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4
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cY¨ Drc‡bœ Z_v g~j¨ DrcbœKvix gRywi `vm bq mvgwiK evwnbx | eis, kvmK‡`i
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m¤ú‡K©i mgvavb n‡”Q KwgDwb÷ wecøe| Kv‡RB, mvgwiK evwnbxi KvR bq KwgDwb÷
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gvI, wKg‡`i ee©iZv I wbôziZv †jwb‡bi ‡Kej wkl¨ bq, eis I¯Ív‡`i †hvM¨ `y¯‥g©
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bq, eis AKíbxq|

6
e¯‘Z, 1903 mvj n‡Z wecyj gRy‡Zi fqvbK fvi I wec‡` AvµvšÍ I fvivµvšÍ
Rvg©vbxi Wvw¤úsj¨vÛ wQj †jwb‡bi beMwVZ ivóª, Dfq †`‡ki Z_vKw_Z ‡eªó-
wj‡Uvf·, gvP©, 1918, kvwšÍ Pzw³ g~‡j |
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†gvKv‡ejv I mgvav‡b 1g wek¦hy× ïiæ Ki‡Z Rvg©vbx wQj AvµgYKvix| AZtci, ewY©Z
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iv‡óªi gRywi `vm‡`i kÖg kw³ †µZv‡`i M¨vs wjWvi wQ‡jb| myZivs, †jwbb Zvi
iv‡óªi †kvlKM‡Yi e¨e¯’vcK‡`i cÖavb wQ‡jb|AZtci, ‡jwbb Zvi wb‡Ri 1918
mv‡ji msweavb‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i ‡kvl‡Yi dj- cuywRi e¨w³MZvq‡bi gva¨‡g
e¨w³Lv‡Zi AvbyKzj¨ Ges e¨w³Lv‡Z cuywRi cywÄfe‡b bqv A_©‣bwZK bxwZ ( NEP)
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Agvb¨Kvix, Ges GKRb •¯^ivPvixi wbKU GUv LyeB ¯^vfvweK welq| Kv‡RB, ¯^xq
msweavb fsM I Agvb¨Kvix ‡jwbb wQj GK fÛ, cÖeÂK, cÖZviK Ges Pig KZ©„Z¡c~Y©
wW‡±Ui|
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bvbvb ARynv‡Z IfviUvB‡gi Rb¨ eva¨ Kiv n‡jI Acivci ey‡R©vqv iv‡óªi Z`v‡_©
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AvZ¥mvr Kiv n‡Zv †jwb‡bi iv‡óª| GZwØl‡q †jwbb wb‡RB wj‡Lb ‡h, Ò Avgv‡`i
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†µZv| wKš‘, gRyi gRywii mgcwigvb g~j¨ K‡i H wbw`ó mg‡qi †P‡q Kg mg‡q|
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7
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8
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9
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10
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wel‡q AjxK †gvn m„wó K‡i weåvšÍKi‡Yi gva¨‡g `ywbqvi kÖwgK‡`i‡K †`k-RvwZi
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11
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Amr D‡Ï‡k¨ †jwbbev‡`i fzqvwgc~Y© Ggb ivR‣bwZK cÖPviYvi iUbv iwU‡q‡Qb
†jwbbev`x †gvoj - ó¨vwjb, UUªw¯‥, gvI , †nvwP, wKg, †nv·v, †P, wd‡`j Ms|
c‡Y¨i Acwi‡kvwaZ Ask ev Acwi‡kvwaZ kÖg n‡”Q cuywR, Ges Zv gvK©‡mi aviYv ev
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gZv`wk©K ev gvK©mev`x bq, eis gvK©m wQ‡jb GKRb weÁvbx| wek¦ ms¯‥viK ev ¸iæ
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12
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A_P, †jwbb Zvi 1917 mv‡j f~wg wWwµ Øviv †mB KvRwUB K‡i‡Qb| †jwbbev`xivI
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Dchy³ weavq MÖvgxb gRy‡iiv wkí kÖwg‡Ki mnhvÎx †nZz ZvivI KwgDwb÷ wecøex|
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cuywRZ‡š¿i ÿz‡` msiÿ‡K| Avi Ggb RNb¨ wµqvwU mva‡b ‡jwbbev` GK Kvh©Kix
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m¤úwË Z_v mvgvwRK m¤úwË| Kv‡RB, f~wg ms¯‥v‡ii †jwbbxq bxwZ †Kej KwgDwb÷
Av‡›`vjb we‡ivaxB bq, eis Zv n‡”Q KwgDwbRg‡K KwgDwbR‡gi bv‡g cÖwZnZKi‡Yi
GK fqsKix `yó bxwZ| Avi G Rb¨B, †jwbb DËi Kv‡j †Kej wd‡j`-‡PÕiv bq eis
bvbvb †`‡ki mvgwiK •¯^ivPviMYI †jwbbxq f~wg bxwZ Kvh©Ki‡Yi †Póv Ki‡Q, Avi
†jwbbev`xiv mvgwiK •¯^ivPvi‡`i f~wg ms¯‥v‡ii Agb bxwZ‡K †jwbbxq bxwZi mvdj¨
we‡ePbvq Zv Kvh©KixKi‡Y Z_vKw_Z Av‡›`vjbI Ki‡Q| AZtci, Abyiƒc f~wg ms¯‥vi
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13
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bq, ZvI‡Zv wbwðZ nq, ‡KejgvÎ Zvi f~wg ms¯‥vi bxwZi ØvivB|
g„Zz¨`Û evwZ‡j Av‡›`vjb M‡o‡Qb ey‡R©vqv‡`i AMÖYx Ask hviv Bn‡jvwKKZvi
ivRbxwZ Z_v ey‡R©vqv MYZ‡š¿i cÖe³v| fj‡Zqvi Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cy‡ivav| djkÖ ywZ‡Z-
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wKš‘, webv wePv‡i nZ¨vi Rb¨ ‡jwbb wb‡RB wb‡`©k`vZv| GgbwK, †jwb‡bi msweav‡b
wePvi wefvM _vK‡jI ev Zvi gš¿x mfvq ZwØlqK Kwgkbvi _vK‡jI †jwb‡bi
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†jwbbev`x †gvojiv gvK©m-G¨vs‡Mjm KZ©„K Avwe¯‥„Z, m~ÎvwqZ I e¨vL¨vZ
KwgDwbR‡gi weÁvb‡K weK…Z Ki‡ZI jw¾Z ev w`×vw›ØZ nqwb| †jwb‡bi cvwU©
†Kej KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i Bk‡ZnviB bq, DcišÍ gvK©m KZ…K wjwLZ ÒcuywRiÓ
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n‡”Q g„Z| hw`P, `ywbqvi cuywRcwZiv `vex K‡i Avm‡Q †h, wek¦vqb e¯‘Z, cuywRZš¿x
wek¦vq‡bi Kvi‡YB iv‡óªi GB Ae¯’v| AZtci, •ewk¦K KZ©„Z¡ I KZ©„cÿ m‡gZ
wek¦vq‡bi d‡j †jwbbxq ivóªxq cywRZ‡š¿i Dc‡hvwMZv Zjvbx‡Z †b‡g‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K,
e¨w³ gvwjKvbvi Rb¨ cuywRi Dchy³ kZ©vw` m„wó‡Z ivóªxq cuywRZ‡š¿i cwiYwZ n‡”Q
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BDwbq‡bi wejywß I wefw³ n‡”Q ZviB ¯^xq cwiYwZ| mywbwðZfv‡e, ‡mvwf‡qZ
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myZivs, †jwbb KwgDwb÷ wQ‡jb bv|

14
cÖKvwkZ eB:
1| †jwbb PxU GÛ we‡Uªwqs gvK©m †mv AvB Gg Gd w` Iqvì© jW© GÛ..
2| †jwb‡bi msweavb ee©i nv¤§yivexi †Kv‡Wi †P‡qI RNb¨
3| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb- bv mgvRZvwš¿K bv MYZvwš¿K
gvI‡qi Pxb Av‡iv RNb¨
4| †kÖYxnxb mgv‡Ri B¯Ívnvi
5| KwgDwb÷‡Zv bqB Rb¥m~‡ÎI ej‡kwfKiv
Lywb I avàvevR ey‡R©vqv‡`i Aag
6| ‡jwbbev`xiv {wm wc Gm BD- wm wc AvB ( Gg) }
KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i B¯Ívnvi Abyev‡`I KvimvwR K‡i‡Q
7| cuywRi cwiYwZ
8| KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i g¨vwb‡d‡÷v ( Bs‡iRx I evsjv)
9| KwgDwbR‡gi Rb¨
10| cuywRZš¿ I mgvRZš¿
11. Fall of USSR Self-Term.
12. No Leninist Party is Communist Party.
13| Avwg †Kb ¯^vaxbZv I gyw³i Av‡›`vj‡b |

cÖKvkbvq: Bbdi‡gkb †m›Uvi di IqvK©vm© wd«Wg|

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