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IqvW© cÖ‡mwms

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Kw¤úDUvi Qvov gy`ª‡Yi Kv‡Ri K_v GLb fvevB hvq bv|Kw¤úDUv‡i IqvW© cÖ‡mwms K‡i eB, cÎ-cwÎKv, I
cÖKvkbvi hveZxq KvR Kiv nq| IqvW© Ges cÖ‡mwms GB kã `ywUi A_© h_vµ‡g kã Ges cÖwµqvKiY| GK K_vq
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms‡K ejv hvq k‡ãi cÖwµqvKiY| †h‡Kvb fvlvi eY©gvjv e¨envi K‡i kã ˆZix Kiv Ges †m me
kãvejx g‡bi gZ K‡i mvwR‡q †bqvB n‡”Q kã cÖwµqvKiY ev IqvW© cÖ‡mwms‡qi Avmj KvR| eZ©gvb BDwb‡U
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms I Zvi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
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GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb-
0 IqvW© cÖ‡mwms m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
0 Kw¤úDUv‡i †jLv‡jwL m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
0 Kx-†evW© Ges Gi wewfbœ Kx m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
0 WKz‡g›U cÖ¯ÍzZ Kiv Ges GwWU Kiv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
0 dvBj msi¶Y Ges †jLvi cÖwµqv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
0 Kw¤úDUv‡ii †jLv‡K wewfbœfv‡e mvRv‡bvi cÖwµqv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
0 evsjvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 1 cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv

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GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

IqvW© cÖ‡mwms m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb,

Kw¤úDUv‡i †jLv‡jwL m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,

†jLv‡jwL‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii myweav wjL‡Z cvi‡eb,

Kx-†evW©-Gi wewfbœ Kx Ges Gi e¨envi wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

gvbyl ¯^fveZB †KŠZ‚nj wcÖq Ges m„wókxj| †m wb‡R‡K Rvb‡Z Pvq Ges Pvicv‡ki Ab¨‡`i m¤ú‡K© ev Ab¨wKQy
m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z Pvq| gvbyl Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wjwce× Kivi †Póv K‡i| Avi G †Póvi mdjZv AR©b K‡i‡Q
†jLv‡jwL‡Z| mf¨Zvi ïiy‡Z †jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ gvbyl cvwLi cvjK, euv‡ki KwÂ, Mv‡Qi-dz‡ji is BZ¨vw` e¨envi
Ki‡Zv| Gici KvMR-Kjg Avgv‡`i mf¨Zvi me‡P‡q eo evnb n‡q I‡V| GK ch©v‡q gvbyl Zvi †jLvi Kv‡R
h‡š¿i e¨envi Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| UvBcivBUvi GB hy‡MiB GK wecøex D™¢veb| UvBcivBUv‡ii A¶‡ii gvb
Avgv‡`i nv‡Zi †jLvi †P‡q my›`i Ges mnRcvV¨| UvBcivB‡Ui ms¯‹iY n‡q Zwor PvwjZ UvBcivBUv‡ii D™¢veb
nq| cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gme h‡š¿iI DbœwZ mvwaZ nq|Zwor PvwjZ UvBcivBUv‡i Avevi ¯§„wZ kw³ †hvM
n‡Z _v‡K| GKwUi e`‡j GKvwaK dÈ e¨env‡ii myweav Avm‡Z _v‡K| GK mgq UvBcivBUv‡ii e`‡j ¯§„wZ I
GKvwaK d›U e¨env‡ii myweav wb‡q Av‡iv GKwU hš¿ ˆZix nq, hvi bvg IqvW© cÖ‡mmi| IqvW© cÖ‡mmi hš¿ w`‡q
gvbyl cÖvq gy`ªY gv‡bi KvR Kg© Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| Kvjµ‡g h‡š¿ Av‡iv DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡q Av‡m Kw¤úDUvi| gvbyl
Kw¤úDUvi hš¿wU w`‡q †jLv‡jwLi KvR ev IqvW© cÖ‡mwms wKfv‡e Kiv hvq Zvi K_v fve‡Z _v‡K| ax‡i ax‡i
Kw¤úDUvi mvaviY gvby‡li e¨envi Kivi h‡š¿ cwiYZ n‡Z ïiy K‡i| cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡i †jLv‡jwLi Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ A‡bK AMÖmi mdUIq¨vi ˆZix n‡Z _v‡K| GLb Kw¤úDUv‡i IqvW© cÖ‡mwms K‡i eB, cÎ-cwÎKv, I
cÖKvkbvi hveZxq KvR Kiv nq| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Kw¤úDUvi Qvov gy`ª‡Yi Kv‡Ri K_v GLb fvevB hvq bv| IqvW©
Ges cÖ‡mwms GB kã `ywUi A_© h_vµ‡g kã Ges cÖwµqvKiY| GK K_vq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms‡K ejv hvq k‡ãi
cÖwµqvKiY| †h‡Kvb fvlvi eY©gvjv e¨envi K‡i kã ˆZix Kiv Ges †m me kãvejx g‡bi gZ K‡i mvwR‡q †bqvB
n‡”Q kã cÖwµqvKiY ev IqvW© cÖ‡mwms‡qi Avmj KvR|
IqvW© Ges cÖ‡mwms GB kã `ywUi A_© h_vµ‡g kã Ges cÖwµqvKiY| GK K_vq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms‡K ejv hvq k‡ãi
cÖwµqvKiY| †h‡Kvb fvlvi eY©gvjv e¨envi K‡i kã ˆZix Kiv Ges †m me kãvejx g‡bi gZ K‡i mvwR‡q †bqvB
n‡”Q kã cÖwµqvKiY ev IqvW© cÖ‡mwms‡qi Avmj KvR|
Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹v‡ii cÖ_g w`‡K Gi gva¨‡g kã cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR n‡Zvbv ej‡jB P‡j| ZLb Kw¤úDUv‡ii
mvnv‡h¨ msL¨vi e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g MwYZ, c`v_©we`¨v Ges weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi we‡klÁiv Ges wewfbœ M‡elKMY
Lye eo eo Ges RwUj wnmve wbKv‡ki KvR Ki‡Zv| ZLb msL¨v¸‡jvi gv‡S wewfbœ m¤úK© I m~‡Îi cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨
wKQy wKQy k‡ãi e¨envi n‡Zv| Gici hy‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvKvi, AvK…wZ I ˆewk‡ó¨iI
cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq Ges Kw¤úDUvi mvaviY gvby‡li e¨envi Dc‡hvMx n‡q D‡V| GB e¨enviKvixiv bvbv Kv‡R
Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi K‡i Ges G‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bB Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †jLv‡jwLi KvR Kiv GLb G‡Kev‡i mnR
n‡q †M‡Q|
1971 mv‡j gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii Avwe®‹vi Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i †¶‡Î GK bZb m¤¢vebvi w`MšÍ Ly‡j †`q| H
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi w`‡q ˆZix nq gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi ev cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi| wZbwU av‡c cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii
weeZ©b N‡U| GK- G¨vcj †Kv¤úvwb 1976 mv‡j cÖ_g cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi evRviRvZ K‡i, `yB- 1981 mv‡j
AvB we Gg cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi ˆZix K‡i Ges wZb- 1984 mv‡j G¨vcj †Kv¤úvwb †gwKb‡Uvk bv‡g bZzb
cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi ˆZix Ki‡Z ïiy K‡i| G †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡iB cÖ_g we‡k¦i wewfbœ fvlvq cÖvq gy`ªY gv‡bi

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-56

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†jLv‡jwLi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ c~Y©v½ my‡hvM m„wó nq| 1984 mv‡j †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡i †h my‡hvM Av‡m Zv
m‡›`nvZxZfv‡eB DbœZ gv‡bi| A‡b‡KB †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡ii G hyMwU‡K wWwUwc'i hyM ev †W¯‹Uc cÖKvkbvi
hyM e‡j _v‡Kb|
†gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUvi cÖ_g we‡k¦i wewfbœ fvlvq gy`ªY gv‡bi †jLv‡jwLi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cyY©v½ my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|
GLb cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡i †jLv‡jwLi KvR †ekx n‡q _v‡K| cÖvq mËifvM cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi nq
†jLv‡jwLi Kv‡R| c¶všÍ‡i ïaygvÎ wnmve-wbKvk ev Z_¨ e¨e¯’vcbvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii †µZvi
msL¨v Kg|
wewfbœ fvlvq †jLv‡jwL
G¨vcj †Kv¤úvwbi †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUvi ˆZixi Av‡M †jLv‡jwLi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i ïaygvÎ Bs‡iRx fvlvB
e¨envi Kiv nZ| †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUvi GB mxgve×Zvi †`qvj †f‡½ †`q| c„w_exi me fvlvB Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi
Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i †`q| 1987 mv‡j †gv¯Ídv ReŸvi cÖ_g Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjvq K‡¤úvR K‡i Zuvi mvßvwnK
cwÎKv Avb›`cÎ cÖKvk K‡ib|
†jLv‡jwL ïiy Kiv gv‡bB Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv| Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ cÖ‡e‡ki Kv‡R Kx-†ev‡W©i
†evZvg¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i †jLv‡jwLi c‡iI duvK e„w× ev bZzb kã XzKv‡bv ev jvBb XzKv‡bv BZ¨vw`
KvR¸‡jv Kiv hvq| wKšÍz UvBc ivBUv‡i †Kvb wKQy GKevi UvB‡ci ci Zv fzj n‡j ï× Kiv hvq bv|
Kw¤úDUv‡i †jLv‡jwLi ci m¤úv`bvi KvR Ki‡Z nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv Gw›Uª Kivi ci ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR n‡jv
UvB‡ci mgq †Kvb fzj _vK‡j Zv ï× Kiv| Kv‡RB, g~j welqwU UvBc Kivi KvR †kl nIqvi ci evbvb
ms‡kva‡bi KvR Ki‡Z nq| evbvb ms‡kva‡bi KvR‡K ejv nq cÖyd †`Lv| m¤úv`bvi wØZxq ch©v‡q ms‡hvRb,
we‡qvRb I cwigvR©‡bi KvR Ki‡Z nq| kã ev` A_ev evK¨ Ac~Y© _vK‡j bZzb K‡i kã ev evK¨ ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z
nq|
Kx-†evW© Ges Gi wewfbœ Kx-Gi e¨envi
Kw¤úDUv‡i †jLv‡jwL n‡Z ïiy K‡i mg¯Í KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq UvBcivBUv‡ii gZB Kx-†evW© e¨envi K‡i|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ Kx-†ev‡W©i ms‡hvM †`qv _v‡K| Kx-†ev‡W©i †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j wewfbœ A¶i Kw¤úDUv‡ii
gwbU‡ii ¯Œx‡b D‡V| UvBcivBUvi Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-†ev‡W©i g~j Bs‡iRx e‡Y©i †evZvg¸‡jv GKB _v‡K| Kx
†ev‡W© Bs‡iRx e‡Y©i †evZvg¸‡jv‡ZB evsjv eY© _v‡K| Bs‡iRx †Kvb e‡Y©i †evZv‡g evsjv †Kvb eY© Av‡Q Zv
e¨eüZ wewfbœ evsjv mdU&Iq¨vi Abymv‡i wP‡b wb‡Z nq Ges Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g UvB‡ci MwZ evov‡bvi KvRwU
Ki‡Z nq| Kw¤úDUvi Kx-†ev‡W© Bs‡iRx I evsjv A¶i¸‡jv cvkvcvwk gyw`ªZ Ae¯’vqI AvRKvj evRv‡i cvIqv
hvq|
wb‡¤œ GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-†ev‡W©i wewfbœ As‡ki eY©bv †`qv nj|

wPÎ 5.1.1 : Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-†evW©

Kx-†ev‡W©i G‡Kev‡i evg †Kvbvq Dc‡ii w`‡K Gm‡Kc (Esc) †evZvg _v‡K| GB †evZvgwUi gva¨‡g cÖavbZ
Kw¤úDUv‡i †`q †Kvb wb‡`©k evwZj Kiv nq A_©vr †Kvb wb‡`©k evwZj Kivi Rb¨ GB †evZvg e¨eüZ nq| Gi
wb‡P _v‡K U¨ve (Tab) †evZvgvwU| GwU UvBcivBUv‡ii U¨ve †evZv‡gi gZB KvR K‡i| mvaviYZ IqvW© cÖ‡mwms
BDwbU cuvP cvV-57
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mdU&Iq¨v‡i GB †evZvgwU Pvc‡j Kvm©i Avav Bw cwigvY RvqMvq m‡i hvq| Z‡e GB †mwUs B”QvgZ cwieZ©b
Kiv hvq| Gi wb‡P i‡q‡Q K¨vcm jK (Caps Lock) †evZvg hv GKwU mvaviY UvBc ivBUv‡iI _v‡K| GB
†evZvgwU Ab Ae¯’vq _vK‡j Bs‡iRx me A¶i eo nv‡Zi Ges Ad& Ae¯’vq _vK‡j †QvU nv‡Zi n‡e| Gici Av‡Q
wkd&U (Shift) †evZvg| Aek¨ GB †evZvgwU Kx-†ev‡W©i `yBwU Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K| K¨vcm jK †evZvg Ad& Ae¯’vq
wkdU& †evZvg †P‡c a‡i UvBc Ki‡Z _vK‡j Bs‡iRx A¶i¸‡jv eo nv‡Zi n‡e Ges K¨vcm jK †evZvg Ab
Ae¯’vq wkdU& †evZvg †P‡c a‡i UvBc Ki‡Z _vK‡j Bs‡iRx A¶i¸‡jv †QvU nv‡Zi n‡e| GQvovI Kx-†ev‡W©
K‡›Uªvj (Ctrl) Ges Aëvi (Alt) bv‡g `yBwU †evZvg _v‡K hvi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ iK‡gi KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| GB
†evZvg `yBwUI Kx-†ev‡W©i `yBwU Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K| Kx-†ev‡W© GKUv eo †evZvg _v‡K, hvi bvg †¯úmevi (Space
bar)| †¯úmevi †evZvgwU Pvc‡j `yBwU k‡ãi g‡a¨ GK A¶i RvqMv duvKv iv‡L| Kx-†ev‡W©i wiUvb© ev G›Uvi
(Enter) †evZvg e¯ÍzZ GKB KvR K‡i| mvaviYZ UvBc Kivi mgq GB †evZvgwU Pvc‡j c¨viv ev Aby‡”Q` ˆZwi
nq| wKšÍz †Kvb KgvÛ †`Iqvi ci GB †evZvgwU Pvc‡j ZLb GUv †mB Kgv‡Ûi m¤§wZm~PK KvR K‡i|
c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q Kx-†evW© Ges UvBc ivBUv‡i Bs‡iRx e‡Y©i †evZv‡gi †mwUs GKB| GQvovI Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-
†ev‡W© A‡bK¸‡jv evowZ †evZvg _v‡K| GB evowZ †evZvg¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K wewfbœ iKg wb‡`©k
w`‡Z nq| †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq KgvÛ Kx| AvBweGg cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-
†ev‡W© Dc‡ii w`‡K GK mvwi‡Z 12wU †evZvg _v‡K (F1, F2........................F12)| G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq dvskb -
Kx| GB †evZvg¸‡jv †Kvb&wUi dvskb wK n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i e¨eüZ mdU&Iq¨v‡ii Dci| AvB we Gg Kw¤úDUv‡i
GK mg‡q ïay Wm Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g KvR Kiv nZ| ZLb Wm Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g KvR Kivi mgq me ai‡bi
KgvÛ †`Iqvi Rb¨ dvskb Kx ev †evZvg¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nZ| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b gvDm e¨envi K‡i Wm Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷‡g wewfbœ cÖKvi KvR Kiv hvq| GQvovI Kx-†ev‡W© wcÖ›U w¯Œb (Print Screen), ¯Œj jK (Scroll Lock) Ges
cR (Pause) bv‡g AviI wZbwU dvskb Kx i‡q‡Q|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-†ev‡W© PviwU Av‡iv Kx _v‡K| GB Kx¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ Kvimi‡K Wv‡b, ev‡g, Dc‡i, bx‡P †bqv hvq|
A¨v‡iv Kx ¸‡jvi Gi Dc‡i QqwU KgvÛ †evZvg Av‡Q| †m¸‡jv n‡j †cR Avc (Pg Up), †cR WvDb (Pg Dn),
†nvg (Home), GÛ (End), wWwjU (Delet) Ges BbmvU© (Insert)| GB Kx ¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Kiv
nq| GQvov Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-†ev‡W© i‡q‡Q GKwU wbDg¨vwiK Kx c¨vW| GB wbDg¨vwiK Kx c¨v‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ msL¨v
m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ KvR Kiv hvq|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 5.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. †Kvb hš¿wUi GKwU Kx-†evW© Av‡Q?
K. K¨vjKz‡jUi L. Kw¤úDUvi
M. UvBcivBUvi N. †Uwj‡dvb
2. KZ mv‡j gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹…Z nq?
K. 1971 mv‡j L. 1973 mv‡j
M. 1975 mv‡j N. 1978 mv‡j
3. †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb cÖ_g cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi evRviRvZ K‡i?
K. G¨vcj L. AvBweGg
M. †gwKb‡Uvk N. gvD‡mi †Kv¤úvwb
4. †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUvi ˆZixi hyMwU‡K e‡j?
K. G¨vcj wmwi‡Ri L. wWwc'i
M. wWwUwc'i N. †gwKb‡Uv‡ki

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-58

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cvV 2 WKz‡g›U cÖ¯ÍzZKiY I GwWwUs

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GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

wKfv‡e WKz‡g›U cÖ¯ÍzZ Ki‡Z nq ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

WKz‡g›U GwWwUs m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

WKz‡g›U cÖ¯ÍzZKiY
Kw¤úDUv‡i IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi KvR K‡i hv ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K WKz‡g›U e‡j A_©vr WKz‡g›U cÖ¯ÍzZKiYB IqvW©
cÖ‡mwms Gi g~j KvR| GB KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB IqvW© cÖ‡mwms †cÖvMÖvgwU Lyj‡Z n‡e| IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi Rb¨
wewfbœ c¨v‡KR mdU&Iq¨vi cvIqv hvq| hvi g‡a¨ gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Kw¤úDUv‡ii ÷vU© †evZvg †_‡K
†cÖvMÖvg †gby‡Z †h‡q gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© wbe©vPb Ki‡j IqvW© cÖ‡mwms †cÖvMÖvgwU Ly‡j hv‡e| G‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii
gwbU‡i GKwU k~b¨ c`©v Avm‡e| GB k~b¨ c`©vwUB Avm‡j WKz‡g›U| cÖ_g Ae¯’vq GB WKz‡g‡›U †Kvb WvUv ev Z_¨
_vK‡e bv| GB WKz‡g‡›U B”Qvg‡Zv Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-†ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ UvBc Kiv hvq| †Kvb WKz‡g‡›U †Kvb wKQy
UvBc Kivi ci Zv †mf ev msi¶Y Ki‡Z nq Ges cieZx©‡Z Avevi H msiw¶Z WKz‡g›U Ly‡j Zv‡Z bZzb K‡i
†jLv ms‡hvRb Kiv hvq| WKz‡g‡›U †jLvi mgq A‡bK †¶‡Î d›U cwieZ©b cÖ‡qvRb nq| d›U †gby‡Z †h‡q
B”Qvg‡Zv d›U cwieZ©b K‡i Avgiv wewfbœ WKz‡g›U cÖ¯ÍzZ Ki‡Z cvwi|
Kw¤úDUv‡i IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi KvR K‡i hv ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K WKz‡g›U e‡j A_©vr WKz‡g›U cÖ¯ÍzZKiYB IqvW©
cÖ‡mwms Gi g~j KvR|

WKz‡g›U GwWwUs
UvBc ivBUv‡i UvBc Kivi mgq †Kvb fzj n‡j Zv Avi ï× Kiv hvq bv| wKšÍz Kw¤úDUv‡i GKevi WvUv Gw›Uªi ci
Zv‡Z †Kvb fzj n‡j cieZx©‡Z Zv ï× Kiv hvq| ZvQvovI WKz‡g‡›Ui wewfbœ Ask cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I cwigvR©b
Kiv hvq| GB ai‡bi KvR Kiv‡K ejv nq WKz‡g›U GwWwUs Kiv| GwWwUs-Gi G KvRwU Kx-†evW© A_ev gvD‡mi
mvnv‡h¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GwWwUs-Gi †¶‡Î Kx-†ev‡W©i wWwjU I e¨vK‡¯úm G †evZvg `yBwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i| wWwjU †evZvg Pvc‡j Kvimi †hLv‡b _v‡K Zvi Wv‡b GKwU A¶i gy‡Q hvq Ges e¨vK‡¯úm †evZvg Pvc‡j
Kvim‡ii ev‡gi GKwU A¶i gy‡Q hvq| A‡bK mgq WKz‡g‡›Ui wewfbœ Ask wm‡j± Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Kvb Ask
wm‡j± Ae¯’vq _vK‡j Zvi Dci UvBc Ki‡j †m AskwU gy‡Q hv‡e Ges bZzb UvBc Kiv AskwU †_‡K hv‡e|
GQvovI WKz‡g›U GwWwUs Gi mgq WKz‡g‡›Ui wewfbœ Ask KvU ev Kwc K‡i Ab¨ As‡k †bIqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB
KvR †gbyi mvnv‡h¨ A_ev Kx-†ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ wbw`©ó KgvÛ e¨envi K‡i Kiv hvq|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 5.2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. Kw¤úDUv‡i IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi KvR K‡i hv ˆZwi nq Zv‡K wK e‡j-
K. †cR L. WKz‡g›U
M. †jLv N. Kjvg
2. gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© †Kvb ai‡bi md&UIq¨vi
K. WvUv‡eR L. †¯úªWwmU
M. IqvW© cÖ‡mwms N. †KvbwUB bq|

BDwbU cuvP cvV-59

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 3 dvBj msi¶Y I †Ljvi cÖwµqv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

dvBj msi¶‡Yi cÖwµqv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;

dvBj †Lvjvi cÖwµqv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

dvBj msi¶Y
†Kvb IqvW© cÖ‡mwms †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB †mB IqvW© cÖ‡mwms †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy Ki‡Z nq| †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy
Kiv n‡j gwbU‡ii ¯Œx‡b IqvW© cÖ‡mwms-Gi GKwU k~b¨ c`©v cvIqv hv‡e Ges GwU †h †Kvb KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx
Ae¯’vq _vK‡e| GB ïb¨ c`©vwU Avm‡j GKwU WKz‡g›U| Avgiv mvaviYZ †h IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdU&Iq¨vi e¨envi Kwi
Zvnj gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW©|GB †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy Kiv n‡j gwbU‡ii ¯Œx‡b IqvW© cÖ‡mwms-Gi KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx †h
c`©v Av‡m Zvi mevi Ic‡i evg †Kvbvq †jLv _v‡K WKz‡g›U 1| wewfbœ KvR Kivi ci WKz‡g›UwU msi¶Y Ki‡Z
nq| WKz‡g›UwU msi¶Y Kiv bv n‡j Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Kivi ci A_ev we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j cieZx©‡Z H WKz‡g›UwU Avi
cvIqv hvq bv| mvaviYZ wbqg nj †Kvb KvR ïiy Kivi wKQy¶Y c‡iB WKz‡g›UwU msi¶Y Kiv|
mvaviYZ †Kvb WKz‡g‡›U KvR Kivi mgq we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j A_ev Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Ki‡j hw` WKz‡g›UwU msi¶Y Kiv
bv _v‡K Z‡e cieZx©‡Z H WKz‡g›UwU cvIqv hvq bv| GRb¨ Kv‡Ri ïiy‡ZB WKz‡g›UwU msi¶Y K‡i wb‡Z nq|
WKz‡g›U msi¶Y Kivi Rb¨ dvBj †gbyi †mf A_ev †mf GR KgvÛ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|Zvn‡j †h WvqjM e·
Av‡m Zv‡Z dvBj †b‡g GKwU bvg w`‡q †Kvb †dvìvi ev wW‡i±ix‡Z WKz‡g›UwU msi¶Y Ki‡Z nq|Zvn‡j H
wbw`©ó bv‡g GKwU dvBj ˆZix nq|Gici KvR Kivi gv‡S gv‡S †mf KgvÛ w`‡j Kv‡Ri me©‡kl ch©vq ch©šÍ
dvBjwU msiw¶Z Ae¯’vq _vK‡e|
dvBj †Lvjv
g‡b Kiv hvK †Kvb GKwU WKz‡g›U KvR Kivi ci Zv GKwU wbw`©ó bv‡g msi¶Y K‡i GKwU dvBj ˆZix K‡i
Kw¤úDUvi eÜ K‡i †`qv nj| cieZx©‡Z H dvBjwU‡Z Avevi bZzb wKQy KvR aiv `iKvi Ges c~‡e© Kiv Kv‡Ri
wKQy m¤úv`bv Kiv `iKvi| Zvn‡j H dvBjwU Lyj‡Z n‡e| dvBjwU Lyj‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Kw¤úDUvi Ab K‡i IqvW©
cÖ‡mwms †cÖvMÖvgwU Lyj‡Z n‡e, Zvn‡j GKwU k~b¨ c`©v Avm‡e|GLv‡b dvBj †gby‡Z †h‡q I‡cb KgvÛ e¨envi
Ki‡j GKwU WvqjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b wbw`©ó dvB‡ji bvg w`‡q Ges wbw`©ó wW‡i±ix wbe©vPb K‡i I‡K Ki‡j H
bv‡gi dvBjwU gwbU‡ii ch©vq Db¥y³ n‡e| Gici GLv‡b †h †Kvb KvR Kiv hv‡e|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 5.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. WKz‡g›U msi¶Y Kiv nq †Kvb Kgv‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨
K. I‡cb L. †mf
M. †K¬vR N. wbD
2. dvBj †Lvjv nq †Kvb Kgv‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨-
K. I‡cb L. †mf
M. †K¬vR N. wbD

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-60

 Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v

cvV 4 †jLv mvRv‡bv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

†jLv wKfv‡e mvRv‡bv nq Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb,

Kjvg AvKv‡i mvRv‡bv nq wKfv‡e Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,

c„ôv m¾v m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb,

†jLv Kwc I ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv nq wKfv‡e wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

†jLv mRv‡bv
A¶‡ii AvKvi-AvK…wZ web¨vm Kiv †jLv mvRv‡bvi cÖ_g KvR| wewfbœ AvK…wZi A¶i wewfbœ bv‡gi d›U wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ| Bs‡iRx‡Z wbD UvBgm †ivgvb, Gwiqvj, †gwi‡Mvì, AcwUgv, †R‡bfv BZ¨vw` AmsL¨ bv‡gi d›U Av‡Q|
evsjv‡Z myZšÍx, Pš¿veZx, avbwmwo, gqbv, cvÛzwjwc, Avb›`cÎ BZ¨vw` wjwcgvjv ev d›U i‡q‡Q| †jLvi GK Ask
†_‡K Ab¨ Ask‡K c„_K K‡i †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ wfbœ AvK…wZi A¶i e¨envi Kiv nq| wewfbœ AvK…wZi wjwcgvjv
e¨envi Kiv QvovI †jLvq AviI cwic~Y©Zv Avbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †h †Kvb As‡ki †jLv †gvUv Kiv hvq, Wv‡b
†njvb hvq|
we‡kl e‡Y©i e¨envi
weÁvb welqK †jLv‡jwL‡Z wewfbœ iKg mvs‡KwZK eY© e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgbt Avjdv (α) Mvgv (γ), wgD (µ)
BZ¨vw`| †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡i Kx-K¨vcm, AvBweGg Kw¤úDUv‡ii DB‡ÛvR K¨v‡i±vi g¨vc Ges W‡m K¨v‡i±vi
†mU-G me mvs‡KwZK eY© cvIqv hvq|
Kjvg AvKv‡i mvRv‡bv
mvaviY †jLvq Kjvg Kiv nq bv| †jLv¸‡jv evg gvwR©b †_‡K Wvb gvwR©‡bi w`‡K P‡j hvq| wKšÍz cÎ-cwÎKvi
†jLv Kjvg AvKv‡i mvRv‡bv nq| ˆ`wbK cwÎKvq mvaviYZ m‡e©v”P AvU Kjvg Kiv nq|†jLv Kjvg AvKv‡i
mvRv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g Kjvg K‡i †bIqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
†jLvi KvR †kl nIqvi ci evbvb ms‡kvab Ges m¤úv`bvi KvR Ki‡Z nq| Gi ci `y'GKwU KgvÛ e¨envi K‡i
Kjvg AvKv‡i mvwR‡q wb‡Z nq|
c„ôv m¾v
c„ôv m¾v †jLv‡jwLi Acwinvh© KvR| cÖwZwU c„ôv my›`ifv‡e mvwR‡q Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨B c„ôv m¾vi KvR Ki‡Z
nq| c„ôvi Pviw`‡K eW©vi †`qv, †Kvb As‡k QvqvcU-cÖ`vb Kiv, ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †Kvb K_v eµ K‡i c„ôvi g‡a¨ wfbœfv‡e
ewm‡q †`qv, wk‡ivbvg cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Mvp Kiv, Kv‡jv ¯Œx‡bi g‡a¨ mv`v A¶i e¨envi Kiv BZ¨vw` bvbv fv‡e c„ôv
m¾vi KvR Ki‡Z nq|
†jLv Kwc I ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv
Kwc Kivi A_© n‡”Q †Kvb welq ev Ask‡K ûeû Ab¨ RvqMvq ewm‡q †`qv| aiv hvK cÂvkwU wbgš¿Y cÎ UvBc
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÂvkevi UvBc Ki‡j mgq A‡bK †ekx jvM‡e Ges cwikªg †ekx n‡e| GRb¨ GKevi UvBc Kivi
ci H cÎwU Kwc K‡i cÂvk evi ewm‡q wb‡jB n‡e|

BDwbU cuvP cvV-61

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

†jLv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡”Q GK ¯’v‡bi †jLv Zz‡j Ab¨ ¯’v‡b emv‡bv| †jLv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Ki‡j †h ¯’vb †_‡K †jLv
Zz‡j †bqv nq, †m ¯’v‡b Avi †jLvwU we`¨gvb _v‡Kbv| c¶všÍ‡i, Kwc K‡i Ab¨Î emv‡bv e‡j †jLvwU †hLvb †_‡K
Kwc Kiv nq †mLv‡bI _v‡K| Kwc Kiv n‡”Q d‡cvKwci g‡Zv| wKšÍz ¯’vbvšÍi n‡”Q g~j KwcwU KvD‡K w`‡q †`qv|
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 5.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. m¤úv`bvi wØZxq ch©v‡q †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z nq?
K. ms‡hvRb L. we‡qvRb
M. cwigvR©b N. ms‡kvab
2. A¶‡ii AvK…wZi web¨vm Kiv wK‡mi cÖ_g KvR?
K. eY© mvRv‡bvi L. kã mvRv‡bvi
M. †jLv mvRv‡bvi N. evK¨-mvRv‡bvi
3. †KvbwU Bs‡iRx bv‡gi d›U bq?
K. UvBgm L. AcwUgv
M. †R‡bfv N. weRq
4. †KvbwU weÁv‡bi ms‡KwZK eY© bq?
K. wgD L. weUv
M. Avjdv N. Gg
5. ˆ`wbK cwÎKvq mvaviYZ KZ Kjvg Kiv nq?
K. cuvP L. mvZ
M. AvU N. bq

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-62

 Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v

cvV 5 evsjvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

evsjvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms m¤^‡Ü wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms

G¨vcj †Kv¤úvwbi †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUvi ˆZixi Av‡M †jLv‡jwLi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i ïaygvÎ Bs‡iRx fvlvB
e¨envi Kiv †hZ| †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUvi G mxgve×Zvi †`qvj †f‡½ †`q| c„w_exi me fvlvB Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi
Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i †`q G¨vcj †Kv¤úvwb Zvi †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g| Avgv‡`i †`‡kI †gwKb‡Uvk
Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡gB evsjvq †jLv‡jwL KvR ïiy nq|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjvq KvR Kivi Rb¨ †ek K‡qKwU mdUIq¨vi i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ knx`wjwc, weRq,
emyÜiv, †jLbx, cÖeZ©b, cÖwkKvkã BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨|AvB we Gg Kw¤úDUv‡ii Wm Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g evsjvq
KvR Kivi Rb¨ Aven, AwbevY©, eY© BZ¨vw` mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv †ekx e¨eüZ nq| weRq mdUIq¨viwU eûj cwiwPwZ|
Gi cÖavb KviY G‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv wjwcgvjv ev d›U Ges AZ¨šÍ mnR GKwU Kx-†evW© i‡q‡Q|
evsjvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms-Gi Rb¨ mvaviYZ gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© GB IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdU&Iq¨vi e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
evsjvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms-Gi Rb¨ we‡kl wKQy wbqg Kvbyb gvb‡Z nq| cÖ_‡g wbwðZ n‡Z nq †h, Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g
evsjv md&UIq¨viwU Bb÷j Kiv Av‡Q wKbv| GwU ïay gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW©B bq DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Aax‡b
Ab¨vb¨ md&UIq¨v‡iI KvR K‡i| evsjv md&UIq¨viwU Bb÷j Kiv _vK‡j evsjvq †jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ IqvW© cÖ‡mwms
md&UIq¨viwU Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici †hfv‡e Bs‡iRx‡Z IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Kiv nq †mfv‡e evsjvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms
Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b `yBwU wel‡q we‡kl j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e| GKwU nj evsjv d›U wK wK bv‡g Av‡Q Zv †R‡b wb‡q
evsjv d›U wbe©vPb Kiv Ges AciwU nj Kx-†evW© wbe©vPb Kiv| Avgv‡`i †`‡k me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ evsjv Kx-†evW©
weRq e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ Kx-†ev‡W©i K‡›Uªvj, Aëvi Ges we †evZvg wZbwU GKB ms‡M Pvc‡Z nq| ZviciI
wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e Kx-†evW© wbe©vPb mwVK n‡q‡Q wKbv| aiyb H wZbwU †evZvg Pvcvi c‡i Kx-†ev‡W©i 'N' †evZvg
Pvc‡j hw` evsjvq Ôm' UvBc nq Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Kx-†evW© wbe©vPb mwVK n‡q‡Q| Gici evsjv‡Z B”QvgZ
†jLv‡jwL Kiv hv‡e Z‡e Kx-†ev‡W©i †Kvb †evZv‡g wK A¶i Av‡Q Zv fvjfv‡e †R‡b wb‡Z n‡e|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 5.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. evsjvq KvR Kivi Rb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mdUIq¨vi †KvbwU-
K. weRq L. myZbœx
M. UvBgm N. AcwUgv

BDwbU cuvP cvV-63

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Abykxjbx
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-†ev‡W©i dvskb Kx KqwU|
2. Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖ_g evsjv †jLvi cÖPjb ïiy K‡i †K- wjLyb|
3. Kw¤úDUv‡ii c~‡e© †jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ †Kvb d›U e¨envi Kiv nZ wjLyb|
4. mdUIq¨vi wK? wewfbœ cÖKvi mdUIq¨v‡ii bvg wjLyb|
5. cwÎKvi Kv‡R m‡e©v”P KZwU Kjvg ˆZix Kiv nq wjLyb|
6. d›U wK wjLyb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. IqvW© cÖ‡mwms m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Kiyb|
2. Kx †evW© Gi eY©bv Kiyb|
3. WKz‡g›U cÖ¯ÍzZKiY I GwWwUs m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
4. †jLv mvRv‡bv nq Kxfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
5. evsjv mdUIq¨vi m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|

DËigvjv
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 5.1
1. L 2.K 3.K 4.M

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 5.2

1. L 2.M

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 5.3

1. L 2.K

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 5.4

1. N 2.M 3.L 4.N 5.M

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 5.5

1. K

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-64