_ `Ë, ey×‡è emy, weòz †` Ges Awgq
PµeZx©| hy×-cieZx© Rxeb I mf¨Zvi ¶q-wech©q, `k©b-weÁvb-gb¯ÍZ¡wPšÍvi bZzb ZË¡, †ivgvw›UwmR‡gi
cwie‡Z© gW©vwbR‡gi DÌvb Ges wkíxixwZi c„_K PwiÎ D³ Kveäviv‡K M‡o †Zv‡j| gbbkxj wPšÍv‡PZbv,
AvšÍRv©wZKZv, bMi †PZbv, nZvkv I Ae¶q, †`kKvj-BwZnvm m¤úwK©Z bZzb `„wó‡KvY GB KweZvi cÖavb
welq| evsjv KweZvi †¶‡Î iex›`ªKweZvi m‡½ cv_©K¨ iPbv Ges qy‡ivcxq AvaywbK mvwnZävivi êwkó¨ MÖn‡Yi
ga¨ w`‡q wZwi‡ki KweZv weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| e¨w³¯^vZš¿ëv` I ¯^Kxq KveïxwZi D™¢veb I PP©vi ga¨ w`‡q Gi
kw³kvjx cÖKvk | GB cvuP Kwei cÖewZ©Z Kve¨`k©bB evsjv KweZvi cieZx© avivi Drmf‚wg|
Rxebvb›` `vk G-avivi me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx I ¯^Zš¿ ixwZi Kve¨ iPwqZv| wZwb BwZnvm-mgq, g„Z¨z ‡eva,
cÖK…wZ‡PZbv Ges e¨w³ü`‡qi †e`bv cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î GK c„_K fvlvRMr ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb| ÔebjZv m‡bÕ
KweZvwU‡Z BwZnvm-f‚‡Mvj, mgq cÖevn, †PZb I wb‡ðZb RMr Ges †cÖgwbf©i Awš^ómËvi we¯§qKi cÖKvk
N‡U‡Q| AvaywbK KweZvi êwkó¨ nj eûgvwÎK †PZbv‡K cÖKvk Kiv I bZzb wkíixwZ ˆZwi Kiv| Av‡jvP¨
KweZvwU cÖ_vMZ evsjv KweZvi MxwZKweZvi gZ n‡qI cÖK…Zc‡¶ Gi iƒcixwZ m¤ú~Y© c„_K|
KweZvwU‡Z wZbwU ¯Íe‡K web¨¯Í AvVvi csw³i mgvnvi N‡U‡Q| cÖ_g ¯Íe‡K e¨w³i AvZ¥cwiP‡qi m‡½
wek¦gvbee¨w³i ms‡hvM, wØZxq ¯Íe‡K DwÏó mËvi †`nxiƒc I Zvi cwiPq Ges †kl ¯Íe‡K e¨w³i m‡½ H mËvi
mvwbœa¨ iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme Dc¯’vcbvq weRwoZ i‡q‡Q mgqcÖevn, mf¨Zvi Av‡jv-AÜKvi, ˆRecÖv‡Yi
Avb›`, GKv‡ji we¶Z I K¬všÍ e¨w³g‡bi †e`bv BZ¨vw` welq|
KweZvwU‡Z Dcgv I kã eënv‡ii i‡q‡Q wewkó ixwZi cÖKvk| Dcgv ïay Zzjbv A‡_© eëüZ nq wb, wPšÍv I
g‡bvfv‡ei eY©bv A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb, ÔcvwLi bx‡oi g‡Zv †PvLÕ  DcgvwU †Pv‡Li Dcgv bq,
g‡bvfv‡ei Dcgv| bx‡oi ggZvww¯œ× Avkªq †hgb cvwLi Kvg¨, ebjZv †m‡bi †PvLI †Zgwb K¬všÍ cw_‡Ki
bxo¯îƒc| ÔAÜKviÕ kãwUi eûwea A_© i‡q‡Q| GKB k‡ã bvbvgvwÎK eënvi AvaywbK KveïxwZi êwkó¨| kã
w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq wPÎRMr, †hLv‡b Bw›`ªq, Abyl½, iO-Av‡jv BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| KweZvwU‡Z `„wó I ¯úk©
Bw›`ªq eëüZ, i‡Oi †¶‡Î i‡q‡Q Kv‡jv, a~mi, mv`v I meyR eY©| cÖ‡Z¨KwU iOB A‡_©i †`¨vZK, †hgb a~mi
n‡”Q K¬vwšÍ I mf¨Zvi ¶‡qi cÖZxK, meyR Rxe‡bi cÖZxK BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b AviI eëüZ n‡q‡Q K¬vwmK ¯’vcZ¨
wn‡m‡e kªve¯Íxi KviæKvh©, wew`kvi wbkv BZ¨vwì m‡½ †ivgvw›UK Kíbvi wgkªY  bvwe‡Ki mgy`ª wenvi, cvwLi
bx‡o cÖZ¨veZ©b, AÜKv‡i e‡m-_vKvi ebjZv †mb cÖf…wZ iƒcvkªq|
AvaywbK KveïxwZ‡Z Q›` eëüZ nq ¯^vaxbfv‡e| Kwei g‡bvfve I wPšÍv Abyhvqx Q‡›ì MVb wbwg©Z n‡q _v‡K|
csw³i †k‡l wgj _vKv Awbevh© bq, GLv‡b wgj _v‡K csw³i g‡a¨| G‡K ejv nq AšÍwg©j, †hgb, ÔPzj Zvi
K‡eKvi AÜKvi wew`kvi wbkvÕ, Ô_v‡K ïay AÜKvi, gy‡LvgywL ewmevi ebjZv †mb|Õ e¯‘Z, ÔebjZv †mbÕ
KweZvwU AvaywbK KveïxwZi Awfbe cÖKiYKjv Avwe®‹v‡i I eënv‡i mv_©K|
3 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi: (ms‡KZ)
cÖK…wZ I mf¨Zv Rxe‡bi Aej¤^b, cÖK…wZ‡K Avkªq K‡i Rxeb iPbv K‡i P‡j mf¨Zvi êwPÎ¨ I êfe| cÖ_g I
wØZwq wek¦hy× D³ Aej¤^b‡K K‡i‡Q cÖkœmv‡c¶, e¨w³gb‡K K‡i‡Q wbivkªq I mskqx| ZeyI Kwe Zuvi KweZvq
m„wó K‡i P‡jb A‡gq Avkv I Avk¦v‡mi gvayix| g„Zz¨, Kv‡ji webvk I BwZnv‡mi aŸsmiƒc m‡Ë¡I Avgv‡ì Rb¨
_v‡K †cÖg, _v‡K ebjZv †mb bvgK Av‡aq| Rxebvb›` g„Zz¨, a~miZv I Abvkª‡qi g‡a¨ mf¨Zvi êwP‡Î¨,
cÖK…wZi wbhv‡m© iPbv K‡i‡Qb ebjZv †m‡bi mywbweo gvqv-Aw¯ÍZ¡| †m Avgv‡ì Awš^ómËv, Avgv‡ì K¬vwšÍi I
Aweivg åg‡Yi †k‡l GKwU MšÍe¨ I m¤ú‡K©i Avk¦vm| AvaywbK gvbe-Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ˆPZb¨wbf©i wRÁvmv KweZvwU‡K
K‡i‡Q Mfxi Zvrch©wewkó I wPiKvjxb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV-5
Agi GKz‡k
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb
(1932-1983)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
evOvwj RvwZi fvlv, HwZn¨ I RxebmsMÖvg m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 GKz‡k †deªæqvwii Av‡›`vjb wKfv‡e KweZvi welq I wkíiƒc ˆZwi K‡i‡Q, Zv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 KweZvwUi fvee¯‘ I wkí‰kjx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†jLK cwiwPwZ
evsjv‡`‡ki Kveävivq nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb cÖMwZkxj, gbbagx© I AvaywbK Kwe| †`k wefvM-cieZx©
evsjv‡`‡ki ZrKvjxb mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ I wPšÍvi †¶‡Î Zvui f‚wgKv HwZnvwmK | wZwb 1932 wLª÷v‡ãi 14 Ryb
e„nËi gqgbwmsn †Rjvi Rvgvjcyi kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZv Ave`yj ingvb, gvZv nvwdRv LvZzb, wZwb
wcZvgvZvi cÖ_g mšÍvb| cvwievwiK cwi‡ek wQj mvwnZ¨PP©vi Dc‡hvMx, wZwb evj¨Kv‡jB MÖvg I bMi  Dfq
cwi‡e‡ki AwfÁZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|
1938 wLª÷v‡ã Zvui cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vRxe‡bi ïiæ| 1946-G wZwb XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹zj †_‡K cÖ‡ewkKv cix¶vq
wØZxq wefv‡M DËxY© nb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ivóªweÁvb wefv‡M we.G. Abv‡m© fwZ© n‡qI cix¶v †`bwb| 1951
wLª÷v‡ã cvm †Kv‡m© we.G. cix¶vq DËxY© nb| H ermiB XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡M Gg.G. †kªYx‡Z fwZ©
nb Ges 1955 wLª÷v‡ã K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ cix¶vq cvk K‡ib|
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi ivR‰bwZK Rxeb wQj mwµq I eY©vX¨| wZwb 21 †deªæqvix 1952 wLª÷v‡ãi fvlv
Av‡›`vj‡bi mwµq Kgx© wQ‡jb| ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii wewfbœ `gbbxwZ I mvs¯‹…wZK Kvh©µg wb‡lavÁvi
weiæ‡× wZwb wQ‡jb cÖwZev`x I Av‡›`vjbKvix|
†ckvMZ Rxe‡b nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb cÖavbZ mvsevw`K I GK ch©v‡q K‡j‡Ri Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e cvV`vb
K‡iwQ‡jb| 1973-74 wLª÷v‡ã g‡¯‹v‡Z evsjv‡`k `~Zvev‡mi †cÖm KvDwÝji c‡` KvR K‡ib|
Zvui HwZnvwmK f‚wgKv n‡”Q wZwbB cÖ_g ÔGKz‡k †deªæqvixÕ (1953) Kve¨msKjb m¤úv`bv K‡ib| Zvui
m¤úv`bvq 16 L‡Û cÖKvwkZ nq Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy×: `wjj cÎÕ (1982-83)| wefv‡MvËi evsjv‡`‡ki
Kve¨v½‡bi wZwb GKRb ¯’cwZ| we‡klZ, AvaywbK KweZvi cÖMwZ I gbbagx© avivi weKvk‡¶‡Î Zvui f‚wgKv
AMÖMY¨| wZwb RbRxe‡bi cÖZ¨vkv I msMÖvg, e¨w³gvby‡li hš¿Yv I Kvgbvevmbv Ges evOvwj RvwZi HwZn¨ I
BwZnvm‡K Kve¨welq wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui iwPZ Kve¨mg~n: wegyL cÖvšÍi [1963], AvZ© kãvejx [1968],
AwšÍg k‡ii g‡Zv [1968], hLb D`¨Z m½xb [1972], e‡Rª †Piv Avuavi Avgvi [1976], †kvKvZ© Zievix [1982],
Avgvi †fZ‡ii evN [1983], fweZ‡eï evwYR¨Zix [1983]| GQvovI wZwb cÖeÜ MÖš’ I Mí mvwn‡ZïI iPwqZv;
cÖeÜ: AvaywbK Kwe I KweZv (1965), g~j¨‡ev‡ai R‡b¨ (1970), mvwnZ¨cÖm½ (1973), Av‡jvwKZ MnŸi
(1977); MíMÖš’: Av‡iv `ywU g„Zz¨ (1970)|
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb nvU©, wjfvi I wKWwbi e¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ n‡q 17 Rvbyqvwi 1983 wLª÷v‡ã wPwKrmvi Rb¨
g‡¯‹v Mgb K‡ib| †mLv‡b †m›Uªvj wK¬wbK nvmcvZv‡j 1jv GwcÖj 1983 wLª÷v‡ã ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| wZwb
evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vimn (1971) Ab¨vb¨ cyi¯‹v‡i f‚wlZ nb| Zvu‡K gi‡YvËi GKz‡k c`K cÖ`vb Kiv nq
1984 wLª÷v‡ã|
cvV cwiwPwZ
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb iwPZ Ô Agi GKz‡kÕ KweZvwU 1952 wLª÷v‡ãi GwcÖ‡ji mg‡q iwPZ nq Ges ÔGKz‡k
†deªæqvixÕ Kve¨msKj‡b 1953 -‡Z cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU c‡i Zuvi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔwegyL cÖvšÍiÕ-G AšÍf©y³ nq
1963 wLª÷v‡ã| 1952 wLª÷v‡ãi 21 †deªæqvwi‡Z msNwVZ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi i³¶qx msMÖv‡gi c‡U wjwLZ G-
RvZxq AviI KweZv i‡q‡Q| †hgb Avãyj Mvddvi †PŠayixi Ô Avgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvix/ Avwg
wK fzwj‡Z cvwi,Õ Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjvn iwPZ Ô gv‡Mv Iiv e‡jÕ BZ¨vw`| Av‡jvP¨ ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvwU
†m‡¶‡Î me‡P‡q wkímdj I hyMvšÍKvix iPbv|
g~jcvV
\1\
Av¤§v Zvui bvgwU a‡i GKeviI WvK‡e bv Z‡e Avi?
N~wY© S‡oi g‡Zv †mB bvg Db¥w_Z g‡bi cÖvšÍ‡i
Ny‡i Ny‡i RvM‡e, WvK‡e,
`ywU †Vvu‡Ui †fZi †_‡K gy‡³vi g‡Zv Mwo‡q G‡m
GKeviI D¾¡j n‡q DV‡e bv, mvivwU Rxe‡bI bv? Z‡e nvi?
wK K‡i GB ¸iæfvi mB‡e Zzwg, K‡Zvw`b?
Aveyj eiKZ †bB: †mB A¯^vfvweK †e‡o IVv
wekvj kixi evjK, gayi ÷‡ji Qv` Qyu‡q nvuU‡Zv †h
Zuv‡K †W‡Kv bv;
Avi GKeviI WvK‡j N„Yvq Zzwg KuzP‡K DV‡e 
mvjvg, iwdKDwÏb, ReŸvi  wK welYœ †_vKv †_vKv bvg;
GB GK mvwi bvg ek©vi Zx¶œ djvi g‡Zv GLb ü`q‡K nv‡b
we‡”Q‡ì R‡b¨ ˆZwi nIqvi Av‡MB
Avgiv I‡ì‡K nvwi‡qwQ 
†Kbbv, cÖwZwµqvi MÖvm Rxeb I gbyl¨Z¡‡K mgxn K‡i bv;
†f‡e IVvi Av‡MB Avgiv I‡ì‡K nvwi‡qwQ
†Kbbv, cÖwZwµqvi †KŠkj GK g„Zz¨ w`‡q nvRvi g„Zz¨‡K †W‡K Av‡b|
Avi Gevi Avgiv nvwi‡qwQ Ggb K‡qKRb‡K
hvuiv †Kvbw`b gb †_‡K gyQ‡e bv,
†Kvbw`b Kv‡KI kvšÍ n‡Z †`‡e bv;
hvu‡ì nvivjvg Zvuiv Avgv‡ì‡K we¯Í…Z K‡i w`‡q †Mj
†`‡ki G cÖvšÍ †_‡K I cÖv‡šÍ, K_v KYv K‡i Qwo‡q w`‡q †Mj
†`‡ki cÖv‡Yi `xwßi †fZ‡i g„Zzï AÜKv‡i Wz‡e †h‡Z †h‡Z|
Aveyj eiKZ, mvjvg, iwdKDwÏb, ReŸvi

wK Avðh©, wK welYœ bvg! GK mvi& R¡jšÍ bvg\
\2\
K…lvY †hgb el©vi cwjwm³ gv‡V †ivqv av‡bi Pviv¸‡jv
†i‡L Av‡m †mvbvjx k‡mï R‡b¥i AvKv•¶vq
†Zgwb Avgvi miæ miæ Abyf‚wZ¸‡jv RbZvi Mfx‡i ey‡b G‡mwQ;
†`k Avgvi, BwZnv‡mi aviv †h Ávb Avgv‡K w`‡q‡Q ZviB
cweÎ mšÍvb GKwU w`‡b †Zvgvi ü`‡qi we`xY© Avfv‡K
Gm Gm GBP Gj
†`wL‡qQ  we`xY© Avfvq R¡‡jwQ‡j;

†h AvfviB AvKw¯§K ¯ú‡k© nq‡Zv
KwnZzi P‚Y© P‚Y© n‡q Qwo‡qwQj cÖvYcÖv_x© cÖvšÍ‡i cÖvšÍ‡i|
†`k Avgvi †Zvgvi cÖv‡Yi Mfxi R‡j¯œvb K‡i Gevi Gjvg\
†Zvgvi cÖv‡Yi Mfxi R‡j¯œvb K‡i Gevi Gjvg;

kªwgK Zvi wk‡í cÖwZfvi ¯^v` †gkv‡Z †c‡i
†h Z…wß‡Z wekvj n‡q I‡V ZviB ¯ú‡k© civM
mviv †PZbvq †g‡L GKevi AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvKvjvg,
GKevi †Zvgvi MÖvg hgybvi †Nvjv †mªv‡Z `„wó‡K Wzwe‡q wb‡q
j¶ j¶ Pviv av‡bi g‡Zv Avw`MšÍ cÖv‡Yi meyR
wkLv¸‡jv †`wL,
wK Avðh© cÖvY Qwo‡q‡Q  GKwU w`b Av‡MI †Zv eyS‡Z
cvwiwb
wK Avðh© `xwß‡Z †Zvgvi ‡KvwU mšÍv‡bi cÖev‡n cÖev‡n
msµwgZ n‡qQ 
GKwU w`b Av‡MI †Zv eyS‡Z cvwi wb, †`k Avgvi\
Rb¥`vZv wcZvi ev¯ú¯Íä †PvL `y‡Uv‡K GKevi g‡b K‡iv,

GKwU gvÎ fvB‡K nvwi‡q †ev‡bi AK¯§vr AvZ© wPrKvi‡K
mg‡qi wbf…Z gw›`‡i ms‡Mvc‡b G‡m hviv ci¯ú‡i
ü`‡qi mZZvi K_v e‡j †M‡Q
Zv‡ì GKRb AvR †bB
hyMj cvwLi GKwU AvR †bB
KiæY AuvwL nwiYx Zvi †Kvgj kveKwU‡K nvwi‡q‡Q

mgy‡`ªi AvKzj †XD‡qi g‡Zv mxgvK¬všÍ Kvbœv,
w`‡K w`‡K cvweZ Kvbœv `„wógvb Zvi P¶z‡K nvwi‡q‡Q
†n Avgvi Ávb GKwUgvÎ D”Pvi‡Yi wel Avgv‡K `vI
hv ü`q †_‡K ü`‡q Qovq
Ilwa R‡b¥i g‡Zv GKevi ¯úw›`Z n‡q †h N„Yv Avi
KL‡bv g„Zz¨‡K Rv‡b bv †n Avgvi Ávb
Avqyi cÖ_g ü`qgwš’Z kã,

gbyl¨‡Z¡i cÖ_g `x¶v †h D”Pvi‡Y
ZviB m¤§v‡bi R‡b¨ Zvuiv h~ _e× n‡q `vuwo‡qwQj|
ey× Avi †gvnv¤§‡ì `„wói g‡Zv `xwß
dêyi gyL‡`‡ki g‡Zv Db¥w_Z Av‡eM,
AvKv‡ki †h mvZwU Zviv mg¯Í bxwjgvi †fZi wPwýZ n‡q Av‡Q
Zv‡ì g‡Zv Abb¨ 
Avi Rxe‡bi kÎæ kqZv‡biv †mB cweÎ †`n¸‡jv wQwb‡q wb‡q †M‡Q
Avi Zv‡ì AvZ¥v GLb Avgiv ü`‡q ü`‡q †cvlY Kwi\
Zvu‡ì GKRb AvR †bB 
bv, Zvuiv cÂvk Rb AvR †bB 
Avi Avgiv †mB Agi knx`‡ì R‡b¨,
Zv‡ì wcÖq gy‡Li fvlv evsjvi R‡b¨ GKPvc cv_‡ii g‡Zv

GK n‡q †MwQ,
wngvj‡qi g‡Zv A‡f`¨ wekvj n‡q †MwQ\
†n Avgvi †`k, eb¨vi g‡Zv

mg¯Í AwfÁZvi cwjgvwU‡K Mwo‡q G‡b GKwU †PZbv‡K
De©i K‡iwQ;
GLv‡b Avgv‡ì g„Zz¨ I Rxe‡bi mwÜ,
mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z `ytmvnmx bvwe‡Ki K‡ivwUi †fZi †hgb
`~iw`M‡šÍi nvIqv nvnvKvi K‡i
†Zgwb GLv‡b i‡q‡Q GKwU †Kvgj bvixi AvkvnZ mwLbv ü`q
GLv‡b i‡q‡Q gv Avi wcZv,
fvB Avi †evb, ¯^Rbweayi cwiRb
Avi Zzwg Avwg, †`k Avgvi!
GLv‡b Avgiv d¨vivD‡bi Avqyi †kl KwU eQ‡ii
J×‡Zï gy‡LvgywL,
GLv‡b Avgiv c„w_exi †kl ˆØi‡_ `vuwo‡q,
†`k Avgvi, ¯Íä A_ev KjKÚ GB Ø‡›Øi mxgv‡šÍ G‡m
gv‡qi †¯œ‡ni c‡¶ †_‡K †KvwU KÚ †PŠwPi K‡i w`‡qwQ:
Gevi Avgiv †Zvgvi\
\3\
e¯Íxevwmbx gv AK¯§vr ¯^v¯’ëvb GKwU mšÍvb‡K ey‡Ki Kv‡Q ai‡Z
cvi‡j
†hgb K‡i AvnZ w`‡bi AmsL¨ g„Zz¨‡K fz‡j _vK‡Z cv‡i
†Zgwb cÂvkwU knx` fvB‡qi g„Zz¨‡K fz‡jwQ
gv, †Zvgv‡K †c‡qwQ e‡j|
AvR †Zv Rvb‡Z GKUzKz evKx †bB gv‡Mv,
Zzwg wK PvI, Zzwg wK PvI, Zzwg wK PvI|

e¯‘ms‡¶c
GKz‡k †deªæqvwii fvlvmsMÖv‡g knx` mšÍv‡bi Rb¨ gvZ…ü`‡qi †e`bvi m‡½ wg‡j Av‡Q k„•LwjZ, jywÚZ
¯^‡`kgvZvi iƒcg~wZ©| mšÍv‡bi bvg D”Pvi‡Yi gayi Avb›` †_‡K gvZ…KÚ ewÂZ| kvm‡Ki `gb I nZ¨v Zvi
KÚ‡K K‡i‡Q iæ×| knx` eiKZ, mvjvg, iwdKDwÏb, ReŸvi bvg¸‡jv GLb Zx¶ ek©vi djvi g‡Zv
†e`bvq we× K‡i‡Q †`‡ki ü`q‡K| Zviv AKvj we‡”Q‡ì wkKvi, cÖwZwµqvkxj kÎæ Zv‡ì‡K nb‡bi ga¨
w`‡q gbyl¨Z¡‡K chy©`¯Í K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Zv‡ì GB g„Z¨z †`‡ki AvZ¥v‡K AviI AkvšÍ I cÖ`xß K‡i Zz‡j‡Q, †`‡ki
gvbyl‡K `x¶v w`‡q †M‡Q msMÖvg I AvZ¥Z¨v‡M DØy× nIqvi Rb¨| G‡ì bvg¸‡jv GKB m‡½ †e`bv I AwMœwkLvi
gZ cÖR¡wjZ|
GB fvlvmsMÖvg Kwe‡K K‡i‡Q ¯^‡`k‡PZb, BZnvmjMœ Ges RxebmsMÖvgx| KviY gvZ…fvlvi jovB †_‡K wZwb
†`‡ki g~j I we¯Í…Z cÖvYcªev‡ni m‡½ GKvÍ nIqvi `x¶v MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| RbZvi Mfxi ü`‡q Kwe Zuvi m~²
Abyf‚wZ‡K Pvivi gZ †ivcb K‡i‡Qb, hv †mvbvwj dm‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e| †`kR mËvq Kwei N‡U‡Q AeMvnb|
GB †`‡ki cUf‚wg‡Z i‡q‡Q K…lK-kªwgKRbZv, i‡q‡Q RxebmsMÖv‡gi myKwVb †¶Î, cÖK…wZi b`x-gvV-AvKvk|
Kwe GKz‡k †deªæqvwii gwngvq AvZ¥mRvM I cwiï× n‡q GB mywekvj †`kcÖvY‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb|
knx` mšÍv‡bi gnvb AvZ¥Z¨vM RvwZ‡K gwngvwš^Z I m‡PZb K‡i‡Q, wKš‘ cwiev‡ii wcZv gvZv fvB‡ev‡bi Rb¨
e‡q G‡b‡Q ¯^Rb nviv‡bvi `ytL| Zey GB g„Zz¨ gvZ…fvlvi R‡b¨ gvbyl Zvi Rb¥ I gbyl¨Z¡ wb‡q †h fvlvq
†MŠie e¨³ K‡i, ZviB m¤§v‡bi Rb¨ GB AvZ¥wemR©b| Zvu‡ì g„Zz¨ mgMÖ †`k‡K GKZve× K‡i †M‡Q| fvlvi
Gm Gm GBP Gj
Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vi jovB cieZx© me jovB‡qi †K›`ªwe›`y I Dr‡m iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q, A_v©r †`ªvn‡PZbvi D¾xeb
N‡U‡Q| GLv‡b GKz‡k †deªæqvwii ivR‰bwZK Zvrc‡h©i MfxiZvB e¨³ Kiv n‡”Q| gvbyl AvR GKz‡ki kc‡_
DÏxß n‡q Rxebg„Z¨z i mwÜj‡Mœ, BwZnv‡mi behy‡M DcbxZ| GKw`‡K ¯^Rbnviv cwiev‡ii †e`bv, Ab¨w`‡K
†`‡ki e„nËi RbRxeb  meB GKm~‡Î Awew”Qbœ-ü`‡q cwiYZ| GB `wi`ª, jvwÃZ I †kvwlZ †`‡ki gvbyl
gvZ…fvlvi jovB †_‡K AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zvi `vwe I AwaKv‡ii cieZx© msMÖvg¯ú„nv I iPbv K‡i‡Q gyw³i
BwZnvm|
UxKv
GKz‡k  1952 wLª÷v‡ãi 21 †deªæqvwi msNwUZ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvmB GLv‡b e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1947-
cieZx© cvwK¯Ív‡b evOvwj RvwZ evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ`v‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii weiæ‡× cÖej msMÖv‡g
Svuwc‡q c‡o| D³ Zvwi‡L mvjvg, eiKZ, ReŸvi, iwdK cÖgyL knx` nb| GKz‡k †deªæqvwi evOvwj RvwZi fvlv-
HwZn¨ i¶vi I mvgwMÖK gyw³i jovB, hv cieZx©Kv‡j A‡bK jovB‡qi cÖZxK n‡q `vuwo‡q‡Q|
mvjvg, iwdKDwÏb, eiKZ, ReŸvi Guiv mevB GKz‡k †deªæqvwii Av‡›`vj‡b knx` nb| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ mvjvg,
iwdKDwÏb PvKwiRxex, eiKZ QvÎ Ges ReŸvi wQ‡jb K…wlRxex| D³ Av‡›`vj‡b †`‡ki me©¯‡Í ii gvbylB
Av‡eMvcyZ I †Kvb-bv-†Kvbfv‡e DÏxwcZ n‡qwQj|
mvZwU Zviv mßwl©GÛj, AvKv‡ki Ckvb †Kv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i| cyivYg‡Z, eªþvi gvbmcyÎ mvZRb Fwli bv‡g
G‡ì bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q, hviv ag©eë¯’v I †jvKi¶v K‡i‡Qb| bvg¸‡jv n‡”Q gixwP, AwÎ, cyjn, cyj¯Ív,
µZz, Aw½iv I ewkô| AmsL¨ ZviKvi g‡a¨ G‡ì wPwýZ Kivi A_©B nj G‡ì gwngv‡K ¯^Zš¿ K‡i †`Lv|
fvlv-knx`‡ì ¯^Zš¿ gwngvi Rb¨B mvZwU Zviv wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mwLbvü`q  Kvievjv hy‡×i Kvwnbx wb‡q iwPZ gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi Ô welv`wmÜzÕ MÖ‡š’i PwiÎ| Kvievjv hy‡×
m`¨weevwnZv mwLbv êaeëiY K‡iwQ‡jb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. ÔcÖwZwµqvi MÖvm Rxeb I gbyl¨Z¡‡K mgxn K‡i bvÕ evK¨wUi A_© wK?
DËi : GKz‡k †deªæqvwii fvlv- Av‡›`vj‡b AKv‡j g„Z¨z eiY K‡i‡Qb mvjvg,eiKZ, ReŸvi cÖgyL| Zv‡ì g„Zzï
Rb¨ ¯^Rb I †`kevmx cÖ¯‘Z wQj bv| GB g„Zz¨ cÖwZwµqvkxj kvmKkw³i¯œviv msNwVZ| RvwZ I †`‡ki Dc‡i
wbh©vZb, †kvlY I kvm‡bi BwZnvm evOvwj‡K Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vi msMÖv‡g evievi †U‡b wb‡q †M‡Q| cÖMwZ I gvbeZvi
weiæ× kw³ KL‡bv gvby‡li Rxeb I gbyl¨‡Z¡i ghv©`v i¶v K‡ibv, eis webó K‡i| cÖwZwµqvkxj Pµ me©`vB
`wjZ I wbwðý K‡i gvbeZvi evYx|
2. RbZvi Mfx‡i Kwei Abyf‚wZ †Kb †ivwcZ n‡q‡Q?

DËi : GKz‡k †deªæqvwii fvlv Av‡›`vjb gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`v i¶vi jovB n‡jI GwU wQj g~jZ †kvwlZ, wbcxwoZ
evOvwj RvwZi ivR‰bwZK-A_©‰bwZK-mvs¯‹…wZK gyw³i msMÖvg| `xN©w`‡bi eÂbv I cxobB gvbyl‡K fvlvi cÖZx‡K
msNe× I DØy× K‡iwQj| kn‡ii ga¨weË wkw¶Z gvbyl GB Av‡›`vj‡bi AwfÁZv †_‡K †c‡qwQj †MvUv †`‡ki
Rbgvby‡li ms¯úk©| Kwei Abyf‚wZ RbZvi Rxebg~‡j m¤úÖmvwiZ n‡q AR©b K‡i ivR‰bwZK gvÎv| RbZvi m‡½
Kwei N‡U Mfxi ms‡hvM | †kvlY, kvmb †_‡K Aw¯Í‡Z¡i gyw³i cÖ‡kœB Kwe Zvi ü`q‡K †ivwcZ K‡ib RbZvi
Rxeb f‚wg‡Z|
3. kªwg‡Ki Ôwk‡í cÖwZfvi ¯^v`Õ  K_vwUi Zvrch© wK?
DËi : kªg gvby‡li nvwZqvi Ges mf¨Zvi PvwjKvkw³| GKRb kªgRxex Rxeb I BwZnv‡mi wbgv©Zv | GKz‡k
†deªæqvwii fvlv Av‡›`vjbI evOvwj RvwZi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I gyw³i BwZnvmmªóv | wKš‘ GB BwZnvm wkwíZ I cÖwZfv¯ú‡k©
F×| kªwgK †hgb Zvi Kv‡R eyw×gËv, Av‡eM I m„wókxjZvi ms‡hv‡M kªg‡K K‡i †Zv‡j wkí, †Zgwb GKz‡ki
msMÖvg Kwe‡K †mB m„RbxcÖwZfvi wekvjZ¡ I Z…wß `vb K‡i‡Q| GKz‡ki †PZbvq Kwe n‡q D‡V‡Qb BwZnvm m„wói
kªg, Av‡eM I cwiZ…wßi Av¯^vàb¨|
4. ÔGLv‡b Avgv‡ì g„Zz¨ I Rxe‡bi mwÜÕ e³‡e¨ wK Zvrch© e¨³ n‡q‡Q ?
5. ÔZzwg wK PvI, Zzwg wK PvI, Zzwg wK PvIÕ GB AvKzjZv cÖKvk K‡i Kwe wK Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb|

1. K…lK †hgb el©vi cwjwm³ gv‡V †ivqv av‡bi Pviv¸‡jv
†i‡L Av‡m †mvbvwj k‡mï R‡b¥i AvKv•¶vq
†Zgwb Avgvi miæ miæ Abyf‚wZ¸‡jv RbZvi Mfx‡i ey‡b G‡mwQ;
DËi : Av‡jvP¨ csw³mg~n nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb iwPZ ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ kxl©K KweZv †_‡K D×…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b Kwe GKwU wP‡Îvcgvi mvnv‡h¨ Rxe‡bi m‡½ wb‡Ri †PZbvi m„wókxj m¤ú‡K©i K_v e‡j‡Qb|
GKz‡k †deªæqvwii fvlv Av‡›`vjb Aw¯ÍZ¡, HwZn¨ I †PZbv RM‡Zi msMÖvg| hwÌ evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi
`vweB wQj gyL¨, wKš‘ GKzk wQj evOvwj RvwZi bZzb BwZnv‡mi Rb¥jMœ, w`Ke`‡ji ElvKvj| evsjv‡`‡ki
me©¯‡Í ii gvbyl GB BwZnv‡mi NUbvq Av‡›`vwjZ I m‡PZb n‡qwQj| bvMwiK, e¨w³gvbyl AvZ¥wew”QbœZv AwZµg
K‡i GKz‡ki Av‡›`vj‡b RbRxe‡bi m‡½ n‡qwQj weRwoZ| m~² Abyf‚wZ I e¨w³MZ AvKv•¶vi g‡a¨ m‡PZb
gvby‡li _v‡K †hme cÖZ¨vkv-¯^cœ-Av`k©, mewKQy ev¯Íe iƒc †c‡Z cv‡i e„nËi Rxeb-¯ú‡k©| GKz‡k †deªæqvwi †mB
Rxeb¯ú‡k©i †¶Î iPbv K‡i‡Q| Kwe Zuvi AvZ¥MZ Abyf‚wZi Pviv¸‡jv †mvbvwj k‡m¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z Pvb|
K…lK elv©i cwjwm³ gv‡V av‡bi Pviv †ivcb K‡i bZzb dm‡ji Avkvq, KweI †Zgwb Zuvi Abyf‚wZi Pviv‡K
RbZvi Mfxi †¶‡Î ey‡b G‡m‡Qb hv beR‡b¥i m~Pbv NUv‡e|
AvZ¥vbyf‚wZ I e¨w³gb MYRxe‡bi gyw³i g‡a¨B Lyu‡R cvq ˆPZ‡bï gyw³, Rxe‡bi ¯^wcœj AvKv•¶vi ev¯Íevqb|
2. GLv‡b Avgiv c„w_exi †kl ˆØi‡_ `vuwo‡q,

†`k Avgvi, ¯Íä A_ev KjKÉ GB Ø‡›Øi mxgv‡šÍ G‡m
gv‡qi †¯œ‡ni c‡¶ †_‡K †KvwU †KvwU KÉ †PŠwPi K‡i w`‡qwQ:
DËi: DcwiD³ csw³¸‡jv Kwe nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb iwPZ ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvi AšÍM©Z| GLv‡b Kwe
gvZ…fvlvi AwaKvi i¶vi m~‡Î Av‡›`vjb Kivi K_v ej‡Qb|
gvZ…fvlvi `vwe cÖwZôvi j‡¶ GKz‡ki †deªæqvwii msMÖvg wQj Rxebg„Z¨z i mwÜ¶Y| †Kbbv fvlvnxb RvwZi g„Zy¨
N‡U †eu‡P †_‡KI| kvmK me©`vB RvwZi KÉ ¯Íä Kivi Rb¨, †kvlY I kvm‡bi Rb¨ fvlv‡K wbwðý Ki‡Z Pvq|
Jcwb‡ewkK Bs‡iR Avg‡jI Zv‡ì fvlv‡K Pvwc‡q w`‡q RvwZi gvZ…fvlv‡K ¯Íä Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡qwQj|
cvwK¯Ívb c‡e©I Avgiv †`wL †kvl‡Yi cÖ_g AvNvZ evsjvfvlvi Dc‡iB| wKš‘ gyw³Kvgx RvwZ‡K †m AvNv‡Zi m‡½
jovB K‡i‡Q, GB jovB wQj wPiZ‡i ¯Íä n‡q hvIqv A_ev KÉgyLi n‡q †eu‡P _vKvi jovB| evOvwj gvZ…fvlvi
¯^c‡¶ `vwo‡q ¯ÍäZv‡K eiY K‡iwb, eis †KvwU K‡É cÖwZev` Rvwb‡q AvZ¥vûwZ w`‡q‡Q| D`©yfvlvi AvwacZ¨
†g‡b bv wb‡q Zviv wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K cÖej kw³‡Z cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
BwZnv‡mi cÖv‡šÍ RvwZi Rxebg„Z¨z i mxgv‡šÍ GB GKz‡k †deªæqvwi| †mB mxgv‡šÍ evOvwj RvwZi KÉ cÖwZev`x, †m
Rxeb DrmM© K‡i i¶v K‡i‡Q gvZ…fvlvi AwaKvi|
3. ew¯Íevwmbx gv AvK¯§vr ¯^v¯’ëvb GKwU mšÍvb‡K ey‡Ki Kv‡Q ai‡Z cvi‡j
†hgb K‡i AvnZ w`‡bi AmsL¨ g„Zz¨‡K fz‡j _vK‡Z cv‡i
†Zgwb cÂvkwU knx` fvB‡qi AKvj g„Zz¨‡K fz‡jwQ
gv, †Zvgv‡K †c‡qwQ e‡j|
4. Avqyi cÖ_g ü`qgwš’Z kã,

gbyl¨‡Z¡i cÖ_g `x¶v †h D”Pvi‡Y
ZviB m¤§v‡bi R‡b¨ Zviv e¨_e× n‡q ùvwo‡qwQj|
4 bs e¨vL¨vi bgybv-DËi: (ms‡KZ)

KweZv e¨w³g‡bi Av‡eM, Abyf‚wZ I Kíbvi iƒcwPÎ n‡jI Rxeb, BwZnvm I mf¨Zvi e„nrcU‡K MÖnY K‡i
_v‡K| KLbI KLbI BwZnv‡mi mwÜgyn~Z©, RxebØ›Ø I Zzgyj NUbvcÖevn KweZvi welq n‡q I‡V| evsjv‡`‡ki
KweZv RvwZi Avkv I msMÖv‡gi RMr wb‡q A‡bK †ewk gyLi| GKz‡k †deªæqvwii fvlv Av‡›`vjb Avgv‡ì KweZvi
welq‡K K‡i‡Q cÖvYešÍ, RxebNwbô I ˆbe©¨w³K, Avw½K‡K K‡i‡Q kãfvlv I Aj¼v‡i êwPÎ¨gq I bv›`wbK|
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb AvaywbK ixwZ I ˆPZb¨wbf©i| Zuvi ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvwU ZviB wkwíZ cÖKvk|
iPbvg~jK cªkœ
1. ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvq e¨³ n‡q‡Q RvZxq Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cev©šÍiÕ|  Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. GKz‡ki †PZbv iƒcvq‡Y Kwe wK wK iƒcK Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb?
3. ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvi Q›ìƒc Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4. ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvi g~je³e¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5. ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvi wkíg~j¨ wbiƒcY Kiæb|

ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvwU GKz‡k †deªæqvwii fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi wkígq AwfÁvb| GLv‡b Kwei †PZbv, Av‡eM I
Rxebevmbv e¨³ n‡q‡Q Dcgv-eY©bvi we¯Í…Zc‡U Ges Zv‡Z wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k I RvwZi BwZnvm-ci¤úivi
ms‡KZ | RvwZmËvi ¯îƒc I AvKv•¶vi iƒcwU D‡b¥vP‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Kwe GKzk‡K wb‡q iPbv K‡i‡Qb A½xKv‡ii
`xßiƒc I †`ªvn‡PZbv |
Kwe ce© †_‡K ce©všÍ‡i engvb RvZxq Rxe‡bi weKvk‡K Aw¼Z K‡i‡Qb| GB c‡e©i m~Pbvq i‡q‡Q gvZ…fvlvi
D¾¡j fvÛvi i¶vi BwZnvm hv gwYgvwY‡K¨ c~Y©| wKš‘ cÖwZwµqvkxj kÎæ Rxeb I gbyl¨Z¡‡K nbb K‡i| evOvwj
RvwZi AZxZ BwZnvmI evisevi GB iKg cÖwZwµqvkxj kÎæi †Qve‡j g„Z¨z MÖ¯,Í fvlv I HwZn¨ aŸs‡mi loh‡š¿
Ave„Z| wKš‘ evOvwj Gi weiæ‡× AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q jovB K‡i‡Q, †`‡ki K…lK-kªwgK-RbZv cÖwZev` I
msMÖv‡gi c‡_ Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K GwM‡q wb‡q †M‡Q| 1947-G cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi cieZx© BwZnvmI evOvwji RvwZmËv I
gyw³msMÖv‡gi i³¶i‡Yi BwZnvm, GKz‡ki msMÖvg ZviB cÖv_wgK wfwË| ivóªfvlviƒ‡c evsjv fvlv cÖwZôvi Rb¨
msNwUZ GB msMÖvgwU‡Z hy³ wQj RvwZi A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK weKv‡kiI j¶| Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq Kwe
AvZ¥m‡PZb RvwZmËvi ¯îƒcwU D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
mšÍv‡bi g„Z¨z ‡Z Rbbx nvivb Zvi wcÖq bvg D”Pvi‡Yi Avb›`| cÖwZwµqvkxj kvmK‡Mvwô fvlvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ webv‡ki
j‡¶ nZ¨v K‡i cÖwZev`x gvbyl‡K Z_v wcÖq KZ¸‡jv bvg‡K | wKš‘ Zviv i‡q hvq †`‡ki cÖv‡Yi `xwßi Mfx‡i
Ges cwiev‡ii Av‡eMgq ¯§„wZRM‡Z| K…l‡Ki av‡bi Pviv †ivc‡bi gZ, kªwg‡Ki wkwíZ kª‡gi gZ Ges G‡`‡ki
b`xcÖev‡ni cwjgvwUi De©iZvi gZ knx‡ì bvg¸‡jv Avgv‡ì †PZbvi Mfx‡i mÂvwiZ n‡q hvq| Zviv n‡q I‡V
GK GKwU A‡f`¨ wekvj wngvjq| knx‡ì gv n‡q I‡Vb †`kgvZ…Kv| †kvK †_‡K N„Yv Ges Zvici †`ªvn‡PZbv
RvMi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q KweZvwU‡Z cÖwZwôZ nq mgwóRxe‡bi D‡Øvab| knx`‡ì bvg D”PviY K‡i Kwe Avwe®‹vi
K‡ib gbyl¨Z¡ I cÖwZev‡ì Mfxi `x¶v I kc‡_i Zvrch©| e¨w³ Zvi wew”QbœZv I AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK e„Ë DËxY© n‡q
¯úk© K‡i †`‡ki gvby‡li wekvj cªvY‡K| GKz‡ki fvlv Av‡›`vjb Ges knx`‡ì AvZ¥Z¨vM †_‡K AwR©Z nq †mB
AwfÁZv, hv Kwei †PZbvq m~wPZ K‡i k„•LwjZ ¯^‡`‡ki gyw³i Rb¨ msMÖvg I g„Z¨z ei‡Yi Av‡eM| GiB
avivevwnKZvq N‡UwQj 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi gyw³hy×, †h A‡_© ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi exRgš¿| Z‡e
KweZvwUi g~j êwkó¨ nj cÂv‡ki `k‡K mgvRcÖMwZ, mgwó‡PZbv I evOvwji RvMÖZ msMÖvgx-we‡eK‡K mvn‡mi
m‡½ Kve¨MZ Kiv| Kwe GLv‡b ¯úk© Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb BwZnv‡mi¯œvw›ØK MwZ‡K , hv g~jën K‡i e„nËi
RbRxe‡bi Kj¨vY j‡¶¨ wb‡ew`Z msMÖvg‡K Ges mg‡eZ AskMÖn‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K|
iƒcKí n‡”Q KweZvi Aejw¤^Z kãvkªq, hv w`‡q fvee¯‘ iƒcvwqZ nq| GB kãvkªq M‡o I‡V Dcgv-wPÎKí-
iƒcK-cÖZxK-we‡klY Ges Q›` KvVv‡gvi wfwË‡Z| ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvi fvee¯‘ msMÖvg, AvZ¥Z¨vM, †kvK I
Z¾vZ AwfÁvb| G-meB weg~Z© AvBwWqv, hv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Kwe‡K m„wó Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q we‡kl ai‡bi Dcgv I
eY©bvwPÎ| fve-Abymv‡i iƒcKí¸‡jvi Drm- Dc`vbI h_vh_ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wcÖq mšÍv‡bi g„Z¨z ‡Z Zvi bvgwU gv‡qi ü`‡q aŸwbZ n‡Z _v‡K N~wY©S‡oi ZxeªZv wb‡q, †hLv‡b †kvK I †¶v‡fi
MfxiZv Aek¨¤¢vex| GB bvg wQj GKmgq gy‡³vi g‡Zv D¾¡j wefvq ïå I RxweZ| GB knx` mšÍvb  Aveyj
eiKZ msMªv‡gi `xß Av‡jv‡K n‡q D‡V‡Q wekvj I `xN©, ZvB †m gayi K¨vw›U‡bi Qvu` Quy‡q nvuUZ| g„Zz¨ I
msMÖv‡gi iƒcKí wn‡m‡e Kwe eënvi K‡ib ek©vi Zx² djv, †_vKv †_vKv welYœZv|
evsjv‡`k K…wlR mf¨Zvi aviK, Avgv‡ì AwfÁZvq, ms¯‹…wZ‡Z K…wli iƒcKí¸‡jv me©vwaK | KweiI ¯§„wZ‡Z
i‡q‡Q cwjwm³ †¶Z, av‡bi Pviv, †mvbvwj km¨, b`xi †mªvZ BZ¨vw`| we‡klfv‡e K…l‡Ki iƒc”Qwe‡K wZwb
beRb¥ I Abjm Rxebm„wói Dcgv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| GKz‡ki AwfÁZvq Kwei e¨w³‡PZbv †`‡ki cÖvYkw³i
m‡½, Rxe‡bi m„wókxjZvi m‡½ Z_v MYgvb‡ei m‡½ m¤ú„³ n‡q‡Q| e¨wó hy³ n‡q‡Q mgwói m‡½ | GB
AwfÁZvi BwZnvm iƒcvq‡b Kwe eënvi K‡i‡Qb cwjgvwUi De©iZv, wngvj‡qi A‡f`ïƒc | ew¯Íevwmbx gv‡qi
mšÍvb-†¯œ‡ni m‡½I M‡o I‡V Kwe‰PZ‡bï HKvZ¥¨| cÖwZw`‡bi `ytL I g„Zzï jvÃbv¶Z ¶z`ª Rxeb‡K gnr K‡i
†Zv‡j GKz‡ki AvZ¥Z¨vM| BwZnvm, Rxeb gyw³ I †`k‡cÖg wewgkª n‡q ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvi Dcgv-Dr‡cÖ¶v I
iƒcK m„wó‡Z mÂvi K‡i‡Q cÖK…wZ, exi‡Z¡i DcvL¨vb I Pjgvb ev¯ÍeRxe‡bi `„k¨| Rxe‡bi m‡½ KweZvi ms‡hvM
m„wó‡Z ZvB ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ mv_©K|

Kwezv: Cvv-1. E FVLV Cvv-2. Ejvkv Cvv-3. Evzvqb CV K Evk-Ziæi Mvwi Cvv-4. Ebjzv MB Cvv-5. Agi GKZ K

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Kwezv: Cvv-1. E FVLV Cvv-2. Ejvkv Cvv-3. Evzvqb CV K Evk-Ziæi Mvwi Cvv-4. Ebjzv MB Cvv-5. Agi GKZ K

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2

evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 45

2. Ôe½fvlvÕ †Kvb RvZxq KweZv?

Drm I cÖm½ wb‡`©k K‡i e¨vL¨v wjLyb

2. gvZ…fvlv-iƒc Lwb, c~Y© gwYRv‡j|

1 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi:

evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 47

evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 49

k~‡b¨ R‡j ¯’‡j

1 bs msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:

Drm I cÖm½ wb‡`©k K‡i e¨vL¨v wjLyb

3. ïwbjvg gvb‡ei KZ evYx `‡j `‡j

1. ÔejvKvÕ KweZvi MwZev` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

3 bs cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi: [ms‡KZ]

evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 55

Zvwi A½ywj-ci‡ki gZ wbweo Av`i-QvIqv!

nqZ ¯^c‡b evov‡qwQ nvZ  jB‡Z cikLvwb,

ïavB‡Z bvB, ZeyI ïavB  AvwR‡K hvevi Av‡M 

g‡b wK cwo‡e GB ¶wY‡Ki AwZw_i K_v Avi?

3. Kwe Kv‡K wb‡q AgiveZx-iƒ‡c mvRv‡Z Pvb?

Drm I cÖm½ wb‡`©k K‡i e¨vL¨v wjLyb

2. ... †Zvgvi Rvd&wi-duv‡K

iPbvg~jK cª‡kœi-DËi wjLyb

3 bs cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi: [ms‡KZ]

evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 63

evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 65

1. ÔnvRvi eQi a‡iÕ Kwe †Kv_vq c_ cwiågY Ki‡Qb?

2. Ôbv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mbÕ wK A‡_© cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q?

3. ÔcvwLi bx‡oi gZ †PvLÕ K_vwUi Zvrch© wK?

4. KweZvwU‡Z KZevi I wK A‡_© ÔAÜKviÕ kãwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?

Drm I cÖm½ wb‡`©k K‡i e¨vL¨v wjLyb

evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 67

1 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:

evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 69

Aveyj eiKZ, mvjvg, iwdKDwÏb, ReŸvi

†`wL‡qQ  we`xY© Avfvq R¡‡jwQ‡j;

†Zvgvi cÖv‡Yi Mfxi R‡j¯œvb K‡i Gevi Gjvg;

Rb¥`vZv wcZvi ev¯ú¯Íä †PvL `y‡Uv‡K GKevi g‡b K‡iv,

hyMj cvwLi GKwU AvR †bB

KiæY AuvwL nwiYx Zvi †Kvgj kveKwU‡K nvwi‡q‡Q

Avqyi cÖ_g ü`qgwš’Z kã,

Zv‡`i wcÖq gy‡Li fvlv evsjvi R‡b¨ GKPvc cv_‡ii g‡Zv

†n Avgvi †`k, eb¨vi g‡Zv

2. RbZvi Mfx‡i Kwei Abyf‚wZ †Kb †ivwcZ n‡q‡Q?

Drm I cÖm½ wb‡`©k K‡i e¨vL¨v wjLyb

2. GLv‡b Avgiv c„w_exi †kl ˆØi‡_ `vuwo‡q,

evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 75

4. Avqyi cÖ_g ü`qgwš’Z kã,

4 bs e¨vL¨vi bgybv-DËi: (ms‡KZ)

1 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:

evsjv mvwnZ¨-1 c„ôv - 77

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