Fvize L© Gynj KVMB (1526-1707 WL .) : Bdwbu

BDwbU
fviZe‡l© gyNj kvmb (1526-1707 wLª.)

3
f‚wgKv
fviZe‡l© gyNj kvmb (1526-1707 wLª:)
fviZe‡l© gyNj ivRes‡ki m~Pbv BwZnv‡mi GK hyMvšÍKvix I †gvo cwieZ©bKvix NUbv| 1526 wLª. RwniDwÏb
gyn¤§` evei KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ GB esk K‡qK kZvwã a‡i kvmb cwiPvjbv K‡i| Rvbv hvq †h, gyNj kãwU G‡m‡Q
Ô†gv½Õ ev Ô†gv½jÕ kã n‡Z| GB es‡ki cÖwZôvZv RwniæwÏb gynv¤§` evei wQ‡jb wcZvi w`K †_‡K †Pw½m Lvb
Ges gvZvi w`K n‡Z ˆZgyi jO Gi eskai| gyNj esk cÖv_wgKfv‡e Zvi c~Y© wbqš¿b I kw³ wb‡q 1526-1707
wLª÷vã ch©šÍ fviZe‡l© kvmb cwiPvjbv K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z 1757 wLª÷v‡ã cjvkxi hy‡× Bs‡iR‡ì Kv‡Q evsjvi
¯^vaxbZv nviv‡j cieZx© 100 eQi 1857 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ gyNj kvmKMY bvggvÎ kvmK wn‡m‡e cwiYZ nq| Z‡e
†MŠie I Avwac‡Zï hy‡M gyNjiv wQj cvi‡mï mvdvfx I Zzi‡¯‹i Imgvbxq mv¤ªv‡Rï cÖwZØ›`x| GB es‡ki †kÖô
m¤ªvU wQ‡jb AvKei, m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi, kvnRvnvb I AvIi½‡Re cÖgyL| AvKei wQ‡jb ivR¨we‡RZv, mgiK‚kjx Ges
cÖÁvevb I K‚U‰bwZK kvmK| wkíKjv, ê‡`wkK m¤úK© I ¯’vcZ¨ we`¨vq ˆbcyb¨ †`wL‡q‡Qb m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi I
kvnRvnvb| †Muvov mybœx gZev` I ag©xq Abykvm‡bi Rb¨ AvIi½‡Re BwZnv‡m cÖwm× n‡q Av‡Qb| 1857 wLª÷v‡ã
Aemv‡bi AvM ch©šÍ gyNj eskB wQj fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZi †K›`ªwe›`y Ges kw³ I msnwZi Drm, GB es‡ki
Aemv‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wejxb n‡q hvq|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 5 mßvn
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n-
cvV- 1 : fviZe‡l© gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôv: m¤ªvU eve‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡
cvV- 2 : m¤ªvU ûgvqyb: gyNj-AvdMvb Ø›Ø
cvV- 3 : k~i esk: †kikv‡ni kvmb ms¯‹vi
cvV- 4 : †kikv‡ni PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡
cvV- 5 : m¤ªvU AvKei: ivR¨ weRq, ag©bxwZ I ivRcyZ bxwZ
cvV- 6 : m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii kvmb eë¯’v, ms¯‹vimg~n I K…wZZ¡
cvV- 7 : m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi: b~iRvnv‡bi cÖfve, PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡
cvV- 8 : m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb: ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi weKvk, cyÎ‡ì g‡a¨ DËivwaKvi Ø›Ø, PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡
cvV- 9 : m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re: `wÿYvZ¨ bxwZ, ag©bxwZ, kvmb c×wZ, PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡
cvV- 10 : gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZb: KviY I djvdj
cvV- 11 : gyNj‡ì cÖkvmb, Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v
cvV- 12 : gyNj ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b
I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 2q cÎ
cvV-3.1 fviZe‡l© gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôv: mgªvU eve‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 eve‡ii cÖv_wgK Rxeb I Awfhvbmg~n m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy× I Lvbyqvi hy× m¤ú‡K© aviYv wb‡Z cvi‡eb I
 eve‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã dviMvbv, mgiK›`, Kveyj, cv`kvn (ev`kvn), cvwbc_, ivRcyZ, MvRx I AvdMvb
eve‡ii cÖv_wgK Rxeb

Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei wQ‡jb fviZe‡l© gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôvZv| wZwb 1483 wLª÷v‡ãi 14
†deªæqvwi ïµevi ga¨ Gwkqvi ZzwK©¯’v‡bi GK ÿz`ª ivR¨ dviMvbvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| eve‡ii wcZv Dgi †kL wgR©v
wQ‡jb `yal© mgi †bZv ˆZgy‡ii eskai Ges dviMvbv bvgK ÿz`ª iv‡Rï AwacwZ| Zuvi gvZv KzZjyN wbMvi Lvbg
wQ‡jb †gv½j †bZv †Pw½m Lv‡bi Aa¯Íb eskai BDbym Lv‡bi Kb¨v| eve‡ii wcZv Dgi †kL wgR©v 1494 wLª÷v‡ã
AvKw¯§K `yN©Ubvq g„ZzëiY Ki‡j gvÎ 11 eQi eq‡m evei wcZ… wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ekb K‡ib| wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi
AeëwnZ ci evei Zvui wbKU AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb we‡klZ DR‡eK †bZv mvBevbx Lv‡bi cÖej we‡ivwaZvi m¤§yLxb nb|
D‡jøL¨ ga¨Gwkqvi me‡P‡q mg„×kvjx I †mŠ›`h©gq bMix wQj mgiK›`| eve‡ii wcZ…e¨ Avng` wgR©vi g„Zzï-ci
1497 wLª÷v‡ã cÖ_gevi, 1500 wLª÷v‡ã wØZxqevi Ges 1502 wLª÷v‡ã Z…Zxqev‡ii g‡Zv wZwb (evei) mgiK›`
AwaKvi K‡ib| 1503 wLª÷v‡ã GK hy‡× mvBevbx Lvb evei‡K †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ K‡i mgiK›` †_‡K weZvwoZ
K‡ib| GKB mg‡q evei wcZ…ivR¨ dviMvbv †_‡KI weZvwoZ nb| 1504 wLª÷v‡ã evei Kvey‡ji Af¨šÍixY
†Mvj‡hv‡Mi my‡hv‡M wn›`yKzk ce©Zgvjv AwZµg K‡i Kvey‡ji kvmK AvNy©b‡K civwRZ K‡i Kveyj AwaKvi K‡ib|
evei Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B mgMÖ AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b wbR KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZôv K‡i Ôcv`kvnÕ (ev`kvn) Dcvwa MÖnY K‡i 1526
wLª÷vã ch©šÍ Kvey‡ji kvmbÿgZvq AwawôZ wQ‡jb| 1512 wLª÷v‡ã DR‡eK‡ì mv‡_ msNwUZ GK hy‡× evei
civwRZ n‡q mgiK›` †_‡K weZvwoZ nb| AZtci ga¨ Gwkqvq ivR¨ ¯’vcb Am¤¢e g‡b K‡i evei fviZe‡l©i
w`‡K g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|
eve‡ii fviZ Awfhvb
Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei 1526 wLª÷v‡ã msNwUZ HwZnvwmK cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡×i c~‡e© fvi‡Z †ek K‡qKwU
Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb hv mvaviYZ ch©‡eÿYg~jK Awfhvb bv‡g mgwaK cwiwPZ| evei 1520 wLª÷v‡ã
ev`vLmvb Ges 1522 wLª÷v‡ã Kv›`vnvi n¯ÍMZ K‡ib| ¯^xq cyÎ ûgvqyb I Kvgivb‡K h_vµ‡g ev`vLmvb I
Kv›`vnv‡ii kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ K‡ib| †jv`x es‡ki me©‡kl myjZvb Beªvnxg †jv`xi AZ¨vPvi I wbg©g AvPi‡Y Amš‘ó
AvdMvb Avwgi Igivn‡ì we‡kl Aby‡iv‡a cvÄv‡ei ZrKvjxb kvmbKZ©v †`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`x, Beªvwng †jv`xi wcZ…e¨
Avjg Lvb Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei‡K fviZel© Avµg‡Y AvnŸvb Rvbv‡j D”Pvwfjvlx evei Zvui mvgªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi
B”Qv PwiZv_© Kivi Awfcªv‡q GB AvnŸv‡b mvov w`‡q 1524 wLª÷v‡ã jv‡nvi `Lj K‡ib| G mgq evei
wkqvj‡KvU, w`cvjcyi Ges cvÄv‡ei Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vbI AwaKvi K‡ib| GgZve¯’vq †`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`x I Avjg Lvb
eve‡ii g~j D‡Ïk¨ Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡i Zuvi we‡ivwaZv ïiæ Ki‡j evav n‡q evei c~‡Y©v`¨‡g fviZ Awfhvb Avi¤¢
bv K‡i m‰m‡b¨ Kveyj cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 65
cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy× (21 GwcÖj, 1526 wLª.)

cvwbc_ eZ©gvb fvi‡Zi ivRavbx w`wjø †_‡K cÖvq 80 wK‡jvwgUvi DË‡i nwiqvbv iv‡R¨ Aew¯’Z| 1525 wLª÷v‡ã
evei Kveyj †_‡K AvMgb K‡i cvÄv‡ei kvmK †`ŠjZ Lvb †jv`x‡K civwRZ K‡i jv‡nvi Z_v mgMª cvÄve AwaKvi
K‡ib| 1526 wLª÷v‡ãi 21 GwcÖj †jv`x es‡ki me©‡kl myjZvb Beªvwng †jv`x I Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` eve‡ii g‡a¨
HwZnvwmK cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy× msNwUZ n‡qwQj| ÔZzhyK-B-eveyixÕ ev ÔeveibvgvÕi weeiY Abyhvqx cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g
hy‡× eve‡ii †mbvevwnbx‡Z wQj 12,000 c`vwZK, D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K Ak¦v‡ivnx I †Mvj›`vR| GB hy‡× Beªvwng
†jv`xi ˆmbëvwnbx‡Z wQj 1,00,000 ˆmb¨ I 100 n¯Íx| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei
me©cÖ_g GB hy‡× Kvgv‡bi eënvi K‡ib| GB i³ÿqx hy‡× evei Beªvwng †jv`x‡K †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ I wbnZ
K‡ib| cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× Rq jvf Kivi gva¨‡g †jv`x es‡ki cZb N‡U| d‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k myjZvwb kvm‡bi
Aemvb N‡U Ges gyNj es‡ki ivRZ¡ ïiæ nq|
hy‡× eve‡ii mvd‡jï KviY
cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× eve‡ii mvd‡jï cðv‡Z Ab¨Zg KviY wQj| h_v-
1. eve‡ii Zzjbvq Beªvwng †jv`xi ˆmb¨msL¨v A‡cÿvK…Z †ekx nIqv m‡Ë¡I eve‡ii ˆmb¨ evwnbx wQj mywkwÿZ I myk„•Lj|
2. evei GB hy‡× Kvgvbmn Ab¨vb¨ DbœZgv‡bi A¯¿k¯¿ eënvi K‡ib, hv Beªvwng †jv`xi Kv‡Q ARvbv wQj|
3. evei wQ‡jb GKRb `„p PwiÎevb I Kzkjx ˆmb¨va¨ÿ| Ab¨w`‡K Beªvwng †jv`x wQ‡jb ˆmb¨ cwiPvjbv I
hy×we`¨vq GKRb m¤ú~Y© AbwfÁ e¨w³|
4. †mbvcwZ I¯Ív` Avjx I †gv¯Ídvi †bZ…‡Z¡ †Mvj›`vR evwnbxi KZ©e¨wbôv I mywbcyY hy× †KŠkj eve‡ii
mdjZvi Ab¨Zg KviY|
5. bvbv RvwZi AwfÁ ˆmb¨‡ì wb‡q MwVZ AvdMvb evwnbxi g‡a¨ †Kvb GKZv wQj bv| Ab¨w`‡K wewfbœ RvwZi
ˆmb¨‡ì mgš^‡q eve‡ii †mbvevwnbx MwVZ n‡jI Zviv wQj eve‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ HKë×|
6. Beªvwng †jv`xi wbôzi AvPi‡Yi d‡j Avwgi Igivn I AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb wQj Zvui cÖwZ Amš‘ó, hv eve‡ii AbyK‡~ j wQj|
cvwbc‡_i hy‡×i djvdj
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g
hy‡×i djvdj AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges my`~icÖmvix|
GB hy‡× Beªvwng †jv`xi civR‡qi d‡j wZb
kZvwãi AwaKKvj ¯’vqx w`wjø mvjZvbv‡Zi
cwimgvwß N‡U| GB hy‡× eve‡ii weR‡qi d‡jB
fviZe‡l© gyNj mvgªv‡Rï wfwË ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj|
cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× Rq jv‡fi d‡j fviZe‡l©i
wecyj ab-m¤ú` eve‡ii n¯ÍMZ nq| fviZe‡l©
wZwbB me©cÖ_g †Mvj›`vR evwnbx bv‡g GKwU
we‡kl evwnbx M‡o Zz‡jb|
Lvbyqvi hy× (1527 wLª÷vã)
†gev‡ii ivRcyZ †bZv ivbv msMÖvg wms evei‡K
fviZ Avµg‡Y ch©vß mn‡hvwMZvi cÖwZkÖæwZ
cÖ`vb Ki‡jI wZwb Zv iÿv K‡ib wb| ivbv
msMÖvg wms‡ni g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj evei Zvui
c~e©cyiæl ˆZgyi j‡Oi b¨vq fviZel© jyÉb K‡i
wbR †`‡k cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡eb| ZLb ivbv msMÖvg
wmsn Beªvwng †jv`x‡K civwRZ K‡i w`wjø gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï mxgv
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 66
mvjZvbv‡Zi aŸsm¯‘‡ci Dci wn›`y ivR¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡eb| wKš‘ 1526 wLª÷v‡ã evei HwZnvwmK cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g
hy‡× †jv`x es‡ki Aemvb NwU‡q fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gyNj es‡ki †MvovcËb Ki‡j ivRcyZ kw³ †gev‡ii ivbv
msMÖvg wms‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ eve‡ii we‡ivwaZv K‡i| ivbv msMÖvg wmsn wejmvi wmjn`v, aybM‡oi D`qwmsn, gviev‡oi
fxgwmsn, Pv‡›ìxi †g‡n`x ivI cÖgyL AmsL¨ ivRcyZ m`©vi Ges nvmvb Lvb †gIqvwUi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU kw³kvjx
mvgwiK †RvU MVb K‡ib| mw¤§wjZ mvgwiK †Rv‡U ivbv msMÖvg wms‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ 120 Rb ivRcyZ m`©vi, 80 nvRvi
Ak¦v‡ivnx (gZvšÍ‡i 1,20,000 Ak¦v‡ivnx) 5 kZ n¯Íx evwnbx (gZvšÍ‡i 1,000 n¯Íxevwnbx) Ges wecyj msL¨K
†¯^”Qv‡meK eve‡ii weiæ‡× hy×cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡i| wecyj msL¨K ˆm‡bï weiæ‡× evei gvÎ Aí msL¨K ‰mb¨ wb‡q
¯^qs †mbvcwZi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| ivbv msMÖvg wms‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ ivRcyZ‡ì mgš^‡q MwVZ GB wekvj evwnbxi f‡q
fxZmš¿¯¿ ÿz`ª evwnbx‡K evei d«v‡Ýi mgªvU †b‡cvwjqb †evbvcv‡U©i (1769-1821 wLª.) b¨vq GK Abjelx© I
†Z‡Rv`xß fvlY Øviv AwMœg‡š¿ DØy× K‡ib| 1527 wLª÷v‡ãi 16B gvP© AvMÖvi AbwZ`~‡i d‡Zncyi wmwµi wbKU
Lvbyqvi hy× msNwUZ nq| GK weivU ‰mbëvwnbx wb‡q exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ hy× Kiv m‡Ë¡I hy× ‡KŠk‡ji AcKl©Zvi d‡j
ivbv msMÖvg wms‡ni †bZ…Z¡vaxb mw¤§wjZ evwnbx †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nq|
Lvbyqvi hy‡×i djvdj
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m †h mKj hy× fvM¨-wbqš¿YKvix hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Lvbyqvi hy×
Ab¨Zg| 1526 wLª÷v‡ãi HwZnvwmK cvwbc‡_i hy‡×i ci 1527 wLª÷v‡ãi Lvbyqvi hy× AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y©|
†Kbbv cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× w`wjøi †jv`x es‡ki me©‡kl bvggvÎ myjZvb Beªvwng †jv`x civwRZ n‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘
Lvbyqvi hy‡×i d‡j fvi‡Z kw³kvjx HKë× ivRcyZ kw³i †kvPbxq civRq N‡U| GB hy‡× civR‡qi d‡j ivbv
msMÖvg wms‡ni wn›`y ivR¨ cÖwZôvi ¯^cœ wPiZ‡i webó n‡q hvq Ges ivRcyZ kw³i cÖvavb¨ ÿzYœ nq| Lvbyqvi hy‡×
Rqjv‡fi d‡j eve‡ii cÖvavb¨ I fviZe‡l© gyNj mvgªv‡Rï wfwË my`„pfv‡e ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj| evei GB hy‡×
Rqjv‡fi ci Zvui ÿgZvi g~j †K›`ªwe›`y Kveyj †_‡K wn›`y¯’v‡b ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| Lvbyqvi hy‡× ivRcyZ kw³i
cybiæ¾xe‡bi Avkv ¯’vqxfv‡e wejyß K‡i weR‡qi wb`k©b¯îƒc Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei ÔMvRxÕ Dcvwa aviY K‡ib|
†MvMivi hy× (6†g, 1529 wLª.)
Lvbyqvi hy‡× mw¤§wjZ ivRcyZ kw³‡K chy©`¯Í Kivi ci Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei `yal© AvdMvb `jcwZ‡ì `g‡bi
wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡jb| cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× civwRZ I wbnZ Beªvwng †jv`xi åvZv †RŠbcy‡ii ZrKvjxb kvmK
gvngy` †jv`x, wenv‡ii †ki Lvb eve‡ii weiæ‡× GK kw³kvjx †RvU MVb K‡ib| evei wbR cyÎ AvmKvix‡K cvwV‡q
¯^qs hy×hvÎv K‡ib| gvngy` †jv`xi weiæ‡× AvmKvixi †bZ…‡Z¡ †cÖwiZ GB evwnbx cw_g‡a¨ Gjvnvev`, Pzbvi,
†ebvim n¯ÍMZ K‡i cvUbvi mwbœK‡U †MvMiv b`xi Zx‡i evsjv I wenv‡ii AvdMvb‡ì mw¤§wjZ †mbvevwnbx eve‡ii
weiæ‡× hy‡× AeZxY© nq| †RŠbcy‡ii kvmK gvngy` †jv`x I evsjvi kvmK bymiZ kv‡ni †bZ…Z¡vaxb mw¤§wjZ
AvdMvb †mbvevwnbx 1529 wLª÷v‡ãi 6B †g HwZnvwmK †MvMivi hy‡× eve‡ii †bZ…Z¡vaxb gyNj †mbvevwnbxi wbKU
†kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nq| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m †MvMivi hy‡×i ¸iæZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©| †Kbbv 1526
wLª÷v‡ãi cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy× Ges 1527 wLª÷v‡ãi Lvbyqvi hy‡×i ci 1529 wLª÷v‡ãi †MvMivi hy× cwic~iK hy×
wn‡m‡e mgwaK cwiwPZ| GB hy×B wQj eve‡ii eY©vX¨ Rxe‡bi me©‡kl e„nr hy×| GB hy‡×i d‡j AvdMvb‡ì cyb:
msNwUZ nIqvi ÿxY m¤¢vebv wPiZ‡i webó nq|
eve‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡
Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei wQ‡jb GK Abb¨mvaviY e¨w³Z¡m¤úbœ kvmK| wewfbœgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix evei Gwkqvi
BwZnv‡m GK AvKl©Yxq, †ivgvÂKi I †KŠZ~n‡jvÏxcK PwiÎ| evei wQ‡jb mgmvgwqK Gwkqvi kvmK‡ì g‡a¨
me©v‡cÿv `xwßgvb Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix| eve‡ii Pwi‡Î mvgwiK cÖwZfv, eximyjf `y:mvnwmKZv, ivR‰bwZK `~i`„wó,
A`g¨ Aaëmvq, `„p AvZ¥cÖZ¨q, Abb¨mvaviY `ytmvnwmKZv, AUzU g‡bvej, AZzjbxq iYwbcyYZv, `~i`kx©
ivR‰bwZK †gav, agx©q mwnòzZv, wcZ…evrmj¨ Ges Mfxi ggZ¡‡eva cÖf…wZ ¸Yvewji GK Ac~e© mgv‡ek N‡UwQj|
eve‡ii agbx‡Z wek¦ Îvm m„wóKvix ˆZgyi jO I `yal© †Pw½m Lv‡bi †kvwYZ aviv cÖevwnZ wQj| eve‡ii g‡a¨
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 67
ZzKx©‡ì mvnm I Kg©`ÿZvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †gv½j‡ì †ZRw¯^Zv I mgi wbcyYZvi Ges `ya©l© hvhvei ZvZvi‡ì exiZ¡
I Aw¯’iZvi m‡½ cviwmK ms¯‹w… Z I mf¨Zvi GK Ac~e© mswgkªY N‡UwQj| evei wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ wbôvevb GKRb
LvuwU mybœx gymjgvb| 1526 wLª÷v‡ã cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× Beªvnxg †jv`x‡K, 1527 wLª÷v‡ã Lvbyqvi hy‡× †gev‡ii
ivRcyZ †bZv ivbv msMÖvg wmsn‡K, 1528 wLª÷v‡ã Pv‡›ìx Awfhv‡bi mgq †g‡`bx ivI‡K Ges me©‡kl 1529
wLª÷v‡ã †MvMivi hy‡× mw¤§wjZ AvdMvb kw³‡K civ¯Í Kivi g‡a¨ eve‡ii DbœZ mvgwiK †KŠkj, iYwbcyYZv Ges
GKRb mdj mgi bvq‡Ki K…wZZ¡ dz‡U D‡V| fviZe‡l© gyNj es‡ki cÖwZôv K‡i Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei GK
bZzb mvgªv‡Rï †MvovcËb K‡ib|
kvmK wn‡m‡e eve‡ii K…wZZ¡
Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei 1530 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ gyNj mvgªvR¨ kvmb K‡ib| Zuvi mgq gyNj mvgªvR¨ cwð‡g Kveyj
†_‡K c~‡e© wenvi Ges DË‡i wngvjq †_‡K `wÿ‡Y Pv‡›`wi ch©šÍ we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| gvÎ Pvi eQ‡ii mswÿß
ivRZ¡Kv‡j evei wekvj mvgªv‡R¨ myôz kvmb eë¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi mgq ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y wewRZ AÂje¨vcx Pjgvb
kvmbeë¯’v‡KB Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| Z‡e evei Lwjdvi ÿgZv‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i ¯^qs Ôev`kvnÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|
wZwb c~e©eZx© Avg‡j cÖPwjZ mvgšÍ cÖ_v I RvqMxi`vix cÖ_v Pvjy ivL‡jI Zv‡ì ÿgZv I cÖfve mxwgZ K‡ib|
eve‡ii kvmbvg‡j wefvMxq cÖavb Ges ev`kv‡ni mv‡_ ga¨¯’ZvKvixi f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Zb cÖavbgš¿x wbRvgDwÏb
Lwjdv| cÖv‡`wkK kvmbeë¯’v cwiPvwjZ nZ Iqvjx (cÖv‡`wkK MfY©i) wÌqvb (ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v), wmK`vi (mgi
Kg©KZ©v) I †KvZqvj (bMi Kg©KZ©v) cÖgyL Kg©KZ©v‡ì Øviv| evei mgMÖ mvgªvRë¨vcx 15 gvBj AšÍi AšÍi
WvK‡PŠwKi eë¯’v K‡ib|
wkí I mvwnZ¨vbyivMx wn‡m‡e eve‡ii K…wZZ¡
Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei wQ‡jb wkí I mvwnZ¨vbyivMx Ges GKRb iæwPkxj kvmK| wZwb w`wjø I AvMÖvq 20wU
D`¨vb, eû cvKv b`©gv, †mZz I AÆvwjKv wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| exi‡hv×vI mgiKzkjx eve‡ii mvwnZ¨vbyivM wQj
cÖMvp| wZwb ZzKx© I dvwm© fvlvq h‡_ó ey¨rcwË jvf K‡ib| wZwb ZzwK© I dvwm© fvlvq AmsL¨ KweZv iPbv K‡ib|
Zvui iwPZ ZzwK© KweZvi msKjb ÔwÌqvbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| dvwm© fvlvq evei GK cÖKvi bZzb Q›` Avwe®‹vi K‡ib hv
mvaviYZ ÔgyeBqvbÕ bv‡g mycwiwPZ| Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` eve‡ii mvwnZ¨vbyiv‡Mi †kªô wb`©kb ZzwK© fvlvq iwPZ
AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖš’ ÔZzhyK-B-eveixÕ| ÔZzhyK-B-eveixÕ gyNj BwZnv‡mi GK Ag~j¨ `wjj|
wkÿv_©xi KvR kvmK wn‡m‡e eve‡ii K…wZZ¡ gyj¨vqb Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc :
Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gyNj mvgªv‡Rï †MvovcËb K‡ib| 1494 wLª÷v‡ã gvÎ 11 eQi
eq‡m wcZ… wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnYKvix evei Kv‡ji cwiµgvq wcZ…ivR¨ dviMvbv I mgiK›` †_‡K weZvwoZ n‡q
1504 wLª÷v‡ã Af¨šÍixY †Mvj‡hvM I wek„•Ljvi my‡hv‡M Kveyj `Lj K‡ib| evei fviZe‡l© K‡qKwU
ch©‡eÿYg~jK Awfhv‡b mdjZv jv‡fi ci 1526 wLª÷v‡ã cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× †jv`x es‡ki me©‡kl myjZvb
Beªvwng †jv`x‡K nZ¨v K‡i w`wjø mvjZvbv‡Zi ¯’‡j gyNj es‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| eve‡ii wcZvi bvg wQj-
K. kvqevbx Lvb L. Dgi kixd M. Dgi †kL wgR©v N. Avng` wgR©v
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 68
2| evei wcZ… wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib-

K. gvÎ 8 eQi eq‡m L. gvÎ 9 eQi eq‡m M. gvÎ 10 eQi eq‡m N. gvÎ 11 eQi eq‡m
3| evei Kv›`vnvi n¯ÍMZ K‡ib-
K. 1520 wLª÷v‡ã L. 1521 wLª÷v‡ã M. 1522 wLª÷v‡ã N. 1523 wLª÷v‡ã
4| cvwbc_ eZ©gvb fvi‡Zi-
K. ZvwgjbvWz iv‡R¨ Aew¯’Z L. ¸Riv‡U Aew¯’Z M. †Z‡j½vbv iv‡R¨ Aew¯’Z N. nwiqvbv iv‡R¨ Aew¯’Z
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
wmivR Avjx kvn mgMÖ ga¨hy‡Mi BwZnv‡m GKwU AvKl©bxq Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb gvÎ 12 eQi eq‡m
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib Ges cieZ©x‡Z GK hy‡×i gva¨‡g fviZe‡l© GKwU ¯^vaxb ivRes‡ki cÖwZôvi gh©v`v jvf
K‡ib| GB ivReskwU my`„p Ki‡Z Zv‡K ivRcyZ‡ì mv‡_ GK msMÖv‡g wjß n‡Z n‡qwQj, †hwU fviZ‡el©i cieZ©x
BwZnv‡mi cjvkx I e·v‡ii hy‡×i Abyiƒc wQj|
1. gyNj esk KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq? 1
2. cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy× m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| 2
3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ kvm‡Ki mv‡_ Avcbvi cvV¨ eB‡qi ivRcyZ‡ì mv‡_ msNwUZ hy‡×i djvdj Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb| 3
4. gyNj es‡ki cÖwZôvZv kvm‡Ki PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ cvV¨ eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Kiæb| 4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 69
cvV-3.2 mgªvU ûgvqyb: gyNj-AvdMvb Ø›Ø I mgªvU ûgvqyb (1530-40; 1555-56 wLª.)
D‡Ïk¨
 ûgvqy‡bi cÖv_wgK Rxeb I wmsnvmbv‡ivnY m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †kikv‡ni mvdj¨ I ûgvqy‡bi e¨_©Zvi KviY m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb I
 mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã AvdMvb, gyNj, evijvm, `vìvn, Pzbvi, `yM©, myiæRMo, RvbœvZvev` I wejMÖvg
cÖv_wgK Rxeb I wmsnvmbv‡ivnY

gyNj es‡ki cÖwZôvZv Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` eve‡ii †R¨ôcyÎ ûgvqyb 1508 wLª÷v‡ã wkqv gvZv gvwng
†eM‡gi M‡f© Kvey‡j Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui Aci wZb åvZv wQ‡jb Kvgivb, AvmKvix Ges wn›`vj| evj¨Kv‡jB
ûgvqyb Aviwe, dvm©x I ZzKx© fvlvmn Kve¨ I mvwn‡Zï cvkvcvwk MwYZ, †R¨vwZwe©`¨v, `k©b cÖf…wZ wel‡q cvwÐZ¨
AR©b K‡ib| eve‡ii kvmbvg‡j ûgvqyb ev`vLkvb, wnmvi wd‡ivRv Ges m¤^‡ji kvmK wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
wcZv eve‡ii g„Zzï ci 1530 wLª÷v‡ãi 30 †k wW‡m¤î gvÎ 23 eQi eq‡m wcZ… g‡bvbqb Abymv‡i ûgvqyb Ôbvwmi
DwÏb gyn¤§` ûgvqybÕ bvg aviY K‡i w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi AeëwnZ ci mgªvU ûgvqyb wcZ… wb‡`©k Abymv‡i Zvui åvZv Kvgivb‡K Kveyj I Kv›`vnv‡ii,
wn›`vj‡K AvjIqvi I †gIqv‡U Ges AvmKvix‡K m¤^‡ji kvmK wn‡m‡e wbhy³ K‡ib| GQvovI wcZ…e¨ cyÎ wgR©v
myjvqgvb‡K wZwb ev`vLkv‡bi kvmbfvi Ac©Y K‡ib| mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj‡K `yÕwU c‡e© wef³ Kiv hvq| cÖ_g
c‡e© 1530-1540 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ Ges wØZxq c‡e© 1555-1556 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ wZwb fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gyNj
es‡ki wØZxq kvmK wn‡m‡e ÿgZvq AwawôZ wQ‡jb| ga¨Lv‡b 1540-1555 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ wZwb †ki Lvb (†ki
kvn) KZ©„K weZvwoZ n‡q cvi‡mï kvmK kvn Zvngvm‡ci ivRìev‡i AvwkÖZ wQ‡jb|
gyNj-AvdMvb Ø‡›Øi m~ÎcvZ
AvdMvb kw³i we‡ivwaZvB wQj mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji me©v‡cÿv KwVb mgm¨v| 1526 wLª÷v‡ã cvwbc‡_i
cÖ_g hy‡× civwRZ I wbnZ myjZvb Beªvwng †jv`xi åvZv gvngy` †jv`x‡K w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ekb Kivi loh‡š¿
AvdMvb AwfRvZ †kªwYi mv‡_ ey‡›`jL‡Ði kvmbKZ©vI wjß wQ‡jb| 1531 wLª÷v‡ã ûgvqyb ey‡›`jL‡Ði ivRvi
weiæ‡× AMÖmi n‡q KvwjÄi `yM© Ae‡iva K‡ib| wKš‘ A`~i`k©x mgªvU ûgvqyb cÖPzi A‡_©i wewbg‡q GB Ae‡iva
cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bb| 1531 wLª÷v‡ã w`wjøi †jv`x es‡ki me©‡kl myjZvb Beªvnxg †jv`xi åvZv gvngy` †jv`xi
†bZ…‡Z¡ AvdMvbiv †RŠbcy‡ii weiæ‡× Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i †RŠbcy‡ii gyNj kvmK RybvB` evijvm‡K weZvwoZ
K‡ib| AvdMvb evwnbxi wek„•Ljvi my‡hv‡M ûgvqyb 1532 wLª÷v‡ã j‡ÿèŠi mwbœK‡U `vìvn ev †`Šivni hy‡×
mw¤§wjZ AvdMvb kw³‡K AZ¨šÍ †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ K‡ib| wbiƒcvq n‡q gvngy` ‡jv`x cvUbv Ges K‡qKw`b
ci evsjvq Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| gvngy` †jv`x evsjvq g„ZzëiY Ki‡j †jv`x AvdMvb es‡ki cwimgvwß N‡U|
AvdMvb evwnbxi GKwU weivU Ask AvdMvb †bZv †ki Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ evivbmxi `wÿY-cwð‡g M½vi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z
Pzbvi `y‡M© Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| mgªvU ûgvqyb Pzbvi `y‡M©i D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv K‡ib| ûgvqyb `xN© 4 gvm a‡i Pzbvi `yM©
Ae‡iva K‡i iv‡Lb| wKš‘ B‡Zvg‡a¨ ¸Riv‡Ui kvmK evnv`yi kvn AvMÖv Awfhvb K‡ib| G msev‡` wePwjZ n‡q
mgªvU ûgvqyb †kiLv‡bi †gŠwLK AvbyM‡Z¨ wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i wenvi I Pzbvi `yM© iÿbv‡eÿ‡Yi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡i
AvMÖvq cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| Pzbvi `yM©wU †kiLv‡bi n‡¯Í mgc©Y K‡i mgªvU ûgvqyb ivR‰bwZK A`~i`wk©Zvi cwiPq
†`b| †Kbbv GB `yM©‡K †K›`ª K‡i †kikvn wb‡Ri kw³ I ÿgZv e„w× K‡ib Ges ûgvqy‡bi me©v‡cÿv kw³kvjx
kÎæ‡Z cwiYZ nb|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 70
ûgvqyb I evnv`yi kv‡ni msNl©

¸Riv‡Ui evnv`yi kvn wQ‡jb GKRb D”Pvwfjvlx I cÖfvekvjx kvmK| wZwb wQ‡jb cvVvb kw³i Drm| cÖej
cÖZvckvjx myjZvb evnv`yi kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kvj‡K ¸Riv‡Ui BwZnv‡m ¯^Y©hyM e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Zvui kvmbvg‡jB
¸Riv‡Ui mgwaK we¯Í…wZ mvwaZ n‡qwQj| evnv`yi kvn 1531 wLª÷v‡ã gvje, 1532 wLª÷v‡ã ivqmxb `Lj Ges
1533 wLª÷v‡ã wP‡Zv‡ii wk‡kv`xq †bZ…e„›`‡K civ¯Í K‡ib Ges †eivi, Lv‡›`k I Avng`bM‡ii weiæ‡× mdj
Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
D”PvKv•ÿx evnv`yi kvn w`wjø AwaKv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ gynv¤§` Rvgvb gxR©v‡K Avkªq I mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i mgªvU
ûgvqy‡bi weiæ‡× we‡`ªv‡n cÖ‡ivPbv `vb K‡ib| GQvov I wZwb AvdMvb †bZv Avjg Lvb †jv`xi cyÎ ZvZvi Lvb‡K
gyNj mvgªvR¨fz³ weqvbv AÂj AwaKvi Kivi e¨vcv‡i mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡ib| GQvov myjZvb evnv`yi kvn
AmsL¨ we‡`ªvnx AvdMvb †bZ…e„›`‡K Zvi iv‡R¨ Avkªq cÖ`vb K‡i mgªv‡Ui †µv‡ai D‡`ªK K‡ib| 1534 wLª÷v‡ãi
†k‡li w`‡K mgªvU ûgvqyb gvje Mgb Kivi mgq ¸RivUx‡ì Øviv AZ¨vPvwiZ I DrcxwoZ n‡q †gev‡ii ivYx
KY©veZx mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi mv‡_ ivLx eÜ‡bi (åvZ…‡Z¡i eÜ‡bi) cÖ¯Ívemn mvnvh¨ Kvgbv Ki‡j mgªvU evnv`yi kv‡ni
weiæ‡× GK wecyj ˆmbëvwnbx wb‡q AMÖhvÎv K‡ib|
gv›`v‡mvi hy× (1535 wLª.)
Dc‡ivwjøwLZ KviY mg~‡ni cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z 1535 wLª÷v‡ãi GwcÖj gv‡m gv›`v‡mvi wbKU GKwU K…wÎg ü‡ì ZxieZx©
¯’v‡b myjZvb evnv`yi kvn I mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi †mbvevwnbxi g‡a¨ GK Zzgyj hy× msNwUZ nq| GB hy‡× evnv`yi kvn
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e civwRZ nb Ges gyNj †mbvevwnbx KZ…©K weZvwoZ n‡q GKch©v‡q cZ©zMxR‡ì AwaK…Z w`D bvgK Øx‡c
Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡jb| ûgvqyb AZtci gvje, Pv¤úv‡bi `yM© Ges `ªæZMwZ‡Z ¸Riv‡Ui ivRavbx Avng`vev`
n¯ÍMZ K‡ib| Gmgq gyNj evwnbx ¸RivU Ges Pv¤úv‡bi `yM© †_‡K cÖPzi abiZœ jvf K‡i| mgªvU ûgvqyb ¸Riv‡Ui
kvmb fvi Zvi fvB AvmKvixi Dci b¨¯Í K‡i AvMÖvq P‡j Av‡mb| wKš‘ AvmKvix wQ‡jb A‡hvM¨ I AKg©Y¨| Zvi
Ackvm‡b ¸Riv‡U AivRKZv †`Lv †`q Ges GB AivRKZv I †Mvj‡hv‡Mi my‡hv‡M evnv`yi kvn cZz©MxR‡ì
mnvqZvq gyNj‡ì nvZ †_‡K cyb:ivq ¸RivU D×vi K‡ib|
ûgvqy‡bi mv‡_ †kiLv‡bi msNvZ
†kiLv‡bi evj¨ bvg wQj dwi`| wZwb wQ‡jb AvdMvb RvwZi ïi Dc`jfy³| Zvui wcZv nvmvb wQ‡jb wenv‡ii
mvmviv‡gi RvqMxi`vi| 1528 wLª÷v‡ã Pv‡›ìx `yM©weR‡qi mgq mgªvU Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei‡K †kiLvb
(†kikvn) mwµqfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡ib| cÖxZ n‡q mgªvU evei cyi¯‹vi¯îƒc †kiLvb‡K wcZ… RvqMxi
mvmviv‡g cyb: cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| 1530 wLª÷v‡ã †kiLvb evivbmxi wbKUeZx© Pzbvi `y‡M©i AwacwZ ZvR Lv‡bi weaev
cZ¥x jv` gvwjKv‡K weevn Kivi gva¨‡g Pzbvi `y‡M©i KZ…©Z¡ jvf K‡ib| †kiLv‡bi µgea©gvb kw³e„w×‡Z kw¼Z
n‡q mgªvU ûgvqyb 1531 wLª÷v‡ã Pzbvi `yM© Ae‡iva K‡ib|
wKš‘ AZ¨šÍ K~U‡KŠkjx Ges ivRbxwZ‡Z `~i`kx© †kiLvb ûgvqy‡bi †gŠwLK AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi Ki‡j wZwb Ae‡iva
cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bb| BZerm‡i †kiLv‡bi DË‡ivËi kw³ e„w×‡Z kw•LZ n‡q wenv‡ii AwfRvZ †kªwY I kvmK
RvjvjLvb evsjvi myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb gvngy‡ì mnvqZvq †kiLvb‡K `gb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ hy‡× AeZxY© nb| evsjv
I wenv‡ii mw¤§wjZ evwnbx Ges †ki kv‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ AvdMvb evwnbxi g‡a¨ gy‡½‡ii wbKUeZx© wKDj b`xi Zx‡i
Aew¯’Z myiæRMo bvgK ¯’v‡b GK Zzgyj hy× msNwUZ nq| 1534 wLª÷v‡ãi gvP© gv‡m msNwUZ GB hy‡× evsjv I
wenv‡ii mw¤§wjZ evwnbx‡K †ki Lvb †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ K‡ib| GB hy‡× Rqjv‡fi ci †ki Lvb cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
wenv‡ii Awemsevw`Z AwacwZ wn‡m‡e Avwef~©Z nb| †kiLvb evsjvi kvmbKZ©v gvngy` kv‡ni weiæ‡× 1536
wLª÷v‡ã AMÖmi n‡j `ye©j kvmK gvngy` kvn ‡Zi jÿ ¯^Y©gy`ªv Ges wKDj n‡Z mKwiwMwj ch©šÍ AÂjwU †ki Lv‡bi
Aax‡b b¨¯Í K‡i wb‡R mwÜ ¯^vÿi Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| †kiLvb 1537 wLª÷v‡ãi A‡±vei gv‡m cybivq evsjv AvµgY
K‡i ivRavbx †MŠo Aeiæ× Ki‡jb| G mgqKv‡j mgªvU ûgvqyb ¸RivU Awfhv‡b e¨¯Í wQ‡jb| †kiLv‡bi DË‡ivËi
I µgvMZ kw³ e„w×‡Z kw¼Z n‡q wZwb ¸RivU Awfhvb Am¤úbœ †i‡L ‰mbëvwnbx wb‡q evsjv Awfgy‡L AMÖmi
nb| mgªvU ûgvqyb 1537 wLª÷v‡ãi wW‡m¤î gv‡m †kikv‡ni cÖavb NvuwU Pzbvi `yM© Aeiæ× K‡ib| GwU wQj mgªv‡Ui
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 71
A`~i`kx© wm×všÍ| Ab¨w`‡K †kiLvb 1538 wLª÷v‡ãi GwcÖj gv‡mi g‡a¨ †MŠo Rq K‡ib Ges GKB mv‡_ †MŠ‡oi
kvmK myjZvb wMqvm DwÏb gvngy` kvn‡K †mLvb †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib| GQvovI wZwb †ivUvm `yM©wU I `Lj
K‡ib| 1538 wLª÷v‡ãi ga¨fv‡M mgªvU ûgvqyb Pzbvi `yM© Rq m¤úbœ K‡i evsjvi w`‡K AMÖmi nb| wKš‘ GwU wQj
mgªv‡Ui GKwU wejw¤^Z c`‡ÿc| 1538 wLª÷v‡ãi RyjvB gv‡m m‰m‡b¨ †MŠ‡o cÖ‡ek K‡ib| †MŠ‡oi g‡bvig
AvenvIqv ûgvqyb‡K cÖejfv‡e Av‡jvwoZ K‡i| wZwb cÖxZ n‡q Gi bvg iv‡Lb RvbœvZvev`| AZ¨šÍ Kzkjx Ges
`~i`kx© †kiLvb m¤§yL mg‡i AeZxY© bv n‡q ûgvqyb‡K †MŠo `Lj Kivi my‡hvM †`b Ges ¯^qs AMÖmi n‡q mgMÖ
wenvi `Lj K‡ib| wZwb GgbwK †RŠbcyi I K‡bŠR AwaKvi K‡i ûgvqy‡bi evsjv †_‡K AvMÖvq cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi c_
iæ× K‡i †`b|
†PŠmvi hy× (1539)
mgªvU ûgvqyb †MŠo cwiZ¨vM Kivi c~‡e© Rvnv½xi Kzjx †eM‡K evsjvi kvmbfvi Ac©Y K‡ib| ûgvqyb Zvui wekvj
ˆmbëvwnbx wb‡q AvMÖv Awfgy‡L hvÎv Ki‡jb| wKš‘ `yfvM©¨µ‡g cw_g‡a¨ e·v‡ii wbKUeZx© †PŠmv bvgK ¯’v‡b
†kiLvb I Zvui AvdMvb AbyP‡iiv mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡ib| 1539 wLª÷v‡ãi 26 Ryb †PŠmvq
Dfqc‡ÿi g‡a¨ GK Zxeª hy× msNwUZ nq| GB hy× fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m †PŠmvi hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB
hy‡× ûgvqyb †kvPbxq fv‡e civwRZ nq| †kiLv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvdMvb evwnbx gyNj evwnbx‡K QÎf½ K‡i †`q|
A‡bK ‰mb¨ Ab‡b¨vcvq n‡q M½v b`x‡Z Suvwc‡q c‡owQj| wKš‘ G‡Z A‡b‡KiB mwjj mgvwa N‡UwQj wbRvg bv‡gi
GK wfw¯ÍIqvjvi mvnv‡h¨ mgªvU ûgvqyb Rxeb iÿv Ki‡jb| †PŠmvi hy‡× †ki Lv‡bi Rqjvf fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k
AZ¨waK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| †Kbbv Gi d‡j †ki Lv‡bi ivR¨ cwðg w`‡K K‡bŠR n‡Z c~‡e© Avmvg I PÆMÖvg Ges
DËi w`‡K †ivUvm n‡Z `wÿY w`‡K exif~g ch©šÍ we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| GB hy‡×i ci †kiLvb †kikvn Dcvwa aviY
K‡ib Ges wbR bv‡g gy`ªv cÖPjb I cv‡Vi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib| cÿvšÍ‡i GB hy‡× ûgvqy‡bi civR‡qi gva¨‡g
gyNj‡ì mvgwiK I K~U‰bwZK `ye©jZv cÖùywUZ nq|
K‡bŠR ev wejMÖv‡gi hy× (1540)
†PŠmvi hy‡×i civR‡qi Møvwb `~ixf~ZKiY Ges üZ †MŠie cybiæ×vi Kivi gvb‡m mgªvU ûgvqyb cybivq ˆmbëvwnbx
msMV‡b g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| Gmgq wZwb wbR åvZv‡ì Kv‡Q cÖ‡qvRbxq ˆmb¨ mvnv‡hï Av‡e`b K‡iI e¨_© nb|
Ae‡k‡l mgªvU ûgvqyb †Mvj›`vR evwnbxmn GK wekvj †mbvevwnbx mnKv‡i †kikv‡ni weiæ‡× AMÖmi nb| 1540
wLª÷v‡ãi 17 †g K‡bŠ‡Ri wbKUeZx© wejMÖvg bvgK ¯’v‡b gyNj I AvdMvb ˆmbëvwnbxi g‡a¨ GK Zzgyj hy×
msNwUZ nq| GB hy× Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m K‡bŠR ev wejMÖv‡gi hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB hy‡× †ki kv‡ni
ˆmb¨msL¨v wQj 15 nvRvi| wKš‘ `yfv©MëkZ mgªvU ûgvqyb GB hy‡×I AvdMvb‡ì nv‡Z civwRZ nb| K‡bŠ‡Ri
hy‡×i gg©vwšÍK civR‡qi ci mgªvU ûgvqyb Avkª‡qi mÜv‡b †`k †_‡K †`kvšÍ‡i Ny‡i †eovb| Ae‡k‡l cvi‡mï
kvmK kvn Zvngvm‡ci ivR ìev‡i Avkªq jvf K‡ib Ges 1540 wLª÷vã †_‡K 1555 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †mLv‡bB
wQ‡jb| GB hy‡× †ki kv‡ni Rqjv‡fi d‡j 1526 wLª÷v‡ã Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` evei KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ gyNj
mvgªv‡Rï mvgwqK Aemvb N‡UwQj| †kikvn fviZe‡l© AvdMvb k~ix es‡ki kvmb eë¯’v cÖwZwôZ Ki‡jb|
†kikv‡ni mvdj¨ I ûgvqy‡bi e¨_©Zvi KviY:
†kikv‡ni mvdj¨ I ûgvqy‡bi e¨_©Zvi KviY wn‡m‡e wb‡gœv³ welq¸‡jv‡K D‡jøL Kiv hvq|
cÖ_gZ; mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi A`~i`wk©Zv
†kikv‡ni wbKU ûgvqy‡bi civR‡qi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY n‡jv mgªv‡Ui A`~i`wk©Zv| wcZv mgªvU eve‡ii AwšÍg
B”Qvbyhvqx ûgvqyb wmsnvmbv‡ivn‡Yi AeëwnZ ci Zvui Aci wZb åvZv Kvgivb, AvmKvix I wn›`vj Ges wbR
wcZ…e¨cyÎ †mv‡jgvb gxR©vi g‡a¨ mvgªvR¨ e›UY K‡i ivR‰bwZK AcwicK¡Zvi cÖgvY †`b| †PŠmvi hy‡× civwRZ
nIqvi ci mgªvU ûgvqyb hLb K‡bŠ‡Ri hy‡×i cÖ¯yÍwZi Rb¨ wbR fvªZv‡ì wbKU ‰mb¨ mvnvh¨ Kvgbv K‡ib ZLb
wZwb Zv‡ì Øviv cÖZ¨vL¨vZ nb| djkÖæwZ‡Z mgªvU ûgvqyb †kikv‡ni wbKU civwRZ nq Ges †`k Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨
nb|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 72
wØZxqZ; myôz cwiKíbvi Afve

myôy Ges mywbw`©ó cwiKíbvi Afve mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi e¨_©Zvi Av‡iKwU KviY| GKRb my`ÿ Ges wbf©xK †hv×v nIqv
m‡Ë¡I Zvui mycwiKíbvi eoB Afve wQj| wZwb A‡cÿvK…Z Kg kw³kvjx ¸Riv‡Ui evnv`yi kv‡ni weiæ‡× Ah_v
mgq bó K‡ib| A_P †ki kv‡ni kw³e„w×i wel‡q wZwb wQ‡jb m¤ú~Y© D`vmxb| Pybvi `yM© R‡qi ci mgªvU ûgvqyb
`xN© mgq bó K‡ib| evsjv‡K ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ bvgKiY K‡i wZwb evsjvq cÖvq 8 gvm Avivg-Av‡q‡k Wz‡e _v‡Kb|
Ggwb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z `~i`kx© †kikvn Pzbvi `yM© cybivq `Lj K‡i †ebvim, †RŠbcyi I K‡bŠR ch©šÍ Mgb K‡ib|
Z…ZxqZ; my‡hvM¨ †mbvevwnbxi Afve
mgªvU ûgvqyb †kikv‡ni weiæ‡× hy‡× AeZxY© nIqvi Rb¨ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ ˆmb¨ msMÖn K‡ib| hviv wQj hy× we`¨vq
AbwfÁ Ges Abychy³| gyNj †mbvevwnbx MwVZ n‡qwQj wewfbœ RvwZi †jvK‡ì mswgkª‡Y| hv‡ì gv‡S wQbv wQj
‡Kv‡bv GKZv, bv wQj †Kvb wbqgk„•Ljv| Ab¨w`‡K †kikv‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ AvdMvb ˆmbëvwnbx wQj AZ¨šÍ myk„•Lj,
GKZve× Ges m‡e©vcwi RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvq DØy×|
PZz_©Z; ¯^xq fvB‡ì wek¦vmNvZKZv
mgªvU ûgvqyb wQ‡jb mnR mij gvbyl wZwb åvZ…‡ì cÖwZ we‡klfv‡e †mœncivqY wQ‡jb| wKš‘ Pig wec‡ì mg‡qI
ûgvqyb Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K †Kv‡bviƒc mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv cvb wb| Dciš‘ mgªvU ûgvqyb wbR åvZv‡ì wek¦vmNvZKZvi
¯^xKvi nb| GQvovI ûgvqyb AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡ì I we‡ivwaZvi m¤§yLxb nb| Ab¨w`‡K †kikvn wQ‡jb AvdMvb RvwZi
Avkv-AvKv•ÿvi cÖZxK| ûgvqy‡bi weiæ‡× AvdMvbiv †ki kvn‡K c~Y© mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv Ges GKwbô mg_©b cÖ`vb
K‡ib|
cÂgZ; ûgvqy‡bi PvwiwÎK `ye©jZv
mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi PvwiwÎK `ye©jZv Zvui e¨_©Zvi Ab¨Zg KviY| `~i`k©x ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv-fvebvi Afve, gvbyl‡K
A‡nZzK wek¦vm Kiv, †n‡i‡gi my‡L Mv fvwm‡q †Ìqv Ges AwZwi³ cwigvY Avwdg †meb cÖf…wZ PvwiwÎK `ye©jZv
mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi g‡a¨ cwijwÿZ nq| Gme PvwiwÎK `ye©jZvi d‡j wZwb mg‡qvc‡hvMx wm×všÍ Ges Kvh©Ki eë¯’v
MÖnY Ki‡Z Amg_© wQ‡jb `~i`„wóm¤úbœ Ges K~U‡KŠk‡ji AwaKvix †ki kv‡ni †gŠwLK AvbyMZ¨‡K wek¦vm ¯’vc‡bi
Kvi‡YB mgªvU ûgvqyb ci ci `yÕwU hy× h_vµ‡g 1539 wLª÷v‡ãi †PŠmvi hy× Ges 1540 wLª÷v‡ãi K‡bŠ‡Ri hy‡×
civwRZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
lôZ; †kikv‡ni †hvM¨Zv
†kikvn wQ‡jb mgmvgwqKKv‡ji Ab¨Zg †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ e¨w³Z¡| wbtm‡›`‡n wZwb ûgvqyb A‡cÿv AwaK †hvM¨
wQ‡jb| ivR‰bwZK †gav, K~U‰bwZK cÖÁv Ges mvgwiK ˆbcyY¨Zvi Kvi‡YB †kikvn mdj n‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb|
Ab¨w`‡K †kikvn A‡cÿv mgªvU ûgvqyb wQ‡jb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ kvmK| Kv‡RB †kikv‡ni wbKU
mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi civRq hy‡Mi gvcKvwV‡Z AZ¨šÍ ¯^vfvweK welq wnmv‡e cÖZxqgvb nq|
mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi PwiÎ
mgªvU bvwmi DwÏb gyn¤§` ûgvqyb wQ‡jb GKRb Av`k©¯’vbxq cyÎ, ¯^vgx, wcZv I åvZv| wZwb åvZv‡ì µgvMZ
we‡ivwaZv m‡Ë¡I KLb I Zv‡ì cÖwZ iæó nbwb| bgªZv, e`vb¨Zv, gnvbyfeZv Ges D`viZvi w`K w`‡q wZwb wQ‡jb
Abb¨| mgªvU ûgvqyb wQ‡jb wewfbœ cÖwZfvi AwaKvix| cÖLi ¯§„wZkw³i AwaKvix ûgvqyb †R¨vwZwe©`¨v, MwYZkv¯¿
Ges Kve¨ PP©vq wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ ivL‡Zb| mgªvU eve‡ii b¨vq Zvui cyÎ mgªvU ûgvqybI my›ì KweZv iPbv Ki‡Z
cvi‡Zb| ûgvqyb wQ‡jb Ávb-weÁv‡bi GKRb c„ô‡cvlK| HwZnvwmK Aveyj dR‡ji g‡Z, Òûgvqyb
Av‡jKRvÐv‡ii b¨vq D`¨gx I Gwi÷U‡ji b¨vq Ávbx wQ‡jb|Ó Ly`vgxi, mvnveDwÏb, Kvdv, †RŠni cÖgyL weØvb
e¨w³ Zvui ivRmfv Aj¼…Z K‡iwQ‡jb| mgªvU ûgvqy‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡j gyNj ¯’vcZ¨ I wPÎKjvi DrKl© mvwaZ nq|
cvim¨ †_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi mgq wZwb gxi ˆmq` Avjx Ges LvRv Avãym mvgv`‡K m‡½ wb‡q Av‡mb| GB cÖL¨vZ
wPÎwkíx‡ì AvšÍwiK cÖ‡Póv Ges mgªv‡Ui c„ô‡cvlKZvq gyNj wPÎKjvi ïf m~Pbv n‡qwQj| wbôvevb gymjgvb nIqv
m‡Ë¡I ûgvqyb KLbI agv©Ü wQ‡jb bv| wb:m‡›`‡n ûgvqyb GKRb my`ÿ †hv×v wQ‡jb| wcZv RwniDwÏb gyn¤§`
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 73
eve‡ii mv‡_ ûgvqyb 1526 wLª÷v‡ãi cvwb c‡_i cÖ_g hy× Ges 1527 wLª÷v‡ãi Lvbyqvi hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i
exi‡Z¡i cwiPq †`b| GQvovI wZwb ¸RivU I gvje nq| mwVK cwiKíbv Ges mg‡qvwPZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y e¨_©Zvi
ìæY ûgvqyb †PŠmv Ges K‡bŠ‡Ri hy‡× †kikv‡ni wbKU †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ n‡qwQ‡jb| kvmK wn‡m‡e ûgvqyb
we‡kl †Kv‡bv K…wZZ¡ cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| †Kbbv 1530 wLª÷v‡ã wcZv eve‡ii g„Zzï ci wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY
K‡i mvgªv‡Rï w¯’wZkxjZv I ¯’vwqZ¡ iÿvq wZwb wewfbœ hy× weMÖ‡n wjß nb| djkÖæwZ‡Z mvgªv‡R¨ GKwU myôz kvmb
eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Zvui c‡ÿ Avi m¤¢e nqwb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR †kikv‡ni mvdj¨ I ûgvqy‡bi e¨_©Zvi KviY¸‡jv wjLyb|
mvivsk
mgªvU Rwni DwÏb gyn¤§` eve‡ii g„Zzï ci Zvui cyÎ bvwmi DwÏb gyn¤§` ûgvqyb 1530 wLª÷v‡ãi 30†k wW‡m¤î
gvÎ 23 eQi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb AvdMvb †bZv †kikv‡ni cÖej we‡ivwaZvi m¤§yLxb nb|
1539 wLª÷v‡ãi †PŠmvi hy× Ges 1540 wLª÷v‡ãi K‡bŠ‡Ri hy‡× ûgvqyb †kikv‡ni wbKU †kvPbxqZvfv‡e
civwRZ nq| K‡bŠ‡Ri hy‡× civwRZ nIqvi ci ûgvqyb cvi‡mï kvmK kvn Zvngv‡¯úi ivRìev‡i Avkªq MÖnY
K‡ib| `xN© 15 eQi ci 1555 wLª÷v‡ã ûgvqyb cvi‡mï kvm‡Ki mnvqZvq gyNj wmsnvmb cybiæ×vi Ki‡Z
mÿg nb| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨ ekZ wZwb 1556 wLª÷v‡ãi 26 Rvbyqvwi MÖš’vMv‡ii wmuwo †_‡K c‡i AvKw¯§Kfv‡e
g„ZzëiY K‡ib| wb:m‡›`‡n ûgvqyb wQ‡jb Ávb-weÁvb I wkí mvwn‡Zï GKRb GKwbô c„ô‡cvlK|
1| 1530 wLª÷v‡ã wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi mgq ûgvqy‡bi eqm wQj-
K. 21 eQi L. 22 eQi M. 23 eQi N. 23 eQi
2| Pzbvi `yM© Aew¯’Z-
K. cÙvi Zx‡i L. hgybvi Zx‡i M. eywoM½vi Zx‡i N. M½vi Zx‡i
3| gv›`v‡mvi hy× msNwUZ n‡qwQj-
4| †MŠ‡oi bvg ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ iv‡Lb-
K. evnv`yi kvn L. gvngy` kvn M. ûgvqyb N. †kikvn
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
kvgmy¾vgvb wekvj mv¤ªv‡Rï AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wcZvi g„Zzï ci wZwb Zuvi åvZv‡ì wewfbœ cÖ‡`‡ki kvmbfvi
Ac©b K‡ib| wZwb wbR Kv‡h©i Øviv wb‡RB wb‡Ri n¯Í‡K `ye©j K‡ib| k~i es‡ki kvm‡Ki mv‡_ Zvi wewfbœ Kvi‡Y
msNl© Awbevh© n‡q c‡o †hwU BwZnv‡m Zv‡K fvM¨ weo¤^bvi mvÿ¨ K‡i †Zv‡j|
1. gyNj es‡ki wØZxq kvm‡Ki bvg wK? 1
2. †PŠmvi hy‡×i eY©bv w`b| 2
3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ kvm‡Ki mv‡_ k~i es‡ki kvm‡Ki Ø‡›Øi cvVëB‡qi Av‡jv‡K eY©bv Kiæb| 3
4. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ kvmK wQ‡jb BwZnv‡m ÔfvM¨weo¤^bvi mvÿ¨Õ G g‡Zi c‡ÿ Avcbvi hyw³ w`b| 4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 74
cvV-3.3 k~i esk: †kikv‡ni ivR¨ weRq I kvmb ms¯‹vi

D‡Ïk¨
 k~i esk m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †kikv‡ni kvmb ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã ciMYv, KeywjqZ, cvÆv, ivqZIqvix, Z¼v, `vg, MÖvÐ-Uªv¼-†ivW, WvK-†PŠwK I ûwjqv
k~i esk
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m k~i es‡ki ivRZ¡Kvj (1540-1555 wLª.) ¯^í mg‡qi n‡jI Zv AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| gyNj es‡ki wØZxq mgªvU bvwmi DwÏb gyn¤§` ûgvqyb wQ‡jb A‡cÿvK…Z `ye©j wP‡Ëi kvmK| 1539
wLª÷v‡ã msNwUZ †PŠmvi hy‡× civwRZ nIqvi ci ûgvqyb 1540 wLª÷v‡ãi 17 †g 30,000 ˆmb¨ wb‡q K‡bŠ‡Ri
mwbœK‡U wejMÖvg bvgK ¯’v‡b †ki kv‡ni gvÎ 15,000 ˆm‡bï m¤§yLxb nb| K‡bŠ‡Ri hy‡× ûgvqyb †kikv‡ni wbKU
AZ¨šÍ †kvPbxq fv‡e civwRZ nb| d‡j RwniDwÏb gyn¤§` evei KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ fviZe‡l© gyNj es‡ki mvgwqK
cZb N‡U| †kikvn fviZe‡l© k~i kvmb cÖeZ©b K‡i cybivq AvdMvb AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| D‡jøL¨ 1539
wLª÷v‡ãi †PŠmvi hy‡× mgªvU ûgvqyb‡K civwRZ K‡i †kiLvb ÔkvnÕ (mgªvU) Dcvwa MÖnY K‡i cÖKvk¨fv‡e wmsnvm‡b
Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Gi ci wZwb wbR bv‡g Lyrev cvV I gy`ªv A¼‡bi wb‡`©k Rvwi K‡ib| weRq-Awfhvb m¤ú‡K©
ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv cÖ‡qvRb| KvwjÄi `yM© AwaKvi Kv‡j eviæ‡Ïi ¸`v‡g AvKw¯§K we‡ùvi‡Y AwMœ`» n‡q 1545
wLª÷v‡ãi 22†g †kikvn g„ZzëiY K‡ib| †kikv‡ni AvKw¯§K g„Zzï ci 1545 wLª÷v‡ã Zvui wØZxq cyÎ Rvjvj
Lvb Bmjvg kvnÕ Dcvwa aviY c~e©K w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb BwZnv‡m mvaviYZ Ômwjg kvnÕ bv‡g
cwiwPZ| Bmjvg kvn wQ‡jb mywkwÿZ, mvnmx I me©v‡cÿv kw³kvjx kvmK| wcZv †kikv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j wZwb †ek
K‡qKwU hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi iv‡Lb|
Bmjvg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡ji me©v‡cÿv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv Lv°vi‡ì aŸsmmvab| wKš‘ AwfRvZ‡ì weiæ‡× K‡Vvi
bxwZ Aej¤^b Kivi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Zxeª Am‡šÍv‡li m„wó nq| 1545-1553 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ `xN© bq eQi kvmb
ÿgZvq AwawôZ ‡_‡K Bmjvg kvn 1553 wLª÷v‡ãi 22 b‡f¤î g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Bmjvg kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zvui
bvevjK cyÎ wd‡ivR kvn gvÎ evi eQi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wKš‘ wd‡ivR kv‡ni gvgv gyevwiR Lvb
Zvu‡K wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v K‡ib| AZtci gyevwiR Lvb Ôgyn¤§` Avw`j kvnÕ Dcvwa aviY K‡i w`wjøi kvmb ÿgZvq
AwawôZ nb| wKš‘ `ye©j I AKg©Y¨ Avw`j kv‡n ˆ¯îkvm‡b iv‡Rï me©Î AivRKZv I wek„•Ljv m„wó nq| cÖv‡`wkK
kvmKMY wbR wbR cÖ‡`‡k ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| Ggwb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z k~i cwiev‡ii Beªvwng Lvu k~i Avw`j kvn‡K
civ¯Í K‡i AvMÖv I w`wjø `Lj K‡ib| Gmgq Avw`j kvn Ab‡b¨vcvq n‡q Pzbv‡i Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| cvÄv‡ei kvmK
wmKv›`vi kvn Beªvwng Lvu k~i‡K weZvwoZ K‡i w`wjø I AvMÖv AwaKvi K‡ib| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki GB ivR‰bwZK
wek„•Ljv I AvdMvb †bZ…e„‡›ì cvi¯úwiK Kjn weev‡ì my‡hv‡M ûgvqyb Zvui üZ †MŠie cybiæ×vi Kivi Rb¨ gbt¯’
K‡ib| wZwb 1554 wLª÷v‡ã Kveyj †_‡K fviZ Awfhv‡b iIqvbv †`b| 1555 wLª÷v‡ã kvmK wmKv›`vi kvn‡K
civwRZ K‡i w`wjøi wmsnvmb cybiæ×vi Ki‡Z mÿg nb| d‡j fvi‡Z k~i es‡ki kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
†kikv‡ni kvmb ms¯‹vi
†kikvn ga¨hyMxq fviZe‡l© wbtm‡›`‡n GKRb †kªô kvmb ms¯‹viK| †kikv‡ni Pwi‡Î mvgwiK wbcyYZvi mv‡_ myôz
kvmb `ÿZvi †h Ac~e© mgš^q N‡UwQj Zvi `„óvšÍ AcÖZzj| †kikv‡ni kvmb eë¯’vq fvi‡Zi cÖvPxb I ga¨hyMxq
wn›`y I gymwjg kvmb c×wZi †gŠwjK bxwZi GK Af~Zc~e© mswgkªY †`Lv hvq| †kikvn g~jZ mvgªv‡R¨
RbKj¨vYg~jK cÖkvmb eë¯’v M‡o Zz‡jb|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 75
cÖkvmb eë¯’vi we‡K›`ªxKiY

†kikvn `ÿ, cÖMwZkxj I cÖRvKj¨vYg~jK kvmb eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib| myôzfv‡e kvmbKvh© m¤úv`‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨
†kikvn mvgªvR¨‡K K‡qKwU miKv‡i wef³ K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K miKvi‡K K‡qKwU ciMYvq wef³ K‡ib †kikvn|
HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡Z, †ki kv‡ni mvgªv‡R¨ †gvU 1,13,000 ciMYv wQj| me©v‡cÿv ÿz`ªZg kvmb BDwbU wQj MÖvg|
†kikvn cÖ‡Z¨K ciMYvq GKRb K‡i wkK`vi, Avgxb, gybwmd, LvRvÂx ev †Kvlva¨ÿ, `yBRb KviKzb-GKRb wn›`y
I Avi GKRb dvimx wnmve †jLK wbhy³ K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K miKv‡i wkK`vi-B-wkK`vivb I gybwmd-B-gybwmdvb
bvgK `yÕRb m‡‡e©v”P mvgwiK I †emvgwiK Kg©KZ©v ciMYv¸‡jvi kvmbKvh© myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb|
ivR¯^ ms¯‹vi
†kikvn ivR¯^ ms¯‹vi mvab K‡i †gŠwjKZ¡ I D™¢vebx kw³i cwiPq cÖ`vb K‡ib| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k †kikvn
me©cÖ_g mg¯Í Avev`x Rwgi wbfz©j Rwi‡ci eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| AZ:ci Rwgi Drcv`b
kw³i ZviZg¨ Abymv‡i ivR¯^ wba©viY K‡ib| mvaviYZ Drcbœ dm‡ji GK Z…Zxqvsk
ivR¯^ wba©viY Kiv n‡qwQj| Drcbœ k‡m¨ wKsev bM` A‡_© K…lKiv ivR¯^ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
cviZ| ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †kikvn cv‡Uvqvix, †PŠayix, gyKvÏvg cÖf…wZ c`¯’ Kg©KZ©v
Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM K‡ib|
†kikvn me©cÖ_g ÔKeywjqZ I cvÆvÕ eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib| K…lKiv Rwgi Dci Zv‡ì
AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡ I wba©vwiZ Ki cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖ`vb K‡i, KeywjqZ bvgK `wjj
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†kikvn `ªæZ msev` Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Ô†Nvovi WvKÕGi cÖPjb K‡qb| hv mvaviYZ ÔWvK-†PŠwKÕ bv‡g mycwiwPZ|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 76
mvgwiK ms¯‹vi
†kikv‡ni c~e©eZx© kvmKMY mvaviYZ mvgšÍZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z ˆmb¨ mieivn †c‡Zb| wKš‘ †kikvn GB mvgšÍZvwš¿K
c×wZi g~‡jvrcvUb K‡i AvjvDwÏb LjwRi AbyKi‡Y ¯’vqx †mbvevwnbx M‡o †Zvjvi wm×všÍ †bb| †kikvn wewfbœ
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weeiYg~jK ZvwjKv msiÿY c×wZ Pvjy K‡ib|
wePvi eë¯’vi ms¯‹vi
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Ac©Y Kiv n‡qwQj cÖavb KvRx ev KvRx Dj Kz¾vZ Gi Dci| m‡e©vcwi †kikvnB wQ‡jb iv‡Rï m‡e©v”P wePviK|
agx©q bxwZ
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Zvi kvmbvg‡j mvgªv‡R¨ emevmKvix mKj a‡g©i †jvKRb ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Zb| wn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÖwZ
mwnòzZvi wb`k©b¯îƒc †kikvn eû wn›`y‡K ivRKxq D”Pc‡` wbhy³ K‡ib| Zvui Ab¨Zg cÖavb †mbvcwZ wQ‡jb
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mvivsk
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wLª÷v‡ã †kikv‡ni g„Zzï ci GB esk 1555 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ fviZel© kvmb K‡iwQj| eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix
†kikvn wQ‡jb GKRb wePÿY I `~i`kx© kvmK| wZwb kvmb eë¯’vq wewea ms¯‹vi mvab K‡i kvmb eë¯’v‡K
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Ges cÖMwZkxj K‡i M‡o Zz‡jb| †kikv‡ni me©v‡cÿv eo K…wZZ¡ wZwb f~wg ivR‡¯î †ÿ‡Î
ÔKeywjqZ I cvÆvÕ bvgK GK Awfbe eë¯’vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| GQvovI ˆmbëvwnbxi `yb©xwZ `~i Kivi gvb‡m
†kikvn myjZvb AvjvDwÏb LjwRi `vM I ûwjqv cÖ_v cyb:cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
1| k~i es‡ki cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb-
K. †kikvn L. Bmjvg kvn M. wd‡ivR kvn N. gyn¤§` Avw`j kvn
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 77
2| Bmjvg kvn (Rvjvj Lvb) BwZnv‡m mvaviYZ cwiwPZ-

K. gyeviK kvn bv‡g L. gwnDwÏb kvn bv‡g M. mwjg kvn bv‡g N. eyNiv kvn bv‡g
3| k~i es‡ki kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U-
4| †kikv‡ni kvmb eë¯’vq ÿz`ªZg kvmb BDwbU wQj-
K. miKvi L. ciMYv M. MÖvg N. ZvjyK
5| ÔKeywjqZ I cvÆvÕ eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib-
K. evei L. ûgvqyb M. †kikvn N. AvKei
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
k~i esk
MÖvÛ Uªv¼ †ivW ? KeywjqZ I cvÆv
†PŠmvi hy×
1. k~i es‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K wQ‡jb? 1
2. KeywjqZ I cvÆv c×wZ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| 2
3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ kvm‡Ki ivR¯^ eë¯’v Avcbvi cvVëB‡qi Av‡jv‡K Zz‡j aiæb| 3
4. D³ kvm‡Ki RbwnZKi Kvh©vewj‡Z M„nxZ wewfbœ c`‡ÿcmg~n Avcbvi cvVëB‡qi Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Kiæb| 4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 78
cvV-3.4 †kikv‡ni PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

D‡Ïk¨
 †kikv‡ni PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †kikv‡ni K…wZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã wkK`vi-B-wkK`vivb, gybwmK-B-gybwmdvb, KeywjqZ, cvÆv, ivqZIqvix I Z¼v
ga¨hyMxq fviZxq BwZnv‡m †kikvn wQ‡jb my‡hvM¨, b¨vqcivqY I cÖRvwn‰Zlx kvmK| HwZnvwmK
Ck¦ixcÖmv` †kikvn‡K ga¨hy‡Mi fvi‡Zi me©‡kªô kvmK‡ì Ab¨Zg e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| †kikvn
wQ‡jb eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix| wZwb wQ‡jb GKvav‡i GKRb Amvgvb¨ hy×‡KŠkjx, cvi`kx© mgibvqK, wØav-
wef³ I nZvkvMÖ¯Í AvdMvb RvwZi GKRb `ÿ msMVK, GKRb cÖMwZkxj ms¯‹viK Ges cÖRvermj kvmK|
a~g‡KZzi b¨vq fvi‡Zi fvM¨vKv‡k †kikv‡ni Avwef©ve N‡U| mvgvb¨ GKRb RvqMxi`v‡ii cyÎ n‡q Ges cÖv_wgK
Rxe‡b wegvZvi Mfxi loh‡š¿ bvbvgyLx NvZ-cÖwZNv‡Zi m¤§yLxb n‡qI wbR¯^ †gav, gbb, cÖwZfv, AvZ¥wek¦vm,
wePÿYZv I Kg©wbcyYZvi Øviv †kikvn fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k GK wekvj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb|
†kikv‡ni Pwi‡Î AvKl©Yxq ¸Yvejxi GK Ac~e© mgš^q cwijwÿZ nq|
ivRbxwZwe` wn‡m‡e
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civqY wQ‡jb wKš‘ ag©vÜ wQ‡jb bv| myjZvb AvjvDwÏb LjwR I myjZvb gyn¤§` Nyixi b¨vq †kikvn KLbI D‡jgv
m¤cÖ`vq Øviv A_ev agx©q msKxY©Zv Øviv Ave× wQ‡jb bv| †kikvn wn›`y, gymwjg, ZzwK©, AvdMvb, LjwR cÖf…wZ
wewfbœ RvwZ I ag©wek¦v‡mi †jvK‡ì iv‡óªi wewfbœ D”P c‡` wbhy³ K‡ib| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki msL¨vMwiô wn›`y
m¤cÖ`v‡qi mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I agx©q †ÿ‡Î DbœwZ weav‡bi Rb¨ †kikvn wewfbœ c`‡ÿc MÖnY
K‡ib| Zvui ag©wbi‡cÿ Kvh©Kjv‡ci d‡j wn›`y I gymwjg Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi wbKU wZwb wQ‡jb kª×vi cvÎ|
Bsj¨v‡Ði wØZxq †nbixi b¨vq †kikvn mvgªv‡R¨ AvB‡bi ivRZ¡Õ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| †kikvn wb‡R AvBb
gvb¨ Ki‡Zb Ges RbmvaviY‡K I AvBb †g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Zb| mgªvU AvKe‡ii c~‡e© †KejgvÎ †kikvn Qvov
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K‡qKwU AvBb †kikv‡ni Kvby‡bi Av`‡k© MwVZ n‡qwQj|
mgi-bvqK wn‡m‡e
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cwiPvjbv K‡i wZwb mvgwiK †kªô‡Z¡i cwiPq cÖ`vb K‡ib| mvgwiK †bZv †kikv‡ni mgiK~U‡KŠkj wQj AZzjbxq|
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Z`viwK Ki‡Zb Ges Zv‡ì‡K wbqg-k„•Ljv cvj‡b DÏxß Ki‡Zb|
kvmK wn‡m‡e
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RbwnZKi K‡i M‡o †Zvjv| †kikvn weÁvbm¤§Z Ges RbKj¨vYg~jK ivR¯^bxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| †kikvn AZ¨šÍ
`~i`k©x kvmK wQ‡jb| BwZc~‡e© cÖPwjZ fvi‡Zi cÖvPxb I ga¨hyMxq kvmb-cÖYvjxi †kªô bxwZ¸wj MÖnY K‡i wbR¯^
†gav-gbb, cÖwZfv I D™¢vebx wPšÍvkw³i mgš^q NwU‡q GK Abycg kvmbeë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib| cieZx©Kv‡j gyNj
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 79
mgªvU AvKei †kikv‡ni kvmb cÖYvjx Øviv e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ nb| †kikvn Rbmvavi‡Yi g½‡ji Rb¨ wkí-
evwY‡Rï DbœwZ weav‡b m‡Pó wQ‡jb| wZwb AvšÍtcÖv‡`wkK ïé cÖZ¨vnvi, mvgwiK evwnbxi DbœwZ weavb, cywjk I
¸ßPi eë¯’vi msMVb, wePvi eë¯’vi ms¯‹vi mvab, †Nvovi WvK cÖPjb, BwZnvm cÖwm× MÖvÐ Uªv¼ †ivW wbg©vY K‡i
GKwU MwZkxj kvmb eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
RvwZ MVbKvix wn‡m‡e
†kikvn wewfbœ gZev‡ì Abymvix‡ì wb‡q GKwU ÔfviZxq RvwZÕ MV‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ‡jb| †kikv‡ni D‡Ïk¨ wQj
mKj ag© I gZev‡ì †jvK‡ì mgš^‡q Zv‡ì HKvwšÍKZv I mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z GK wekvj fviZxq
mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv Kiv †kikv‡ni wPšÍv I ¯^cœ cieZx©Kv‡j mgªvU AvKe‡ii K‡g©i gva¨‡g ev¯Íe iƒc jvf K‡i| wn›`y
gymwjg wbwe©‡k‡l Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi ivR‰bwZK DbœwZ I A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i Rb¨ †kikvn wbijmfv‡e KvR K‡i RvwZ
MV‡bi cÖv_wgK KvR mgvß K‡ib|
wkÿv_©xi KvR GKwU ÔfviZxq RvwZÕ MV‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ‡jb †kikvn-e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
mvivsk
ga¨hyMxq fviZe‡l©i BwZnv‡m k~i es‡ki cÖwZôvZv kvmK †kikvn wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg AvKl©Yxq I e¨w³Z¡m¤úbœ
PvwiwÎK ¸Yvejxi AwaKvix| wZwb gyNj es‡ki wØZxq mgªvU ûgvqyb‡K K‡bŠR ev wejMÖv‡gi hy‡× †kvPbxqfv‡e
civwRZ Ges weZvwoZ K‡ib| †kikv‡ni ivRZ¡ Kvj gvÎ cvuP eQi (1540-1545) ¯’vqx n‡qwQj| GB ¯^í
mg‡qi ivRZ¡Kv‡j †kikvn wb‡R‡K GKRb my‡hvM¨ kvmK wn‡m‡e cÖgvY Ki‡Z mÿg nb|
1| †kikvn wewfbœ gZev‡ì Abymvix‡ì wb‡q MVb Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb-
K. GKwU AvdMvb RvwZ L. GKwU cvwK¯Ívwb RvwZ M. GKwU fviZxq RvwZ N. GKwU gymjgvb RvwZ
2| †kikv‡ni wcZv wQ‡jb GKRb-
K. ivR¯^ KgKZ©v L. RvqMxi`vi M. mvaviY ˆmwbK N. ivRM„nva¨ÿ
3| †kikvn kvmb ÿgZvq AwawôZ wQ‡jb-
K. gvÎ 3 eQi L. gvÎ 4 eQi M. gvÎ 5 eQi N. gvÎ 6 eQi
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
kvwKj gvngy` eûwea fvM¨wech©‡qi ga¨ w`‡q Rxe‡bi c‡_ AMÖmi n‡q fviZ m¤ªv‡Ui gh©v`vq AwawôZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
wZwb gyNj es‡ki AšÍe©Z©x GKwU ivResk cÖwZôv K‡ib| wn›`y I gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi †mŠnv`©¨ I m¤úªxwZi Dci Zvi
ag©bxwZi wfwË cÖwZwôZ wQj| wZwb ˆ¯îvPvix n‡jI †¯^”QvPvix wQ‡jb bv| eûwea RbwnZKi Kvh©vewji RbÏ wZwb
BwZnv‡m Agi n‡q Av‡Qb|
1. KZ mv‡j k~i esk cÖwZwôZ nq? 1
2. MÖvÛ Uªv¼ †ivW m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| 2
3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ kvm‡Ki PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ †Zvgvi cvVëB‡qi †h kvm‡Ki mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Zv eY©bv Kiæb| 3
4. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib, D³ kvmK wQ‡jb m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii AMÖ`~Z? Avcbvi g‡Zi c‡ÿ hyw³ Zy‡j aiæb| 4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 80
cvV-3.5 mgªvU AvKei; ivR¨weRq, ag©bxwZ I ivRcyZ bxwZ

D‡Ïk¨
 AvKe‡ii ivR¨we¯Ívi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
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 AvKei‡ii ivRcyZ bxwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã Øxb-B-Bjvnx, ivRcyZ, Bev`vZLvbv, Pvu` myjZvbv I `vwÿYvZ¨
mgªvU AvKei
mgªvU AvKei wQ‡jb gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv| hy×‡ÿÎ, mgibxwZ, K~UbxwZ I cÖkvmb mKj
†ÿ‡Î wZwb wQ‡jb gyNj‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kô kvmK| BwZnv‡m ZvB wZwb ÔAkbar the GreatÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| mgªvU
ûgvqyb hLb †kikvn Gi wbKU civwRZ I ivR¨Pz¨Z n‡q ¯¿x nvwg`vevby‡K wb‡q cvim¨ Awfgy‡L hvÎvKv‡j,
ivR¯’v‡bi Agi‡Kv‡U 23 b‡f¤î, 1542 mv‡j AvKei Rb¥jvf K‡ib| R‡b¥i ci ûgvqyb wkïcy‡Îi bvgKib
K‡ib RvjvjDwÏb| cÖ_‡g K‡qKeQi AvKei Zvi PvPv wn›`vj, kvgQzwÏb Lvb I gvng AvbMvi ZË¡veav‡b
cÖwZcvwjZ nb| ûgvqyb Zvi cy‡Îi cÖ_vMZ wkÿv-`xÿvi eë¯’v K‡ib| AvKei Lye Aí eq‡mB gjøhy×, Ak¦Pvjbv,
Zxi›`vR BZ¨vw` hy×‡KŠkj mn‡RB iß K‡ib| 1551 wLª: gvÎ 9 eQi eq‡m m¤ªvU AvKei Zvi PvPv wn›`v‡ji Kb¨v
iæKvBqv †eMg‡K weevn K‡ib|
wmsnvmb Av‡ivnY
1554 wLª÷v‡ã ûgvqyb cybivq w`wjøi wmsnvmb AwaKvi K‡ib| wKš‘ wZwb Lye †ewk w`b ivRZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
1555 wLª: AvMÖvi jvB‡eªwii wmwo †_‡K Mwo‡q c‡o wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib| ûgvqy‡bi g„Zzï cÖv°v‡j AvKei cvÄv‡e
êivgLv‡bi ZË¡veav‡b Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb| êivg Lvb GLv‡bB AvKei‡K cieZx© gyNj mgªvU wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib
Ges Zvi ivR¨ Awf‡l‡Ki eë¯’v K‡ib| 1556 mv‡ji 14 †deªæqvwi RvjvjDwÏb gynv¤§` AvKei Dcvwa wb‡q gvÎ
13 eQi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wek¦¯Í ‰eivg Lvb AvKe‡ii AwffveK wbhy³ nb Ges 1560 wLª: ch©šÍ
m¤ªvU AvKei êivg Lv‡bi ZË¡veav‡b ivR¨kvmb K‡ib|
ivR¨weRq
†kikv‡ni g„Zz¨ I ûgvqy‡bi wmsnvmb c~biƒ×v‡ii gaëZx© mg‡q fvi‡Z GK wek„sLj ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v weivR
KiwQj| ïi eskxq wmKv›`vi ïi cvÄv‡e Ges Avw`j kvn ïi DËi fvi‡Z kw³ mÂq K‡i gyNj mvgªv‡Rï
we‡ivaxZv Ki‡Z _v‡K| †gevi, eyw›`, wmÜz, ¸RivU, gyjZvb gvje I †hvacyi BZ¨vw` ivR¨ w`wjøi wbqš¿Y‡K
cÖZ¨vLvb K‡iwQj| GKBfv‡e `wÿY fvi‡Zi ivR¨mg~n †MvjKzÛv, weì, weRvcyi, Avn‡g`bMi gyNj kvmb‡K
Ae‡njv KiwQj| GB mKj cwiw¯’wZ‡K we‡ePbv K‡i mgªvU AvKei ivR¨we¯Ív‡i e×cwiKi nb| m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii
ivR¨ weR‡qi weeiY wb¤œiƒc:
cvwbc‡_i 2q hy× (1556 wLª.)
ivR¨we¯Ív‡ii cÖ_g av‡c AvKei Avw`j kvn ï‡ii †mbvcwZ I cÖavbgš¿x wngyi gy‡LvgywL nb| wngy ûgvqy‡bi g„Zzï
ci w`wjø I AvMÖv AwaKvi K‡i weµgvw`Z¨ Dcvwa wb‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e ivR¨ cwiPvjbv ïiæ K‡ib| AvKe‡ii mv‡_
wngyi hy× Aek¨¤¢vex n‡q c‡o| êivg Lvb gyNj evwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ †`b Ges 1556 mv‡ji 5 b‡f¤î cvwbc‡_i
cÖvšÍ‡i wngy‡K civwRZ K‡ib| hy‡×i mgq wngyi GKwU †Pv‡L Zxi we× nq Ges c‡i Zv‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 81
cvwbc‡_i 2q hy× gyNj BwZnv‡mi †gvo cwieZ©bKvix NUbv| GB hy× weR‡qi gva¨‡g gyNjiv nviv‡bv AvZ¥wek¦vm
Ly‡R cvq Ges fvi‡Z ivRbxwZi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z wd‡i Av‡m|
AvdMvb‡ì weiæ‡× Awfhvb
cvwbc‡_i hy‡× weR‡qi ci AvKei cvÄv‡ei AvdMvb †bZv wmKv›`vi kvn ï‡ii weiæ‡× Awfhvb †cÖiY K‡ib|
gvb‡KvU `y‡M© wmKv›`vi ï‡ii cZb N‡U| Avw`j kvn ïi 1557 wLª. gy‡½‡i wbnZ nb Ges Aci AvdMvb †bZv
Beªvwng ïi Dwol¨vq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
gvje I M‡Ûvqvbv AwaKvi (1561-64 wLª.)
AvKei Zvi `yaåvZv gvng AvbMvi-cyÎ Av`g Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1561 wLª. gvje AwaKvi K‡ib| 1564 mv‡j Avmd
Lvb ga¨fvi‡Zi Pv‡›`j eskxq ivRv exi bvivqb I ivRgvZv `yMv©eZx‡K hy‡× civwRZ K‡i M‡Ûvqvbv ivR¨ AwaKvi
K‡ib|
wP‡Zvi AwaKvi (1567-68 wLª.)
fvi‡Zi cÖvPxb †hv×vRvwZ ivRcyZ kw³ Lvbyqvi hy‡× 1527 wLª.
wPiZ‡i †kl n‡q hvqwb| ivRcyZ ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ kw³kvjx I
DØ¨Z cÖK…wZi ivRv wQ‡jb D`q wmsn| wZwb gvj‡ei ivRv
ivRevnv`yi‡K Avkªq w`‡q Ges AvKe‡ii ‰egv‡Îq fvB gxR©v
nvwKg‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i AvKe‡ii weivMRvRb nb| 1568 wLª.
AvKei †gev‡ii ivRavbx wP‡Zvi AvµgY K‡ib| ivRv D`qwmsn
cvwj‡q hvb wKš‘ Zvi †mbvcwZ Rqgj I cvÆv cÖvq Pvigvm hy×
K‡i civwRZ nb| Ae‡k‡l wP‡Zvi gyNj AwaKv‡i Av‡m|
iY_‡¤¢vi I KvwjÄi weRq AvMÖv `yM©
ib_‡¤¢v‡ii ivRv wQ‡jb †PŠnvb eskxq myiRb| 1568 wLª÷v‡ã
AvKe‡ii wbKU hy‡× civwRZ n‡q ivRv myiRb AvKe‡ii mv‡_ GKwU mwÜ K‡ib| AvKei Zv‡K `yBnvRvix gbme
cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges evivbmx I Pzbv‡ii kvmK wb‡qvM K‡ib| myiwÿZ KvwjÄi `y‡M©i AwacwZ wQ‡jb ivRv ivgP›`ª|
AvKe‡ii Avµg‡b ivRv ivgP›`ª 1569 wLª. gyNj evwnbxi wbKU ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡ib|
ivbv cÖZvc Gi we‡`ªvn `gb
†gev‡ii DËivwaKvix D`m wms‡ni cyÎ ivbv cÖZvc wms gyNj‡ì weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡ib| 1576 mv‡j †MvjKzÛvi
wbKU njw`Nv‡U gyNj ivRcyZ evwnbxi g‡a¨ hy× nq| hy‡× civwRZ n‡q ivbv cÖZvc cvwj‡q hvb|
¸RivU weRq (1572 wLª.)
fvi‡Zi m¤ú`kvjx I evwYR¨‡K›`ª ¸RivU mgªvU AvKei‡K we‡klfv‡e AvK…ó K‡i| ¸Riv‡Ui kvmK Z…Zxq
gyRvddi kv‡ne `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M Zvi gš¿x BwZgv` Lvb AvKei‡K ¸RivU Awfhv‡bi Avgš¿Y Rvbvb| AvKei
1573 mv‡j myivU `Lj K‡ib Ges AvwRR †Kv‡Kv‡K Avng`vev‡ì kvmK wbhy³ K‡ib| ¸Riv‡Ui we‡`ªvnx I
cjvZK AvwgiMY myivU, K¨v‡¤^ I Avng`vev` `Lj Ki‡j AvKeiI cybivq ¸RivU Rq K‡i †UvWigj‡K Gi
kvmbKZ©v wb‡qvM K‡ib|
evsjv weRq (1576 wLª.)
GB mgq evsjvi kvmK wQ‡jb `vD` Lvb Kiivwb| wZwb Zvi wcZv myjvqgvb Kiivbxi gZ gyNj‡ì mv‡_ eÜzZ¡c~Y©
m¤úK© eRvq iv‡Lbwb| wZwb wbR bv‡g Lyrev I gy`ªv Rvwi K‡ib| AvKei cÖ_‡g ‰Rbcy‡ii kvmbKZ©v gywbg Lvb‡K
evsjv Avµg‡bi wb‡`©k †`b| `vD` Lv‡bi wePÿY DwRi †jv`x Lv‡bi ga¨¯’Zvq `vD`Lvb gywbg Lv‡bi mv‡_ mwÜ
¯’vcb K‡ib| wKš‘ 1574 wLª. AvKei nvwRcyi I cvUbv AwaKvi K‡ib Ges gywbg Lvb‡K evsjvi myev`vi I
‡UŠWigj‡K evsjv Awfhvb Gi `vwqZ¡ Ac©b K‡i ivRavbx‡Z wd‡i hvb| gyNj evwnbx G‡K G‡K fvMjcyi,
†KvjMvI, †ZwjqvwMwi n‡q ZvÛv I mßMÖvg AwaKvi K‡i| gyNj‡ì mv‡_ `vD` Lvb 1757 wLª. KU‡Ki mwÜ ¯’vcb
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 82
K‡i| Ae‡k‡l ivRv †UvWigj I †nv‡mb Kzwj Lvb-Gi †bZ…‡Z 1576 wLª. 10 RyjvB ivRgn‡ji hy‡×i gva¨‡g
evsjv weRq m¤úbœ nq|
Kveyj, Kvk¥xi I Kv›`vnvi weRq
AvKe‡ii êgv‡Îq åvZv wgR©v nvwKg AvMÖvi wmsnvmb jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ AMÖmi n‡j AvKei 1581 wLª. wgR©v nvwKg‡K
civwRZ K‡i Kveyj AwaKvi K‡ib| Aciw`‡K ivRv fMevb `vm Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Kvk¥x‡ii kvmK BDmyd kv‡ni weiæ‡×
AvKei Awfhvb †cÖiY K‡ib| 1586-87 wLª. g‡a¨ Kvk¥xi gyNj AwaKv‡i Av‡m| †fŠMvwjKfv‡e ¸iæZ¡m¤úbœ
Kv›`vnvi 1595 wLª. gyNj mv¤ªvR¨fz³ n‡qwQj|
wmÜz weRq (1591 wLª.)
AvKei 1590 mv‡j wgR©v Avãyi iwng‡K gyjZv‡bi MfY©i wn‡m‡e †cÖiY K‡ib| Avãyi iwng 1591 wLª. Rvwb
†eM‡K civwRZ K‡i wmÜz I †ejywP¯Ívb `Lj K‡ib|
AvKe‡ii `vwÿYvZ¨ bxwZ
DËic~e© I DËi cwðg fviZ weR‡qi ci mgªvU AvKei `vwÿYv‡Zï w`‡K bRi †`b| wKš‘ GKgvÎ Lv‡›`k e¨ZxZ
AbïvR¨¸‡jv (Avn‡g`bMi, weRvcyi, †MvjKzÛv) gyNj AvwacZ¨ †g‡b wb‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq| 1595 wLª. Avn‡g`
bM‡ii weiæ‡× Awfhvb †cÖwiZ nq| Avn‡g` bM‡ii kvmK evnv`yi wbRvg kv‡ni AwffvweKv exiv½bv Puv` myjZvbv
1596 wLª. mwÜ ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1601 wLª. gyNj evwnbxi wbKU AvwmiMo `y‡M©i cZb N‡U| G‡Z eyinvbcyimn Lv‡›`k
iv‡Rï cZb N‡U|
AvKe‡ii ag© bxwZ
AvKei Zvi kvmbKv‡j agx©q‡ÿ‡Î bZzb bxwZ cÖeZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y BwZnv‡m wZwb we‡klfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Qb|
AvKei wb‡R mybœx ag©vej¤^x n‡jI wZwb ÔØxb-B-BjvwnÕ bvgK GK bZzb ag©gZ cÖPjb Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb| ZvB
AvKe‡ii agx©q bxwZ g~jZ Øxb-B-Bjvnx‡K †K›`ª K‡i weKwkZ n‡q‡Q|
Øxb-B-Bjvnx
mgªvU AvKei 1582 wLª. Øxb-B-Bjvnx bvgK GK bZzb ag©gZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| cÖK…Z A‡_© GwU wQj GKwU åvZ…‡Z¡i
msN| AvKei d‡Zncyi wmwµ‡Z GKwU Bev`vZLvbv ˆZix K‡ib| GLv‡b wn›`y cwÛZ, Av‡jg-D‡jgv, †RmyBU
wgkbvix I Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i cÖwZwbwaiv Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Zb I Zv‡ì wbR wbR ag© m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| AvKei
mK‡ji gZvgZ g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïb‡Zb Ges GB mKj a‡g©i Ø›Ø‡K GKcv‡k †i‡L mKj a‡g©i fvj w`K¸‡jv
GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU bZzb ag©gZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| GwUB Øxb-B-Bjvwn bv‡g cwiwPZ| AvKei wb‡R ÔBgvg-B-Avw`jÕ
Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| mgªv‡Ui ag©bxwZi g~j K_vB wQj ciag© mwnÂzZv ev Òmyjn-B-KzjÓ| cÖwZ iweevi mgªvU wb‡R
GB a‡g©i `xÿv w`‡Zb| Gi KZ¸‡jv wbqg I AvPvi c×wZ wQj| GB a‡g©i Abymvix‡ì PviwU wRwbm h_v ab,
Rxeb, m¤§vb Ges ag© DrmM© Ki‡Z nZ| ¯^v_©wmw×i Rb¨ A‡b‡K Øxb-B-Bjvnxi cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡jI GwU
Rbmvavi‡bi gv‡S RbwcÖq n‡Z cv‡iwb| wn›`y ivRv exiejmn gvÎ 18 Rb e¨w³ GB ag©gZ MÖnY K‡iwQj| mgªvU
AvKe‡ii g„Zzï mv‡_ mv‡_ Øxb-B-BjvnxiI Aemvb N‡U|
AvKe‡ii ivRcyZbxwZ
fviZ GKwU eûav wef³ †`k| G‡Z bvbv RvwZ I ag©-e‡Y©i gvbyl emevm K‡i| GB wef³ RvwZ‡Mvôx‡K wb‡q
GKwU GKK fviZ mvgªvR¨ M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ mgªvU AvKei A‡bK¸‡jv bxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi Ab¨Zg wQj
ivRcyZbxwZ| mvgªvR¨‡K `„p I kw³kvjx Kiv I fvi‡Zi GB †hv×v I K~U‰bwZK kw³‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ m¤ªvU
ivRcyZ‡ì mwnZ mnbkxj I wgÎZvi bxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| GB j‡ÿ¨ 1562 wLª. AvKei Av¤^‡ii ivRv
wenvixg‡ji Kb¨v †hvavevC‡K weevn K‡ib| wbR cyÎ †mwj‡gi weevn wZwb fMevb `v‡mi Kb¨vi mv‡_ m¤úbœ
K‡ib| mgªvU mvgwiK I †emvgwiK D”P ivRc‡` ivRcyZ‡ì wb‡qvM †`b| ivRv gvb wmsn, fMevb `vm, ivRv
wenvixgj, exiej I †UvWigj cÖgyL mevB wQ‡jb D”P ivRc` AwaKvix I gbme`vi| mgªvU wn›`y‡ì Zx_©Ki I
wRwRqv Ki iwnZ K‡ib| wZwb wn›`y †gjv I gw›ì cÖ`k©b Ki‡Zb| mgªv‡Ui GB ivRcyZ bxwZ cieZx© K‡qKk eQi
gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï Rb¨ A‡bK Kj¨vY e‡q G‡bwQj| GwU wQj ga¨hyMxq ivRbxwZ I kvmbZ‡š¿i Rb¨ GK hyMvšÍKvix
c`‡ÿc|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 83
wkÿv_©xi KvR AvKe‡ii `vwÿYvZ¨ bxwZ wjLyb|
mvivsk
mgªvU AvKei ïay fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m GKRb †kªô kvmK bb, wZwb wQ‡jb mgmvgvwqK we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg GKRb †kªô
Y„cwZ| gvÎ 13 eQi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i wZwb GK wekvj mvgªvR¨ ¯’vcb K‡ib| DË‡i Kvk¥xi n‡Z
`wÿ‡Y Avn‡g`bMi I ga¨ Gwkqvi Kveyj Kv›`vnvi n‡Z c~e© evsjv ch©šÍ GK”QÎ gyNj wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡ib|
wZwb GKwU GKK fviZ ivóª cÖwZôv Ki‡Z D‡`¨vMx †P‡qwQ‡jb| ZvB wZwb fvi‡Zi cÖvPxb, mgiKzkjx I †gavex
ivRcyZ kw³i mv‡_ wgÎZv ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges agx©q‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib| ZvB BwZnv‡m wZwb ÔAvKei
`¨v †MÖUÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ|
1| AvKei KZ eQi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib?
(K) 14 (L) 12 (M) 13 (N) 15
2| AvKei Avn‡g` bM‡ii hy‡× Kv‡K civwRZ K‡ib?
(K) myjZvb ivwRqv (L) Pvu` myjZvbv (M) b~iRvnvb (N) mvwjgv †eMg
3| ÔØxb-B-BjvnxÕ KZ m‡b cÖewZ©Z nq?
(K) 1580 (L) 1581 (M) 1582 (N) 1583
4| ÔØxb-B-BjvnxÕ Gi KZRb m`m¨ wQ‡jb?
(K) 13 (L) 14 (M) 15 (N) 16
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
m¤ªvU wd‡ivR gvngy` wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb‡K my`„p Ki‡Z Ges ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ me a‡g©i wbh©vm wb‡q
GK bZzb ag©gZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| wZwb Zvi mv¤ªv‡R¨ eûwea ivR¨ weRq m¤úbœ K‡ib Ges ivRcyZ‡ì mv‡_
eÜzZ¡g~jK m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡Z m‡Pó nb|
1. cvwbc‡_i 2q hy× KZmv‡j msNwUZ nq? 1
2. `xb-B-Bjvnx gZev` m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b| 2
3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ kvm‡Ki M„nxZ ivRcyZbxwZi mv‡_ gyNj es‡ki †h kvm‡Ki wgj Ly‡u R cvIqv hvq Zv Zz‡j aiæb| 3
4. cvVëB‡qi Av‡jv‡K D³ kvm‡Ki `vwÿbvZ¨ weRq m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 84
cvV-3.6 mgªvU AvKe‡ii kvmb eë¯’v, ms¯‹vig~n I K…wZZ¡

D‡Ïk¨
 AvKe‡ii kvmb cÖYvjx m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AvKe‡ii ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb I
 AvKe‡ii K…wZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|
g~L¨ kã gbme`vwi eë¯’v, gxi eKkx, KvRx-Dj-Kz¾vZ, ivRv †UvWigj I myev`vi
kvmbeë¯’v:
gyNj kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ mgªvU AvKeiB me©cÖ_g mymsnZ kvmbeë¯’vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| ivR¨we¯Ív‡ii
cvkvcvwk mvgªv‡R¨ kvmb my`„pKi‡Y gnvgwZ AvKei wQ‡jb BwZnv‡m cÖwm×| ivóª cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î wZwb D`vibxwZ
AbymiY K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb fviZxq, cviwmK, ZzwK© I myjZvwb Avg‡ji kvmbeë¯’v‡K Av`k© wn‡m‡e MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb| kvmbeë¯’v cÖeZ©b I m¤cÖmvi‡Y Zvi ivR‰bwZK cÖÁvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| c~e©eZx© `yB kvmK mgªvU
evei I mgªvU ûgvqyb hy× weMÖ‡n wjß _vKvi mvgªv‡Rï my`„pKi‡Y †Kvb kvmb cÖYvjx cÖeZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| wKš‘
mgªvU AvKei ïiæ †_‡KB Zvi cÖwZfvevb kvmbbxwZ I êcøweK cwieZ©b Gi gva¨‡g fvi‡Z `xN©¯’vqx gyNj
mvgªv‡Rï wfwË iPbv K‡i| Gi my`~icÖmvix cÖfve cieZx©Kv‡j Zvi DËivwaKvixMY h_vh_ gh©v`vq AwawôZ
n‡qwQ‡jb|
†Kw›`ªq kvmb eë¯’v:

kvmbeë¯’vi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z wQ‡jb mgªvU wb‡R| mgªvU wb‡RB iv‡óªi me©gqKZ©v I me©cÖavb eë¯’vcK| AvKei mKj
agx©q †Mvovgxgy³ ag©wbi‡cÿ kvmb eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb| ivRKv‡h© wZwb Zvi mfvm`, gš¿x I D”P
ivRKg©Pvwi‡ì gZvgZ MÖnY Ki‡Zb| †Kw›`ªq miKv‡ii Aax‡b KZ¸‡jv wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g wZwb kvmbcÖYvjx Kvh©Ki
Ki‡Zb|
cÖv‡`wkK kvmbeë¯’v:
mywekvj fviZ‡K kvmb Kivi Rb¨ AvKei Zvi mvgªvR¨‡K 1582 wLª. 15wU myev ev cÖ‡`‡k wef³ K‡ib Ges myevi
kvmK wn‡m‡e 1 (GK) Rb myev`vi wb‡qvM K‡ib|
myev¸‡jv n‡”Q-
1) w`wjø (2) AvMÖv (3) AvRwgi (4) evsjv (5) wenvi (6) Gjvnvev` (7) A‡hva¨v (8) gyjZvb (9) jv‡nvi (10)
Kveyj (11) ¸RivU (12) gvje (13) Lv‡›`k (14) †eivi I (15) Avn‡g`bMi|
myev`vi QvovI cÖ‡`‡ki G kvmbKv‡h© GKRb wÌqvb, Avwgj, †dŠR`vi, KvwR BZ¨vw` c‡ì ivRKg©Pvwi wQ‡jb|
kvmbKv‡h©i myweavi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K myev‡K KZ¸‡jv miKvi I cÖ‡Z¨K miKvi‡K KZ¸‡jv ciMbvq wef³ K‡iwQ‡jb|
kvmb ms¯‹vi:
ivR¯^ ms¯‹vi
ivR¯^ eë¯’vi ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ AvKei †ki kv‡ni ivR¯^ bxwZ Øviv AbycÖvwYZ n‡qwQ‡jb| †gvRvddi Lvb ZzieZx I
ivRv †UvWigj ivR¯^ eë¯’vi Dbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡Lb| †UvWigj ÔBjvnxMÄÕ bvgK iv‡ki †PBb eënvi K‡i
Avev` †hvM¨ Rwgi mwVK cwigvY K‡ib| wZwb Rwg‡K Drcv`b mÿgZv Abyhvqx †cvjvR, cviDwZ, PvPi I eb&Ri
G Pvifv‡M wef³ K‡ib| ivR¯^ wn‡m‡e dm‡ji GK Z…Zxqvsk ivóª Av`vq KiZ| GB eë¯’v ivq‡Zvqvwi eë¯’v ev
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 85
ÔhvewZÕ c×wZ bv‡gI cwiwPZ| ivR‡¯î Drm wn‡m‡e f~wg ivR¯^ QvovI evwYR¨ ïé, UvKkvj, Dc‡UvKb BZ¨vw`
n‡ZI ivR¯^ Avq nZ|
wePvi eë¯’v
AvKei b¨vqwePv‡ii kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| mßv‡ni 1wU
w`b wZwb wePviKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| wZwbB wQ‡jb
m‡e©v”P wePviK| Zvi ciB wQ‡jb KvRx Dj Kz¾vZ,
gydwZ I gxi Avw`j|
mvgwiK eë¯’v
mgªvU AvKei c`vwZK, Ak¦v‡ivnx, †Mvj›`vR I †bŠ-
evwnbx GB Pvi fv‡M Zvi †mbvevwnbx‡K wef³ K‡ib|
gxi-B-eKwk, gxi-B-AvwZk Ges Avwgi-B-eni wQ‡jb
h_vµ‡g †Mvj›`vR c`vwZK evwnbx evwnbx I ‡bŠ-
evwnbxi cÖavb| mgªvU wb‡R wQ‡jb †mbvevwnbxi
me©vwabvqK|
gbme`vwi eë¯’v d‡Zncyi wmwµ
ÔgbmeÕ k‡ãi A_© c` ev c`gh©v`v| GB c‡ì
AwaKvix‡K gbme`vi ejv nZ| mgMÖ †mbvevwnbx‡K myk„sLjfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ mgªvU GB eë¯’v MÖnY
K‡ib| GB eë¯’vq m‡e©v”P ch©v‡qi gbme`viiv `k nvRvwi c` †_‡K ïiæ K‡i me©wbgœ ch©v‡q `kRb ˆmb¨
msiÿ‡Yi weavb wQj| mvaviYZ ivRcwiev‡ii m`m¨ I m¤£všÍ mfvm`MY `k nvRvwi c` †c‡Zb| AvKei 1577
wLª÷v‡ã GB eë¯’vi cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb| gbme`viMY RvZ I mIqvi bvgK 2wU c`gh©v`v †c‡Zb| G‡ì gvwmK
‡eZb 3200 UvKv n‡Z me©wbgœ 100 UvKv ch©šÍ eivÏ wQj|
AvKe‡ii K…wZZ¡
Ck¦ix cÖmv‡ì g‡Z, m¤ªvU AvKei ïaygvÎ fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m bq mgMÖ we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m wQ‡jb GKRb ¯§iYxi
kvmK| gyNj es‡ki †kªô kvmK I cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb mgªvU AvKei| eûgyLx cÖwZfvai I AvKl©Yxq e¨w³‡Z¡i
GB mgªv‡Ui Zzjbv ZrKvjxb wek¦ ivRbxwZ‡Z wQj weij| wZwb GKvav‡i wQ‡jb †kªô ivRbxwZwe` I msMVK|
kvmbms¯‹vi I mvgªvR¨ cwiPvjbvq wZwb wQ‡jb hyM‡kªô kvmK| AvKei ïaygvÎ GKRb mgiKykjx I mykvmKB
wQ‡jb bv, wZwb wQ‡jb GKB mv‡_ wkÿv, ms¯‹…wZ I wkíKjvi c„ô‡cvlK| eû Ávbx Zvi ìevi AjsK…Z
K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi ivRmfvq ÔbeiZ¥Õ wQ‡jb BwZnvm weL¨vZ ¸Yx Zvb‡mb, exiej cÖgyL| agx©q, mvgvwRK, ivR¯^
eë¯’v, wePvi I mvgwiK wefvM BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î wZwb Avgyj ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb fviZe‡l© AvaywbK
kvm‡bi iƒcKvi I †kªô gyNj mgªvU|
wkÿv_©xi KvR AvKe‡ii †Kw›`ªq kvmb I cÖv‡`wkK kvmbeë¯’v m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
mvivsk
mgªvU eve‡ii m`¨ cÖwZwôZ gyNj mv¤ªvR¨‡K mgªvU AvKei GK Abb¨ D”PZvq wb‡q hvb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKvav‡i
mgiKzkjx, ivRbxwZwe` I my`ÿ ivóª msMVK| wZwb wQ‡jb mgmvgwqK we‡k¦i AMÖMY¨ Y„cwZ Ges fvi‡Zi
me©‡kªô kvmK|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 86
1) AvKei Zvi mvgªvR¨‡K KqwU myevq wef³ K‡ib?
(K) 11 (L) 12 (M) 14 (N) 15
2) ivRv †UvWig‡ji f~wg ms¯‹vi eë¯’vi bvg wK wQj?
(K) hvewZ eë¯’v (L) Rwg`vix eë¯’v (M) KeywjqvZ (N) cvÆv
3) gyNj wePvi eë¯’vi me©gq KZ©v †K wQ‡jb?
(K) KvRx-Dj-KzRvZ (L) gydwZ (M) mgªvU (N) D‡jgvMb
4) KZ mv‡j gbme`vwi cÖ_v Pvjy nq?
(K) 1577 (L) 1578 (M) 1560 (N) 1556
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
Zvivk¼i wQ‡jb GKRb cÖRvì`x ˆ¯îvPvix kvmK| HwZnvwmKMY Zuvi kvmbeë¯’v‡K 'Perso-Arabic System in
India Setting' e‡j gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb ïay wekvj mv¤ªvR¨ iPbv K‡iB ÿvšÍ wQ‡jb bv; Zvi myôz cÖkvm‡bi Rb¨
GK AwZ DrK…ó kvmb cÖYvjxi cÖeZ©b K‡i we‡k¦i GKRb †kÖô kvmb ms¯‹viK wn‡m‡e Acwimxg L¨vwZ AR©b
K‡ib|
1. gbme k‡ãi A_© wK? 1
2. gbme`vix cÖ_v m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| 2
3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ kvm‡Ki kvmb cÖbvjxi mv‡_ Avcbvi cvVëB‡qi †Kvb kvm‡Ki wgj i‡q‡Q eY©bv Kiæb| 3
4. we‡k¦i GKRb †kÖô ms¯‹viK wn‡m‡e cvVëB‡q DwjøwLZ kvm‡Ki K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Kiæb| 4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 87
cvV-3.7 mgªvU Rvnv½xi t b~i-Rvnv‡bi cÖfve, PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

D‡Ïk¨
 mgªvU Rvnv½xi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Dci b~iRvnv‡bi cÖfve m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb I
 m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã `¯Íi-Dj-Avgj, Lyiig I byi-Rvnvb
mgªvU Rvnv½xi
mgªvU AvKe‡ii g„Zzï ci Zuvi †R¨ôcyÎ †mwjg 36 eQi eq‡m 1605 wLª. 24 A‡±vei b~i DÏxb
gynv¤§` Rvnv½xi ev`kvn MvRx Dcvwa wb‡q gyNj wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb wkwÿZ, gvwR©Z PwiÎ I
AvKl©Yxq e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix| wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡iB wZwb cÖRv Kj¨v‡Yi w`‡K g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| m¤ªvU AvKei
Avì K‡i Zuv‡K †kLy evev e‡j WvK‡Zb|
Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡ji D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbvejxt
`¯Íi-Dj-Avgj
m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi wQ‡jb b¨vqcivqY kvmK| wZwb `¯Íi-Dj-Avgj bvgK 12wU AvBb cÖYqb K‡i b¨vqcivqYZvi `„óvšÍ
¯’vcb K‡ib|
bI‡ivR cvjb
m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi AvKl©Yxq e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb cÖRv‡ì g‡bviÄ‡bi Rb¨ 1606 wLª. gvP© gv‡m
RvKRg‡Ki mv‡_ bI‡ivR Drme cvjb K‡ib|
kvnRv`v Lymiæi we‡`ªvn I wkL¸iæ ARy‡© bi nZ¨v
mgªv‡Ui †R¨ôcyÎ Lymiæ wcZvi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib| ivRv gvb wms, Lvb-B-AvRg, AvwRR †KvKv Lymiæ‡K
mg_©b `vb K‡ib| Lymiæ cvÄv‡e cjvqb Ki‡j †mbvcwZ w`jIqvi Lvb RjÜ‡ii hy‡× Lymiæ‡K civwRZ I e›`x
K‡ib| `keQi Kviviæ× _vKvi ci AÜ Lymiæ 1622 wLª. g„ZzëiY K‡ib| wkL¸iæ ARy©b kvnRv`v Lymiæ‡K we‡`ªvnx
Ae¯’vq A_© w`‡q mnvqZv K‡iwQ‡jb| mgªvU Zvi wbKU A‡_©i ˆKwdqZ Zje Ki‡j ARy©b DØ¨Ë cÖKvk K‡ib|
mgªvU Zv‡K ivR‡`ªvwnZvi Aciv‡a g„Zz¨`Û cÖ`vb K‡ib|
†gevi weRq (1615 wLª.)
†gev‡ii ivRv exi †Kkix ivbv cÖZv‡ci cyÎ wQ‡jb Agi wmsn| m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii bxwZ AbymiY K‡i
†givi Rq Kivi msKí K‡ib| kvnRv`v cvi‡fR, Avãyjøvn Lvb I gneŸZ Lvb Gi Awfhvb e¨_© nq| Ae‡k‡l
1615 wLª. kvnRv`v Lyiig Agi wmsn‡K civwRZ K‡i †gevi Rq K‡ib|
Kvsov ev bvMi‡KwU `yM© Rq (1620 wLª.)
cvÂv‡ei kvmK g~Z©Rv Lvb Kvsov `yM© `L‡j e¨_© n‡j kvnRv`v Lyiig myiwÿZ `yM©wU 1620 wLª. AwaKvi K‡ib|
`vwÿYvZ¨ Awfhvb
Avn‡g` bM‡ii gš¿x gvwjK Av¤î gyNj cÖkvm‡bi `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M kw³kvjx n‡q I‡Vb| wZwb gvivVv‡ì‡K Zvi
†mbvevwnbx‡Z wb‡qvM †`b| 1617 wLª. Lyiig gvwjK Av¤^‡ii weiæ‡× Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib Ges Avn‡g`bMi `yM©
I evjvNvU AÂj AwaKvi K‡ib| GB weRq †MŠi‡e mgªvU Lyiig‡K kvnRvnvb (c„w_exi ivRv) Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 88
kvnRvnvb I gneŸZ Lv‡bi we‡`ªvn

1623 wLª. kvnRvnvb mgªv‡Ui weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib wKš‘ gneŸZ Lvb I cvi‡f‡Ri wbUK civwRZ nb|
mgªvU Zv‡K ÿgv K‡ib| g~jZ mgªvÁx b~iRvnv‡bi eënvi I †¯^”QvPvwiZvq AwZô n‡q gneŸZ Lvb we‡`ªvn K‡ib
Ges mgªvU‡K Kveyj hvIqvi c‡_ ew›` K‡ib| b~iRvnv‡bi eyw×gËvq mgªvU gyw³ jvf K‡ib Ges gneŸZ Lvb
`vwÿYv‡Z¨ cjvqb K‡ib| mgªvU Rvnv½xi 1627 wLª. g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
b~iRvnv‡bi cÖfve
b~iRvnv‡bi cÖK…Z bvg †g‡ni-Db-wbmv| wZwb wQ‡jb Biv‡bi B¯úvnvb n‡Z AvMZ fvM¨ A‡¤^lYKvix wgR©v wMqvm
†e‡Mi Kb¨v| byiRvnvb wQ‡jb Ac~e© iƒcmx I eûwe` ¸‡Yi AwaKvix| hyeivR †mwjg b~iRvnvb Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡jb|
wKš‘ mgªvU AvKe‡ii wb‡`©‡k cviwmK hyeK AvjxKzwj Lv‡bi mv‡_ b~iRvnv‡bi weevn m¤úbœ nq| AvjxKzjx Lvb‡K
evsjvi ea©gv‡b RvqMxi cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wKš‘ 1607 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb GK mvgwiK Awfhv‡b g„ZzëiY K‡ib| AZci,
1611 wLª÷v‡ã mgªvU †g‡ni Db wbmv‡K weevn K‡ib Ges Zvi Dcvwa †`b Ôb~i gnjÕ (cÖvmv‡ì Av‡jv) I c‡i
b~iRvnvb (c„w_exi Av‡jv)| mgªv‡Ui ivRKv‡h© b~iRvnv‡bi cÖfve wQj Acwimxg| Zvi åvZv Avmd Lvb I wcZv
gxR©v wMqvm †eM ivRìev‡i D”P c‡` Avmxb nb| mgªvU Zvi wcÖq mgªvÁxi bv‡g gy`ªv Rvwi K‡ib| b~iRvnvb Zvi
cÖ_g c‡ÿi Kb¨v jvfjx †eM‡gi mv‡_ Rvnv½x‡ii Kwbô cyÎ kvnwiqv‡ii weevn †`b| 1612 wLª. Avmd Lv‡bi Kb¨v
AviRygv›` evbyi mv‡_ kvnRv`v Lyii‡gi weevn m¤úbœ nq Ges Avmd Lvb Zvi wbR RvgvZvi wmsnvmb jvf Kivi
cÖwZ D”Pvwfjvlx wQ‡jb| G‡Z K‡i b~iRvnvb Gi RvgvZv kvnwiqvi Gi mwnZ Lyii‡gi DËivwaKvi Ø›Ø cÖKU n‡q
I‡V| Ae‡k‡l mgªv‡Ui g„Zzï ci kvnRv`v Lyiig kvnwiqvi‡K civwRZ K‡i gyNj wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib| mgªvU
Rvnv½x‡ii g„Zzï ci mgªvÁx ivRbxwZ n‡Z Aemi MÖnY K‡ib Ges jv‡nv‡i Zvi GKgvÎ Kb¨v jvfjx †eMg‡K wb‡q
evKx Rxeb AwZeAvnZ K‡ib| 1645 wLª. b~iRvnvb g„ZzëiY K‡ib| b~iRvnvb wQ‡jb gyNj hy‡Mi me‡P‡q
AvKl©Yxq e¨w³‡Z¡i igbx| Zvi ivR‰bwZK `~i`„wó, eyw×gËv, D”PvKv•Lv, bvbvwea ¸‡Yi Dcw¯’wZ Zv‡K mgªv‡Ui
wbKU AZ¨šÍ wcÖqfvRb K‡i Zz‡jwQj| ZvB mgªv‡Ui ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b mgªvÁx b~iRvnv‡bi cÖfve wQj Acwimxg|
mgªvU wb‡RB Kve¨ K‡i ej‡Zb, ÒI have sold my kingdom to my beloved queen for a cup of wine and a
dish of soup”.
Rvnv½x‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡:

gyNj mgªv‡Ui g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb mgªvU Rvnv½xi| wZwb Zuvi ivR¨ cwiPvjbvq mgªvU AvKe‡ii bxwZ AbymiY
K‡ib| Zuvi mg‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AÂj mvgªvR¨fz³ n‡qwQj| wZwb mvgwiK Awfhvb cwiKíbv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Zb| wZwb
cÖkvm‡b b¨vq wePv‡ii cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi kvmbKv‡j Bs‡iRiv fvi‡Z evwYR¨ Ki‡Z Av‡m| 1608 mv‡j
K¨v‡Þb nwKsm ivRv cÖ_g †Rg‡mi Aby‡iva cÎ wb‡q Zuvi ìev‡i Av‡mb| 1615 mv‡j Ugvm †iv cybivq Zvi
ìev‡i Av‡mb| Rvnv½xi wkí, mvwnZ¨ I wPÎKjvi cÖwZ we‡kl AbyivMx wQ‡jb| Zvi mg‡q gyNj wPÎKjvi Pig
DrKl© mvwaZ nq| mgªv‡Ui m½x‡Zi cÖwZI we‡kl AbyivM wQj| wZwb Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebx ZzRyK-B-Rvnv½xix iPbv
K‡ib|
wkÿv_©xi KvR b~iRvnv‡bi cÖfve g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
mvivsk
mgªvU Rvnv½xi ivR¨ cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î Zuvi wcZvi †`Lv‡bv c_B AbymiY K‡ib| wKš‘ Zuvi ivRZ¡ Kv‡j cyÎ‡ì
we‡`ªvn †`Lv w`‡qwQj| Ae‡k‡l kvnRv`v Lyiig DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e weRqx nb| wZwb wQ‡jb mgªvÁx b~iRvnv‡bi
Øviv AZ¨šÍ cÖfvweZ|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 89
1) mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii WvK bvg wK wQj?
(K) gyiv` (L) cviwfR (M) †kLy evev (N) Lyiig
2) KZmv‡j Rvnv½xi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib
(K) 1602 (L) 1603 (M) 1604 (N) 1605
3) b~iRvnvb I byignj Kvi Dcvwa wQj?
(K) †g‡ni Db wbmv (L) AviRygv›èvby (M) mvwjgv †eMg (N) †hvavevC
4) m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii AvZ¥Rxebxi bvg wK?
(K) AvBb-B-AvKeix (L) AvKei bvgv (M) ZzRyKB Rvnv½xix (N) ev`kv bvgv
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
AvwbKv Zvi fvB‡qi KvQ †_‡K fviZe‡l©i gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï Ggb GKRb kvmK m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nj, hvi Pwi‡Îi
g‡a¨ wecixZ ¸Yvewji mswgkÖb wQj| Zuvi wmsnvm‡bi cðvr kw³ wn‡m‡e GKRb gnxqmx bvixi wecyj cÖfve wQj|
BD‡ivcxq‡ì mv‡_I Zuvi m¤úK© we`¨gvb wQj| GQvovI wZwb Zvi mv¤ªv‡R¨ †ek wKQz ms¯‹vi mvab K‡iwQ‡jb|
1. b~iRvnv‡bi cÖK…Z bvg wK wQj? 1
2. `¯Íi-Dj Avgj m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| 2
3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ kvm‡Ki wmsnvm‡bi cðv‡Z GK gnxqmx bvixi cÖfve wQj †m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3
4. ÒDÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ kvm‡Ki Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ wecixZ ¸Yvewji mswgkÖb wQjÓÑcvVëB‡qi Av‡jv‡K Zz‡j aiæb| 4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 90
cvV-3.8 mgªvU kvnRvnvb

D‡Ïk¨
 mgªvU kvnRvnvb I Zvi ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi weKvk m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 kvnRvnv‡bi cyÎ‡ì g‡a¨ DËivwaKvi Ø›Ø m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb I
 kvnRvnv‡bi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã ZvRgnj, `vivwk‡Kvn, gq~iwmsnvmb I ggZvR gnj
mgªvU kvnRvnvb
cÖv_wgK Rxeb I wmsnvmb Av‡ivnY
mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Pvi cy‡Îi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb kvnRvnvb| kvnRvnv‡bi cÖK…Z bvg wQj Lyiig| wZwb Rvnv½x‡ii
ivRcyZ cZ¥x RMr †MvmvB‡qi cyÎ| AvKei I Rvnv½x‡ii wcÖqcvÎ Lyiig ˆkke †_‡KB wQ‡jb wkÿv I mgiwe`¨vq
Kzkjx| wZwb hyeivR _vKv Ae¯’vq A‡bK Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib I weRqx nb| Avn‡g` bMi Awfhv‡b gvwjK
Av¤î‡K civwRZ K‡i wZwb Zvi wcZvi wbKU n‡Z kvnRvnvb Dcvwa jvf K‡ib| 1622 mv‡j kvnRvnvb Avmd
Lv‡bi Kb¨v AviRygv›` evby †eMg‡K weevn K‡ib| wcZvi weiæ‡× kvnRvnvb we‡`ªvn Ki‡jI wZwbB wQ‡jb Rvnv½xi
Gi me‡P‡q †hvM¨ DËivwaKvix| ZvB mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii g„Zzï ci kvnRvnvb 1628 wLª. 14 †deªæqvwi MvRx Dcvwa
wb‡q wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Avmd Lvb†K kvnvRvnvb cÖavbgš¿xi c‡` wb‡qvM †`b|
kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbvmg~n:
LvbRvnvb †jv`xi we‡`ªvn
AvdMvb m`©vi LvbRvnvb †jv`x Avn‡g` bM‡ii wbRvgyj gyjK Gi mg_©‡b we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib| kvnRvnv‡bi
†mbvcwZ Avãyjøvn I †gvRvddi 1631 wLª. `xN© 3 eQi Awfhv‡bi ci KvwjÄ‡ii Zvjwm‡nv›` bvgK ¯’v‡b
LvbRvnvb ‡jv`x‡K civwRZ K‡ib|
cZz©MxR‡ì `gb
mvZMuvI I ûMwj‡Z cZz©MxR©‡ì evwYR¨KzwV wQj| Zuv‡ì bvbv AcKg© G‡`‡k mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZKfv‡e
ÿwZmvab KiwQj| mgªvU wb‡RI cZy©MxR‡ì D×Z AvPi‡Y ÿzä wQ‡jb| we‡klZ ggZvR gn‡ji `yBRb `vmx‡K
AcniY K‡i I mgªvU nIqvi ci kvnRvnvb‡K Dc‡XŠKb bv cvwV‡q cZy©MxRiv mgªv‡Ui weivMfvRb nb| 1632
mv‡j Kvwmg Lvb Gi cyÎ Gbv‡qZDjøvn cZy©MxR‡ì Dci AvµgY Pvjvq| cZy©MxRiv ZLb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e civwRZ
nq|
kvnRvnv‡bi DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ bxwZ
mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii mg‡q Kv›`vnvi n¯ÍPz¨Z n‡j kvnRvnvb Gi cÖ‡Póvq 1638 wLª. Kv›`vnvi cybivq gyNj AwaKv‡i
Av‡m| wKš‘ 1648 wLª. cvim¨ kvmK kvn Aveevm Kv›`vnvi Rq K‡i †bb| kvnRvnvb cÖ_‡g †`ŠjZ Lvb I c‡i
1649 wLª. kvnRv`v AvIi½‡Re I cÖavbgš¿x mv` Djøvn Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Awfhvb cvVvb| Z‡e 1652 mv‡j cvi‡mï
DbœZ iY‡KŠkj I mvgwiK `ÿZvi Kv‡Q gyNj evwnbx civwRZ nq| ZvB GB Awfhvb e¨_© nq|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 91
ga¨ GwkqvbxwZ
ga¨ Gwkqvq gyNj AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ kvnRvnvb Zuvi cyÎ gyiv` I †mbvcwZ Avjx g`©vb‡K †cÖiY K‡ib|
gyNjevwnbx ejL I ev`vLkvb Rq K‡i| wKš‘ êix AvenvIqvq Awfhvb AMÖmi nqwb| 1647 wLª. kvnRv`v myRv I
AvIi½‡Re Aci Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| Z‡e GB AwfhvbI e¨_© nq|
`vwÿYvZ¨ bxwZ
mgªvU AvKe‡ii mg‡q `vwÿYv‡Zï Lv‡›`k I †eivi gyNj AwaKv‡i G‡mwQj| Avn‡g` bM‡ii wek„sLjvi my‡hvM
wb‡q weRvcyi I †MvjKzÛv gyNj n¯ÍPz¨Z nq| mgªvU kvnRvnvb Gi kw³kvjx K~UbxwZK bxwZi d‡j 1633 wLª.
Avn‡g`bMi gyNj AwaKv‡i Av‡m| wkqv ivR¨ `ywU weRvcyi I †MvjKzÛv 1630-1636 wLª. g‡a¨ gyNj AwaKvi
Av‡m| `vwÿYvZ¨ n¯ÍMZ K‡i mgªvU Zvi Z…ZxqcyÎ kvnRv`v AvIi½‡Re‡K †mLvbKvi myev`vi wb‡qvM K‡ib|
AvIi½‡Re 1645 wLª. GKevi c`Pz¨Z n‡q ¸Riv‡Ui myev`vwi jvf K‡ib| wKš‘ `vwÿYv‡Z¨ k„sLjv wdwi‡q Avb‡Z
mgªvU Zv‡K 1653 wLª. cybivq `vwÿYv‡Zï myev`vwi Ac©Y K‡ib|
¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi weKvk
gyNj BwZnv‡m kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj ÒThe Age of MarbleÓ bv‡g L¨vZ| mgªvU kvnRvnvb wQ‡jb wkíKjv,
¯’vcZ¨ I †mŠ›`‡h©i c~Rvix| wZwb wQ‡jb fviZe‡l©i BwZnv‡m †kªô wbg©vZv| wZwb BwZnv‡m ÒThe Prince of
Builders or Engineer King” bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zvi ¯’vcZïxwZi Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ nj wZwb jvj cv_‡i ¯’‡j g~jëvb
†k¦Z gg©g cv_i (White marbel) eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Zvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j w`wjø, AvMÖv, jv‡nv‡i e¨vcK ¯’vcZ¨ ˆkjx ˆZix
Kiv n‡qwQj| Kveyj, Kv›`vnvi I Kvwk¥‡i g‡bvig D`¨vb, cÖvmv`, gmwR` BZ¨vw` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| ivRavbx AvMÖv‡Z
wZwb wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb `xDqvb-B-Avg, `xDqvb-B-Lvm, †gvwZ gmwR`, mvwjgvi D`¨vb, kxl gnj BZ¨vw`|
kvnRvnvb 1638 wLª. ivRavbx AvMÖv n‡Z w`wjø‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib Ges bZzb bMixi bvg †`b kvnRvnvbvev`| GLv‡b
wZwb jvj‡Kjøv, ggZvR gnj BZ¨vw` wbg©vY K‡ib| Zvi gmwR` ¯’vc‡Zï g‡a¨ me©v‡cÿv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj w`wjøi
Rv‡g gmwR`| GQvovI wZwb eû g~jëvb iZœ LwPZ RMrweL¨vZ gqyi wmsnvmb ‰Zwi K‡ib|
ZvRgnj
mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi me©‡kªô KxwZ© nj AvMÖvi ZvRgnj| hgybv b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z ZvRgnj n‡”Q mgªvU Zvi wcÖqZgv
cZœx ggZvR gn‡ji ¯§„wZ‡K Agi K‡i ivLvi GK D¾j `„óvšÍ| wek nvRvi `ÿ wkíx I KvwiMi my`xN© 22 eQi
hver GB mgvwa‡mŠa wbg©vY K‡ib| mgªvU wb‡RB wQ‡jb Gi cwiKíbvKvix| cÖavb ¯’vcwZ wQ‡jb Bmdvbw`qvi iægx
I gv÷vi Cmv| fviZxq I cviwmK wkíKjvi wgjb NwU‡q ZvRgnj wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| GwU hyM hyM a‡i ¯’vcZ¨ we`¨vi
DrKl© I gyNj kvm‡bi ¯¦Y©h‡y Mi wb`k©b wn‡m‡e wU‡K Av‡Q|
kvnRvnv‡bi cyÎ‡ì ga¨Kvi M„nhy×
mgªvU kvnRvnvb 1607 mv‡ji w`‡K Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob| wcZvi †ivM kh¨vq Zuvi PvicyÎ wmsnvm‡bi AwaKvi wb‡q
GK i³ÿqx msMÖv‡g wjß nq| mgªv‡Ui Pvi cyÎ wQ‡jb eq‡mi µgvbymv‡i `viv wk‡Kv, kvn myRv, AvIi½‡Re I
gyiv`| Avi `yB Kb¨v wQ‡jb Rvnbviv I iIkb Aviv| cyÎMY mvgwiK w`K †_‡K mK‡j mgvb `ÿ wQ‡jb bv|
G‡ì g‡a¨:
 †R¨ô cyÎ `viv wk‡Kvn wQ‡jb agx©q †ÿ‡Î D`vi| wZwb wQ‡jb cvÄve I w`wjøi kvmbKZ©v| wZwb cwÛZ n‡jI
AvPvi AvPi‡Y D×Z cÖK…wZi wQ‡jb|
 kvnvmyRv wQ‡jb evsjvi kvmbKZ©v| wZwb my`ÿ †hv×v, mvnmx, ivR‰bwZK Ávbm¤úbœ n‡jI wZwb wQ‡jb Av‡qkx
cÖK…wZi|
 kvnRvnv‡bi Z…Zxq cyÎ AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb me©v‡cÿv `ÿ‡hv×v, cÖkvmb I K~U‰bwZK Áv‡bi AwaKvix| wZwb
wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ wbôvevb GKRb gymwjg|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 92
 KwYô cyÎ gyiv` wQ‡jb ¸Riv‡Ui myev`vi| Z‡e wZwb wQ‡jb Bw›`ªqcivqY I cÖkvmb Áv‡b A`~i`wk©| mgªvU
kvnRvnv‡bi cyÎ‡ì g‡a¨ DËivwaKvi hy‡×i wcQ‡b KZ¸‡jv mywbw`©ó KviY we`¨gvb wQj| Zvi g‡a¨
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KviY¸‡jv nj:
 myôz DËivwaKvi bxwZi Afve-
 e¨w³MZ Pwi‡Îi cv_©K¨-
 cyÎ‡ì cÖwZ mgªv‡Ui cÿcvZg~jK AvPiY
 ivR‰bwZK D”Pvwfjvl
 gmb‡ì †gvn
`vivwk‡Kvn wcZvi †ivMkh¨vi my‡hvM wb‡q iv‡Rï kvmb Zvi nv‡Z Zz‡j †bb| wZwb wcZvi †iv‡Mi msev` Zvi
fvB‡ì wbKU †Mvcb iv‡Lb Ges ¸RivU, `vwÿYvZ¨ I evsjvi mv‡_ mKj †hvMv‡hvM eÜ K‡i †`b| `vivi Ggb
KcUPvix AvPiY Zvi Ab¨vb¨ fvB‡ì AvnZ K‡i| M„nhy× ZLb AZ¨vek¨Kxq n‡q c‡o|
evnv`yiM‡oi hy×
`vivi Aci wZb fvB wbR wbR AÂ‡j wbR bv‡g Lyrev cvV I gy`ªv Rvix K‡ib| AvIi½‡Re †evb iIkb Avivi KvQ
†_‡K cÖK…Z Z_¨ MÖnY K‡i kvn myRvi mv‡_ `vivi weiæ‡× Pzw³ K‡ib Ges gyiv`‡K wb‡Ri `jfz³ K‡i †bb|
kvnmyRv evsjv n‡Z w`wjø Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡ib| kvnRvnvb `vivi cyÎ myjvqgvb wk‡Kv‡K †cÖiY K‡ib| myjvqgvb
1658 wLª. 24 Rvbyqvwi evivbmxi wbKU evnv`yiM‡oi hy‡× kvn myRv‡K civwRZ K‡ib|
ag©v‡Ui hy×
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I Kvwkg Lv‡bi wgwjZ evwnbx 1658 wLª. 10 GwcÖj cÖPÛ jovB K‡i AvIi½‡Re I gyiv‡ì †hŠ_ evwnbxi wbKU
civwRZ nq|
mvgyM‡oi hy×
ag©v‡Ui hy‡×i civRq hyeivR `viv wk‡Kv‡K ÿzä K‡i| 1658 wLª. cÖvq 50 nvRvi ˆmb¨ wb‡q wZwb AvMÖvi wbKUeZx©
†Mvqvwjqv‡ii mvgyM‡o G‡m †cŠQvb| eû ivRcyZ †hv×v GB hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i| wKš‘ `vivi e¨_© iY‡KŠk‡j
gyNjevwnbx QÎf½ n‡q hvq Ges gyiv` I AvIi½‡Re Gi †hŠ_evwnbx Zv‡ì weRq wbwðZ K‡i|
M„nhy‡×i †kl A¼
M„nhy‡×i †kl ch©v‡q G‡m AvIi½‡Re AvMÖvq wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib| wZwb Zvi wcZv kvnRvnvb‡K AvMÖv`y‡M© ew›`
K‡i iv‡Lb| kvnRv`v gyiv`‡K cÖnmbg~jK wePv‡ii gva¨‡g ¸Riv‡Ui wÌqvb Avjx bKx‡K nZ¨vi `v‡q g„Zz¨`Û
cÖ`vb K‡ib| kvn myRv‡K `gb Kivi Rb¨ AvIi½‡Re gxi Rygjv‡K †cÖiY K‡ib| kvnmyRv AvivKv‡b cvwj‡q hvb|
`vivwk‡Kvn cÖ_‡g jv‡nvi c‡i gyjZvb I †k‡l ¸Riv‡U Avkªq †bb| AvRwg‡i h‡kvešÍ wms‡ni loh‡š¿ wZwb
†Ìqv‡ii hy‡× Avi½‡R‡ei wbKU P‚ovšÍfv‡e civwRZ nb|
kvnRvnv‡bi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡
kvnRvnv‡bi e¨w³Z¡ I PvwiwÎK ‰ewkó¨ wb‡q HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡a¨ gZ‡f` jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Z‡e wZwb †h †Kv‡bv
wePv‡i wkwÿZ, gvwR©Z iæwP‡eva I we`¨vrmvnx wQ‡jb| AvwfRv‡Zï cÖwZ Zvi cÖej AvMÖn jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| wZwb
mvgwiK w`K †_‡K †gvUvgywU mdj wQ‡jb| Z‡e Zuvi DËi cwðg mxgvšÍbxwZ I ga¨ Gwkqvq †Zgb mvdj¨ cvbwb|
wKš‘ Zuvi `vwÿYvZ¨ bxwZ mdj nq| Zuvi mg‡q gyNj mvgªvR¨ A‡bK`~i we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| wZwb cÖkvmwbK †ÿ‡Î
mgªvU AvKei†KB AbymiY K‡ib| Zuvi ivóªkvm‡b cÖwZfvi mgv‡ek jÿ¨bxq| Zuvi mg‡q fviZ Gwkqv I
BD‡iv‡ci mv‡_ evwYR¨ m¤ú‡K©i m~Pbv nq| wZwb wkÿv I ms¯‹w… Z‡cÖgx wQ‡jb| Avãyj nvwg` Lvb jv‡nvix, wgR©v
wRqvDwÏb, Avãyj nvwKg wkqvj‡KvUx, gywne Avjx ˆmq`x, Zzjmx`vm Zvi c„ô‡cvlKZv cvb| Z‡e mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi
ivRZ¡Kv‡ji Pig DrKl© mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Zvi ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í| HwZnvwmKMY Zvi ivRZ¡Kvj‡K ÔThe Age of MarbelÕ
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 93
ev ÔThe Golden Age of the MughalsÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| GB gnvb gyNj mgªvU Gi †kl Rxeb AZ¨šÍ
ü`qwe`viK wQj| cyÎ AvIi½‡Re KZ…©K `xN© AvU eQi AvMÖv `y‡M© AšÍixY †_‡K 1666 wLª. 22 Rvbyqvwi 74 eQi
eq‡m wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
wkÿv_©xi KvR m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi ZvRgnj hy‡Mi †kÖô m„wó-Gi ¯^c‡ÿ wjLyb|
mvivsk
kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj gyNj BwZnv‡mi ¯^Y©gq GK Aa¨vq| wZwb wQ‡jb Zvi c~e©eZx© kvmK‡ì gZB mvgwiK
cÖkvmwbK I ivóªhš¿ cwiPvjbvq `ÿ GK Y„cwZ| Zvi mgqKvj gyNj BwZnv‡mi wPÎKjv I ¯’vc‡Zï ¯^Y©hyM e‡j
we‡ewPZ I cÖkswmZ| Z‡e wmsnvmb‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zvi cyÎ‡ì ga¨Kvi M„nhy‡×i m~Pbv I wZb cy‡Îi g„Zz¨ Zvi
kvmb‡K wKQzUv Kjw¼Z K‡i‡Q| Z‡e gyNj BwZnv‡m wZwb wcÖqZgv cZœxi ¯§„wZ‡Z ZvRgn‡ji mªóv I ÔPrince of
buildersÕ bv‡g AvRI weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb|
1) kvnRvnv‡bi gvZvi bvg wK?
(K) gwbevB (L) †hvavevB (M) RMr †MvmvB (N) b~iRvnvb
2) KZmv‡j kvnRvnvb wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib-
(K) 1627 (L) 1628 (M) 1629 (N) 1630
3) kvnRvnvb †Kvb BD‡ivcxq kw³i weiæ‡× Awfhvb Pvjvb-
(K) cZz©MxR (L) w`‡bgvi (M) divmx (N) Bs‡iRx
4) kvnRvnv‡bi Pvi cy‡Îi g‡a¨ evsjvi kvmK †K wQ‡jb?
(K) `vivwk‡Kvn (L) kvnmyRv (M) AvIi½‡Ri (N) gyiv`
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
kvn Avjg †PŠayix LyeB iæwPevb I †mŠwLb ivRv wQ‡jb| Zvi ¯¿x ixbv †PŠayix Awb›`¨ my›ìx I we`~lx igbx wQ‡jb|
kvn Avjg †PŠayixi ¯¿xi cÖwZ wQj Acwimxg fv‡jvevmv| wKš‘ GK `yN©Ubvq Zuvi ¯¿x AKv‡j g„ZzëiY Ki‡j wZwb
Zvi ¯¿xi ¯§„wZ iÿv‡_© eû A_© e¨‡q †h †mŠawU wbg©vY K‡ib Zv AvRI we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| kvn Avjg †PŠayixi cyÎ‡ì
g‡a¨ DËivwaKvi Ø›Ø cÖej n‡j wZwb Zv `g‡b e¨_© nb|
1. ZvRgn‡ji ¯’cwZ †K wQ‡jb? 1
2. m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi cyÎ‡ì g‡a¨ msNwUZ DËivwaKvi Ø‡›Øi cÖavb KviYwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ kvm‡Ki ¯’vcZ¨K‡g©i mv‡_ m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi †Kvb w`KwUi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q Zz‡j aiæb| 3
4. m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj‡K †Kb gyNj BwZnv‡mi ¯^Y©hyM e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q? hyw³ w`b| 4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 94
cvV-3.9 mgªvU AvIi½‡Re t `vwÿYvZ¨ bxwZ, ag©bxwZ, kvmb c×wZ, PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡
D‡Ïk¨
 AvIi½‡Re I Zvi `vwÿYvZ¨ bxwZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AvIi½‡Re Gi ag©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb I
 AvIi½‡Re Gi kvmb c×wZ I Zvi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã wRwRqv, d‡Zvqv-B-AvjgwMwi, wkevRx, ivRwmsn, gxi-Rygjv I AngivR¨
mgªvU AvIi½‡Re
gyNj ivRes‡ki †kl kw³ai kvmK wQ‡jb mgªvU AvIi½‡Re| wZwb wQ‡jb mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi Z…Zxq
cyÎ| Zvi cÖK…Z bvg wQj gywnDwÏb gynv¤§` AvjgMxi| wZwb `vwÿYv‡Zï ay‡` bvgK ¯’v‡b 1618 wLª. Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Bmjvg ag© m¤ú‡K© Zvi Mfxi Ávb wQj| wZwb Aviwe, dvwm©, ZzwK©mn †ek K‡qKwU fvlvq `ÿZv AR©b
K‡ib| mvgwiK w`K †_‡KI wZwb cvi`wk©Zvi cwiPq †`b| gvÎ 18 eQi eq‡m AvIi½‡Re `vwÿYv‡Zï myev`v‡ii
`vwqZ¡ jvf K‡ib| GQvovI wZwb 1645 wLª. ¸RivU, 1648 †_‡K 1652 wLª. ch©šÍ wmÜz I gyjZv‡bi kvmbKZ©vi
c‡` wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb|
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY
kvnRvnv‡bi Pvicy‡Îi ga¨Kvi M„nhy‡× AvIi½‡Re weRqx nb| wZwb e„×wcZv kvnRvnvb‡K AvMÖvi `y‡M© ew›` K‡i
1658 wLª. wmsnvmb AwaKvi K‡ib| AvIi½‡Re Zuvi cÖwZØ›Øx `yB fvB kvn myRv I `vivwk‡Kv‡K civwRZ K‡i
1659 wLª. ivR¨ Awf‡lK NUvb Ges Aveyj gyRvd&di gywnDwÏb gynv¤§` AvIi½‡Re AvjgMxi ev`kvn MvRx Dcvwa
MÖnY K‡ib|
cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejx
mgªvU AvIi½‡Re GKRb wbôvevb mywbœ gymjgvb wQ‡jb| wZwb gyNj ivR ìev‡ii †fvM wejvm cwiZ¨vM K‡ib|
mgªv‡Ui S‡ivKv `k©b, bI‡ivR Drme, msMxZ I ZvwRqv wgwQj wbwl× K‡ib| gmwR` I LvbKvn ms¯‹vi, wbg©vY
Ges Bgvg I mywbœ ag©‡eËv‡ì †eZb fvZv evwo‡q †`b| cÖRv‡ì cÖvq 40 cÖKvi Kómva¨ Ki evwZj K‡ib| gy`ªvq
K‡jgv A¼b I P›`ªgv‡mi el©cwÄI Pvjy K‡ib|
mvgªvR¨we¯Ívit
DËi-c~e© mxgvšÍbxwZ
DËi-c~e© mxgvšÍbxwZi Ask wn‡m‡e AvIi½‡Re Avmv‡g Awfhvb †cÖiY K‡ib| Avmvg ZLb Angx wn›`y Rb RvwZ
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AvIi½‡Re Zvi †mbvcwZ gxi Rygjv‡K evsjvi myev`vwi Ac©Y K‡ib| gxi Rygjv 1661 wLª. Avmv‡g Awfhvb
cwiPvjbv K‡ib| 1662 mv‡j KzPwenvi gyNj AwaKv‡i Av‡m Ges GK †bŠhy‡× Avmvg ivR civwRZ nb Ges 1663
wLª. Avmvg ivRv cybivq gyNj‡ì mv‡_ mwÜ Ki‡Z eva¨ nb|
myev`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lvb
kv‡q¯Ív Lvb wQ‡jb mgªvU AvIi½‡Re Gi gvZzj Avmd Lv‡bi cyÎ| gxi Rygjvi g„Zzï ci AvIi½‡Re
kv‡q¯ÍvLvb‡K evsjvi myev`vi wb‡qvM K‡ib| Avmv‡gi ivRv Rqae‡Ri g„Zzï ci Avmvg I Kvgiƒc ivRv
Pµae‡Ri `L‡j Av‡m| kv‡q¯Ív Lvb KvgiƒcI Avmv‡g gyNj AvwacZ¨ ¯’vc‡b c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib| KzPwenvi
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 95
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DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍbxwZ
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†_‡K Kv›`vnvi ch©šÍ AvdMvb we‡`ªvn Qwo‡q c‡o| mgªvU AvIi½‡Re 1674 wLª. Zvi †mbvcwZ AvKei Lvb,
kvnRv`v AvKei I DwRi Avmv` Lvb‡K wb‡q †c‡kvqvi G Dcw¯’Z nb| mgªvU we‡`ªvn `g‡b K~UbxwZi Avkªq MÖnY
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Av‡mb|
ivRcyZ-bxwZ
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Zvi ivRcyZ bxwZ e¨_© n‡qwQj|
gviIqvi AwaKvi
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Rb¥jvf Ki‡j Zvi bvgKiY nq AwRZ wmsn| mgªvU AvIi½‡Re Zv‡K ivRìev‡i †i‡L cÖwZcvjb Ki‡Z PvB‡j
ivRcyZiv G‡Z AcgvwbZ †eva K‡ib Ges we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i| mgªvU h‡kvešÍ wms‡ni åvZz®úyÎ B›`ªwmsn‡K kvmK
wb‡qvM K‡ib wKš‘ wZwb ivRcyZ‡ì `gb Ki‡Z e¨_© nIqvq mgªvU Zv‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡ib| Gici mgªvU kvnRv`v
AvKei I AvRwg‡ii †dŠR`vi Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Awfhvb †cÖiY K‡ib| 1679 wLª. Ae‡k‡l †hvacyi I gviIqvi gyNj
AwaKv‡i Av‡m|
†gevi weRq I D`qcyi Pzw³
gviIqv‡ii ivRcyÎ AwRZ wms‡ni gvZv wQ‡jb †gev‡ii ivRKb¨v| Zvi Av‡e`‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z †gev‡ii ivRv D`q
wmsn gyNj‡ì weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡ib| GB mgq wRwRqv Ki‡K †K›`ª K‡i ivRcyZ I mgªv‡Ui ga¨Kvi Ø›Ø Pig
AvKvi aviY K‡i| Aci ivRcyZ ivRv Rqwmsn I `yM©v`vm ivbv ivRwms‡ni mv‡_ Pzw³ K‡ib| mgªvU G‡Z ÿzä nb
Ges †gevi weR‡q AMÖmi nb| ivRcyZ kw³ civwRZ nq Ges ivbv ivRwmsn cjvqb K‡ib| †gev‡ii kvmbfvi
hyeivR AvKe‡ii Dci Ac©Y Kiv nq| ivbv ivRwmsn g„ZzëiY Ki‡j Zvi DËivwaKvix nb Zvi cyÎ Rqwmsn|
µgvMZ gyNj I ivRcyZ kw³i ga¨Kvi Ø›Ø msNv‡Z Dfq cÿB kvwšÍi c_ AbymÜvb K‡ib| 1681 wLª. Dfq
c‡ÿi m¤§wZ‡Z 1wU Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq hvi kZ©vbymv‡i Rqwmsn‡K †gev‡ii ivRv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv nq|
`vwÿYvZ¨-bxwZ
mgªvU AvIi½‡Re ivRcyZbvi mv‡_ kvwšÍ ¯’vcb K‡i Gevi `wÿY fvi‡Zi w`‡K bRi †`b| Zvi `vwÿYvZ¨bxwZi
m¤ú~Y© Ask Ry‡o wQj gyNj-gvivVv msNl©|
`vwÿYvZ¨bxwZi †cÖÿvcU
cÖ_gZ; `vwÿYvZ¨bxwZ wQj gyNj‡ì mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii Ask| DËi fvi‡Zi AvwacZ¨ eRvq †i‡L `wÿY fvi‡ZI
gyNj kw³ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi B”QvB wQj AvIi½‡Re Gi `vwÿYvZ¨bxwZi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|
wØZxqZ; weRvcyi, †MvjKzÛv I Ab¨vb¨ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª wkqv gymwjg ivR¨¸‡jv gyNj Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ ûgwK n‡q ùvwo‡q wQj|
myZivs mv¤ªv‡R¨ m¤ªvU G Ae¯’v Pj‡Z w`‡Z cv‡ib bv|
Z…ZxqZ; weRvcyi, †MvjKzÛv wbqwgZ evwl©K Ki cÖ`v‡bi A¯^xK…wZ Rvwb‡q AvmwQj|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 96
PZz_©Z; gvivVviv GB mgq Zv‡ì `j‡bZv wkevRxi †bZ…‡Z¡ ¯^vaxb gnvivóª cÖwZôvi cÖwZ Zrci nq| hv wQj gyNj
mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖwZ ûgwK¯îƒc| AvIi½‡R‡ei mv‡_ gvivVv‡ì msN‡l©i weeiY wb¤œiƒc:
K) cÖ_g ch©vq
fvi‡Z gvivVvkw³i AMÖ`~Z I gnvbvqK wQ‡jb wkevRx| wkevRx wQ‡jb kvnRx †fvm‡j I wRRvevB Gi cyÎ| wZwb
1627 wLª. KY©v‡U Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ‰kke †_‡KB fviZxq ms¯‹w… Zi gnvbvqK‡ì exiZ¡Mv_v ï‡b wkevRx ¯^vaxb
wn›`yivóª cÖwZôvi †cÖiYv cvb| †hŠe‡b wZwb gvivVv kw³‡K †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q GK HKë× RvwZ‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡ib|
g~jZ 1646 wLª. n‡Z 1674 wLª. ch©šÍ gyNj‡ì mv‡_ wkevRx GK `xN© msMÖv‡g Rwo‡q c‡ob| AvIi½‡Re Gi
cÖavbgš¿x AvdRvj Lvb‡K wkevRx nZ¨v Ki‡j mgªvU kv‡q¯Ív Lvb I kvnRv`v gyqv‡¾g‡K `vwÿYv‡Z¨ myev`vi K‡i
cvVvb| kvnRv`v gyqv‡¾g wKQzUv mdj nb| wZwb 25wU `yM© `Lj Ki‡Z mg_© nb| wkevRx gyNj‡ì mv‡_ cyi›`‡ii
Pzw³ m¤úbœ K‡i| 1674 wLª. wkevRx QÎcwZ Dcvwa jvf K‡i Ges GK wn›`y ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡i| 1680 wLª. wkevRx
g„ZzëiY K‡i|
L) wØZxq ch©vq
1680-87 wLª. ch©šÍ mgqKv‡j, wkevRxi g„Zzï ci gvivVv kw³ wkevRxi cyÎ k¤¢yRxi †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ nq|
`vwÿYv‡Zï weRvcyi I †MvjKzÛv gyNj‡ì Ki` ivR¨ wQj| Zviv Pzw³ A¯^xKvi Ki‡j mgªvU 1665, 1680 I
1682 mv‡j cici Rqwmsn, w`wji Lvb I kvnRv`v †gvqv‡¾g †K w`‡q 3wU Awfhvb †cÖiY K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l 1686
mv‡j weRvcyi gyNj AwaKv‡i Av‡m| mgªvU 1685 wLª. ‡MvjKzÛvi myjZvb KzZzekv‡ni weiæ‡× Awfhvb cwiPvjbv
K‡ib| 8 gvm `yM© Ae‡iv‡ai ci †MvjKzÛvi cÖavbgš¿x Ave`yjøvn cwb Dr†KvP MÖnY K‡i `y‡M©i dUK Ly‡j †`b|
†MvjKzÛv Ae‡k‡l gyNj‡ì n¯ÍMZ nq|
M) Z…Zxq ch©vq
GB ch©v‡q mgªvU 1687-1707 ch©šÍ gvivVv †bZv k¤¢yRx I Ab¨vb¨ gvivVv †hv×v‡ì weiæ‡× GK KwVb msMÖv‡g wjß
wQ‡jb| Z‡e †kl ch©šÍ mgªvU gvivVv‡ì m¤ú~Y©fv‡e civwRZ Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡qwQ‡jb| k¤¢yRxi ci gvivVv †bZ…Z¡ †`b
kvûRx, wkevRxi Aci cyyÎ ivRvivg, Zvi weaev ¯¿x ZvivevC I cyÎ Z…Zxq wkevRx| mgªv‡Ui `vwÿYvZ¨bxwZ wQj
gyNj‡ì Rb¨ Akwb-ms‡KZ I mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i GK eo P¨v‡jÄ|
AvIi½‡Re Gi ag©bxwZ
wbôvevb mybœx ag©vej¤^x mgªvU AvIi½‡Re Gi ag©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡a¨ A‡bK gZcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
wR›`vcxi ev ì‡ek ev`kvn DcvwacÖvß mgªvU‡K A‡bK wn›`y HwZnvwmK ag©vÜ I wn›`ywe‡Ølx e‡j AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb|
we‡kl K‡i h`ybv_ miKvi, Gm Avi kg©v, G, Gj kªxev¯Íe I †jbcyj cÖgyL mgªvU AvIi½‡Re †K ag©vÜ e‡j‡Qb|
Zviv mgªv‡Ui weiæ‡× KwZcq eY©ev`x Awf‡hvM G‡b‡Qb †hgb wn›`y gw›ì aŸsm, wRwRqv Ki Pvjy, ivR ìev‡i
wn›`y‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZv Kgv‡bv BZ¨vw`| Z‡e GB Awf‡hvM¸‡jv wQj wfwËnxb I KíbvcÖm~Z| wZwb †hme wn›`y gw›ì
aŸsm K‡i‡Qb Zv wQj we‡`ªvnx‡ì A¯¿ fvÛvi| GwU wQj Zvi ivR‰bwZK c`‡ÿc †Kvb ag©we‡Ølx D‡Ïk¨ bq|
1679 wLª. Agymwjg bvMwiK‡ì Rxeb I m¤ú` iÿvi Rb¨ mgªvU wRwRqv Ki Pvjy K‡ib| GwU wQj Zuvi A_©‰bwZK
msKU wbim‡bi c`‡ÿc| GQvovI mgªv‡Ui ivRìev‡ii g`¨cvb, msMxZ, b„Z¨Kjv cÖ`k©b, S‡ivKv `k©b, e¨q eûj
bI‡ivR Drme I wejvmxZv‡K Bmjv‡gi cwicš’x wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| GwU wQj Zuvi ag©wbôvi D`vniY †Kvb
ivR‰bwZK ev ag©we‡Ølx g‡bvfve †_‡K mgªvU GwU K‡ibwb| m¤ªvU AvIiv½‡Re ivR¨ kvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î Bmjvgx
kvmbc×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Zb|
PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡:
mnR mij RxebhvcbKvix AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb D`¨gx, eyw×gvb I cwikªgx| †Kvbiƒc †fvMwejvm Zv‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb| wZwb KziAv‡b nvwdR wQ‡jb Ges wbR n‡¯Í KziAvb bKj Ki‡Zb I Uzwc †mjvB Ki‡Zb| Bmjvga‡g© Zvi
cÖMvp cvwÛZ¨ wQj| mgªvU AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb me©‡kl †kªô gyNj kvmK| wZwb wQ‡jb my`ÿ cÖkvmwbK Ávbm¤úbœ,
b¨vqcivqY I wbôvevb kvmK| AvIi½‡Re Gi gZ my`ÿ †hv×v I mgiKzkjx Y„cwZ gyNj es‡k wQj GK D¾j
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 97
bÿ‡Îi gZ| HwZnvwmKiv e‡jb, Ò†jLbx I Zievwi Zvi nv‡Z mgvb `ÿZvq †kvfv †cZÓ| Zuvi mg‡q mgMÖ gyNj
mvgªvR¨ 21 wU myevq wef³ wQj| mgªvU wQ‡jb wkÿv I Áv‡bi GKRb c„ô‡cvlK| wZwb wb‡RI Aviwe dvwm© fvlvq
mycwÛZ wQ‡jb| Zuvi mg‡q Ôd‡Zvqv-B-AvjgwMwiÕ bvgK AvBb msKjb iwPZ nq| GQvovI Ôgvmxi-B-AvjgwMwiÕ
ev AvjgwMibvgv, ÔgybZv Lve Avj RveyiÕ Zuvi mg‡q iwPZ nq| mgªvU GKRb my`ÿ Aviwe wjwcKvi wQ‡jb| GB
gnvb kvmK 1707 wLª. g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
wkÿv_©xi KvR m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Rei Gi ag©bxwZ wjLyb|
mvivsk
mgªvU AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb gyNj mvgªv‡Rï me©‡kl †kªô kvmK| Zuvi kvmbvgj wQj we‡`ªvn wek„sLj I msMÖvggyLi|
wZwb Abvo¤îc~Y© Rxeb I agx©q `„wófw½i Av‡jv‡K ivóª cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb| Zuvi ivRcyZbxwZ, agx©qbxwZ
I `vwÿYv‡Z¨ gvivVv‡ì weiæ‡× `xN©msMÖvg kvmbvg‡ji D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K| GQvov wZwb DËi-cwðg mxgv‡šÍ
AvdMvb we‡`ªvnx‡ì `gb I `wÿY fvi‡Zi wkqv ivR¨¸‡jv‡K Ki` iv‡R¨ iƒcvšÍi I ivRcyZ kw³‡K K‡Vvifv‡e
`gb K‡i mvgªvR¨ my`„p K‡ib| mdjZv I e¨_©Zv wgwj‡q AvIi½‡Re wQ‡jb me©‡kl †kªô gyNj kvmK| Zvici
ax‡i ax‡i gyNj esk `ye©j n‡q c‡o|
1) gyNj mvgªv‡Rï †kl mdj kvmK †K wQ‡jb?
K) AvKei L) Rvnv½xi M) AvIi½‡Re N) evei
2) †Kvb gyNj kvmK wRwRqv Ki cybt cÖeZ©b K‡ib
K) evei L) AvKei M) kvnRvnvb N) AvIi½‡Re
3) AvIi½‡Re Gi Dcvwa wK wQj?
K) RwniæwÏb L) bvwmiæwÏb M) byiDwÏb N) ev`kvn AvjgMxi
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
gyNj es‡ki ÔKÕ kvmK ag©xq ¸Yvewji Rb¨ BwZnv‡m wR›`vcxi wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, †¯ú‡bi ÿZ
†hgb exi †b‡cvwjqb‡K aŸsm K‡i, `vwÿYvZ¨ ÿZ †Zgwb D³ kvmK‡K aŸsm K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb HwZnvwmK gšÍe¨
K‡i‡Qb Zuvi ag©xq bxwZ I `vwÿYvZ¨bxwZ gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï cZ‡bi Rb¨ `vqx wQj|
1. 1658 wLª÷v‡ã †K AvjgMxi Dcvwa aviY K‡i wb‡R‡K m¤ªvU wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib? 1
2. mvgyM‡oi hy× m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| 2
3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ÔKÕ kvm‡Ki ag©xq bxwZ I Zvi djvdj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3
4. Av‡jvP¨ kvm‡Ki ag©bxwZ I `vwÿYvZ¨bxwZ gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï cZ‡bi Rb¨ `vqx wQj?Ñ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Kiæb| 4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 98
cvV-3.10 gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZb: KviY I djvdj

D‡Ïk¨
 gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi KviY m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi d‡j wK Ae¯’vi m„wó n‡qwQj Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã bvwì kvn, Avng` kvn Ave`vjx, wn›`y beRvMib I wmcvnx we‡`ªvn
AvIi½‡Re cieZx© gyNj m¤ªvUMY

1707 wLª. mgªvU AvIi½‡Re g„ZzëiY K‡ib| AvIi½‡Ri cieZx© gyNj kvmKMY n‡jb h_vµ‡g;
1| evnv`yi kvn (1707-12) 2| Rvnv›ì kvn (1712-13)
3| diiæL wkqvi (1713-19) 4| gynv¤§` kvn (1719-48)
5| Avng` kvn (1748-54) 6| wØZxq AvjgMxi (1754-59)
7| wØZxq kvn Avjg (1759-1806) 8| wØZxq AvKei (1806-37)
9| wØZxq evnv`yi kvn (1837-58)
gyNj es‡ki me©‡kl kvmK wQ‡jb wØZxq evnv`yi kvn| wZwb Kwe wn‡m‡e L¨vZ wQ‡jb| Z‡e Bs‡iR‡ì †eZb‡fvMx
cyZzj mgªvU Qvov wZwb Avi wKQzB wQ‡jb bv| 1857 mv‡j Bs‡iR kvmb we‡ivax wmcvnx we‡`ªvn msNwUZ nIqvi
Rb¨ Zv‡K `vqx K‡i Bs‡iRiv Ges †i½y‡b (Bqvs¸b) wbe©vmb †`q| †mLv‡bB Zvi Rxebvemvb N‡U Ges GiB ga¨
w`‡q 1526 mv‡j RwniæwÏb gynv¤§` evei KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ gnvcivµgkvjx gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï Aemvb N‡U|
gyNj mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi KviYt
cÖ_gZ; kvm‡Ki `ye©jZv: AvIi½‡Re cieZx© mKj mgªvUMY wQ‡jb `ye©j Ges e¨w³MZ I PvwiwÎK †kŠh©© ex‡h©i
Afve‡nZz †Kvb kvmKB wekvj gyNj mvgªv‡Rï fvOb †VKv‡Z cv‡ibwb|
wØZxqZ; wekvj mvgªvR¨: DË‡i AvdMvwb¯Ívb n‡Z Avmvg Ges Kvk¥xi n‡Z gnxïi ch©šÍ gyNj mvgªv‡Rï Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj
wekvj| GZ wekvj mvgªvR¨‡K myiÿvi Rb¨ †h `ÿ I †hvM¨ kvmK I kvmbeë¯’vi cÖ‡qvRb wQj Zv AvIi½‡Re
cieZx© kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ wQj bv|
Z…ZxqZ; myô DËivwaKvi bxwZ: gyNj mvgªv‡R¨ †Kvb DËivwaKvi bxwZ wQj bv| Gi d‡j mgªv‡Ui RxeÏkv‡ZB wcZvi
weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn I åvZ… msMÖvg cwijwÿZ nZ| Rvnv½xi, kvnRvnvb, AvIi½‡Re I cieZx© kvmKMY cÖvq mevB
wb®‹›UKfv‡e wmsnvmb cvbwb| we‡`ªvn I M„nhy‡×i gva¨‡g wmsnvmb `Lj Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|
PZz_©Z; GK‡Kw›`ªK ivRZš¿: kvmbZvwš¿Kfv‡e gyNj mvgªvR¨ wQj GK‡Kw›`ªK ivRZvwš¿K kvmb| 17 Rb mgªv‡Ui
g‡a¨ gvÎ 6 Rb †hvM¨ kvmK wQ‡jb| e¨w³MZ `ye©jZvI `ÿZvi Afv‡e mvgªv‡Rï Af¨šÍixY wek„sLjv †iva Kiv
kvmK‡ì c‡ÿ m¤¢e wQj bv|
cÂgZ; Av`k©nxb ivRbxwZ: Av`k©nxbZv I ˆbwZKZvi Afv‡e cÖvmv` lohš¿ e¨vcK AvKvi aviY K‡iwQj|
cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K© dvUj a‡i Ges mK‡jB ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ †Kvb bv †Kvb cÿ Aej¤^b K‡iwQj|
lôZ; ˆbwZKöjb: kvmK I AwfRvZ †kªwYi ga¨Kvi ˆbwZK öjb, Bw›`ªqvm³Zv I wejvm e¨mb, †nivg cÖ_v gyNj
mvgªv‡Ri wfZ‡K `ye©j K‡i w`‡qwQj|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 99
mßgZ mvgwiK `ye©jZv: †MŠi‡ei hy‡Mi †mB †kŠh©©exh© gyNj‡ì i‡³ Avi wQj bv| †kªô kvmK I Zv‡ì my`ÿ
†mbvcwZ hviv fviZxq cviwmK, ZzwK© I AvdMvb es‡kv™¢~Z wQ‡jb Zv‡ì Afv‡e gyNj †mbvevwnbxi wfZ `ye©j n‡q
c‡o| ˆmb¨‡ì wek„sLjv, wejvmxZv, e¨w³MZ ¯^v_© ˆbcyY¨Zv‡K †X‡K w`‡qwQj|
AógZ A_©msKU: wewfbœ we‡`ªvn `gb I wekvj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZcvj‡b †h A‡_©i ìKvi wQj Zv gyNj kvmKMY AvniY
Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wejvmxZv, BgviZ, ¯’vcZ¨ I cÖkvmwbK e¨q gyNj †KvlvMvi k~Y¨ K‡i w`‡qwQj|
begZ †K›`ª-wew”QbœZv: wewfbœ AvÂwjK kvmK, myev`vi, beve wbR wbR AÂ‡j †K‡›`ªi `ye©jZv I `~i‡Z¡i my‡hvM
wb‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z _v‡K, G‡Z †K›`ª Zvi kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j|
`kgZ wn›`y RvZxqZvev`: wkevRxi †bZ…‡Z¡ `vwÿYv‡Z¨ gvivVv kw³i DÌvb I GKK wn›`yivóª cÖwZôvi †Póv gyNj
mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖwZ me‡P‡q eo AvNvZ wQj| µgvMZ gyNj-gvivVv we‡`ªvn mvgªv‡Rï wfZ‡K `ye©j K‡i †`q|
cÖZ¨ÿ KviY:
cÖ_gZ bvwì kvn Gi Awfhvb: cvi‡mï kvmK bvwì kvn 1739 mv‡j Kv›`vnvi †_‡K gyNj mvgªv‡R¨ AvµgY
K‡ib| `ye©j kvmK gynv¤§` kvn Zv cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q mwÜ Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| bvwì kvn fviZ n‡Z wecyj
abiZœ, †Kvwnb~i, nxiv I gqyi wmsnvmb cvi‡m¨ wb‡q hvb|
wØZxqZ Avng` kvn Ave`vjxi Awfhvb: Avng` kvn Ave`vjx wkL I gvivVv‡ì mv‡_ hy× K‡ib| 1756 wLª. 2q
AvjgMxi‡K civwRZ K‡i w`wjø `Lj K‡ib| mgªvU Av‡cvl K‡i Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K iÿv K‡ib wKš‘ G‡Z gyNj
mvgªv‡Rï †giæ`Û †f‡½ hvq|
Z…ZxqZ BD‡ivcxq‡ì AvMgb: evwYR¨ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ AvMZ BD‡ivcxq ewYKMY µgkB kw³kvjx n‡Z _v‡K Ges
ivRbxwZ‡Z n¯Í‡ÿc ïiæ K‡i| Zviv gyNj cÖvmv` loh‡š¿i my‡hvM †bq Ges ivR‰bwZK RwUj cwiw¯’wZ m„wó K‡i|
PZz_©Z wmcvnx we‡`ªvn I P~ovšÍ AvNvZ: 1857 mv‡j Bs‡iRwe‡ivax wmcvnx we‡`ªvn msNwUZ n‡j ÿgZvevb Bs‡iRiv
Zvi `vqfvi †kl kvmK 2q evnv`yi kv‡ni Kv‡a Ac©Y K‡i| Zv‡K †i½y‡b wbe©vwmZ K‡i Ges †mLv‡bB wZwb
g„ZzëiY K‡ib| GiB ga¨w`‡q `xN© 300 eQ‡ii gyNj kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
gyNj kvm‡bi cZ‡bi djvdj:
gyNj kvm‡bi cZ‡bi cÖfve wQj Zvrch©c~Y©| gyNj kvm‡bi cZ‡bi d‡j:
1) fviZe‡l©i ivRbxwZi HK¨ †kl n‡q hvq
2) Bs‡iR cÖvavb¨ mycÖwZwôZ nq|
3) fviZel© Bs‡iR †kvl‡Yi k„sL‡j Ave× nq|
4) fviZxq gymjgvb‡ì cZ‡bi m~ÎcvZ nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï cZ‡bi KviY¸‡jv wjLyb|
mvivsk
gyNj mvgªv‡Rï DÌvb I cZb wQj BwZnv‡mi GK †gvo cwieZ©bKvix NUbv| cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ Dfq KviYB GB
wekvj mvgªvR¨ †f‡½ covi wcQ‡b `vqx wQj| m‡e©vcwi, mgªvU‡ì e¨w³MZ `ye©jZv, AvÂwjK ¯^vaxbZv, wn›`y
beRvMiY, I ê‡`wkK AvµgY we‡klK‡i Bs‡iR‡ì ivR‰bwZK I mvgªvRëv`x bxwZ gyNj es‡ki cZ‡bi
me©v‡cÿv †kªô KviY wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ| gyNj kvm‡bi cZ‡bi d‡j fviZ cÖvq 200 eQ‡ii civaxbZvi k„sL‡j
Ave× nq Ges †mB fviZe‡l©i Hk¦h© I AvwfRv‡Zï hewbKvcvZ N‡U|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 100

1) gyNj es‡k †gvU KZRb kvmK wQ‡jb?
K) 17 Rb L) 18 Rb M) 19 Rb N) 20 Rb
2| me©‡kl gyNj kvmK †K wQ‡jb?
K) 2q evnv`yi kvn L) 2q AvKei M) 2q AvjgwMi N) 2q kvn Avjg
3| wmcvnx wecø‡ei `vqfvi Bs‡iRiv Kvi Dci Ac©Y K‡i?
K) AvKei L) wkevRx M) 2q evnv`yi kvn N) myRvD‡ÏŠjv
4| Avn‡g` kvn Ave`vjx Kv‡ì weiæ‡× hy× K‡ib?
K) gvivVv L) ivRcyZ M) BD‡ivcxq N) evsjv
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
wejøvj †nvmvBb Øv`k †kÖwYi QvÎQvÎx‡ì ej‡jb- fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k ch©vqµ‡g eû ivRes‡ki DÌvb I cZb
N‡U‡Q| wek¦ BwZnvm eo wbg©g, AvR †h RvwZ DbœwZi Pig wkL‡i Kvj Zvi cZb NU‡eB| †Zgwb gyNj esk I `xN©
300 eQi fviZe‡l©i kvmb cwiPvjbv K‡iI cZ‡bi nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvqwb|
1. gyNj es‡ki cZb N‡U KZ wLª÷v‡ã? 1
2. wØZxq evnv`yi kvn m¤ú‡K© wK Rv‡bb? 2
3. `xN© 300 eQ‡ii cÖwZwôZ GB ivReskwUi cZ‡bi KviY¸‡jv Avcbvi cvVëB‡qi Av‡jv‡K Zz‡j aiæb| 3
4. m¤ªvU wØZxq evnv`yi kv‡ni ÿgZvP‚¨wZi m‡½ m‡½ gyNj kvm‡bi cZb N‡U- Avcbvi DË‡ii c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b| 4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 101

cvV-3.11 gyNj cÖkvmb, Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v

D‡Ïk¨
 gyNj cÖkvmb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 gyNj Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb I
 gyNj mvs¯‹w… ZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã fwKj, gxi mvgvb, gxi eKwk mì-Dm-my`yi, KvRx-Dj-Kz¾vZ, Zvb‡mb I myev`vi
m¤ªvU AvKei I ûgvqyb gyNj mv¤ªv‡Rï wPÎ iPbv Ki‡jI gyNj cÖkvmb eë¯’v g~jZ: AvKe‡iiB m„wó|
AvKei fviZxq Ges ê‡`wkK kvmb eë¯’vi mswgkÖ‡b gyNj cÖkvmb eë¯’v M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb, wb‡¤œ
mswÿß iƒ‡c gyNj cÖkvmb eë¯’vi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|
gyNj cÖkvmb eë¯’v
gyNj cÖkvmb eë¯’v `yÕwU †kªwY‡Z wef³ wQj| cÖ_gZ; †Kw›`ªq kvmb I wØZxqZ; cÖv‡`wkK kvmb
†Kw›`ªq kvmbeë¯’v
gyNj †Kw›`ªq kvm‡bi ga¨gwY wQ‡jb mgªvU wb‡R| wZwb wQ‡jb AvBbcÖ‡YZv Ges mKj wel‡qi P~ovšÍ wb®úwË Kvix|
mgªvU wQ‡jb agx©q, †mbvevwnbx I cÖkvmb h‡š¿i †K›`ªwe›`y| Zvi ÿgZv wQj Amxg|
DwRi: mgªv‡Ui c‡iB GB c`vwaKvix e¨w³ wQ‡jb g~jZ mvgªv‡Rï cÖavbgš¿x| mgªvU I Ab¨vb¨ †kÖwYi g‡a¨ wZwb
†hvMm~Î wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Zb|
w`Dqvb: †Kw›`ªq miKv‡ii A_© welqK I cÖavb ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb w`Dqvb|
gxi eKwk: †K‡›`ªi mvgwiK eë¯’vcbvi cÖavb Kg©KZ©vi bvg wQj gxi eKwk| ˆmb¨ wb‡qvM, †eZb cÖwkÿY fvZv
cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` `vwqZ¡ wQj Zvi|
gxi mvgvb: gxi mvgvb ev Lvb-B-mvgvb wQ‡jb ivRKxq M„n¯’vjxi cÖavb|
mì-Dm-my`yi: mvgªv‡Rï †K‡›`ªi ag©welqK gš¿Yvjq Gi cÖavb `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb mì Dm-my`yi|
KvRx-Dj-Kz¾vZ: KvRx-Dj-Kz¾vZ ev cÖavb KvRx wQ‡jb mgªvU KZ…©K wb‡qvMcÖvß wePvi wefvMxq cÖavb|
cÖv‡`wkK kvmbeë¯’v
†K‡›`ªi ÿgZv e›U‡bi AweKj iƒc wQj cÖv‡`wkK kvmb KvVv‡gv‡Z|
myev`vi: myev ev cÖ‡`‡ki cÖavb| mgªvU KZ…©K wb‡qvM cÖvß myevi mKj mvgwiK I †emvgwiK cÖavb|
w`Dqvb: cÖv‡`wkK kvm‡bi cÖavb A_© I ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb w`Dqvb|
KvRx: cÖv‡`wkK KvRx, whwb †K‡›`ªi KvRx-Dj-KzRvZ Øviv wb‡qvMcÖvß n‡Zb|
eKmx: cÖv‡`wkK mvgwiK wefv‡Mi cÖavb wQ‡jb w`Dqvb|
ivR¨ kvm‡bi myweav‡_© mv¤ªvR¨‡K cÖkvmwbK we‡K›`ªxKi‡bi AvIZvq wb‡q Avmv n‡qwQj| gyNj cÖkvmwbK
¯Íiweb¨v‡mi ¯îƒc wQj wb¤œiƒc:
cÖkvmwbK ¯Íi: †gvU 3wU cÖkvmwbK BDwb‡U me cÖ‡`k wef³ wQj
i  miKvi ev †Rjv-cÖavb Kg©Pvix †dŠR`vi
ii  ciMbv-cÖavb Kg©Pvix wkK`vi
iii  MÖvg-cÖavb Kg©Pvix gyKv‡Ïg|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 102

gyNj kvmbvg‡j Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vt

K) gyNj A_©bxwZ
A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K gyNj mv¤ªvR¨ wQj mg„×kvjx| GB mgq ¯’j I †bŠc‡_ eëmv-evwYR¨ m¤cÖmvwiZ nq| AvMÖv,
jv‡nvi I evsjv evwYR¨‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e mybvg jvf K‡i| ewYK‡ì wbivcËv I mivBLvbvi eë¯’v Kiv nq| GB mgq
mywZe¯¿ I wPwb, Pvj, Mg BZ¨vw` wewfbœ †`‡k ißvwb nZ| †jb‡`‡bi Rb¨ gy`ªvi cÖPjb wQj| gy`ªvi bvg wQj
Zvgªgy`ªv, `vg, dyjyg BZ¨vw`| K…wl I wkícY¨ ZLb Drcvw`Z nZ| Kvc©vm, ZvgvK, bxj I ckg Drcbœ nZ| XvKvi
gmwjb wQj GB mg‡q RMr weL¨vZ|
L) mvgvwRK Ae¯’v
gyNj mgvReë¯’v g~jZ 3wU cÖavb †kªwY‡Z wef³ wQj,
i  AwfRvZ †kªwY: GB ¯Í‡i wQ‡jb mgªvU, gš¿x, †mbvcwZ, Avwgi Igvivn| Zuviv D”Pwejvmx I cÖvPyh©c~Y© Rxeb
hvc‡b Af¨¯Í wQ‡jb|
ii  ga¨weË †kÖwY: g~jZ, miKvwi wewfbœ Kg©Pvix, wPwKrmK, mvwnwZ¨K, wkÿK, ewYK †kªYx eëmvqx I gnvRb GB
†kªYx fy³ wQ‡jb G‡ì Rxebhvcb wQj mvaviY I iæwPkxj|
iii  wbgœ‡kªwY: me©‡kl ¯Íi wQj wbgœ‡kªwY| Giv wQj K…lK, kªwgK, KvwiMi, `vm I †meK BZ¨vw`| Giv Lye bMY¨
†cvkvK cwiavb KiZ I A‡bKUv k„sLwjZ Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zv| G‡ì Rxeb I RxweKv wQj Kómva¨| mgv‡R
eûweevn ixwZ cÖPwjZ wQj| evj¨weevn, mngiY I mZx`vn cÖ_v wn›`y‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ wQj|
gymwjg mgvR C` Drme, weevn I bI‡ivR Drme AZ¨šÍ RvKRg‡Ki mv‡_ cvjb Ki‡Zv| wn›`y m¤cÖ`vqI cvjv-
cve©Y, c~Rv-AP©bv BZ¨vw` agx©q Drme D`hvcb Ki‡Zv|
mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨ I myKzgvi e„wË PP©vi wmsnfvM K…wZZ¡ gyNj‡ì| wkÿv, ms¯‹…wZ, wkíKjv
BZ¨vw` mKj †ÿ‡ÎB gyNj kvmb D¾¡j `„óvšÍ †i‡L †M‡Q| GB mgq agx©q Drme QvovI bvbv iKg mvgvwRK Drme
mgv‡R cÖPwjZ wQj| weevn, bvgKiY, AvwKKv I Lrbv Drme cÖPwjZ wQj| GB me Drm‡e AwfRvZ iæwPi Lvev‡ii
cÖPjb gyNjivB K‡iwQj| Drme‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ges ivRìev‡i msMxZ Gi cÖPjb wQj| mgªvU AvKe‡ii
ivRìev‡i Zvb‡mb bvgK weL¨vZ msMxZwkíx c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| GQvovI wQ‡jb ivg`vm, wejvm Lvb I
myi`vm cÖgyL msMxZwkíx| gyNjmgv‡R bvixiv m¤§vwbZ wQj| G hy‡M K‡qKRb †kªô bvixi K_v Avgiv Rvb‡Z
†c‡iwQ| gyNj kvmKMY wkÿv I mvwn‡Zï c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| A‡bK mgªvU wb‡RB Zuv‡ì AvZ¥Rxebx iPbv
K‡iwQ‡jb| BwZnvm PP©v GB hy‡M GKwU ixwZ‡Z cwibZ nq| mgªvU AvKei I Rvnv½xi Gi ivRZ¡Kvj wQj gyNj
wPÎKjvi †kªô mgq| fviZxq, cvimxK, ˆZgyixq I BD‡ivcxq ixwZi wPÎKjvi weKvk N‡U GB mgq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR gyNj kvmbvg‡ji Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Zz‡j aiæb|
mvivsk
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gyNj‡ì BwZnvm ïaygvÎ ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi †ÿ‡Î bq eis gyNjiv fviZe‡l© Av_©-
mvgvwRK, cÖkvmwbK wkí-mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹w… Z BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î GK bZzb w`M‡šÍi m~PbvKvix| AvR‡Ki GB
Dcgnv‡`‡ki mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi †h HwZn¨ Zvi wmsnfvM AwR©Z n‡q‡Q gyNj‡ì wZbkZ eQ‡ii kvmbvg‡j|
1| gyNj cÖkvmbhš¿‡K KqwU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
K) 2wU L) 3wU M) 4wU N) 5wU
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 103

2| fwKjÕ c`wU Øviv wK eySvq?

K) DwRi L) cÖavbgš¿x M) †mbvcwZ N) Øviiÿx
3| A_© I ivR¯^ welqK gš¿Yvjq‡K ejv nZ-
K) w`Dqvb L) †m‡i¯ÍvØvi M) fwKj N) Kvbyb‡Mv
4| cÖ‡`‡ki cÖavb KZ©v‡K wK ejv nZ?
K) KvRx L) myev`vi M) w`Dqvb N) Avwgi
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
RwniDwÏb gyn¤§` evei
bvwmiDwÏb gyn¤§` ûgvqyb
RvjvjDwÏb gyn¤§` AvKei
b~iDwÏb gyn¤§` Rvnv½xi
wknveDwÏb gyn¤§` kvnRvnvb
gwnDwÏb gyn¤§` AvIi½‡Re

1. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ivRes‡ki †kl kvmK †K wQ‡jb? 1
2. D³ es‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| 2
3. D³ es‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi mswÿß weeiY w`b| 3
4. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib, ewn:kÎæi Avµg‡Y D³ ivReskwUi cZb N‡U? cvVëB‡qi Av‡jv‡K hyw³ Zz‡j aiæb| 4
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 104

cvV-3.12 gyNj ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b

D‡Ïk¨
 gyNj ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 gyNj‡ì wbwg©Z wewfbœ ¯’vcZ¨ K‡g©i eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~L¨ kã mvwjgvi D`¨vb, w`Dqvb-B-Lvm, w`Dqvb-B-Avg, kxlgnj, AvMÖv `yM© I gwZ gmwR`
gyNj ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b

wkíKjvi cÖwZ gyNj‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZv wQj me©Rbwew`Z| mgMÖ gyNj hy‡M ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi GK be hy‡Mi
m~Pbv nq| K‡qKRb gyNj kvmK ¯’vcZ¨wk‡í Zv‡ì wbR¯^Zv cÖKvk K‡i BwZnv‡m Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| fviZxq
Dcgnv‡`‡ki wewfbœ As‡k m¤ªvUiv †h AvKl©Yxq ¯’vcZ¨‰kjx wbg©vY K‡ib, †m¸‡jv Zv‡ì iæwP Ges ms¯‹…wZK
AMÖMwZi cÖgvY|
mgªvU evei I ûgvqyb cÖv_wgKfv‡e ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi m~Pbv K‡ib
wKš‘ mgªvU AvKe‡ii mgq n‡Z ¯’vcZ¨wkí GK bZzb iƒc
jvf K‡i| AvKe‡ii ivRavbx d‡Zncyi wmwµ ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi
Ab¨Zg D`vniY| AvKei Zvi ¯’vc‡Z¨ jvj is Gi †e‡j
cv_i eënvi K‡iwQ‡jb| d‡Zncyi wmwµ‡Z wZwb eû
AÆvwjKv wbg©vY K‡ib| GB mg¯Í fe‡bi g‡a¨ Rv‡g
gmwR`, eyjb ìIqvRv, †kL †mwjg wPk&Zxi mgvwa,
wÌqvb-B-Lvm, †mvbvnvjv gKvb, Av¤î cÖvmv`, †hvaevC‡qi
cÖvmv` Ges LvIqveMvn D‡jøL‡hvM¨| AvMÖv bMixi‡Z wZwb
wÌqvb-B-Avg, wÌqvb-B-Lvm, AvMÖv †dvU© - wbg©vY K‡ib|
†m‡K›`vq Aew¯’Z AvKe‡ii mgvwa Ac~e© ¯’vcZ¨K‡g©i m¤ªvU kvn&Rvnvb wbwg©Z ZvRgnj
wb`k©b| mgªvU Rvnv½xi wPÎKjvq †ewk Drmvnx wQ‡jb| Z_vwc wZwb Kveyj I jv‡nv‡ii g‡bvig cÖvmv` I D`¨vb
ˆZix K‡iwQ‡jb| Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡ Kv‡j †eMg b~iRvnvb AvMÖv‡Z Zuvi wcZv BwZgv`-D`-‡`Šjvi mgvwa‡Z GKwU
†mŠa wbg©vY K‡ib| GwU m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡ji me©‡kÖô ¯’vcZ¨ KxwZ©| GB †mŠ‡a wcÎvfziv A_©vr wewfbœ is-
Gi g~jëvb cv_i eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Prince of Builders bv‡g L¨vZ gyNj mgªvU kvnRvnvb wQ‡jb ¯’vc‡Zï eicyÎ| Zvi †kªô K…wZZ¡ AvMÖvi ZvRgnj|
GQvov Red Fort (jvj †Kjøv), mvwjgvi D`¨vb, w`Dqvb-B-Lvm, w`Dqvb-B-Avg, kxlgnj, AvMÖv `yM©, gwZ gmwR`
BZ¨vw` Ag~j¨ ¯’vcbv †i‡L †M‡Qb| Zvi ¯’vc‡Z¨ †k¦Z gg©i cv_‡ii eënvi ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í GK bZzb ms‡hvRb|
GQvovI wZwb w`wjø Rv‡g gmwR` I Humayun Tomb BZ¨vw` weL¨vZ ¯’vcbv wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb| gyNj‡ì gmwR`,
D`¨vb, `yM©, cÖvmv` I mgvwa‡ÿÎ AvRI fviZe‡l©i HwZn¨ enb Ki‡Q Ges gyNj‡ì AvwfRvZ¨ I †gavi D¾¡j
`„óvšÍ n‡q wU‡K Av‡Q|
wkÿv_©xi KvR gymwjg mf¨Zv I ms¯‹w… Zi me‡P‡q D¾¡j `„óvšÍ wQj gyNj Avg‡j-e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 105

mvivsk
¯’vcZ¨ we`¨vq gyNj‡ì Ae`vb wQj gymwjg mf¨Zv I ms¯‹w… Zi me‡P‡q D¾¡j `„óvšÍ| G‡Z wg‡jwg‡k Av‡Q
ga¨Gwkqv I fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki †hvMm~Î| ZvB gyNj ¯’vcZ¨wb`k©b gyNj BwZnv‡mi RxešÍ mvÿx|
1| d‡Zncyi wmwµ bMix wbg©vY K‡ib-
K) AvKei L) evei M) ûgvq~b N) †mwjg
2| ZvRgnj wbg©v‡Y eëüZ n‡qwQj
K) jvj cv_i L) BU M) †k¦Z gv‡e©j N)
3| gyNj‡ì †kªô ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b n‡jvÑ
K) jvj‡Kjøv L) w`Dqvb-B-Lvm M) wkkgnj N) ZvRgnj
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
Avey mvC` fvi‡Z †eov‡Z †M‡j ga¨hy‡Mi GKwU ivRes‡ki wewfbœ wb`k©b, ¯’vcZ¨wkí †`‡L gy» n‡q †M‡jb|
we‡k¦i mßvð‡h©i GKwU ¯’vcbv †hwU wQj ¯¿xi cÖwZ †cÖ‡gi wb`k©b ¯îƒc, †mwU †`‡L Avey mvB` fve‡jb Ggb Awb›`¨
my›ì ¯’vcbv mwZ¨B †mB es‡ki ¯§„wZ‡K AvRI enb K‡i Av‡Q|
1. gqyi wmsnvm‡bi ¯’cwZ †K wQ‡jb? 1
2. gyNj kvm‡bi wePvi eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b| 2
3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ mßvðh©wU gyNj es‡ki †Kvb kvm‡Ki ¯§„wZ enb K‡i Av‡Q e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
4. m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi K…wZZ¡ †mLv‡b BU-myiwKi g‡a¨Ó G g‡Zi ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b| 4
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.1 t 1| M 2| N 3| M 4| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.2 t 1| M 2| N 3| N 4| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.3 t 1| K 2| M 3| M 4| M 5| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.4 t 1| M 2| L 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.5 t 1| M 2| L 3| M 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.6 t 1| N 2| K 3| M 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.7 t 1| M 2| N 3| K 4| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.8 t 1| M 2| L 3| K 4| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.9 t 1| M 2| N 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.10 t 1| K 2| K 3| M 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.11 t 1| K 2| 3| K 4| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3.12 t 1| K 2| M 3| N
BDwbU 3 c„ôv 106

Fvize L© Gynj KVMB (1526-1707 WL .) : Bdwbu

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BDwbU

fviZe‡l© gyNj kvmb (1526-1707 wLª.)

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 5 mßvn

cvV-3.1 fviZe‡l© gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôv: mgªvU eve‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

eve‡ii cÖv_wgK Rxeb

cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy× (21 GwcÖj, 1526 wLª.)

wkÿv_©xi KvR kvmK wn‡m‡e eve‡ii K…wZZ¡ gyj¨vqb Kiæb|

2| evei wcZ… wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib-

cÖv_wgK Rxeb I wmsnvmbv‡ivnY

ûgvqyb I evnv`yi kv‡ni msNl©

wØZxqZ; myôz cwiKíbvi Afve

wkÿv_©xi KvR †kikv‡ni mvdj¨ I ûgvqy‡bi e¨_©Zvi KviY¸‡jv wjLyb|

cvV-3.3 k~i esk: †kikv‡ni ivR¨ weRq I kvmb ms¯‹vi

cÖkvmb e¨e¯’vi we‡K›`ªxKiY

2| Bmjvg kvn (Rvjvj Lvb) BwZnv‡m mvaviYZ cwiwPZ-

MÖvÛ Uªv¼ †ivW ? KeywjqZ I cvÆv

cvV-3.4 †kikv‡ni PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

cvV-3.5 mgªvU AvKei; ivR¨weRq, ag©bxwZ I ivRcyZ bxwZ

g~L¨ kã Øxb-B-Bjvnx, ivRcyZ, Bev`vZLvbv, Pvu` myjZvbv I `vwÿYvZ¨

wkÿv_©xi KvR AvKe‡ii `vwÿYvZ¨ bxwZ wjLyb|

cvV-3.6 mgªvU AvKe‡ii kvmb e¨e¯’v, ms¯‹vig~n I K…wZZ¡

g~L¨ kã gbme`vwi e¨e¯’v, gxi eKkx, KvRx-Dj-Kz¾vZ, ivRv †UvWigj I myev`vi

†Kw›`ªq kvmb e¨e¯’v:

wkÿv_©xi KvR AvKe‡ii †Kw›`ªq kvmb I cÖv‡`wkK kvmbe¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|

cvV-3.7 mgªvU Rvnv½xi t b~i-Rvnv‡bi cÖfve, PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

g~L¨ kã `¯Íi-Dj-Avgj, Lyiig I byi-Rvnvb

kvnRvnvb I gneŸZ Lv‡bi we‡`ªvn

Rvnv½x‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡:

wkÿv_©xi KvR b~iRvnv‡bi cÖfve g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

cvV-3.8 mgªvU kvnRvnvb

g~L¨ kã wRwRqv, d‡Zvqv-B-AvjgwMwi, wkevRx, ivRwmsn, gxi-Rygjv I AngivR¨

wkÿv_©xi KvR m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Rei Gi ag©bxwZ wjLyb|

cvV-3.10 gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i cZb: KviY I djvdj

AvIi½‡Re cieZx© gyNj m¤ªvUMY

wkÿv_©xi KvR gyNj mv¤ªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi KviY¸‡jv wjLyb|

BDwbU 3 c„ôv 100

BDwbU 3 c„ôv 101

cvV-3.11 gyNj cÖkvmb, Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v

BDwbU 3 c„ôv 102

gyNj kvmbvg‡j Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vt

BDwbU 3 c„ôv 103

2| fwKjÕ c`wU Øviv wK eySvq?

bvwmiDwÏb gyn¤§` ûgvqyb

RvjvjDwÏb gyn¤§` AvKei

b~iDwÏb gyn¤§` Rvnv½xi

wknveDwÏb gyn¤§` kvnRvnvb

gwnDwÏb gyn¤§` AvIi½‡Re

BDwbU 3 c„ôv 104

cvV-3.12 gyNj ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b

gyNj ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©b

BDwbU 3 c„ôv 105

BDwbU 3 c„ôv 106

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