Bdwbu-1: F MVJ: Gkwu Gvbwek ' Wófw

BDwbU-1
f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweK `„wófw½

f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweK `„wófw½
GB BDwb‡U Avcwb gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji wewfbœ wel‡q aviYv jvf Ki‡eb| †hgb-
msÁv I welq cwiwa; jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨; gvbe Kg©KvÛ; gvb‡ei e„wË I Avevm; Ges gvb‡ei
cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek m¤úK©| GB welq¸wj GLb ch©vqµ‡g wewfbœ cv‡Vi gva¨‡g
Av‡jvwPZ n‡e| G¸wj gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji wfwË wnmv‡e cwiMwYZ nq|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q-

cvV-1.1: gvbweK f‚‡Mvj: msÁv I cwiwa
cvV-1.2: gvbweK f‚‡Mvj: jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
cvV-1.3: gvbe Kg©KvÛ
cvV-1.4: gvbe emwZ Ges Avevm
cvV-1.5: cwi‡ek : cÖvK…wZK
cvV-1.6: cwi‡ek : mvgvwRK
weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg GmGmGBPGj
cvV-1.1 gvbweK f‚‡Mvj: msÁv I cwiwa
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

◆ gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji msÁv I cwiwa; Ges
◆ gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb kvLvmg~n m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|
gvbweK f~‡Mvj, f~‡Mvj kv‡¯¿i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv| msÁvMZ fv‡e Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi f‚‡Mv‡ji †h
kvLvq gvbe †Mvwô ev m¤úª`v‡qi Ae¯’vb, êwkó¨, web¨vm, weeZ©b, PjvPj I AwfMgb, emZ,
RxweKv, eëmv-evwYR¨ cÖf…wZ Kg©KvÛ m¤ú‡K© ixwZe× ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K gvbweK ev gvbe
welqK f‚‡Mvj (Human Geography) ejv nq|
f‚‡Mv‡ji AšÍwb©wnZ `vk©wbK hyw³ welqwU‡K cÖavb wZbwU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Q:
K) cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj;
L) gvbweK f‚‡Mvj; Ges
M) c×wZMZ f‚‡Mvj|
wKšÍz GB wefvM¸wji g‡a¨ Mfxi AšÍ:m¤úK© i‡q‡Q hv cwi‡e‡k'i GK m¤úK© Øviv Ave×| GB
Kvi‡Y divmx f‚‡Mvjwe` d¨vwmj f¨v‡jøvu (1932) gvbweK f‚‡Mvj‡K f‚-c„‡ôi mv‡_ gvbe mgv‡Ri
m¤ú‡K©i GKwU mgwb¦Z cVb wnmv‡e mÂvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mv‡ji gZ gvbe ev gvbweK
f‚‡Mv‡ji m~ÎcvZ N‡UwQj 19 kZ‡K cÖavbZ: Rvg©vbx I d«v‡Ý| †d«WvwiK i¨vU‡Rj (1844-
1904) 1882 mv‡j Zvui G¨vb‡_ªvcwRIMÖvdx MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g LÛ Ges 1891 mv‡j wØZxq LÛ cÖKvk
K‡ib| GB mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ wZwb Ôgvbe RvwZi BwZnvm' iPbv K‡ib| GB `yBwU MÖš’ cÖKvšÍ‡i
gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji wfwË wnmv‡e cieZ©x‡Z MÖnY Kiv nq| Rvg©vb f‚‡Mvjwe` Avj‡d«W †nUbvi
(1859-1941) f‚‡Mvj‡K c„w_ex c„‡ôi GjvKvMZ ZviZg¨ e¨vL¨vKvix wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡ib
Ges G m¤ú‡K© gvbe m¤úª`v‡qi wewfbœZv wPwýZ Ki‡Z 1905 mv‡j f‚‡Mv‡j Ôc×wZMZ'
Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wb‡`©k K‡ib| G‡Z f‚‡Mv‡j c×wZMZ e¨vL¨vi weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K|
i¨vU‡Rj I †nUbvi DfqB cÖvK…wZK wbqwZev` (Physical Determinism) g‡Z wek¦vm wQ‡jb| GB
gZev‡ì wfwË wQj †h cÖK…wZ gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ, AvPiY BZ¨vw` wba©vi‡Y f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
divmx f‚‡Mvjwe` wf`vj-`¨-jv-eøvk (1845-1918) f‚‡Mv‡j AvÂwjK `„wófw½i cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc K‡ib| wZwb G aviYvI †cvlY K‡ib †h, cÖK…wZ gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ wbiƒc‡Y m¤¢vebv Zz‡j
a‡i| gvbyl wbw`©ó cÖhyw³MZ cÖ¯ÍzwZ ev Ae¯’v‡bi AvIZvq m‡e©vËg m¤¢vebvgq Kg©KvÛwU MÖnY
K‡i| GB `„wófw½‡K m¤¢ve¨Zvev` (Possibilism) gZev` e‡j| BD‡iv‡c gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji
AvbyôvwbK cÖwZôv nq Rüv eªæ‡b'i 1912 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Ôgvbe f‚‡Mvj' MÖ‡š’i gva¨‡g| eªæ‡bi g‡Z
f‚‡Mvjwe`MY cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki f‚wgKv‡K AwZiwÄZ K‡i †`‡L‡Qb| f‚‡Mv‡ji `„wófw½‡Z
Dcv`vb wnmv‡e gvby‡li f‚wgKv KLbB w¯’i ev ˆ¯’wZK (Static) wQj bv| jÿYxq †h ciewZ©‡Z
†nUbvi Ges eªæ‡b Av‡gwiKvb f‚‡Mvjwe`‡ì Ici h‡_ó cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb|
gvbweK f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek c„ôv-2

GmGmGBPGj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
d‡j GB cÖfve G‡jb †m¯új, nvw›UsUb cÖgyL f‚‡Mvjwe`‡ì gvwbweK f‚‡Mvj msµvšÍ PP©vq h‡_ó
cÖKvk cvq| 1980'i `k‡K gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji êwk‡óï weKvk N‡U †hLv‡b GB kvLv ej‡Z
cÖvK…wZK f‚‡Mvj ev cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Ges c×wZMZ f‚‡Mvj (†hgb, gvbwPÎv¼b c×wZ,
cwimsL¨vb c×wZi cÖ‡qvM BZ¨vw`) e¨ZxZ mKj welq AšÍfy©³ nq| GB we‡kwlKiY `„wófw½‡Z
gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb cÖkvLv wnmv‡e mvs¯‹…wZK f‚‡Mvj, mvgvwRK f‚‡Mvj, RbmsL¨v f‚‡Mvj,
Rbc` ev emZ f‚‡Mvj, bMi I MÖvgxb f‚‡Mvj BZ¨vw` cwiwPZ jvf K‡i| f‚‡Mvj kv‡¯¿i mvgMÖxK
weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbe‡Mvôxi e›Ub cV‡b gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡jiI wÎgyLx cvwimwiK (Spatial)
we‡køl‡Yi weKvk N‡U, A_©vr:
K) gvbe‡Mvwói ev RbmsL¨vi AvqZb/ msL¨v, Bnvi êwkó¨ Ges Kg©KvÛ (Spatial);

L) RbmsL¨v-cwi‡ek m¤úK© we‡køl‡Y ev¯Íe (Ecological) `„wófw½i cÖ‡qvM, A_©vr gvbyl-
RxeRMr m¤úK©; Ges
M) AvÂwjK (Regional) we‡kølY hv bvwK c~‡ev©³ `yBwU `„wófw½i mg¤^q NUvq-A_©vr GjvKvMZ
cv_©K¨ (Areal Differentiation) wb‡`©k K‡i|
welq cwiwa:
msÁv Av‡jvPbvKv‡j †`Lv †M‡Q †h gvbweK f‚‡Mvj, AvÂwjK †cÖÿvc‡U f‚-c„‡ô gvbyl I
Z`msµvšÍ welqvwì ixwZe× ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji Av‡jvP¨ welqe¯Íz
Rb‡Mvôx I Zv‡ì Kg©KvÛ/Kg© cwigÛ‡ji we¯Í„Z †ÿÎ Ry‡o cwie¨vß| G¸‡jvi cÖvmw½K welq
mg~n n‡”Q:
1| Rb‡Mvôxi Ae¯’vb I e›Ub aviv;
2| Rb‡Mvôxi KvVv‡gv, web¨vm weeZ©b/n«vm-e„w× Ges ¯’vb msKzjvb;
3| Rb‡Mvôxi PjvPj Ges AwfMgb;
4| RbemZ, M„nvqb, emZ-AeKvVv‡gv, †kªYx web¨vm, e›Ub Ges cwiKíbv;
5| gvbe mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ, ms¯‹…wZ we¯Ívi Ges AÂjMZ cv_©K¨;
6| Rb cÖkvmb, ivRbxwZ, ivóªeë¯’v Ges f‚-ivRbxwZ;
7| cwienb eë¯’v, hvZvqZ Ges eëmv-evwYR¨;
8| Drcv`b I DcRxweKv Ges
9| Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb AeKvVv‡gv Ges cwiKíbv|
G mg¯Í g~j welqe¯Ízi Dci wbf©i K‡i gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji wewfbœ kvLv- cÖkvLvi weKvk N‡U‡Q|
jÿYxq †h cÖwZwU kvLv-cÖkvLv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wefv‡Mi mv‡_ †hgb, A_©bxwZ,
mgvRZË¡, RbwgwZ ivóªweÁvb BZ¨vwì mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| G Kvi‡Y ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB gvbweK
f‚‡Mv‡ji weKv‡k mgvR weÁv‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Îi we‡kl cÖfve i‡q‡Q|
BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-3

gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb kvLvmg~n
mvs¯‹…wZK ev b„f‚‡Mvj A_©bxwZK f‚‡Mvj

HwZnvwmK f‚‡Mvj ivR‰bwZK f‚‡Mvj/ f‚-ivRbxwZ
AvÂwjK f‚‡Mvj mvgvwRK f‚‡Mvj
RbmsL¨v f‚‡Mvj Rbc`/emZ f‚†Mvj
bMi f‚‡Mvj cwienb f‚‡Mvj
MÖvgxb f‚‡Mvj wPwKrmv f‚‡Mvj
cÖZœ f‚‡Mvj K…wl f‚‡Mvj
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ AwZ `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj Av_©-mvgvwRK cwiw¯’wZi †cÖÿvc‡U gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji welq
cwiwai we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q †Kbbv, gvbe welqK cvwimwiK, ev¯Íe Ges AvÂwjK Zvrch©
D`NvU‡b gvbe‡Mvôx I Zv‡ì Kg©KvÛ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K avibv jvf Kiv hv‡e mv‡_ mv‡_ G‡ì
e›Ub aviv cwieZ©b ev weeZ©b Ges fwel¨r aviv m¤ú‡K©I AewnZ nIqv hvq| Dc‡iv³ wZbwU
ch©v‡q Rb‡Mvôxi Ae¯’vb web¨vm e›Ub wPwýZ KiY Ges ch©v‡jvPbv gvbweK f‚‡Mvj Aa¨vq‡Yi
g~j welq|
cvVms‡ÿc:
GB cv‡V Avgiv cÖavbZ gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji msÁv Ges welq cwiwa m¤ú‡K© ch©v‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| GB
ch©v‡jvPbvq f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb †kªbxfvM cÖvmw½Kfv‡e P‡j G‡m‡Q| †Kbbv Gi mv‡_ gvbweK
f‚‡Mv‡ji weKvk aviv mswkøó| Avevi gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji weKvk aviv Av‡jvPbvq wewfbœ `„wófw½
Ges GB mg„× `„wófw½ wbg©v‡b †ek wKQy cvðvZ¨ f‚‡Mvjwe`‡ì bvg I mgqKvj P‡j G‡m‡Q|
mgmvgwqKKv‡j gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji welqe¯Íz cVb-cvV‡b wZbwU we‡kølYg~jK `„wófw½ Abym„Z nq|
G¸wj n‡jv: cvwimwiK, ev¯Íe¨ Ges AvÂwjK| GB wÎgyLx `„wófw½i AvIZvq gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji
welq cwiwai weKvk N‡U‡Q| GiB djkªæwZ‡Z gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji †ek wKQy wbw`©ó kvLviI weKvk
N‡U‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.1
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
1. k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb:
1.1. divmx f‚‡Mvjwe` d¨vwmj f¨v‡jøvu (1932) gvbweK f‚‡Mvj‡K f‚-c„‡ôi mv‡_ ---- mgv‡Ri
m¤ú‡K©i GKwU mgwb¦Z cVb wnmv‡e mÂvwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
1.2. gvbe ev gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji m~ÎcvZ N‡UwQj ---- kZ‡K cÖavbZ: Rvg©vbx I d«v‡Ý|
1.3. †d«WvwiK i¨vU‡Rj (1844-1904) ---- mv‡j Zvui ÔG¨vb‡_ªvcwRIMÖvdx' MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g LÛ
Ges ---- mv‡j wØZxq LÛ cÖKvk K‡ib|
1.4. i¨vU‡Rj I ---- DfqB cÖvK…wZK wbqwZev` (Physical Determinism) g‡Z wek¦vm wQ‡jb|
2. mZ¨ n‡j Ôm' wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb:

2.1. gvbyl wbw`©ó cÖhyw³MZ cÖ¯ÍzwZ ev Ae¯’v‡bi AvIZvq m‡e©vËg m¤¢vebvgq Kg©KvÛwU MÖnY
K‡i| GB `„wófw½‡K m¤¢ve¨Zvev` (Possibilism) gZev` e‡j|
2.2. 1980'i `k‡K gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji êwk‡óï weKvk N‡U|
2.3. gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji weKv‡k mgvR weÁv‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Îi †Zgb †Kvb cÖfve †bB|
mswÿß cÖkœ:
1. gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji msÁv w`b|
2. gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji wfwË wnmv‡e wK wK MÖš’ iwPZ nq?
3. gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji weKvk aviv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4. mgmvgwqKKv‡j gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji aviv wb‡`©k Kiæb|
5. gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ wK wK kvLv/ wel‡qi DrcwË N‡U‡Q?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji msÁv I cwiwa Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV-1.2 gvbweK f‚‡Mvj: jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-

◆ gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
ms‡ÿ‡c ej‡Z †M‡j cvwimwiK, ev¯Íe¨ Ges AvÂwjK `„wófw½‡Z f‚-c„‡ô cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ gvbyl
Ges gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi AvšÍ:m¤úK© D`NvUb gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| GB D‡Ïk¨
cwic~iK gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡j mywbw`©ó we‡kølY c×wZ i‡q‡Q| GB we‡kølY c×wZ Øviv gvbe
Kg©Kv‡Ûi êwkó¨ I aviv Dc‡iv³ `„wófw½‡Z ch©v‡jvPbv KivB gvbweK f~‡Mv‡ji cÖavb jÿ¨ I
D‡Ïk¨|
wb‡æ we‡kølY c×wZ¸wji Dci mswÿß Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

1| ch©‡eÿY: ch©‡eÿY we‡kølY c×wZi cÖv_wgK ch©vq| ch©‡eÿY Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖavb I
cÖv_wgK Drm| f‚-c„‡ôi wbw`©ó GjvKv mivmwi ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Øviv Z_¨vw` msM„wnZ n‡Z cv‡i| G
Qvov gvbwPÎ, Av‡jvKwPÎ Ges `~i Abyaveb Z_¨ (†hgb, wegvb wPÎ Ges DcMÖn wPÎ) eënvi
K‡iI f‚-c„‡ô gvbe Kg©KvÛ Ges cwi‡ekMZ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|
2| mgxÿv: wbw`©ó Dcv`vb mn‡hv‡M ch©‡ewÿZ êwk‡óï h_v_©Zv wbwðZ nIqvi Rb¨ mgxÿv ev
M‡elYvi we‡kl f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji welqvw` mgxÿvi Rb¨ †Kvb ÿz`ª GjvKv‡K
M‡elYvMvi wnmv‡e eënvi Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î GB GjvKv †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wewfbœ mgxÿv
†KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv hvq|
3| g~j¨vqY: msM„wnZ Z_¨ we‡kølY I hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK e¨vL¨vg~jK Ges cwimsL¨vbMZ
c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Z_¨ g~j¨vq‡Yi Acwinvh© Dcvq| eZ©gv‡b GB g~j¨vq‡b wewfbœ Kw¤úDUvi c×wZ,
†hgb, wR, AvB, Gm (GIS)-Gi eënv‡ii e¨vcKZv jvf Ki‡Q| g~j¨vq‡Yi d‡j Z_¨ hvPvBKiY
welqwU mnR n‡q c‡o Ges Z_¨MZ åvwšÍ wbim‡b mnvqK nq|
4| gvbwPÎvqY: gvbwPÎvqY gvbweK f‚‡Mvj Z_v f‚‡Mvj kv‡¯¿i we‡kølY c×wZi we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
w`K| Z_¨ gvbwPÎvq‡bi d‡j wbw`©ó ev cÖvmw½K Dcv`vbmg~‡ni êwkó¨ cwiõzU n‡q D‡V| we‡kl
K‡i gvbe Kg©Kv‡Ûi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni web¨vm (Pattern), e›Ub (Distribution) Ges AvÂwjKiY
(Regionalization) e¨vL¨v mnRZi nq| A‡bKmgq GB gvbwPÎvq‡bi mv‡_ `~i Abyaveb Z_¨
ms‡hvM K‡i gvbyl cwi‡ek m¤úK© we‡køl‡Yi gvÎv DbœxZ Kiv hvq|
5| g‡Wj cÖYqb: we‡kølYwfwËK ZË¡ Dc¯’vcb A_ev g‡Wj wbg©vY gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡j Z_¨
we‡køl‡Yi P~ovšÍ jÿ¨| g‡Wj Z‡Ë¡i mijxK…Z iƒc| cÖK…Z K_vq ZË¡ cÖwZôvq ev¯ÍeZvi mijxK…Z
e¨vL¨vg~jK aviYv n‡”Q g‡Wj| Avevi `xN©Kvj I wewfbœfv‡e cixwÿZ I hvPvBK…Z g‡Wj Z‡Ë¡
iƒc jvf K‡i|
Dc‡i ewY©Z ch©vqµwgK c×wZ‡Z f‚-c„‡ô gvbe-cwi‡ek m¤úK© we‡kølY gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb
jÿ¨|
cvVms‡ÿc:
cvwimwiK, ev¯Íe¨ Ges AvÂwjK `„wófw½‡Z f‚-c„‡ô cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ gvbyl I gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi
AvšÍ:m¤úK© D`NvUb gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| GB D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b ch©vqµwgK we‡kølY
AbymiY Kiv nq| GB ch©vqµwgK c×wZ‡Z f‚-c„‡ô gvbe-cwi‡ek m¤úK© we‡kølY gvbweK
f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb jÿ¨|
1.1. cvwimwiK, ev¯Íe¨ Ges ---- `„wófw½‡Z f‚-c„‡ô cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ gvbyl Ges gvby‡li
Kg©Kv‡Ûi AvšÍ:m¤úK© D`NvUb gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|
1.2. ch©‡eÿY we‡kølY c×wZi ---- ch©vq|
1.3. gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji welqvw` mgxÿvi Rb¨ †Kvb ---- GjvKv‡K M‡elYvMvi wnmv‡e eënvi
Kiv hvq|
1.4. g~j¨vq‡Yi d‡j Z_¨ ---- welqwU mnR n‡q c‡o|
1.5. ---- gvbwPÎvq‡bi d‡j wbw`©ó ev cÖvmw½K Dcv`vbmg~‡ni êwkó¨ cwiõzU n‡q D‡V|
1.6. g‡Wj ---- mijxK…Z iƒc|
mswÿß DËi w`b:

1. ch©‡eÿY wK?
2. mgxÿv wK?
3. g~j¨vqb wK?
4. gvbwPÎvqb wK?
5. g‡Wj cÖYqb wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji jÿ¨ AR©‡b ch©vqµwgK c×wZ¸wj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV-1.3 gvbe Kg©KvÛ
GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-

◆ cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ;
◆ gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ;
◆ Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ; Ges
◆ PZz_© ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡j gvbe Kg©KvÛ ej‡Z †Kvb Rb‡Mvôx ev GjvKvi êwkó¨c~Y© A_©bxwZK Kg©KvÛ
eySvq| Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ Lv`¨, e¯¿, M„n, nvj-nvwZqvi, wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ, Avevm
DcKiY, JlacÎ, eëmv-evwY‡Rï Dc‡hvM cÖf…wZ bvbvwea cY¨ I cwiPh©vi cÖ‡qvRb Ges
†m¸wji Drcv`b (Production), e›Ub (Distribution) GB mg¯Í Kg©Kv‡Ûi g~j¨-evwYwR¨K I
mvgvwRK Dfqv‡_© i‡q‡Q| GB Kg©Kv‡Ûi cwiwa e¨vcK Ges Gi AšÍfy©³ wewfbœ cÖKvi
DcRxweKvi ev †ckv i‡q‡Q| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ gvbyl †h K‡g©i gva¨‡g Rb‡Mvôxi cÖavb †ckvMZ êwkó¨
cwiPvjbv K‡i mswkøó AÂ‡ji Awaevmx‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ûi cÖK…wZ ev aiY m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nIqv hvq|
jÿYxq †h, gvby‡li †ckv wewPÎ I wewfbœgyLx n‡Z cv‡i| GKwU wk‡ívbœZ †`‡k cÖvq 10,000
GiI †ekx wewfbœ †ckv i‡q‡Q| m¤¢veZ GZ wecyj msL¨K †ckvi †kªYx wefvM Ges ch©v‡jvPbv
Kiv mnRmva¨ bq| Z‡e †ckv †h‡nZz mvgwMÖK K‡g©i ev Kg©‡ÿÎ m¤ú‡K© †kªbxfvRb m¤¢e|
myZivs mnRcš’v wnmv‡e gvby‡li A_©bxwZK Kg©KvÛ‡K mvaviYZ: ch©vqg~jK PviwU †kªYx‡Z fvM
Kiv hvq:
1| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ (Primary Activities);
2| gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ (Secondary Activities);
3| Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ (Tertiary Activities); Ges
4| PZz_© ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ (Quarterrary Activities)
cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ

cÖavbZ: cÖK…wZ wbf©i Kg©KvÛ‡K cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ e‡j| GB ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Û †Zgb wkí
wfwËK hš¿cvwZ eënvi bv-I n‡Z cv‡i Ges Drcvw`Z c‡Yï cÖwµqvKiY mvaviYZ N‡Ubv| GB
Kvi‡Y G‡K gvby‡li †gŠwjK Kg©KvÛI ejv n‡q _v‡K|
GB Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨:
- msMÖn (Gathering), ‡hgb, cÖvK…wZK AiY¨ ev f~wg †_‡K Lv`¨ msMÖn grm¨ AvniY Ges cï
wkKvi;
- cïPviY (Herding) ‡hgb, cÖvK…wZKfv‡e cïcvjb;
- K…wlKvh© (Agriculture) †hgb K…wlcY¨ Drcv`b cÖavbZ Lv`¨kl¨; Ges
- D‡Ëvjb (Extraction) †hgb, Lbb Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g bywo, evwj Ggb wK LwbR `ªe¨ AvniY|

cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Û RwoZ cÖavb †ckvRxex n‡”Q K…lK, grm¨Rxwe , wkKvix, KvVywiqv Lwb
kªwgK, cïcvjb, gay ev ebR `ªe¨ msMÖvnK cÖf„wZ| GKvi‡Y †ckv wfwËK ev Kvwg©K `„wófw½‡Z
cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ wb‡æv³ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
- K…wl: Lv`¨kl¨ Ges A_©Kix kl¨;
- grm¨ AvniY: wgVvcvwb Ges †jvbvcvwbi grm¨ AvniY;
- AiY¨ I ebR `ªe¨ AvniY: KvV I Ilyax Ges ga~ BZ¨vw` msMÖn;
- cïcvjb: `y»RvZ cY¨ Ges cï `ªe¨ Drcv`b ; Ges
- LwbR `ªe¨ AvniY: Lbb cÖwµqvq wewfbœ LwbR (Kqjv, †Zj I M¨vm) D‡Ëvjb|
A‡bK mgq cïcvjb‡K K…wl Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨ AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB mg¯Í wefvweR‡bi
cÖwZwUi GKvwaK †kªYxfvM i‡q‡Q | wbw`©ó cÖhyw³‡Z ¯’vb I Kvj‡f‡` GB †kªYxwefvRb n‡q
_v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ wek¦ K…wli wb¤œiƒc †kªYxwefvRb Kiv hvq ( wPÎ 1.1.1)
mviYx-1.3.1
K…wli †kªYxwefvRb êwkó¨ cÖavb AÂj/†`k Drcvw`Z cY¨
1| ¯^qs†fvMx K…wl wbR Pvwn`v c~iY I `wÿY Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I avb, f‚Æv I Ab¨vb¨
DØ„Ëwenxb Drcv`b| KwZcq cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq ¯’vbxq Lv`¨ km¨|
Øxc ivóª|
2| PË¡i K…wl cvnvox Xv‡j cvwb †mP `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvi cÖavbZ avb|
mg¤^qKvix| cvnvox AÂj|
3| wbweo ï®‹ K…wl 40′′i wb‡P e„wócvZ, ga¨ Gwkqv, cÖavbZ: Pxb cÖavbZ avb, fzÆv Ges
wbweo †mP wfwËK| I g‡½vwjqv| he|
4| Dcwbweó K…wl Av`ª© welyexq AÂj, `wÿY I `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv Pv, Kwd, ievi, Bÿz,
Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvgj K¨vwiweq AÂj,cÖkvšÍ Kjv, ev`vg, Ges
cÖPwjZ evwYwR¨K K…wl| gnvmvMixq ØxcvÂj| Avbvim|
5| PviY e„wËK cïcvjb Ges †gŠmygx DËi Bivb, DËi BivK, †gl Ges QvMj
hvhvei K…wl AwfMgb aviv| c~e© Zzi¯‹ ga¨ Gwkqv Ges cvjb|
c~e© Avwd«Kv|
6| evwYwR¨K e„n`vqZb evwYwR¨K ga¨ hy³ivóª, Av‡R©w›Ubv, gvbe Drcv`‡bi Rb¨
cïcvjb cyuwR wfwËK †Mvevw` cï A‡óªwjqv I wbDwRj¨vÛ| Miæ I †gl cvjb|
(i¨vbwPs) cvjb|
7| evwYwR¨K K…wl e„n`vqZb evwYwR¨K hy³ivóª, A‡óªwjqv Mg, avb, he, Zzjv|
cyuwR wfwËK km¨Pvl| Av‡R©w›Ubv, ivwkqv I
BD‡µBb|
8| D`¨vb I km¨ ¯^ívqZb evwYwR¨K I BD‡ivcxq †`kmg~n we‡kl Mg, Av½yi, Av‡cj,
K…wl wbweo cyuwRwfwËK K‡i ‡b`vij¨vÛ, Rvg©vbx, kvK-meRx|
Pvlvev`| d«vÝ, BUvjx|
9| wgkª K…wl ¯’vbxq Pvwn`v Abyhvqx f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂj, cwðg Mg, fzÆv, djg~j,
evwbwR¨Kfv‡e Pvlvev` hy³ivóª kvK-meRx|
10| D`¨vb K…wl we‡kl Pvwn`v wfwËK, we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj eo bMi- ZvRv kvK-meRx, dj
†hgb kni ev e›ì mwbœwnZ GjvKvq Ges UvUKv djg~j|
†jvKvj‡qi Pvwn`v we‡klvwqZ K…wl|
Abyhvqx K…wlKvR|


gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ

gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ûi Ici wbf©ikxj Ges cwiewa©Z iƒcgvÎ| GB
ch©v‡q cÖv_wgK Kg©KvÛ Øviv Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï DrKl©Zv mva‡bi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Pvwn`v Abyhvqx
eënvi Dc‡hvwMZv wbwðZ Kiv nq| GB DrKl© mvab cÖavbZ: `ª‡eï cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
N‡U _v‡K| d‡j `ª‡eï ¸bMZ gvbB cwieZ©b nq bv, Bnvi †fŠZ cwieZ©b N‡U| D`vniY¯îƒc
D‡jøL Kiv hvq †h, cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kvh©Øviv Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ †hgb, Zzjv †_‡K eqb wkí cÖwµqvi
d‡j e¯¿, AvKwiK †jŠn †_‡K B¯úvZ, Bÿz †_‡K wPwb BZ¨vw`| gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ckv
n‡”Q wkí kªwgK Ges wkí Drcv`b m¤úK©xq mKj †ckv|
mviYx- 1.3.2
gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ: cÖavb wkí cÖwZôvb
1| wkí Drcv`b: fvix I nvév wkí|
(K) fvix wkí : †jŠn I B¯úvZ wkí,
cÖ‡KŠkj hš¿cvwZ (†ij I RvnvR wbg©vY),
gUiMvox I D‡ovRvnvR wbg©vY,
fvix imvqb wkí (Ab¨vb¨ wk‡íi KvuPvgvj Drcv`b)
(L) nvév wkí :
e¯¿ eqb wkí,
imvqb I Jla wkí,
Lv`¨ I cvbxq wkí,
B‡jKUªwb· wkí,
†Ljbv I we‡bv`b `ªe¨ wbg©vb|
2| we‡k¦i cÖavb wkívÂj :
(K) DËi-cwðg BD‡ivc; `wÿY-ga¨ BD‡ivc, Divj-g‡¯‹v GjvKv;
(L) `wÿY Rvcvb, `wÿY-c~e© Pxb, ZvBIqvb;
(M) DËi-c~e© hy³ivóª;
(N) Ab¨vb¨ GjvKv: †Kvwiqv I fviZ|
KvuPvgv‡ji cÖvwß I AbyK‚j †fŠ‡MvwjK Ges A_©bxwZK Ae¯’v Abyhvqx we‡k¦i KwZcq wkívÂj
M‡o D‡V‡Q| mvaviYfv‡e wkí Ae¯’v‡bi wbqvgK¸wj n‡jv: f‚wgi cÖvc¨Zv, KvuPvgvj I kªwg‡Ki
mieivn, cyuwR, cªvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv Ges Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï evRvi| G Qvov miKvix ch©v‡q
cÖkvmwbK bxwZgvjv A‡bK mgq mvnvh¨Kvix Dcv`vb wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ:

cÖavbZ gva¨wgK Ges A‡bK mgq cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ûi Dci wbf©ikxj Kg©KvÛ‡K Z…Zxq
ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ ejv nq| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Drcvw`Z `ªe¨vwì (hw` DØ„Z _v‡K) evRviRvZKi‡Yi
gva¨g mg~n Ges Gi Rb¨ cyuwR, wewb‡qvM, exgv, e¨vswKs eë¯’vcbv I m¤úK©xq †mev mg~n GB
ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ûi AšÍf©‚³| gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï weµq, cwienb I cwiPh©vg~jK
Kg© Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ wnmv‡e cwiMwYZ| GB ch©v‡qi cÖavb Kvh©vejx‡K wZb †kªbx‡Z fvM
Kiv hvq:
- †mev ev cwiPh©vg~jK;
- evwYwR¨K; Ges
- A_© eë¯’vcbv|
mviYx- 1.3.3 : Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ûi †kªYxfvM

Kvh©vejx cÖwZôvb Ae¯’vbMZ êwkó¨
K) †mev ev cwiPh©vg~jK
we‡bv`bg~jK bvU¨kvjv, wm‡bgv, cvK©, †µZv ev †fvMKvix‡ì Ae¯’v‡bi
†÷wWqvg, †i‡¯Íviuv, wbKU, cwieªvRK c‡_ Ges eû
wPwoqvLvbv, wPÎkvjv| †fvMKvix‡ì Pvwn`vi cwic~iK|
e„wËg~jK †nv‡Uj, †gv‡Uj, †c‡Uªvj cÖvK…wZK hv gvbem„ó †jvKvjq
cv¤ú, Aemi †K›`ª BZ¨vw`| †_‡K `~‡i mnRmva¨ hvZvqvZ
eë¯’v m¤úbœ|
¯^v¯’¨ msµvšÍ wPwKrmv‡K›`ª, wbivgq †K›`ª, RbemZ ev bMi‡K‡›`ª mnRmva¨
nvmcvZvj I wK¬wbK| hvZvqvZ eë¯’vi wbKUeZ©x|
e¨w³MZ cwiPh©vg~jK ¯‹zj, K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vjq, wbw`©ó RbmsL¨vi Pvwn`vi mv‡_
Dcvmbvjq| m¤úK©hy³, myMg¨¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb|
Rb cÖkvmb Rb cÖkvmb, wePvi, cÖkvmwbK e¨w³MZ cwiPh©vg~j‡Ki b¨vq Z‡e
myweavw` I wbivcËv †MvôxMZ D‡Ïk¨ ev cÖ‡qvRb c~iY
eë¯’vcbv| K‡i|
eëmv †givgwZ †mev cÖPviYv, wewfbœ `ª‡eï we‡klvwqZ †µZv/ eënviKvix‡ì
†givgZ I weµq †mev| cwiPh©v‡Kw›`ªK| †jvKvjq I
†Kw›`ªq evRvi wfwËK Ae¯’vb|

Kvh©vejx cÖwZôvb Ae¯’vbMZ êwkó¨

L) evwYR¨ :
LyPiv eëmv ‡c†Uªvj cv¤ú, gyw` †`vKvb, wewfbœ ai‡Yi †µZv AvK…óKvix
Jl‡ai †`vKvb, jÛªx fvj hvZvqvZ eë¯’v Øviv wbqwš¿Z,
e„n`vqZb kwcs Kg‡cø·, †µZv- Pvwn`v Øviv mgw¤^Z| wewfbœ
Mvox, mvB‡Kj †`vKvb †kªYxi †`vKv‡bi Ae¯’vb wba©vwiZ
BZ¨vw`| Ges Rbc‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM
eë¯’vi c~e©kZ©|
cvBKvix eëmv e„n`vqZb Avor, ¸`vgRvZ fvj †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Ges RbemZ
`ªe¨vwì mgvnvi| GjvKv, Z‡e mvaviY †µZvi Pvwn`v
Abyhvqx bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
hvZvqvZ Ges †hvMv‡hvM hvbevnb Ges hvZvqvZ †K›`ª, Rb‡Mvôxi wbqwgZ †mev MÖnY,
eë¯’v evm/ †ij †÷kb, mKj cÖKvi RbemZ Ges evwYwR¨K †K‡›`ªi
†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM †mev wbKUeZ©x Ae¯’vb|
cÖ`vbKvix ms¯’v, WvK I Zvi
eë¯’v|
M) A_© eë¯’vcbv :
e¨vsK ¯’vbxq/ kvLv e¨vsK, gy`ªv evwYwR¨K †K›`ª Ges †jvKvj‡qi
cwieZ©bKvix †mev cÖwZôvb| wbKU fvj †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Øviv
mshy³|
exgv exgv Awdm Ges exgv e¨vsK-Gi Abyiƒc|
cÖwZwbwai ZrciZv|
f‚wg evRviRvZ cÖwZôvb f‚wg †jb‡`b Awdm Ges †µZvi Ae¯’vb I hvZvqvZ eë¯’v
cÖwZwbwai ZrciZv| Øviv mywbqwš¿Z| Pvwn`v Abyhvqx
†mevi ch©vq wbf©ikxj|
GB ch©v‡q ¸iæZc~Y© †ckv n‡”Q wewfbœ ai‡Yi we‡µZv, cwienb Kg©x, cÖkvmwbK Kg©x, eë¯’vcK,
e¨vsKvi, exgvKgx© Ges Ab¨vb¨ cwiPh©vg~jK †mev cÖ`vbKvix Kg©x|
PZz_© ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ:

ch©vqg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ûi Øviv gvby‡li Kvh©vejxi mvgMÖxK aib wPwýZ n‡jI Ggb eû Kg©‡ÿÎ i‡q‡Q
†h ¸wj wbw`©ó †kªYx‡Z ch©vqfz³ Kivi e¨vcv‡i gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q A_ev mywbw`©ófv‡e ch©vqfz³ Kiv
hvq bv| G¸wji g‡a¨ wkÿvjvf (QvÎZ¡), ivRbxwZK‡ì Kg©KvÛ, AvBb welqK civgk©`vb ev
gvgjv cwiPvjbv, Kwe I †jLK‡ì mvwnZ¨Kg©, wkíxi AsKb Kg©, `vk©wb‡Ki `k©bKg©, msMxZ
wkíxi m½xZ m„wó, †ckv`vi †L‡jvqvo ev kixi PP©vwe`, ag©xq gRwj‡m †ckv`vi IqvRKvix
BZ¨vw`| jÿŸxq †h, G mg¯Í cÖwZwU K‡g©i m„RbkxjZv i‡q‡Q| mgv‡R G¸wji Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q
Ges mgvR MV‡b wewfbœfv‡e GB mg¯Í K‡g©i Avw_©K I mvgvwRK g~j¨ i‡q‡Q|
PZz_© ch©vqfz³ †ek wKQy Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j my`~i cÖmvix mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©b m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q hv cwi‡k‡l Ab¨vb¨ Kg©Kv‡Ûi Dci cÖfve m„wó K‡i‡Q| D`vniY ¯îƒc Kwe bRiæj
Bmjv‡gi KweZv I Mvb, Kvgiæj nvmv‡bi wPÎ Kg©, e½eÜz †kL gywRei ingv‡bi ivR‰bwZK
e³e¨ evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| AvšÍRv©wZK
chv©‡q wkíx cve‡jv wcKv‡mvi hy× we‡ivax wPÎ¨ Ô¸‡qwb©Kv' wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i wefrmZvi Zxeª
cÖwZev` wnmv‡e gvby‡li g‡b hy× we‡ivax g‡bvfve m„wó K‡i| †Zgwb, evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i c‡ÿ
wi‡½v ÷vi I RR© n¨vwimb (weU&jm& m`m¨) Gi m½xZ ev½vjx‡ì gyw³msMÖv‡gi c‡ÿ wek¦ RbgZ
m„wó‡Z we‡kl Ae`vb iv‡L| GB mg¯Í Kg©Kv‡Ûi AvcvZ `„wó‡Z mivmwi `ªe¨g~j¨ ev A_© g~j¨
`„k¨gvb nq bv| d‡j A‡b‡Ki `„wó‡Z G¸wji eënviMZ wfwË my®úó nq bv| GB ai‡bi
Kg©KvÛ‡K PZz_© ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÐ wn‡m‡e AšÍfy©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖavbZ : wkíx, mvwnwZ¨K, `vk©wbK, wkÿK, Kwe, m½xZ wkíx cÖf…wZ †ckvRxweMY PZz_© ch©v‡qi
Kg©KvÛfz³|
cvVms‡ÿc:
gvbe Kg©KvÛ cÖavbZ: Pvi †kªYxfz³: cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ, gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ, Z…Zxq
ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ Ges PZz_© ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ| GB mg¯Í Kg©Kv‡Û AšÍf‚©w³ wnmv‡e gvby‡li †ckvi
g‡a¨ h‡_ó wfbœZv †`Lv hvq Ges &GB wfbœZvi mvgMÖxK wek¦ AvÂwjK avivI †`Lv hvq| Z‡_ï
mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ wek¦ ev AvÂwjK ch©v‡q wewfbœ cÖKvi Kg©Kv‡Ûi Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ ev Zzjbvg~jK
we‡kølY mnRmva¨ bq| Z‡e mvgMÖxKfv‡e c„w_exi DbœZ AÂ‡j †gvU kªg kw³i cÖvq 10 kZvsk
K…wl ev cÖv_wgK Kg©KvÛ, 40 kZvsk gva¨wgK Ges 50 kZvsk Z…Zxq I PZz_© ch©vqfz³ e‡j aiv
hvq| Dbœqbkxj AÂj GB nvi h_vµ‡g 50, 10, Ges 40 kZvsk| Z‡e wKQy wKQy ÿz`ª iv‡óªi
†ÿ‡Î (†hgb, Rvcvb, wm½vcyi, Avie AvwgivZ, gvjØxc BZ¨vw`) K…wlf‚wgi ¯^íZvi Rb¨ GB nvi
cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK Kg©Kv‡Û hy³ RbmsL¨v cÖvq 60 kZvsk, gva¨wgK ch©v‡q 10
kZvsk, Z…Zxq ch©v‡q cÖvq 30 kZvsk Ges gvÎ ÿy`ª Ask PZz_© ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ RwoZ|

1.1. gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡j gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ ej‡Z †Kvb Rb‡Mvôx ev GjvKvi êwkó¨c~Y© ---- Kg©KvÛ
eySvq|
1.2. cÖavbZ: cÖK…wZ wbf©i Kg©KvÛ‡K ---- ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ e‡j|
1.3. cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ‡K ----- Kg©KvÛI ejv n‡q _v‡K|
1.4. gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ ----- ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ûi Ici wbf©ikxj Ges ----- iƒcgvÎ|
1.5. gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ði d‡j `ª‡eï ¸bMZ gvbB cwieZ©b nq bv, Bnvi ----- cwieZ©b
N‡U|
1.6. cÖavbZ gva¨wgK Ges A‡bK mgq ----- ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ûi Dci wbf©ikxj Kg©KvÛ‡K
Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ ejv nq|
1.7. gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï weµq, cwienb I cwiPh©vg~jK Kg© ---- ch©v‡qi
Kg©KvÛ wnmv‡e cwiMwYZ|
1.8. ----- ch©vqfz³ †ek wKQy Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j my`~i cÖmvwi mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©b
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
mswÿß cÖkœ DËi:

1. †ckv I DcRxweKv wK? G `y'wUi mv‡_ gvbe Kg©Kv‡Ûi m¤úK© wb‡`©k Kiæb|
2. gvbe Kg©KvÛ Kv‡K e‡j? GB Kg©Kv‡Ûi †kªYxfvM Kiæb|
3. cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÐ wK? `ywU D`vnib w`b|
4. gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÐ wK? `ywU D`vnib w`b|
5. Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÐ wK? `ywU D`vnib w`b|
6. PZz_© ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÐ wK? `ywU D`vnib w`b|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. cÖv_wgK Kg©KvÛ ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? D`vnibmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. gva¨wgK Kg©KvÛ mg‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ûi c~Y© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4. D`vniY mnKv‡i PZz_© ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5. cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK Ges Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ wK †Kvb †hvMm~Î ev AvšÍ:m¤úK©
Av‡Q? GB m¤úK©wU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

cvV-1.4 gvbe emwZ Ges Avevm

◆ gvbe emwZ Ges Avevm;
◆ emwZi msÁv Ges `„wófw½;
◆ emwZi wewea msÁv;
◆ emwZ m¤úwK©Z `„wófw½mg~n; Ges
◆ Rjevqy‡f‡` wek¦ RbemwZi web¨vm m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
†fŠ‡MvwjK `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K emwZi Abykxjb gvbe ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi weeZ©b cwi‡ek A_©bxwZK
Kg©KvÛ Ges cÖhyw³ ch©v‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| Av‡jvP¨ cv‡V Avgiv G mg‡¯Íi mvgwMÖK Avw½‡K
gvbe emwZ weKv‡ki `„wófw½ ev gZev`, emwZi †kªYxfvM Ges we‡kl K‡i MÖvgxb emwZi aiY
ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
emwZi msÁv Ges `„wófw½
f‚‡Mvjwe` w¯§_ (1960) Zuvi Ô†fŠ‡MvwjK Awfavb'- G emwZ ej‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e evm Kivi Rb¨
ˆZix gvby‡li Avevm¯’j eywS‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z GKK Avevm ¯’j †_‡K MÖvg, Ggb wK gnvbMixq
AvIZvq co‡e| †óvb (1965)-Gi g‡Z †Kvb ¯’v‡b GK ev GKvwaK gvby‡li emevm Kiv‡K
emwZ e‡j| divmx f‚‡Mvjwe` eªæ‡b (1947)-Gi g‡Z gvby‡li `ywU †gŠwjK Pvwn`v A_©vr emZM„n
I ivRc‡_i f‚-c„‡ô ewn:cÖKvk nj emwZ| wW‡KÝ I wcU (1963) e‡jb, ÿz`ª MÖvg, kni I
bM‡i gvbyl I Avevm ¯’‡ji mgwó nj emwZ| eyKvbb emwZ‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb,
ÔemwZ A‡_© GK ev GKvwaK wbg©vb Ges AvevwmK Rwg,c_-NvU, cvK© ev evMvb wn‡m‡e eëüZ
†Lvjv RvqMvmn GmKj wbgv©‡bi m‡½ mswkó mKj cÖKvi KvVv‡gv‡K eySvq| eûwea MVb, AvKvi,
AvKvi
emwZi wewea ¯Íi
oyJjVr
jVr
mz vyr
ßZJa vyr
V†/ mªr
V´Jo
kJzJ
FTT IJmJxÝu/ UJjJ

Ges wµqvKjvcmg~n Gi AšÍM©Z| GwU MÖvgvÂ‡ji GK wb:m½ Avevm A_ev jÿ jÿ RbmsL¨v

Aay¨wlZ GKwU bMi‡KI eyS‡Z cv‡i| GKwU ¯^Zš¿ wbg©vb KZ e„nr A_ev KZ RwUj Zv hvB †nvK
bv †Kb Gi D™¢e n‡q‡Q kxZ-e„wó I wnsmª cÖvYxi nvZ n‡Z iÿv cvIqvi Rb¨ Avw`g gvby‡li
boe‡o Av”Qv`b †_‡K| A_©bxwZwe`, mgvRZË¡we`, ¯’cwZ, Ges f~‡Mvjwe` ¯^ ¯^ kv‡¯¿i cwiw¯’wZ
emwZ‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wKšÍz f‚‡Mvjwe` emwZ‡K Ô¯’vwbK msMVb' wnmv‡e we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb|
G m¤ú‡K© ewa©Z Av‡jvPbv BDwbU 6-G Kiv n‡q‡Q weavq GLv‡b cybive„wË Kiv n‡jv bv|
emwZ m¤úwK©Z `„wófw½mg~n : †fŠ‡MvwjK `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K emwZi PP©v‡K mbvZbx, mvswL¨K Ges
AvPiYMZ `„wófw½‡Z wef³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| emwZi Ae¯’vbRwbZ KviY wnmv‡e mbvZbx `„wófw½
cÖvqkB cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK©g~jK n‡q _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î emwZi †kªYxwefvRb Kiv nq
emwZ¯’v‡bi êwkó¨vejx Abymv‡i| †hgb, MÄ-kni, e›ì-kni, Kzgvi-cvov, †R‡j-MÖvg BZ¨vw`|
mvswL¨K `„wófw½ emwZmg~‡ni eëavb Ges Avf¨šÍixY msMVb †_‡K jä aviYv I bxwZgvjv‡K
ev¯Í‡ei mijxKiY Ôg‡Wj' wnmv‡e iƒc`vb K‡i| L„ójvi, evi‡Rm, n‡qU, n¨vwim-Djg¨vb Gi
ZË¡mg~n D‡jøL‡hvM¨ (BDwbU-6 `ªóe¨)|
AvPiYMZ `„wófw½ cÖwZcbœ K‡i †h, gvby‡li Kvh©vejx †Kej kZ©nxbfv‡e hyw³i mxgvbvq MwÛe×
K‡i e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv, KviY gvbeKg© m¤úK© cÖf‚Zfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq wewfbœ mvs¯‹…wZK HwZ‡nï
Ôwdëvi' w`‡q cwim„ZK…Z gvcKvwVi mvnv‡h¨ cwi‡ek‡K cÖZ¨qb Kivi ÿgZvi Øviv| G Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb GKvwaK m¤úwK©Z `„wó‡Kv‡bi wg_w¯Œqvi Mfxi we‡kølY|
emwZ we‡køl‡Y `„wófw½MZ cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI jÿŸxq †h wek¦ ch©v‡q we‡kl K‡i RjevqyMZ
wewfbœZvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡Yi emwZ wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| GLb GB `„wó‡Kvb wek¦ emwZi web¨vm
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
Rjevqy‡f‡` wek¦ RbemwZi web¨vm

Rjevqy cÖavbZ gvby‡li cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ cÖfve †d‡j| G Kvi‡Y
Rjevqy‡f‡` gvbe emwZi cv_©K¨ f‚‡Mvjwe`‡ì Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|
RxebaviY Ges Avkª‡qi Rb¨ gvbyl Ggb wKQy AÂ‡j emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q †hLv‡b cÖwZwbqZB
Zv‡K cÖK…wZi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q Pj‡Z n‡”Q| Avevi cÖK…wZ †_‡K cÖvß mnRjf¨ DcKiYI †m M„n
wbg©v‡Yi Kv‡R eënvi K‡i‡Q| GB cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i d‡j ¯^vwqZ¡ I êwPÎ¨ Abymv‡i wbw`©ó
Rjevqy‡Z c„w_exi gvbe emwZmg~n‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
wbiÿxq AÂ‡ji emwZ: wbiÿxq AÂ‡ji RbmsL¨vi GKwU e„nr Ask wbiÿxq Dw™¢¾c~Y© GjvKvq
emevm K‡i| ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb hvÎvi Rb¨ Giv wbiÿxq Ai‡Yï wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj|
Ai‡Y¨ Wvj-cvjv, KvV w`‡q †`qvj Ges Zvj RvZxq cvZv ev j¤^v Nvm I A‡bK mgq avbMv‡Qi
KvÛvsk w`‡q evoxi Qv` ev Pvjv evbvq| eb¨ RšÍz ev mixm„c †_‡K AvZ¥iÿvi Rb¨ †Kvb †Kvb
AÂ‡j (†hgb cvnvox AiY¨f‚wg‡Z) gvwU †_‡K wKQyUv Dc‡i gvPvi Dci evox ˆZix nq| Gmg¯Í
evox wbg©v‡Y KvV I evu‡ki eënvi e¨vcK| gvj‡qwkqvi †mgvs, evsjv‡`‡ki cve©Z¨ †Rjvmg~‡n,
gvqvbgv‡ii AvivKvb I Kv‡ib GjvKvq, kªxj¼vi †fÏv m¤úª`vq Ges AvgvRb AeevwnKvq gvPvi
Dci evox Ni ˆZixi cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| wKšÍz we¯Íxb© wbiÿxq mgf‚wg AÂ‡j f‚wgi Dci

mvgvb¨ DPy gvwUi cvUvZ‡bi Ni evox †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cvKv eûZj M„n ˆZix nq| `wÿY Gwkqvq
Giƒc emwZ eûj cÖPwjZ|
jÿYxq †h wbiÿxq AÂ‡ji AwaKvsk emwZ cvwbi Dr‡mi wbK‡U wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| GB Drm b`x
ev cvnvox SY©v Ges †Kvb †Kvb ¯’v‡b cÖvK…wZK Rjvk‡q ev LbbK…Z czKzi GB f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i‡Q| AwaKvsk Ni-evoxi †`qvj evuk ev Nv‡mi Øviv wbwg©Z Ges GK ev GKvwaK KzVzix/ Kvgiv
_vK‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Avwd«Kvi AwaKvsk Avwèvmxiv Mv‡Qi Wvj w`‡q †QvU †QvU †MvjvKvi Kzu‡oNi
ˆZix K‡i †MvÎ wnmv‡e ¸”QvKvi emwZ wbg©vY K‡i _v‡K| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j cÖhyw³ weKv‡ki mv‡_
mv‡_ mgMÖ wbiÿxq AÂ‡j Ni evox wbg©v‡Y wU‡bi QvDwb I †Kvb †Kvb ¯’v‡b †`qvj wbg©v‡bi
cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| GB ai‡Yi cÖeYZv `wÿY I `wÿY c~e© Gwkqvq cÖej| Gi KviY cÖavbZ
emwZi wbg©vb Dcv`v‡bi ¯’vqxZ¡ QvovI cÖvK…wZK Dcv`v‡bi Afve D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Avi cÖvK…wZK
Dcv`v‡bi Afv‡ei cÖavb KviY n‡jv eZ©gvb kZvãx‡Z RbmsL¨vi AwZe„w× Ges Lv`¨ km¨
Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ µg ea©gvb nv‡i AiY¨f‚wg aŸsm| emwZ weKv‡ki RbÏ GKBfv‡e ebf‚wg DRvo
n‡”Q|
wbiÿxq AÂ‡j RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ †ekx nIqvi Kvi‡Y emwZ web¨vm I Nb mwbœ‡ewkZ Ges KLbI
msNe× I ¸”QKvi|
Dò giæ AÂ‡ji emwZ: GB AÂ‡ji Awaevmxiv cÖavbZ PviY e„wËK hvhvei| cïcvjb †gŠmygx
PviY GjvKv ev Z…Yf‚wg cÖvwßi Ici wbf©ikxj nIqvq wbw`©ó MwÛ‡Z cÖwZeQi G‡ì Avevm¯’j
¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| GRb¨ Giv cÖavbZ Zvuey‡Z emevm K‡i| Zvuey¸wj Pvgov w`‡q ˆZix| ga¨ Gwkqv,
DËi Bivb, DËi BivK, c~e© Zzi¯‹ Ges DËi Avwd«Kvi emwZ¸wj GB ai‡Yi| Z‡e Avwd«Kvi
Kvjvnvwi giæf‚wg‡Z eykg¨vb I Ab¨vb¨ Avwèvmxiv KuvUvMv‡Qi mvnv‡h¨ ˆZix A¯’vqx Kuy‡o N‡i
emevm K‡i| Aciw`‡K, cwðg Gwkqvi giæ cÖvq AÂ‡ji Zvuey-emwZi g‡a¨ M„nm¾v I
AwfRv‡Zï cwiPq †g‡j| GB AÂj cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi †K›`ª nIqvi Gi cÖavb KviY| Gu‡ì
Zuvey¸wj Pvgov A_ev K¨vbfv‡mi ˆZix| †`qvj I †g‡S‡Z DrK…ó Kv‡c©‡Ui eënvi jÿŸxq| GB
Zvuey emwZ¸wj mgmvgwqK Avivg-Av‡q‡ki DcKi‡Y mw¾Z| A‡cÿvK…Z wb¤œweË giæevmx‡ì
g‡a¨ †e`yBb m¤úª`vq GLbI PviYe„wËK hvhvei †kªYxi| G‡ì Zvuey emwZ¸wj Avivg-Av‡q‡ki
DcKiY mw¾Z| A‡cÿvK…Z wb¤œweËevb GLbI PviY e„wËK| Gu‡ì Zuvey Aeqe I giæm¾v
Zv‡ì A_©bxwZK Ae¯’vb wb‡`©k K‡i|
giæ AÂ‡ji ¯’vqx emZ GjvKv, †hgb, Bivb, BivK, Bqv‡gb, Avie AvwgivZ Ges `wÿY †mŠw`
Avi‡e gvwUi ˆZwi Ni evoxi cÖPjb Avw`Kvj †_‡K i‡q‡Q| Ni-evox ¸wj kxZj ivLvi Rb¨ AwZ
D”P Rvbvjv, Kzjy½x Ges evZvm UvIqvi wbg©v‡Yi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j GKvwaK cwðg
Gwkqv †`kmg~‡n hvhvei‡ì ¯’vqx emZ ¯’vc‡bi miKvix D‡`¨vM jÿYxq| GB mg¯Í emZ¸wj
cvKv, cÖavbZ GKZjv| BU-wm‡g›U Qvov Kv‡Vi eënvi D‡jøL Kivi gZ| ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK
†mev cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwU ¯’vqx em‡Z gmwR‡ì Ae¯’vb GB mg¯Í Avevm¯’‡ji cÖavb êwkó¨|
Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb AÂ‡j, †hgb Bivb, Bqv‡gb, evnivBb Ges `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi giæ AÂ‡j bj-
LvMov I gvwUi ˆZix mgZj Qv`hy³ evox jÿYxq| G mg¯Í em‡Zi AwaevmxMY hvhvei bq ¯’vqx
Avev‡m K…wl Ges evwb‡R¨ G‡ì Af¨¯ÍZv êwkó¨c~Y©|

RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ Kg nIqvi Rb¨ GB Rjevqy AÂ‡ji emwZi aiY wewÿß Ges mvaviYZ
†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi mv‡_ mshy³|
bvwZkx‡Zvò AÂ‡ji emwZ : DËi Av‡gwiKv I BD‡iv‡ci DËivs‡k AiY¨ cwi‡e‡k gvbe emwZ
M‡o D‡V‡Q| evmM„n cÖavbZ: Kv‡Vi ¸wo ev ZKZv wbwg©Z †`qvj Ges Kv‡Vi cvUvZbmn gm„Y
cv_i ev Uvwji Qv`hy³| A_©bxwZK KviY Ges mnRjf¨Zv e‡jB GB ai‡Yi DcKiY eënvi
nq| Z‡e GB AÂ‡ji `wÿYvs‡k we‡kl K‡i f‚ga¨mvMixq AÂ‡j Kv‡Vi e`‡j cv_i ev †cvov
BU wbg©vYKv‡R AwaK eënvi nq| BUvjx, emwbqv-nv‡R©‡Mvwfbv, d«vÝ, †¯úb, MÖxm, wZDwbm,
Avj‡Rwiqvi cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j cÖvq meÎB GBme DcKiY wbwg©Z emZ †`_v hvq|
bvwZkx‡Zvò AÂ‡ji emwZi web¨vm cÖavbZ A_©bxwZK wbqvgK Øviv wbqwš¿Z| cÖavbZ moKc_
ev evwYwR¨K †K‡›`ª îwLK ev ¸”QvKvi ai‡Yi gvbe emwZ M‡o IVvi cÖeYZv jÿYxq|
†giæ AÂ‡ji emwZ : †giæ AÂ‡ji BbyBU&‡ì FZz‡f‡` wewfbœ ai‡Yi emZevox wbg©vY †KŠkj
†`Lv hvq| Lv`¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ mgy`ª DcK‚jevmx BbyBU&miv evZvm cÖwZ‡ivax Lvwo ev f‚¸ GjvKvq
emZ M‡o _v‡K| G ai‡Yi ¯’v‡b MÖx®§Kv‡j Zviv Nv‡mi Pvcov, gm, Kv‡Vi ¸wo ev ZKZvi
†`qvj Ges Pvgov Av”Qvw`Z emZevox ˆZix K‡i| emZevox¸wj Dëv‡bv wÎf‚R ev M¤^yRvKvi n‡q
_v‡K| cÖwZwU‡Z cÖavbZ GKwU cÖ‡ek c_ _v‡K|
A‡cÿvK…Z we¯ÍxY© mgZj GjvKvq ei‡di Pvcov w`‡q wbwg©Z M¤^yRvKvi GKgywL Ni ˆZix K‡i|
G ¸wj‡K ÔBMjy' e‡j| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b BMjy wbg©‡Yi cÖPjb K‡g Avm‡Q| BbyBU&miv Av‡gwiKvb
ms¯‹…wZi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m KvV wbwg©Z ¸”QKvi emwZ M‡o Zzj‡Q| Avjv¯‹v AÂ‡j G ai‡Yi
†jvKvj‡qi cÖvavY¨ i‡q‡Q| emwZi web¨vm cÖavbZ wewÿß Ges †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi Dci
wbf©ikxj|
cvVms‡ÿc:
Dc‡i we‡k¦i cÖavb Rjevqy AÂ‡j emwZ avivi mijxK…Z aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z
cwi‡ekMZ eva¨-evaKZv emZ web¨v‡m †h ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q Zv ejv hvq| Z‡e
D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, GB PviwU AÂ‡ji bMi GjvKvi cwiKwíZ emZ GjvKvq m¤ú~Y© AvaywbK
I cÖhyw³ wbf©i Avevm M‡o I‡V‡Q| GB me GjvKvq Rjevqy ev cwi‡ekMZ eva¨-evaKZvi
PvB‡Z A_©bxwZK cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I cÖkvmwbK ¸iæZ¡ cÖavb wbqš¿K wnmv‡e KvR K‡i‡Q|
BD‡ivcxq Dcwb‡ekKvixiv G‡ì ÔGw¯‹‡gv' bv‡g AwfwnZ Ki‡Zv| Gw¯‹‡gv A_© Ôgvbylmg'-
kãwU Zz”Qv‡_© eënvi nZ| eZ©gv‡b ÔBbyBUm' A_©vr Ôgvbyl' kãwU cÖPwjZ|

1.1. f‚‡Mvjwe` w¯§_ (1960) Zuvi ---- G emwZ ej‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Kivi Rb¨ ˆZix
Avevm¯’j eywS‡q‡Qb|
1.2. †óvb (1965)-Gi g‡Z †Kvb ---- GK ev GKvwaK gvby‡li emevm Kiv‡K emwZ e‡j|
1.3. f‚‡Mvjwe` emwZ‡K ---- wnmv‡e we‡kølb K‡i‡Qb|
1.4. †fŠ‡MvwjK `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K emwZi PP©v‡K mbvZbx, mvswL¨K Ges ----|
1.5. ----- emwZmg~‡ni eëavb Ges Avf¨šÍixY msMVb †_‡K jä aviYv I bxwZgvjv‡K ev¯Í‡ei
mijxKiY Ôg‡Wj' wnmv‡e iƒc`vb K‡i|
1.6. ---- cÖwZcbœ K‡i †h, gvby‡li Kvh©vejx †Kej kZ©nxbfv‡e hyw³i mxgvbvq MwÛe× K‡i
e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|

2.1. Rjevqy cÖavbZ gvby‡li cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ cÖfve †d‡j|
2.2. RxebaviY Ges Avkª‡qi Rb¨ gvbyl Ggb wKQy AÂ‡j emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q †hLv‡b
cÖwZwbqZB Zv‡K cÖK…wZi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q Pj‡Z n‡”Q|
2.3. wbiÿxq AÂ‡ji RbmsL¨vi GKwU ÿz`ª Ask wbiÿxq Dw™¢¾c~Y© GjvKvq emevm K‡i|
2.4. jÿYxq †h wbiÿxq AÂ‡ji AwaKvsk emwZ cvwbi Dr‡mi wbK‡U wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q|
2.5. Dò giæ AÂ‡ji emwZ AÂ‡ji Awaevmxiv cÖavbZ PviY e„wËK hvhvei|
2.6. A‡cÿvK…Z D”PweË giæevmx‡ì g‡a¨ †e`yBb m¤úª`vq GLbI PviYe„wËK hvhvei †kªYxi|
2.7. DËi Av‡gwiKv I BD‡iv‡ci `wÿ‡Y AiY¨ cwi‡e‡k gvbe emwZ M‡o D‡V‡Q|
2.8. †giæ AÂ‡ji emZevox¸wj Dëv‡bv wÎf‚R ev M¤^yRvKvi n‡q _v‡K|
mswÿß cÖkœ:
1. emwZi msÁv w`b|
2. gvbe emwZi mvavib gvbvbyµgZv wjLyb|
3. emwZi `„wófw½ mg~n wK wK?
4. wK‡mi wfwË‡Z gvbe emwZ mg~n‡K fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q?
5. gvbe emwZ mg~n wK wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. gvbe em‡Zi msÁv w`b Ges GZ`msµvšÍ wewfbœ `„wófw½ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. Rjevqy‡f‡` wek¦ Rbem‡Zi web¨vm Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
cvV-1.5 cwi‡ek : cÖvK…wZK

◆ cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki wbe©vwPZ wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb;
◆ f‚wg eÜziZv m¤^‡Ü; Ges
◆ ce©Z I mgf‚wg m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚-gÛ‡ji †h Ae¯’v, kw³ Ges e¯Ízmg~‡ni mvgwMÖK Rxe-RMr‡K Z_v gvbyl‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i ZvB
cwi‡ek ev cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek (Physical Environment)| cÿvšÍ‡i, gvby‡li †h Kg©KvÛ f‚-
gÛ‡ji Ae¯’v, kw³ Ges e¯Ízmg~n‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv‡K mvs¯‹…wZK (Cultural) ev mvgvwRK
cwi‡ek (Social or Human Environment) e‡j| cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek‡K †hŠ_fv‡e
†fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡ek (Geographic Environment) ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| gvby‡li Kvh©vejx Z_v cÖhyw³,
HwZn¨, AvPiYMZ I cÖ_vMZ cÖwZôvb ev †m esk ci¤úivq enb Ges jvjb K‡i, wb‡R †k‡L
Ges Aci‡K †kLvq Zv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡ki djvdj|
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek
cÖK…wZi m„ó e¯Íz †hgb, f‚wgi eÜziZv, cvwb, evqy, Dw™¢R, g„wËKv cÖf…wZi mg¤^q hv gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ
I AvPvi-AvPviY cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv‡K ÔcÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek' e‡j| Avw`ghy‡MI GKgvÎ cÖK…wZi Dci
gvbyl wb©fikxj wQj| AiY¨, b`x-bvjv ev Rjvkq †_‡K gvbyl Lv`¨ msMÖn KiZ| Zvici †m cï
wkKvi wkLj, AviI c‡i wkLj K…wlKvR I cïcvjb| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZeÜKZv m‡Ë¡I
gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZ weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki weeZ©b NU‡Q Ges gvby‡li Kvh©vejx
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡KI cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| D`vniY ¯îƒc, hvwš¿K hvbevn‡bi Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j gvbyl
`~iZ¡ Rq K‡i‡Q, AvenvIqvMZ cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v‡KI †m cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ mnbkxj K‡i wb‡Ri
AvIZvq G‡b‡Q| GB cvi¯úwiK wg_w®Œqv gvby‡li mf¨Zvi mv‡_ Pjgvb Ges cwieZ©bkxj| Z‡e
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †Kvbfv‡eB wbw®Œq bq| gvbyl Ges gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi cÖwZf‚mg~n e¨ZxZ GKwU
AÂ‡j hv wKQy we`¨gvb Zvi me wKQ~B cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb| GLv‡b wbe©vwPZ wKQy
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
f‚wg eÜziZv: f‚-c„‡ôi eÜziZvi ZviZg¨ AZ¨waK| Gi d‡j wewfbœ f‚wgiƒ‡ci m„wó nq| Gi g‡a¨
wekvj D”P f‚wgÑ
- cvnvo ce©Z Ges Mfxi wb¤œf‚wg

- b`x-bvjv, n«`, Rjvkq (wej, nvIi BZ¨vw`) †_‡K Mfxi mgy`ª D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Giƒc AÂjmg~‡ni
aiY Abyhvqx gvby‡li Kvh©vejxi cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq|
mg~`ª DcK‚j †iLv ¯’j I R‡ji ms‡hvM¯’j| GB DcK‚j‡iLv gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ I cÖwZeÜKZv
-Dfq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ hvZvqvZ I ms‡hvM, mgy`ª wfwËK Av_©bxwZK
Kg©KvÛ -grm¨ AvniY †_‡K K…wl I eëmv-evwYR¨ Ges bMi I e›`‡ii weKvk meB mgy`ª DcK‚j
wfwËK †`Lv hvq|
AfMœ DcK‚j †iLv A‡cÿv fMœ DcK‚j‡iLv A‡bK †ekx myweavRbK| KviY fMœ DcK‚j †cvZvkªq
I e›ì M‡o IVvi c‡ÿ myweavRbK| myB‡Wb, hy³ivR¨, MÖxm cÖf…wZ †`k Gi cÖK…ó D`vniY|
cÿvšÍ‡i, fviZ ev hy³iv‡óªi cÖavbZ AfMœ DcK‚j †iLvi gvÎ mxwgZ msL¨K †bŠe›ì M‡o
I‡V‡Q| Aci w`‡K DcK‚j f‚wg ce©Zgq n‡j e›ì I cðv`f‚wgi †hvMv‡hvM `~in n‡q c‡o|
eªvwR‡ji Zxif‚wg GB Amyweavi m¤§yLxb| Ab¨Î †hgb, Rvcvb Ges Px‡b cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
gvbyl GB cÖvK…wZK cÖwZeÜKZv AwZµg K‡i‡Q|
ce©Z I mgf‚wg: ce©Z I mgf‚wg‡Z gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi cv_©K¨ me©vwaK| gvby‡li Avw` Ges
eZ©gv‡b eûj cÖPwjZ K…wlKvh© cÖavbZ: mgf~wg‡ZB mvwaZ nq| GQvov wkí cÖwZôvb Ges
AwaKvsk gva¨wgK Ges Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ we‡kl K‡i cvwb-kw³, cve©Z¨ I gvjf~wg AÂj
†_‡K n‡q _v‡K| GQvov c„w_exi cÖvq 90 kZvsk †jvK mgf~wg‡Z evm K‡i| iv¯Ív-NvU, Rjc_
Ges †ijc‡_i cÖmvi cÖavbZ mgf‚wg‡Z `ªæZ N‡U| cve©Z¨ AÂ‡ji f‚-ms¯’v‡b AmgZj g„wËKvi
Av¯ÍiY AMfxi, I KvKigq nq| cvwb aviY ÿgZv cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j Kg| d‡j G AÂ‡j
K…wlKv‡h©i cÖeYZv AbyK~‡j bq| Z‡e cve©Z¨ AÂ‡ji Xv‡j bvbvwea e„ÿ R‡b¥| GB mg¯Í e„‡ÿi
evwYwR¨K I eënvwiK g~j¨ h‡_ó| A‡cÿvK…Z AbyK‚j Rjevqy‡Z cvnvox Xv‡j †ek wKQy A_©Kix
dmj Dcwbweó K…wl eë¯’vq Drcvw`Z nq, †hgb, Pv, Kwd, ievi, ev`vg, RjcvB, Av½yi BZ¨vw`|
†h mKj ¯’v‡b cvnv‡oi Xvj A‡cÿvK…Z Lvov wKšÍz Z…Ygq †mLv‡b †gl I QvMj cvjb m¤¢e| PviY
e„wËKv hvhveiMY GB cvjb †ckvq hy³|
b`x I n«` : cÖvPxb hyM †_‡KB gvby‡li Lv`¨ Avni‡Yi Rb¨ b`x I n«` DrK…ó ¯’vb| c„„w_exi eû
AÂ‡j, we‡kl K‡i b`x Aay¨wlZ AÂ‡j, gvby‡li cÖavb †ckv grm¨ wkKvi| G Qvov b`x I n«`
mnR I A‡cÿvK…Z m¯Ív hvZvqvZ c_ wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ| gvby‡li cÖhyw³ weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ b`x
I n«` K…wli mnvqK cvwb †m‡Pi Drm wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| b`x‡K wfwË K‡i evua wbg©vb K‡i
c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡k †hgb, hy³ivóª, fviZ, Pxb, BZ¨vw` e¨vcK Rj‡mP, bvjv wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q Ges
d‡j K…wli e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U‡Q| b`x A‡bK mgq cÖvK…wZK cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
hvZvqvZ c‡_ GB evav †mZz wbg©v‡Yi gva¨‡g wbimb m¤¢e| wKšÍz b`xeûj †`‡k, †hgb evsjv‡`k,
fviZ, Px‡b, A¯^vfvweK eb¨v e¨vcK fv‡e K…wl, Av_©bxwZK cÖwZôvb, RbemwZi ÿq ÿwZ m„wó
K‡i _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î GB `y‡h©v‡Mi Dci gvby‡li c~Y© wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv|
Rjevqy: Rjevqy cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki GKwU cÖavb Dcv`vb Ges gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ‡K bvbvfv‡e
cÖfvweZ K‡i| gvbe Kg©Kv‡Ûi cÖavb Ges me©v‡cÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kg©KvÛ K…wlKv‡Ri Dci Gi
cÖfve me©vwaK| Rjevqy Kl©Y Dc‡hvMx GjvKvi mxgvbv wba©viY K‡i| Avgiv Rvwb †h, AwZ
Pigfvevcbœ Rjevqy, †hgb- AwZ Dò h_v ï®‹ giæ AÂ‡j Ges AwZ kxZj-eidgq h_v †giæ
AÂ‡j K…wl Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx bq| Avevi †Kvb AÂ‡j wK ai‡Yi Pvlvev` n‡e Zv Rjevqyi
gvÎv I aiY wba©viY K‡i †`q| †hgb, Av`ª© welyexq AÂj avb Pv‡li Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx| Mg Pv‡li
Rb¨ bvwZkx‡Zvò AÂj Dc‡hvMx| Ab¨vb¨ dm‡ji FZzwfwËK ecb Kv‡ji êwk‡óï g‡a¨B K…wl
Kg©Kv‡Ûi Dci Rjevqyi cÖfve mnR cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq| Pvlvev‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ gvbe em‡Zi
Dci Rjevqyi cÖfve Avgiv BwZc~‡e© jÿ¨ K‡iwQ|
wkí Ae¯’v‡bi Dci Rjevqyi †ek cÖfve i‡q‡Q| †hgb, Zzjveqb wk‡íi Rb¨ Av`ª© Rjevqy we‡kl
Dc‡hvMx| AvUv-gq`v wk‡íi Rb¨ ï®‹ Rjevqy, Pjw”PÎ wk‡íi Rb¨ m~h© Ki‡¾vj Rjevqy LyeB
cÖ‡qvRb| †hvMv‡hvM ev hvZvqvZ eë¯’vI Rjevqy Øviv cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e wbqwš¿Z| giæ I
wbiÿxq AÂ‡j mgy`ªevqy Ges wbqZ evqycÖevn †bŠhv‡bi hvZvqvZ wbqwš¿Z Ki‡Zv| GL‡bvI
mgy`ªc_¸wj SÄveûj welyexq AÂj cwinvi K‡i P‡j|
gvby‡li ¯^v¯’¨, kw³ I mvg_© Rjevqy Øviv A‡bKvsk wbqwš¿Z| †ek wKQy gnvgvix †ivM †hgb,
K‡jiv, g¨v‡jwiqv, WvBwiqv Av`ª© wbi‡cÿxq AÂ‡ji gvby‡li ¯^v¯’¨‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| wVK †Zgwb
wU. we. Bbd¬y‡qÄv, wbDgwbqv I Ab¨vb¨ k¦vmhš¿ msµvšÍ †ivM kxZ cÖavb AÂ‡j ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v m„wó
K‡i| Aciw`‡K, Rjevqy Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y eb¨v, b`x fv½b, cvnvox Xj, f‚wg aŸm, Liv BZ¨vw`
cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM gvbe Kg©KvÛ, Drcv`b Ges mf¨Zv‡K me©Kv‡j cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| Z‡e
RjevqyMZ A‡bK cÖwZwµqv gvbyl cÖhyw³MZ AwfÁvb Øviv wbqwš¿Z Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
Dw™¢R: Dw™¢‡¾i cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li Kg©KvÛI cwieZ©b nq| wbiÿxq AÂ‡ji Mfxi
AiY¨ KvV-†PivB, ievi msMÖn I ebR `ªe¨vw` Ges djg~j AvniY e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri Rb¨
cÖavbZ: Abyc‡hvMx| Giƒc AÂ‡j KvV †hgb k³ e„w×I †Zgb `ªæZ| d‡j f‚wg cwi¯‹vi K‡i
Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KvÛ, we‡kl K‡i K…wlKvR mnRmva¨ bq| Aciw`‡K, GB AÂ‡ji êwkó¨c~Y© AbybœZ
hvZvqvZ eë¯’v, A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek I ¯^vc` m¼zj nIqv‡Z RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ I emZ LyeB Kg|
cwi‡ekMZ evaëvaKZv wKQy bgbxq nIqvi Kvi‡Y bvwZkx‡Zvò wPinwir Ai‡Y¨ KvV wk‡íi
weKvk N‡U‡Q Ges A‡bK ¯’v‡b GB wk‡íi Dci wbf©i K‡i RbemZ M‡o D‡V‡Q|
K…wlKvR I evwYwR¨K cïcvj‡bi Rb¨ bvwZkx‡Zvò Z…Yf‚wg AÂj weL¨vZ| we¯ÍxY© mgZjf‚wg,
De©i K…ò g„wËKv, mylg e„wócvZ GB AÂj‡K Mg, fzÆv I wewea djg~j Pv‡li Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx K‡i
Zz‡j‡Q| Aciw`‡K ch©vß Z…Yf‚wgi Rb¨ GB AÂj cïcvj‡bi Rb¨ weL¨vZ| giæ AÂj cÖavbZ
e„ÿ k~Y¨| ¯’vbxq KvuUvRvZxq ¸j¥ I †Svc-Svo K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx bq| Z‡e †hLv‡b
Z…Yf‚wg i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b PviY e„wËK hvhvei‡ì cïcvjb †`Lv hvq|
Dc‡iv³ Ae¯’vm‡Ë¡I gvbyl †hLv‡b cÖvK…wZK Dw™¢‡¾i aŸsm mvab K‡i‡Q †mLv‡b bvbvwea
cÖvK…wZK wec‡h©i m„wó n‡q‡Q| `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi AvgvRb AÂ‡ji Z…Yf‚wgi Ask we‡kl aŸsm
Kivq †mLv‡b f‚wg aŸsm, g„wËKvÿq Ges eb¨vi cÖ‡Kvc e„w× †c‡q‡Q| `wÿY Gwkq †`kmg~‡ni
DRv‡b wngvjq cv`‡`kxq GjvKvq cÖvK…wZK AiY¨ wba‡bi d‡j wb¤œ AÂ‡j eb¨vi cÖ‡Kvc e„w×
†c‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY-c~e©vs‡k PKwiqv-K·evRvi DcK‚‡j MivY AiY¨
aŸsm K‡i evwYwR¨K wPswo Pvl Kivq ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b n‡”Q wVKB wKšÍz †mLv‡b RbemwZ mgy`ª
SÄv †_‡K iÿv cÖvwßi Rb¨ ebf‚wgi Afv‡e cÖwZeQi ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q|

g„wËKv: K…wlKv‡R g„wËKvi cÖfve AZ¨vwaK| †h ¯’v‡b g„wËKv De©i ev De©i Kiv m¤¢e †Kej †m
¯’v‡bB Pvlvev` m¤¢e| Abye©i g„wËKv m¤úbœ GjvKvq Ab¨vb¨ AbyK‚j Dcv`vb _vKv m‡Ë¡I
m‡šÍvlRbK Pvlvev` m¤¢e bq| we‡k¦i AwaKvsk cve©Z¨ GjvKv GBiƒc| Aciw`‡K g„wËKvi
ai‡Yi Dci wK dmj Drcbœ n‡e Zv A‡bKUv wbf©i K‡i| mgy`ª DcK‚‡ji jeYv³Zv f‚wg ev
†jvwnZ g„wËKv Pv‡li Rb¨ AbyK~j bq| Avevi g„wËKv mn‡R cÖ‡ek¨ bv n‡j cvwb mÂvjb I Mv‡Qi
ev dm‡ji wkKo cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G Kvi‡Y cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j I D”P gvjf‚wg Pvlvev‡ì Rb¨
myweavRbK bq| giæ AÂ‡ji ÿvihy³ evwjgvwUI Pvlvev‡ì AbyK‚j bq| b`x AeevwnKvi cwj
gvwU I †ùv-Avk gvwU K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ we‡kl Dc‡hvMx|
Dc‡i ewb©Z cÖavb cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb QvovI †Kvb ¯’v‡bi Ae¯’vb, Acivci ¯’vb n‡Z `~iZ¡, Mg¨Zv
BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Z`vbyhvqx gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ
cÖfvweZ n‡Z cv‡i|
cvVms‡ÿc:
cÖK…wZi m„ó e¯Íz †hgb, f‚wgi eÜziZv, Rjevqy, Dw™¢R, g„wËKv cÖf…wZi mg¤^q hv gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ I
AvPvi-AvPviY cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv‡K ÔcÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek' e‡j| Avw`ghy‡MI GKgvÎ cÖK…wZi Dci
gvbyl wbf©ikxj wQj| AiY¨, b`x-bvjv ev Rjvkq †_‡K gvbyl Lv`¨ msMÖn KiZ| Zvici †m cï
wkKvi wkLj, AviI c‡i wkLj K…wlKvR I cïcvjb| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZe×KZv m‡Ë¡I
gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZ weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki weeZ©b NU‡Q Ges gvby‡li Kvh©vejx
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡KI cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| D`vniY ¯îƒc, hvwš¿K hvbevn‡bi Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j gvbyl
`~iZ¡ Rq K‡i‡Q, AvenvIqvMZ cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v‡KI †m cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ mnbkxj K‡i wb‡Ri
AvIZvq G‡b‡Q| GB cvi¯úwiK wg_w®Œqv gvby‡li mf¨Zvi mv‡_ Pjgvb Ges cwieZ©bkxj| Z‡e
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †Kvbfv‡eB wbw®Œq bq| gvbyl Ges gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi cÖwZf‚mg~n e¨ZxZ GKwU
AÂ‡j hv wKQy we`¨gvb Zvi me wKQyB cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb| GB cv‡V wbe©vwPZ wKQy
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb ms‡ÿc Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1.1. f‚-gÛ‡ji †h Ae¯’v, kw³ Ges e¯Ízmg~‡ni mvgwMÖK Rxe-RMr‡K Z_v gvbyl‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
ZvB cwi‡ek ev ---- cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek (Physical Environment)|
1.2. cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek‡K †hŠ_fv‡e ---- (Geographic Environment) ejv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
1.3. cÖK…wZi m„ó e¯Íz †hgb f‚wgi eÜziZv, cvwb, evqy, Dw™¢R, g„wËKv cÖf…wZi mg¤^q hv gvby‡li
Kg©KvÛ I AvPvi-AvPviY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv‡K ---- e‡j|
1.4. mg~`ª DcK‚j †iLv ¯’j I R‡ji ----|
1.5. AfMœ DcK‚j †iLv A‡cÿv fMœ DcK‚j‡iLv A‡bK †ekx ---- |
1.6. c„w_exi cÖvq ---- kZvsk †jvK mgf~wg‡Z evm K‡i|
1.7. b`x A‡bK mgq cÖvK…wZK ---- m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|

2.1. cvwb aviY ÿgZv cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j †ekx|
2.2. cÖvPxb hyM †_‡KB gvby‡li Lv`¨ Avni‡Yi Rb¨ b`x I n«` DrK…ó ¯’vb|
2.3. Rjevqy cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki GKwU cÖavb Dcv`vb|
2.4. Mg Pv‡li Rb¨ bvwZkx‡Zvò AÂj Dc‡hvMx|
2.5. wkí Ae¯’v‡bi Dci Rjevqyi cÖfve †bB|
2.6. Dw™¢‡¾i cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li Kg©KvÛI cwieZ©b nq|
2.7. K…wlKvR I evwYwR¨K cïcvj‡bi Rb¨ bvwZkx‡Zvò Z…Yf‚wg AÂj Dc‡hvMx bq|
2.8. K…wlKv‡R g„wËKvi cÖfve AZ¨vwaK|
2.9. giæ AÂ‡ji ÿvihy³ evwjgvwU Pvlvev‡ì AbyK‚j|
mswÿß cÖkœ:
1. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Kv‡K e‡j?
2. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb¸‡jv wK wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Kv‡K e‡j? cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Kiæb|

cvV-1.6 cwi‡ek: mvgvwRK cwi‡ek

◆ cwi‡e‡ki mvgvwRK Ae¯’v; Ges
◆ cÖvK…wZK ebvg mvgvwRK cwi‡ek, gvbyl-cwi‡ek m¤úK© m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
†Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi cÖhyw³MZ `ÿZv, ag©, cÖ_v, ms¯‹vi ev Kzms¯‹vi, Avwe®‹vi I D™¢veb, kni-bMi
cÖf…wZ gvby‡li m„wó Kiv Dcv`vbmg~‡ni gva¨‡g gvby‡li AwfÁvbB ms¯‹…wZ| wbw`©ó gvbe ms¯‹…wZ
cwiPvwjZ Ávb I Rxeb hvÎvi ewn:cÖKvk n‡jv mvgvwRK cwi‡ek|
¯§Z©e¨ †h, cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve wbf©i K‡i gvby‡li mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK ch©vq I Zvi †eva
kw³ ev cÖZ¨ÿ‡Yi (Perception) Ici| ms¯‹…wZ Ges mvgvwRK eë¯’vcbv gvby‡li m„wó| wbw`©ó
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k G¸‡jvB wbqwš¿Z K‡i gvby‡li Rxeb hvÎv Ges Kg©KvÛ| G¸‡jvi AvIZvq
gvbyl bvbvwea m¤ú` eënvi K‡i| gvbyl Zvi Avw` Rxe‡b wQj msMÖnKvix Ges wkKvix| Avw`‡Z
Ab¨vb¨ Rxe RšÍzi mv‡_ gvby‡li Rxeb hvÎvi eo †ekx cv_©K¨ wQj bv| mvs¯‹…wZK I mvgvwRK
weeZ©b I weKv‡ki d‡j gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ e¨vcK cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q|
Z‡e mvs¯‹…wZK I mvgvwRK cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y me Rb‡Mvôxi mgiƒc weeZ©Y I weKvk N‡U bvB ev
mK‡j mgvbfv‡e cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i m¤ú` eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bvB| Avevi †Kvb
†Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi GB weKvk wbw`©ó ch©v‡q N‡U‡Q cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki mxgve×Zv ev wbqš¿‡Yi
d‡jB| G‡Z cÖKvivšÍ‡i gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZ I mgvR cÖK…wZ Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡q‡Q| ZvB cÖvK…wZK
m¤ú` Z_v cÖK…wZi my‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡j cÖhyw³MZ `ÿZv Kv‡R jvMv‡bv Acwinvh©| wbw`©ó
†Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi GB `ÿZv Kv‡R jvMv‡bv n‡”Q wK bv ev Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖhyw³MZ ch©vq wK
ai‡Yi Zv wbf©i K‡i †mB †Mvôxi ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZK `k©b, ag©xq wPšÍvaviv, wkÿvi gvb Ges
mvs¯‹…wZK g~j¨‡eva ev mvgwMÖKfv‡e Zvi mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki Ici| †h mKj ¯’vb cvU Pv‡li
Dc‡hvMx bq †m mKj ¯’v‡b cvU Pv‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡Pôvi †cQ‡b fviZ I cvwK¯’v‡bi ivRbxwZ I
A_©‰bwZK `„wófw½ n‡”Q cvURvZ KvuPvgv‡j ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© nIqv| gymwjg †`kmg~‡n g` I ïKi
Drcv`b bv nIqvi †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q ag©xq Abykvmb I g~j¨‡eva| myZivs ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h †Kej
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D‡cÿv Kiv m¤¢e bq|
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cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Nwbófv‡e hy³| Rxe‡b †Kvb cwieZ©b Avm‡j Zv cwi‡ek‡K
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†hgb:
cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev` (Physical Determinism);
m¤¢ve¨Zvev` (Posibilism); Ges
be¨-wbwgËev` (Neo-Determinism)
cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev`
cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev` 18-19 kZ‡K we‡kl ¸iZ¡ jvf K‡i| GB ZË¡ Abyhvqx g‡b Kiv nq †h,
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GB gZev‡ì cÖavb Dcv`vbmg~n n‡jvÑ
Ñ cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Kvh©-KviY m¤úK©;
Ñ kw³kvjx ev¯ÍeMZ cÖfve;
Ñ cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb; Ges
Ñ ms¯‹…wZ I cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ AeavwiZ m¤úK©|
cÖK…wZ gvbyl‡K Kvh©KiY m¤úK© Øviv Ave× ev wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q| †hgb, giæf‚wg‡Z Dò I weiƒc
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DcK‚jxq AÂ‡j grm¨RxweMY emevm Ges RxweKv AR©b Ki‡Q|
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AÂ‡j †gvUv Ges †mjvB Kiv †cvlvK-AvkvK eëüZ nq| Zv‡Z VvÛv Kg jv‡M| e„wóeûj
Rjevqy AÂ‡j mn‡R cvwb Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ D”P Xvjhy³ evoxi Qv` wbwg©Z nq| k~®‹ giæ AÂ‡j
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wnmv‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk Ki‡e|
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gZev`mg~n
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BD‡iv‡ci Awaevmx‡ì Rxeb-hvÎvi g‡a¨ êcixZ¨ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z cwi‡ekMZ
cv_©‡Kï Rb¨ GB êcixZ¨| cve©Z¨ BD‡iv‡ci gvbyl j¤^v, f`ª I mvnmx; ï®‹ AÂ‡ji K…k ewjó
I mvnmx Ges Gwkqvi gvby‡li g‡a¨ Lv‡Uv, wKQyUv Le©Kvq Ges Ajm êwkó¨ jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb|
GwióUj (384-322 L„: c~) Zvui 'Politics' kxl©K MÖ‡š’I Abyiƒc êwkó¨hy³ êl‡gï K_v D‡jøL
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gaëZ©x MÖxKMY Dfq AÂ‡ji DËg ¸bvejxi AwaKvix Ges †mRb¨ Zviv c„w_exi †miv RvwZ|
Zvi ¯^vÿi †`k kvmb, eëmv evwbR¨ Ges mvs¯‹…wZK weKv‡ki gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ| GKBfv‡e
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K‡i‡Qb| †evw`b (16 kZK) gvby‡li PvwiwÎK êwk‡óï Dci cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve we‡kølY Ki‡Z
wM‡q †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, DËivÂ‡ji †jv‡Kiv cvkweK, ee©i, wbôzi-b„ksm Ges `y:mvnwmK Kv‡R
Drmvnx| cÿvšÍ‡i, `wÿY AÂ‡ji Awaevmxiv cÖwZwnsmv civqb, PZzi I wg_¨v †_‡K mZ¨‡K
Avjv`v K‡i †`Lvi ÿgZv m¤úbœ| GB `yB‡qi gaëZ©x bvwZkx‡Zvò AÂ‡ji Awaevmxiv Dc‡iv³
`yB AÂ‡ji †_‡K †ekx Kg kw³c~Y© Ges Kg-e¨w³Z¡ m¤úbœ|
cieZ©xKv‡j divmx gvbeZvev`x gu‡Z¯‹z Zvui †jLvq gvby‡li Pwi‡Îi Dci Rjevqy I g„wËKvi
cÖfve D‡jøL K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h kxZ cÖavb AÂ‡ji gvbyl `wÿ‡Yi Av`ª© Rjevqy AÂ‡ji gvby‡li
PvB‡Z AwaK kw³kvjx, mvnmx, gb‡Lvjv, w¯’imsKí Ges KvgvZzi| cÿvšÍ‡i `wÿ‡Yi
AwaevmxMY DÏxcbvÿb, Ajm I Kg©wegyL Ges Zviv `ªæZ cÖvYkw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j| wZwb AviI
e‡jb †h, g„wËKvi Dci Rjevqyi cÖfv‡ei d‡j gvwUi Abye©iZv gvbyl‡K `„p‡PZv K‡i Ges MYZš¿
cÖwZôv K‡i| Aciw`‡K, gvwUi De©iZv f‚¯^vgx I AwfRvZ †kªYxi D™¢e NUvq| mvgªv‡Rï we¯Ívi
Ges mvgyw`ªK Awfhv‡bi Rb¨ gnv‡`kxq f‚fv‡Mi Awaevmx‡ì PvB‡Z ØxcvÂ‡ji I DcK‚jxq
Rb‡Mvôx AwaKZi Zrci| BD‡ivcxq Dcwb‡ewkK kw³¸wji wek¦e¨vcx ZrciZv Gi D`vniY|
Bg¨vby‡qj Kv›U gvby‡li Dci cwi‡ekMZ cÖfve †`Lv‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, wbDBsj¨vÛ DcK‚‡ji
Awaevmxiv Aa©gyw`ªZ Pÿzwewkó Ges Zv‡ì gv_v †cQ‡bi w`‡K bv †nwj‡q †ekx `~‡i ZvKv‡Z cv‡i
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`je× K‡i‡Q| Gi d‡j Zviv AwZcÖvK…Z kw³‡Z wek¦vmx Ges kvmK wnmv‡e ivRv‡ì Dci AwZ
wbf©ikxj|
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N‡U‡Q| GB cwiewZ©Z `„wófw½i cÖwZf‚ n‡”Qb Kvj© wiUvi, Av‡jKRvÛvi db nvg‡Ýevì, n¨v‡Kj,
ev‡Kj, †m¤új cÖgyL f‚‡Mvjwe`MY|
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ch©‡eÿK wnmv‡e wZwb (K) gvby‡li Dci g„wËKvi cÖfve, Ges (L) g„wËKvi Dci gvby‡li
Kvh©Kjvc - Df‡qiB ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| ÔEuropa' bvgK `yB L‡Ûi cy¯Í‡K wZwb DcK‚jxq
cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡ei d‡j wbivc` ms¯‹…wZ weKv‡ki †QvU †QvU jvjb‡K›`ª wnmv‡e f‚ga¨mvMixq
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cÖZ¨‡½i Dci giæ cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡ei d‡j ZzK©x‡ì †PvL msKxY© Ges †Pv‡Li cvZv fvix|
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wZwb Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb †h, cwi‡ek gvbyl‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i wKšÍz cÖvß Z_¨ GKwUgvÎ gZev` MV‡b
h‡_ó bq| wZwb e‡jb †h, †Kvb GjvKvi cÖvK…wZK MVb Z_vKvi Awaevmx‡ì ixwZbxwZi Dci
cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i bv| cve©Z¨ GjvKvi Ges mgf‚wg GjvKvi Awaevmx‡ì †PvL h‡_ó wfbœZi bq|
wZwb ÔCosmos' bvgK MÖ‡š’ Giƒc mywePvic~Y© eû g‡bvfve e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb †h,
mgy‡`ªi cÖfv‡ei d‡jB µgk d‡bmxq‡ì Ges cieZ©xKv‡j †n‡jwbK RvwZmg~‡ni kw³ Ges
cÖfve e„w× †c‡q‡Q| nvg‡ev‡ìi G‡nb `„wófw½ wQj wiUv‡ii `„wófw½ †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| cÖvq
GKB mg‡q wjwLZ n‡jI nvg‡ev‡ìi wPšÍvaviv h‡_ó we¯Ívijvf Ki‡Z mg_© nqwb| Z‡e Zuvi
gZvgZ¸wj wbR¯^ MwZ‡eM jvf K‡iwQj|
nvw›UbUb cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki KwZcq we‡kl Dcv`vb (†hgb Rjevqy, f‚-iƒc. g„wËKv, LwbR,
Dw™¢R, RxeRšÍz) wbe©vPb K‡ib Ges H¸wji cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZi Dci wKiƒc kZ©vaxb
cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Zvi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zvui ÔPrinciples of Human Geography'- MÖ‡š’ wZwb
GB ai‡Yi eû D`vniY cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| GB cy¯Í‡K wZwb gvbyl I cwi‡ek m¤úK© ch©v‡jvPbv
Ki‡Z wM‡q c„w_exi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b GB m¤ú‡K©i e¨wZµ‡gi KviY jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb †h, 0º dv ZvcgvÎvi Kg ga¨ Gwkqvi Awaevmxiv †gl ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖvYxi Pvgov w`‡q
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eënvi K‡i| †cvlvK- GB jÿYxq cv_©K¨ RjevqyMZ Dcv`v‡bi cv_©‡Kï Rb¨B N‡U‡Q| evK&j
Zvui ÔHistory of Civilization in England' MÖ‡š’ gvby‡li Kvh©Kjvc ch©v‡jvPbvq m‡Pó n‡q
cvwi‡ewkK cÖfve jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z cwi‡ekMZ cÖfv‡ei d‡j gvby‡li wewea D‡Ïk¨ dz‡U
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cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, gvby‡li Kvh©Kjvc cÖwZwbqZB Zvi
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| G‡Z cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q †h m¤ú` cÖvwß I
e›U‡bi Dci ivwkqv I Avwd«Kvi gvwUi De©iZv Ges BD‡iv‡ci Rjevqyi cÖfve h‡_ó kw³kvjx|
Aciw`‡K n¨v‡Kj Zvui ÔEcology' cy¯Í‡K evK&j& Gi ZË¡ AviI cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| Abyiƒc `„wófw½
†WgwjÝ-Gi †jLvqI cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
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1882)-i Ges Zvui mgmvgwqK †nbwi `¨ ZziwZj-Gi aviYv‡K weKwkZ K‡ib| G Kv‡R †¯Ícf‚wg
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Gwkqvi D`vniY †U‡b wZwb mgvR †h cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Øviv wbqwš¿Z Zv cÖwZcbœ K‡i‡Qb|

†d«WvwiK i¨vU‡Rj I Zvui Abymvwiiv (we‡kl K‡i †mg‡cj) f‚ c„‡ôi RbmsL¨vi e›Ub wKfv‡e
cÖvK…wZK kw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z wZwb Zvui Ànthropogeography' cy¯Í‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|
mgv‡jvPbv
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wbwgËev`x‡ì †P‡q m¤¢ve¨Zvev`xiv gvby‡li Kv‡Ri Dci †ekx ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| eªæ‡b AviI
D‡jøL K‡ib †h, gvby‡li BwZnvm c„w_exi cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb¸wji mv‡_ Mfxifv‡e Ave×|
¯’vb‡f‡` Ges mg‡qi eëav‡b cÖK…wZi mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ gvby‡li Kvh©Kjv‡c wewfbœZv †`Lv †`q|
†m Zvi wbqš¿‡Yi µg ea©gvb cš’v Øviv cÖvK…wZK evav AwZµg K‡i Ges wb‡Ri ¯^vaxbZv cÖwZôv
K‡i| f‚-c„‡ôi me wKQyB gvby‡li Rb¨ Af¨v‡mi e¨vcvi - cÖvK…wZK welqvw` `„pfv‡e Dcjwä Kiv
Ges H me wel‡qi †hŠw³K Awf‡hvR‡bi gva¨‡g †m mn‡RB cÖvK…wZK mxgväZv AwZµg Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
gvwK©b f‚‡Mvjwe` †evg¨vb (1778-1950) `wÿY Av‡gwiKv I BD‡iv‡c ågY K‡i cwi‡e‡ki
Dci gvby‡li wbqš¿‡Yi eû D`vniY jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, Kj¤^v‡mi c~e©eZ©x d«v‡Ý
Avjy, f‚Æv, U‡g‡Uv cÖf…wZ dmj AÁvZ wQj| Kgc‡ÿ `yBwU Rjevqyi Ávb BD‡ivcxq A_©bxwZ‡K
e¨vcKfv‡e cwiewZ©Z K‡i‡Q| A_©vr cÖK…wZ gvbyl‡K †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó c‡_ PvwjZ K‡i bv| Bnv
KwZcq my‡hvM-myweav `vb K‡i Ges gvbyl †m¸wj †_‡K m‡e©vËgwU †e‡Q m¤¢ve¨Zvev`xiv gvby‡li
Kvh©Kjv‡ci †ÿ‡Î Zvi Af¨vm ev AvPi‡Yi Dci †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb| GB AvPiY GKevi cÖwZwôZ
n‡j Zv cwi‡e‡ki As†k cwiYZ nq Ges Zv cieZx© weKv‡ki Dci h‡_ó cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
G‡ÿ‡Î gvby‡li cwi‡ekMZ cÖZ¨ÿYI (Environmental Perception) Zxÿè nq Ges cieZ©x
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Zv mnvqK nq|
be¨ wbwgËev`
be¨ wbwgËev` cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev` A‡cÿv A‡bKUv bgbxq gZev`| GLv‡b wbwgËev`x‡ì
wb‡qš¿‡Yi (Control) ¯’‡j cÖfve (Response) ev mvov Ges djkªæwZ‡Z Lvc LvIqv‡bvi
(Adjustment) cÖwZ be¨ wbwgËev`xiv ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| G‡K wMÖwd_ †UBji ÔAvm I hvI'
(Step and go) wbwgËev` bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
Zvui g‡Z gvbyl †Kvb †`‡ki DbœqY‡K `ªæZZi Ki‡Z, axi Ki‡Z ev eÜ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz
P~ovšÍ we‡ePbvq †Kvb †`‡ki DËg A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi weivU Ask cÖK…wZ Øviv wba©vwiZ nq| gvbyl
hw` weÁ nq Z‡e †m Aek¨B cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki wba©vwiZ c_ †_‡K wePy¨Z n‡e bv| cÖm½‡Z ejv
hvq †h, eb¨v cÖeY AÂ‡j GKwU gvÎv ev ch©vq ch©šÍ eb¨v wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq, wKšÍz GKwU ch©v‡q
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek wbR¯^ wbqš¿Yfvi MÖnY K‡i Ges M„wnZ eë¯’v‡K aŸsm K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
GKBfv‡e cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek wb‡`©wkZ c_ wePy¨wZi djvdj wnmv‡e MÖxb nvDm B‡dómn wewfbœ
gvbe m„ó cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM D`vniY wnmv‡e †`Lv hvq|
be¨ wbwgËev`x‡ì g‡Z gvbyl GKwU bM‡ii hvbevnb wbqš¿‡Ki gZ hvbevn‡bi msL¨v ev nvi
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i wKšÍz cwiKíbv‡K ev Dbœq‡bi w`K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| be¨ wbwgËev`x
gZev` ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h gvby‡li Pvwn`vmg~n cÖK…wZi mv‡_ wbweofv‡e m¤úwK©Z|
†hgb, mgy`ª ZxieZ©x AÂ‡j †hLv‡b ch©vß gv‡Qi mieivn Av‡Q †mLv‡b we‡µZv B”Qv Ki‡jB
wbw`©ó `v‡gi †ekx g~‡j¨ gvQ wewµ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges †µZvI Zv wKb‡Z PvB‡e bv| GLv‡b
Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eo mg¤^qKvix cÖK…wZ wb‡RB|

cvVms‡ÿc:
cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev` I m¤¢ve¨Zvev` `yBwU ci¯úi we‡ivax gZev`| wbwgËev‡` gvbyl‡K cÖvK…wZK
cwi‡e‡ki AvÁveniƒ‡c wPwÎZ Kiv nq| m¤¢ve¨Zvev‡` cwi‡ekMZ kw³‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i gvby‡li
mvs¯‹…wZK I cÖhyw³MZ kw³‡K cÖvavb¨ †Ìqv nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, be¨ wbwgËev‡` gvbyl Zvi Kg©Kv‡Ûi
wbqš¿K Z‡e wbw`©ó cwi‡e‡k GB wbqš¿‡Yi GKUv mxgv‡iLv Av‡Q| GB mxgv‡iLv AwZµg Kiv
wech©qg~jK n‡Z cv‡i| AvaywbK f‚‡Mv‡j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K cÖwZeÜK e‡j g‡b Kiv nq bv;
eis gvbe cwi‡ek wg_w®Œqv‡K AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡cÖ`vb Kiv nq, †hLv‡b gvbyl Ges cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨
GKUv AvšÍ:m¤ú‡K© ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv n‡q‡Q|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.6:
1.1. wbw`©ó gvbe ms¯‹…wZ cwiPvwjZ Ávb I Rxeb hvÎvi ewn:cÖKvk n‡jv -----cwi‡ek|
1.2. ms¯‹…wZ Ges mvgvwRK ----- gvby‡li m„wó|
1.3. gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZ I ----- cÖK…wZ Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡q‡Q|
1.4. gymwjg †`kmg~‡n g` I ----- Drcv`b bv nIqvi †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q ag©xq Abykvmb I
g~j¨‡eva|
1.5. gvbeRxeb I ----- cwi‡ek G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Nwbófv‡e hy³|
1.6. cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev` ----- kZ‡K we‡kl ¸iZ¡ jvf K‡i|
1.7. cÖK…wZ ----- Kvh©KiY m¤úK© Øviv Ave× ev wbqš¿Y K‡i‡Q|
1.8. cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ----- gZev`kªqx|

2.1. wn‡cv‡µ‡Um (420 L„.c~.) Zvui ÔOn Air, Watar and Places' bvgK MÖ‡š’ Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvi
Awaevmx‡ì Rxeb-hvÎvi g‡a¨ êcixZ¨ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
2.2. GwióUj Gi MÖ‡š’i bvg 'Politics'|
2.3. ÷ªv‡ev †iv‡gi DÌvb I †MŠie †¯ú‡bi AvK…wZ f‚-cÖK…wZ, Rjevqy BZ¨vw` Øviv e¨vL¨v Kivi
†Póv K‡i‡Qb|

2.4. †evw`b (16 kZK) gvby‡li PvwiwÎK êwk‡óï Dci cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve we‡kølY Ki‡Z wM‡q
†`wL‡q‡Qb †h, DËivÂ‡ji †jv‡Kiv cvkweK, ee©i, wbôzi-b„ksm Ges `y:mvnwmK Kv‡R
Drmvnx|
2.5. gvbeZvev`x gu‡Z¯‹z kxZ cÖavb AÂ‡ji gvbyl `wÿ‡Yi Av`ª© Rjevqy AÂ‡ji gvby‡li PvB‡Z
AwaK kw³kvjx, mvnmx, gb‡Lvjv, w¯’imsKí Ges KvgvZzi|
2.6. Bg¨vby‡qj Kv›U Gi g‡Z kxZ cÖavb AÂ‡ji Awaevmxiv AwZgvÎvq Ajm I fxiæ|
2.7. wiUvi (1779-1859) me© cÖ_g cwi‡ek m¤úK©xq aviYvi cwieZ©b NUvb|
2.8. nvg‡evì Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb †h, cwi‡ek gvbyl‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
2.9. nvw›UbUb Gi MÖ‡š’i bvg ÔPrinciples of Human Geogrophy'|
2.10.evK&j Gi MÖ‡š’i bvg 'History of Human Civilization in England'|
2.11. wf`vj-`¨-jv-eøvk (1815-1918) cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev` A¯^xKvi K‡i wZwb Zvui gZev`
Dc¯’vcb K‡ib|
2.12. be¨ wbwgËev` cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev` A‡cÿv A‡bKUv bgbxq gZev`|
mswÿß cÖkœ:
1. cwi‡ek Kv‡K e‡j? cwi‡e‡ki †kªYxfvM Kiæb|
2. mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki êwkóvejx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. ms¯‹…wZ I mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© wb‡`©k Kiæb|
4. gvbyl-cwi‡ek m¤úK© ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
5. cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev` gZev` wK?
6. m¤¢ve¨Zvev` gZev` wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. mvgvwRK cwi‡ek Kv‡K e‡j? cÖvK…wZK ebvg mvgvwRK cwi‡ek eY©bv Kiæb|
2. gvby‡li Dci cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve msµvšÍ gZev` mg~‡ni mswÿß Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. cÖvK…wZK wbwgËev` gZev` mgv‡jvPbvmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4. m¤¢ve¨Zvev` gZev` mgv‡jvPbvmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5 be¨ wbwgËev` gZev` Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

DËigvjv : BDwbU-1
cvV-1.1
1.1. gvbe, 1.2. 19, 1.3. 1882, 1891, 1.4. †nUbvi|
2.1. m, 2.2. m, 2.3. wg
cvV-1.2
1.1. AvÂwjK, 1.2. cÖv_wgK, 1.3. ÿz`ª, 1.4. hvPvBKiY, 1.5. Z_¨, 1.6. Z‡Ë¡i|
cvV-1.3
1.1. A_©bxwZK, 1.2. cÖv_wgK, 1.3. †gŠwjK, 1.4. cÖv_wgK, cwiewa©Z, 1.5. †fŠZ, 1.6.
cÖv_wgK, 1.7. Z…Zxq, 1.8. PZz_©|
cvV-1.4
1.1. †fŠ‡MvwjK Awfavb, 1.2. ¯’v‡b, 1.3. ¯’vwbK msMVb, 1.4. AvPiYMZ, 1.5. mvswL¨K
`„wófw½, 1.6. AvPiYMZ `„wófw½|
2.1. m, 2.2. m, 2.3. wg, 2.4. m, 2.5. m, 2.6. wg, 2.7. wg, 2.8. m|
cvV-1.5
1.1. cÖvK…wZK, 1.2. †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡ek, 1.3. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek, 1.4. ms‡hvM¯’j, 1.5.
myweavRbK, 1.6. 90, 1.7. cÖwZeÜKZv|
2.1. wg, 2.2. m, 2.3. m, 2.4. m, 2.5. wg, 2.6. m, 2.7. wg, 2.8. m 2.9. wg|
cvV-1.6
1.1. mvgvwRK, 1.2. eë¯’vcbv, 1.3. mgvR, 1.4. ïKi, 1.5. cÖvK…wZK, 1.6. 18-19, 1.7.
gvbyl‡K, 1.8. WviBD‡bi|
2.1. wg, 2.2. m 2.3. wg, 2.4. m, 2.5. m, 2.6. wg, 2.7. m, 2.8. m, 2.9. m, 2.10. wg,
2.11. m, 2.12. m|

Bdwbu-1: F MVJ: Gkwu Gvbwek ' Wófw

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Bdwbu-1: F MVJ: Gkwu Gvbwek ' Wófw

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BDwbU-1

f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweK `„wófw½

GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q-

cvV-1.1 gvbweK f‚‡Mvj: msÁv I cwiwa

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

◆ gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb kvLvmg~n m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|

gvbweK f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek c„ôv-2

K) gvbe‡Mvwói ev RbmsL¨vi AvqZb/ msL¨v, Bnvi ˆewkó¨ Ges Kg©KvÛ (Spatial);

BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-3

gvbweK f‚‡Mv‡ji cÖavb kvLvmg~n

mvs¯‹…wZK ev b„f‚‡Mvj A_©bxwZK f‚‡Mvj

gvbweK f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek c„ôv-4

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.1

2. mZ¨ n‡j Ôm' wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb:

BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-5

cvV-1.2 gvbweK f‚‡Mvj: jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-

wb‡æ we‡kølY c×wZ¸wji Dci mswÿß Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.2

mswÿß DËi w`b:

BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-7

cvV-1.3 gvbe Kg©KvÛ

GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-

cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ

gvbweK f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek c„ôv-8

BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-9

gvbweK f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek c„ôv-10

gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ

BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-11

Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ:

mviYx- 1.3.3 : Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ûi †kªYxfvM

gvbweK f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek c„ôv-12

Kvh©vejx cÖwZôvb Ae¯’vbMZ ˆewkó¨

PZz_© ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ:

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.3

mswÿß cÖkœ DËi:

BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-15

cvV-1.4 gvbe emwZ Ges Avevm

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

◆ emwZi msÁv Ges `„wófw½;

◆ emwZi wewea msÁv;

◆ emwZ m¤úwK©Z `„wófw½mg~n; Ges

◆ Rjevqy‡f‡` wek¦ RbemwZi web¨vm m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gvbweK f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek c„ôv-16

Ges wµqvKjvcmg~n Gi AšÍM©Z| GwU MÖvgvÂ‡ji GK wb:m½ Avevm A_ev jÿ jÿ RbmsL¨v

Rjevqy‡f‡` wek¦ RbemwZi web¨vm

BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-17

gvbweK f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek c„ôv-18

BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-19

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.4

2. mZ¨ n‡j Ôm' wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb:

2. Rjevqy‡f‡` wek¦ Rbem‡Zi web¨vm Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV-1.5 cwi‡ek : cÖvK…wZK

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

◆ f‚wg eÜziZv m¤^‡Ü; Ges

◆ ce©Z I mgf‚wg m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-21

BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-23

gvbweK f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek c„ôv-24

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 1.5

2. mZ¨ n‡j Ôm' wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb:

BDwbU-1: f‚‡Mvj: GKwU gvbweKx `„wófw½ c„ôv-25

cvV-1.6 cwi‡ek: mvgvwRK cwi‡ek