gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU 9:
Awa‡ekb 1 : ch©‡e¶Y I †gŠwLK †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g g~j
hvPvB
Awa‡ekb 2 : ch©‡e¶Y c×wZ/†KŠkj
Awa‡ekb 3 : †gŠwLK Afx¶v
Awa‡ekb 4 : g~j¨hvPvB, b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û, b¤^i
cÖ`v‡bi m~wP
Awa‡ekb 5 : ¯^-g~j¨vqb

39
wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

40
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 1

ch©‡e¶Y I †gŠwLK †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g g~j¨ hvPvBKiY

f~wgKv
g~j¨hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î ch©‡e¶Y I †gŠwLK †KŠkj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
wk¶v_©xi AvPi‡Yi wewfbœ w`K we‡kølY Kiv, gvbwmK ˆewkó¨, kvixwiK e„w× I mvgvwRK
AvPiY m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv, wk¶v_©xi we‡kl cÖeYZv Rvbv, Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wk¶‡Yi
c×wZ wbe©vPb K‡i wk¶Y Kvh© myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges wk¶v_x©‡`i AvPi‡Yi †cÖw¶‡Z
h_vh_ wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kivi †¶‡Î ch©‡e¶Y c×wZ Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K
wk¶v_x©i D”PviY, Dc¯’vcb `¶Zv, fvlvi `¶Zv, Dcw¯’Z eyw×, MwY‡Zi mnR wbq‡gi
e¨envi, ¯§iYkw³ BZ¨vw` `¶Zv cwigv‡ci †¶‡Î †gŠwLK Afx¶vi ¸iæZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©| GB
Awa‡ek‡b ch©‡e¶Y, ch©‡e¶‡Yi cÖKvi‡f` Ges †gŠwLK Afx¶v I Gi cÖKvi‡f` wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 ch©‡e¶Y Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ cÖKvi ch©‡e¶‡Yi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †gŠwLK Afx¶v ev cix¶v ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †gŠwLK cix¶vi cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fvBfv cix¶v (Viva voce) I mv¶vrKvi (Interview) Gi cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

41
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: ch©‡e¶Y I ch©‡e¶‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`
 wcÖq wk¶v_x©, Avivg †Pqv‡i †njvb w`‡q emyb| ch©‡e¶Y ej‡Z Kx †evSvq †m wel‡q `yB
wgwbU wPšÍv Kiæb| Gevi wb‡Pi duvKv RvqMvq Avcvbvi aviYv wjLyb Ges †jLv †k‡l g~j
wkLbxq welqe¯‘ c‡o Avcbvi aviYv‡K mg„× Kiæb|
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wk¶v_x© eÜziv, ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z †Kvb e¨w³, e¯‘ ev welq‡K Mfxifv‡e wbix¶Y Kiv‡K
ch©‡e¶Y ejv nq| e¨w³ ch©‡e¶Y nj weÁvbm¤§Z Dcv‡q e¨w³i gvbm cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiv|
e¨w³i g‡bi ewnt cÖKvk N‡U Zvi AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g| ZvB e¨w³i cÖwZwU wPšÍv fvebv,
AvMÖn, B”Qv-Awb”Qv Ges Zvi cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi weeiY wk¶K‡K hZœmnKv‡i wjwce×
K‡i ivL‡Z nq| e¨w³i AvPi‡Yi GB avivevwnK wjwLZ iƒc‡KB ch©‡e¶Y ejv nq|
ch©‡e¶Y Kv‡h© ch©‡e¶‡Ki f‚wgKv †Kgb n‡e Zvi Ici wfwË K‡i ch©‡e¶Y‡K `ywU cÖavb
fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb:

1| cÖZ¨¶ ch©‡e¶Y: cÖZ¨¶ ch©‡e¶‡Y ch©‡e¶K wb‡R Kvh©‡¶‡Î AskMÖnY K‡i Z_¨
msMÖn K‡ib| wZwb Kvh©‡¶‡Î wM‡q RbM‡Yi mv‡_ †g‡kb, cÖ‡qvR‡b †mLv‡b wKQzKvj
evmI Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges Gi d‡j jä AwfÁZv †_‡K wZwb Zvi mgm¨vi Dci
mywPwšÍZ gZvg‡Z DcbxZ nb|
2| c‡iv¶ ch©‡e¶Y: G‡¶‡Î M‡elK ev ch©‡e¶‡Ki f~wgKv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e KZ©„c¶
KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z, wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨‡`i Kv‡Q GB f~wgKv A¯úó ev ARvbv| †h mKj †¶‡Î

42
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

cÖKvk¨ ch©‡e¶Y MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq bv ZLb M‡elYvi ¸iæ‡Z¡i we‡ePbvq e¨w³i AvPiY ev

Kvh©vewj c‡iv¶fv‡e ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq|

Z‡_¨i aib I M‡elYvi ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i ch©‡e¶Y‡K 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
h_v:
1| wbqwš¿Z ch©‡e¶Y: GB c×wZ‡Z GKwU wbqwš¿Z I K…wÎg cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv nq Ges
H cwi‡e‡k gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq| G‡Z GKwU cwi‡e‡ki
wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi gvÎv DVv-bvgv Kiv‡bv nq Ges Gi d‡j gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi Dci
cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve wbiæcY Kiv nq|
2| Awbqwš¿Z ch©‡e¶Y: GB c×wZ‡Z †Kvb K„wÎg cwi‡ek m„wó bv K‡i ¯^vfvweK
cwi‡e‡k ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq| cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ A_©vr mivmwi AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g
Ges AskMÖnY e¨ZxZ Dfq c×wZ‡ZB Awbqwš¿Z ch©‡e¶Y Kiv hvq|
3| msMwVZ ch©‡e¶Y: GB c×wZ‡Z c~e© wba©vwiZ cwiKíbv Abyhvqx myk„sLjfv‡e
welqe¯‘, NUbv ev AvPiY‡K ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq| †Kvb wbw`©ó NUbv, welq ev AvPiY
ch©‡e¶‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ I †¶Î meB G‡¶‡Î c~e© cwiKwíZ I mywbw`©ó _v‡K| ch©‡e¶K
M‡elYvi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Abyhvqx ïay ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib Ges wjwce× K‡ib|
4| AmsMwVZ ch©‡e¶Y: GB c×wZ‡Z mivmwi AskMÖnY K‡i ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Z_¨
msMÖn Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z M‡elK †h `j ev †kªYx‡K ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib, Zv‡`i
mv‡_ wKQzw`b Ae¯’vb K‡ib, Zv‡`i mv‡_ Nwbófv‡e †gjv‡gkv K‡ib Ges D³ `j ev
†kªYx m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávb AR©b K‡ib| wb‡Ri e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g wZwb
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib|

43
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

KvR- 1
wk¶v_©xe„›`, msMwVZ ch©‡e¶Y Ges AmsMwVZ ch©‡e¶‡Yi cv_©K¨¸‡jv wba©viY Kiæb Ges
cieZ©x wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m wUDUi‡K †`wL‡q ms‡kvab K‡i wbb|

44
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- L: †gŠwLK Afx¶v Ges Gi cÖKvi‡f`

 wcÖq wk¶v_x©, Afx¶v ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Zv wb‡Pi duvKv RvqMvq wjLyb|
........................................................................................
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Avi †gŠwLK Afx¶v nj Ggb GK ai‡bi Afx¶v, †hLv‡b cix¶K wk¶v_x©‡K mvgbv
mvgwb cÖkœ K‡ib Ges wk¶v_x©i evPbfw½, D”PviY, Dcw¯’Z eyw× I ms‡¶‡c DËi `v‡bi
¶gZv‡K cix¶v K‡ib| Dˇii DrKl© wePvi, wk¶v_©xi ejvi Ges fve cÖKv‡ki ¶gZv
hvPvB, mvewjjfv‡e Zvr¶wYK cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qvi †KŠkj I cvi`wk©Zv hvPvB KivB GB
Afx¶vi g~j j¶¨|

†gŠwLK Afx¶v‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v: fvBfv cix¶v (Viva voce) I mv¶vrKvi
(Interview)| AaxZ wel‡qi Ávb hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ hLb †Kvb wk¶v_©x‡K wbw`©ó welqe¯‘

†_‡K cÖkœ wRÁvmvi gva¨‡g cwigvc Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K fvBfv e‡j| fvBfv cix¶vi
cÖavb ˆewkó¨ nj, GLv‡b welq wbw`©ó Kiv _v‡K Ges wbw`©ó welq †_‡KB cÖkœ Kiv nq|
Ab¨w`‡K mv¶vrKv‡ii †¶‡Î welq wbw`©ó _v‡K bv| Gi cwiwa k~b¨ †_‡K AbšÍ| e¨w³Z¡
hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î mvaviYZ Bnv e¨envi Kiv nq| Rbej wb‡qv‡Mi Ges M‡elYvi Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni †¶‡Î mvaviYZ G ai‡bi †gŠwLK Afx¶v e¨envi Kiv nq|

wk¶v_x© eÜziv, fvBfv cix¶v (Viva voce) I mv¶vrKvi (Interview) Gi cv_©K¨¸‡jv

mbv³ K‡i wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j wjLyb Ges cieZ©x wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m wM‡q mZx_©‡`i mv‡_
Av‡jvPbv K‡i P~ovšÍ QK ˆZwi Kiæb|

45
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

µwgK bs fvBfv cix¶v (Viva voce) mv¶vrKvi (Interview)

46
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 1

g~j wkLbxq welq

ch©‡e¶Y I †gŠwLK †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g g~j¨hvPvB
ch©‡e¶Y
ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z †Kvb e¨w³, e¯‘ ev welq‡K Mfxifv‡e wbix¶Y Kiv‡K ch©‡e¶Y ejv
 nq| †Kvb welq, Ae¯’v, KvR ev gvbwmK Ae¯’vi DcvË msMÖn K‡i axi wP‡Ë myôzfv‡e
Av‡jvPbv K‡i H welq ev Ae¯’vi we‡kl ¸Yvewj ev mvaviY ag© wbiƒcY Kivi cÖ‡Póv‡K
ch©‡e¶Y ejv nq| A_©vr †Kvb wKQy nvjKvfv‡e bv †`‡L g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i wel‡qi Mfx‡i
cÖ‡ek K‡i Gi wewfbœ w`K m~²fv‡e †`LvB nj ch©‡e¶Y| GLv‡b Avgiv GKwU D`vniY
†_‡K ¯úó aviYv †c‡Z cvwi| ˆ`bw›`b c_ Pj‡Z Avgiv iv¯Ívi cv‡k A‡bK mgq jvj ev
mv`v Kvco Do‡Z †`wL| GB †`Lv‡K Avgiv ch©‡e¶Y ej‡Z cvwi bv| wKš‘ Avgiv hLb
Kvco †Kbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †`vKv‡b hvB Ges Mfxifv‡e wbix¶Y K‡i Kvc‡oi ¸Yv¸Y wePvi
Kwi ZLb Zv‡K Avgiv ch©‡e¶Y ewj|

P.V. Young “Observation may be defined as systematic viewing, coupled

with consideration of the seen PhenomenÓ.

Leonard Bickman (City year) e‡jb, ch©‡e¶Y ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi †KejgvÎ GKwU

cÖ‡qvRbxq ZrciZv bq, eis GwU ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜv‡bi cÖv_wgK GKwU DcKiYI e‡U|
ch©‡e¶Y ZLbB ˆeÁvwbK †KŠkj wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ hLb Zv:

1| †Kvb M‡elYvi wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq;

2| myk„sLjfv‡e cwiKwíZ _v‡K;

3| mymse×fv‡e aviY Kiv nq Ges wbw`©ó †KŠZ~n‡ji cwie‡Z© mvaviY aviYvi mv‡_
m~ÎvwqZ Kiv nq; Ges

4| Z‡_¨i h_v_©Zv I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv wbwðZ Kivi R‡b¨ ch©‡e¶Y wbqš¿Y Kiv nq|

47
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

5| Karl E. Weick D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, “An observational method is defined as

the selection, provocation, recording, and encoding of that set of
behaviours and setting concerning organisms Ôin situ’ which is
consistent with emperical aimsÓ.

ch©‡e¶‡Yi †kªYxwefvM

ch©‡e¶Y Kv‡h© ch©‡e¶‡Ki f‚wgKv †Kgb n‡e Zvi Ici wfwË K‡i ch©‡e¶Y‡K `ywU cÖavb
fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb:

1| cÖZ¨¶ ch©‡e¶Y (Direct Observation)

2| c‡iv¶ ch©‡e¶Y (Indirect observation)

1| cÖZ¨¶ ch©‡e¶Y (Direct Observation)

cÖZ¨¶ ch©‡e¶‡Y ch©‡e¶K wb‡R Kvh©‡¶‡Î AskMÖnY K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| wZwb
Kvh©‡¶‡Î wM‡q RbM‡Yi mv‡_ wg‡kb, cÖ‡qvR‡b †mLv‡b wKQzKvj evmI Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges
Gi d‡j jä AwfÁZv †_‡K wZwb Zvi mgm¨vi Dci mywPwšÍZ gZvg‡Z DcbxZ nb| G
ai‡bi cÖv_wgK Z_¨ LyeB g~j¨evb wKš‘ e¨vcK AbymÜv‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ bq| G‡Z
e¨w³MZ c¶cvwZ‡Z¡iI m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
2| c‡iv¶ ch©‡e¶Y (Indirect observation)
G‡¶‡Î M‡elK ev ch©‡e¶‡Ki f~wgKv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e KZ©„c¶ KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z, wKš‘
Ab¨vb¨‡`i Kv‡Q GB f~wgKv A¯úó ev ARvbv| †h mKj †¶‡Î cÖKvk¨ ch©‡e¶Y
MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq bv ZLb M‡elYvi ¸iæ‡Z¡i we‡ePbvq e¨w³i AvPiY ev Kvh©vewj c‡iv¶fv‡e
ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq| A_©vr, †h mKj NUbv ev AvPiY m¤ú‡K© cÖZ¨¶ ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g
Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv KwVb, †mmKj †¶‡Î c‡iv¶ ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi †Póv
Kiv nq|
Z‡_¨i aib I M‡elYvi ˆewkó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i ch©‡e¶Y‡K 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v:
1| wbqwš¿Z ch©‡e¶Y (Controllled observation)
2| Awbqwš¿Z ch©‡e¶Y (Non-controllled observation)
3| msMwVZ ch©‡e¶Y (Structured observation)

48
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

4| AmsMwVZ ch©‡e¶Y (Untructured observation)

1| wbqwš¿Z ch©‡e¶Y (Controllled observation)
GB c×wZ‡Z GKwU wbqwš¿Z I K…wÎg cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv nq Ges H cwi‡e‡k gvby‡li
AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq| G‡Z GKwU cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi gvÎv DVv-
bvgv Kiv‡bv nq Ges Gi d‡j gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi Dci cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve
wbiæcY Kiv nq| cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv G‡¶‡Î ¯^vaxb PjK (Independent
Variable) Ges gvby‡li AvPiY mv‡c¶ PjK (Dependent Variable) wn‡m‡e KvR

K‡i| wk¶v M‡elYvq G c×wZ †ek RbwcÖq|

2| Awbqwš¿Z ch©‡e¶Y (Non-controllled observation)

GB c×wZ‡Z †Kvb K„wÎg cwi‡ek m„wó bv K‡i ¯^vfvweK cwi‡e‡k ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq|
cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ A_©vr mivmwi AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g (Participant) Ges AskMÖnY e¨ZxZ
(Non-participant) Dfq c×wZ‡ZB Awbqwš¿Z ch©‡e¶Y Kiv hvq|

3| msMwVZ ch©‡e¶Y (Structured observation)

GB c×wZ‡Z c~e© wba©vwiZ cwiKíbv Abyhvqx myk„sLjfv‡e welqe¯‘, NUbv ev AvPiY‡K
ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq| †Kvb wbw`©ó NUbv, welq ev AvPiY ch©‡e¶‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ I †¶Î meB
G‡¶‡Î c~e© cwiKwíZ I mywbw`©ó _v‡K| ch©‡e¶K M‡elYvi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Abyhvqx ïay
ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib Ges wjwce× K‡ib| wbw`©ó gZvgZ I eY©bv A‡c¶v GKwU wba©vwiZ
ZvwjKv Q‡K ch©‡e¶‡Yi welq¸‡jv wjwce× Ki‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î GKvwaK welq I Dcv`vb
†`Lvi my‡hvM bvB; ïaygvÎ NUbv mswkøó mywbw`©ó Q‡K ev cwiKíbvq ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z nq|

4| AmsMwVZ ch©‡e¶Y (Untructured observation)

GB c×wZ‡Z mivmwi AskMÖnY K‡i ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| GB
c×wZ‡Z M‡elK †h `j ev †kªYx‡K ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib, Zv‡`i mv‡_ wKQzw`b Ae¯’vb K‡ib,
Zv‡`i mv‡_ Nwbófv‡e †gjv‡gkv K‡ib Ges D³ `j ev †kªYx m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávb AR©b
K‡ib| wb‡Ri e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g wZwb cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| GB

49
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

c×wZ‡Z †h‡nZy M‡elK `‡jiB GKRb wn‡m‡e ev Nwbó e¨w³ wn‡m‡e `xN©w`b ch©‡e¶Y
K‡ib, ZvB A‡bK LuywUbvwU welq Zvi wbKU aiv c‡o| b„ZË¡we` I mgvR weÁvbxMY
wewfbœ, RvwZ, DcRvwZ I `‡ji mvgvwRK, ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK welq m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK aviYv
jv‡fi Rb¨ GB c×wZ e¨envi K‡ib|

†gŠwLK Afx¶v
†gŠwLK Afx¶v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© Afx¶v m¤ú‡K© aviYv ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| Afx¶v nj
GK ai‡bi cwigvcK †KŠkj ev hš¿| eZ©gv‡b wk¶v I g‡bvweÁv‡bi †¶‡Î †hme
cwigvcK †KŠkj e¨eüZ nq Zv‡`i ejv nq Afx¶v ev Test|

Cronback-Gi g‡Z, ÒA test is a systematic procedure for comparing the

behaviour of two or more personsÓ.

Grondland and Linn, ÒAfx¶v n‡”Q GK †mU cÖ‡kœi mgvnviÕÕ|

Mann-Gi g‡Z, ÒGK`j e¨w³i eyw×, e¨w³Z¡, g‡bvfve ev K…wZ‡Z¡i †cÖw¶‡Z e¨w³

we‡k‡li Zzjbvg~jK Ae¯’vi GKwU cix¶v nj Afx¶vÓ|

Avi †h Afx¶vq cix¶K, wk¶v_x©‡K mvgbv mvgwb cÖkœ K‡ib Ges wk¶v_x©i evPbfw½,
D”PviY, Dcw¯’Z eyw× I ms‡¶‡c DËi `v‡bi ¶gZv‡K cix¶v K‡ib, Zv‡K †gŠwLK
Afx¶v e‡j|

†gŠwLK Afx¶vi †kªYxwefvM

†gŠwLK Afx¶v‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v:
1| fvBfv cix¶v (Viva voce)
2| mv¶vrKvi (Interview)

50
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

1| fvBfv cix¶v (Viva voce): AaxZ wel‡qi Ávb hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ hLb †Kvb wk¶v_©x‡K
wbw`©ó welqe¯‘ †_‡K cÖkœ wRÁvmvi gva¨‡g cwigvc Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K fvBfv e‡j|
fvBfv cix¶vi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ nj, GLv‡b welq wbw`©ó Kiv _v‡K Ges wbw`©ó welq †_‡KB
cÖkœ Kiv nq| †hgb: weGW †cªvMÖv‡gi mgvcbx‡Z †h †gŠwLK cix¶v MÖnY Kiv nq Zv
fvBfv cix¶v|

we GW cix¶vi fvBfvi GKwU `„k¨

2| mv¶vrKvi (Interview): mv¶vrKv‡ii †¶‡Î welq wbw`©ó _v‡K bv| Gi cwiwa k~b¨
†_‡K AbšÍ| e¨w³Z¡ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î mvaviYZ Bnv e¨envi Kiv nq| Rbej wb‡qv‡Mi
Ges M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †¶‡Î mvaviYZ G ai‡bi †gŠwLK Afx¶v e¨envi Kiv nq|

PvKywii B›UviwfD †ev‡W©i GKwU `„k¨

51
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

 g~j¨vqb
1| ch©‡e¶Y ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2| wewfbœ cÖKvi ch©‡e¶‡Yi weeiY w`b|
3| †gŠwLK Afx¶v ev cix¶v ej‡Z Kx †evSvq -e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4| †gŠwLK cix¶vi cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL Kiæb|
5| fvBfv cix¶v (Viva voce) I mv¶vrKvi (Interview) Gi cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|

52
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57
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

7| ch©‡e¶Yxq GjvKv n‡Z †ei n‡q Avmv;

8| Z_¨ we‡kølY Kiv;
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1| mv¶vrKvi: ch©‡e¶Y c×wZ‡Z wk¶K cÖavbZ wk¶v_©xi m‡½ gy‡LvgywL e‡m

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cÖwZwU gvb`‡Ûi wecix‡Z g~j¨ Av‡ivc KivB n‡jv b¤^i cÖ`vb m~wP| b¤^i cÖ`vb m~wP ˆZwi
K‡i g~j¨hvPvB wk¶v_x©i Zzjbvg~jK Ae¯’vb bvbv Avw½‡K h_v_©fv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq| b¤^i
cÖ`vb m~wP ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j cix¶K‡K Aek¨B Zvi c~‡e© gvb`Û wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|

wk¶v_x© eÜziv, wb‡gœi mgm¨vwUi b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û I b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi m~wP ˆZwi Kwi|

mgm¨v: wkïi Rb¨ gv‡qi `yacvb Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx? wkïi e„wׇZ Gi cÖfve Kx?

b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi Dcavcmg~n b¤^i

.

73
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 4

g~j wkLbxq welq

g~j¨hvPvB, b¤^i cÖav‡bi gvb`Û I b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi m~wP

†Kvb K‡g©i ev NUbvi g~j¨hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ Zvi DcKg© ev NUbv _v‡K| G¸‡jv we‡kølY
 K‡i MvwYwZKfv‡e A_ev Dcjwä Øviv Zvi GKwU gvb wbav©iY Kiv hvq| GB ch©v‡qi
welqmg~n‡K gvb wba©vi‡Yi gvb`Û wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| cÖwZwU DcKg© ev aviYv‡K
Av`k© Ae¯’vi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i g~j¨hvPvB Kiv nq| mKj †¶‡ÎB Dcjwä Øviv GKwU gvb
w¯’i Kiv hvq| hv MvwYwZK bvI n‡Z cv‡i| (†hgb- fvj, g›`, ga¨g BZ¨vw`)| G‡¶‡Î
GUv ˆbe¨©w³K bq| cÖPwjZ AwaKvsk wel‡qi g~j¨hvPvB mvaviYZ Gfv‡eB n‡q _v‡K|
mvwe©Kfv‡e NUv `„k¨gvb djvdj †_‡K G mKj wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq|

cÖK…Z cª¯Ív‡e A‡bK¸‡jv GKB D‡Ï‡k¨i m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kivi wbwg‡Ë
DcKv‡Ri ev aviYvi DrK…ó gv‡bi Rb¨ weÁvbwfwËK we‡kølYag©x me©Rb ¯^xK…Z GKwU gvb
MvwYwZKfv‡e wba©viY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GB gvb wbav©iY Kivi Rb¨ aviYv ev DcKvRmg~n‡K
web¨¯Í K‡i Zvi cÖwZwU As‡k wfbœfv‡e g~j¨ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| G‡KB e‡j b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi
m~wP| A_©vr cÖwZwU gvb`‡Ûi wecix‡Z g~j¨ Av‡ivc KivB n‡jv b¤^i cÖ`vb m~wP| gvb`‡Ûi
wbav©iY n‡e- h_v_©, wbf©i‡hvM¨, cÖ‡qvMkxj| hviv g~j¨ hvPvB cÖwµqvi mv‡_ RwoZ Ges
Gi djvdj wb‡q KvR Ki‡e g~j¨ hvPvB m~PK m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i my¯úó aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e|

we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_©xi bvbv Avw½‡K Kv‡Ri g~j¨ hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ cwiKíbv ch©v‡q g~j¨
hvPvB‡qi gvb`Û I b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi m~PK wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Gi h_v_©Zv, wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv
I cÖ‡qvMkxjZv cwiex¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e| g~j¨hvPvB Gi mv‡_ cwiKíbv Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb,
Kvh©µ‡gi `ye©jZv Ges Kvh©µg DËi fwel¨Z cwiKíbv I GKB mv‡_ g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi gvb
Dbœqb RwoZ _vKvq cwigvR©b I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ avivevwnK fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|

74
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi m~wP ˆZwi K‡i g~j¨ hvPvB Ki‡j GK`j wk¶v_x©i Zzjbvg~jK Ae¯’vb bvbv
Avw½‡K h_v_©fv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq| b¤^i cÖ`vb m~wPi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K nj GUv g~j¨
hvPvB‡K wbf©i‡hvM¨ I ‰be©¨w³K K‡i †Zv‡j| b¤^i cÖ`vb m~wP ‰Zwi Ki‡Z n‡j cix¶K‡K
Aek¨B Zvi c~‡e© gvb`Û wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z K‡i D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ djvd‡ji m¤úK©
my¯úó nq| wb‡gœ g~j¨hvPvB I b¤^i cÖ`vb m~wPi GKwU D`vniY †`qv nj:

cÖkœt Kwig Ges iwng bvgK `yÔRb kªwgK Mfxi Kzqv‡Z KvR KiwQj| nVvr K‡i Kwig
†`L‡Z †cj iwng (†h Kzqvi G‡Kev‡i bx‡Pi w`‡K KvR KiwQj †m) Nywg‡q †Mj Ges av°v
†`qv‡ZI †m †Kvb mvov w`‡jv bv| iwng‡K Zvr¶wYfv‡e Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv|
Wv³vi cix¶v K‡i ejj- †m Asphyxia (kix‡ii i‡³ Aw·‡R‡bi Zzjbvq Kve©bWvB
A·vBW †ewk _vKv) Gi Kvi‡Y gviv †M‡Q|

e¨vL¨v Kiæbt †Kb iwng, Kwi‡gi †P‡q †ewk cwigvY Kve©b WvB A·vBW wb‡qwQj Ges
Kxfv‡e AwZwi³ Kve©b WvB A·vBW gvby‡li g„Zz¨i KviY n‡Z cv‡i?

b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û I b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi m~wP:

†¯‹vwis c‡q›Um (b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi Dc-avcmg~n) b¤^i

Kve©b WvB A·vBW evqyi †P‡q fvix 1

d‡j Kzqvi wb‡P Kve©b WvB A·vBW Rgv nq 1

Kve©b WvB A·vBW Aw·‡R‡bi ¯’vb `Lj K‡iwQj 1

kªwgK(iwng) Kve©b WvB A·vBW M¨vm wbtk¦v‡mi mv‡_ wb‡qwQj 1

myZivs Zvi k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi Rb¨ cÖPzi Aw·‡Rb `iKvi wQj 1

75
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

Aw·‡R‡bi AcÖZzjZvi Kvi‡Y iwn‡gi g„Zy¨ n‡qwQj 1

†gvU 6

b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi m~wPi gva¨‡g wewfbœ cÖKvi myweav cvIqv hvqt

 b¤^i cÖ`vb ˆbe©¨w³K nq
 mn‡R b¤^i cÖ`vb Kiv hvq
 mywbw`©ó b¤^i cÖ`vb Kiv hvq
 mKj cix¶K b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î GKB aviYv †cvlY K‡ib
 myAfx¶vi ˆewkó¨vewj myiw¶Z nq|

 g~j¨vqb:
1| GKUv D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi gvb`Û I b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi m~wP e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

76
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 4

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K
 DcKvix
 b¨vqcivqY
 mZ¨ev`x
 .............................

ce©-M
†¯‹vwis c‡q›Um/b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi Dcavcmg~n b¤^i

 wkïi †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv ev‡o 1

 `y‡a wkïi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj cywó Dcv`vb Av‡Q| 1

 gv I wkïi m¤úK© wbweo nq 1

 gv Zvi wb‡Ri ¯^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nb 1

 wkïi ¯^v‡_© gv cwi”Qbœ _vK‡Z Af¨¯Í nb 1

D”P wPšÍbkxj ev m„Rbkxj 3wU Dˇii Rb¨ 3

m¤¢ve¨ D”P wPšÍbkxj cª`Ë DËi:

 gvZ…‡mœ‡n wkï jvwjZ cvwjZ nq

 wkïi kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKvk h_vh_ nq

 wkïi cÖwZ gv-evev `vwqZ¡kxj nb

77
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 5

¯^-g~j¨vqb
f~wgKv
AvaywbK wk¶v e¨e¯’vq wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wk¶K Zvi †ckvMZ I Ab¨vb¨
¸Yvewji mgš^q K‡i we`¨vjq KZ©„K Zvi Dci Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ myôzfv‡e cvj‡b KZUv
†hvM¨Zv ¯^-gyj¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wePvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges wb‡Ri ÎæwUmg~n‡K `~i Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| ¯^-g~j¨vqb ev ¯^-g~j¨hvPvB n‡”Q e¨w³ KZ©„K †Kvb KvR K‡g© Zvi wb‡Ri f~wgKv,
`¶Zv, †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ges Kv‡Ri Z…wß BZ¨vw` mbv³KiY Ges e¨_©Zv I mdjZv hvPvB
K‡i KvRwUi Dbœq‡b Kx KiYxq Zv wVK Kiv| G Awa‡ek‡b ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi aviYv I f~wgKv,
¯^-g~j¨vq‡b wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv Ges ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi Z‡_¨i Drm ev nvwZqvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 ¯^-g~j¨vqb Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^-gyj¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi aviYv Ges †ckvMZ DrKl© mva‡b Gi f~wgKv
 wk¶v_x©e„›`,
¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶K e¨w³MZfv‡e Ges †ckvMZ w`K †_‡K Zuvi wb‡Ri Dbœqb
mvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB †ckvMZ Dbœqb hv wk¶v_x©‡`i wk¶Y-wkL‡b djcÖm~ Ae`vb
ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wk¶K wewfbœ †¶‡Î ¯^-g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G¸‡jv nj:
KvR ev †ckvi cÖwZ AvMÖn, Ávb I eyw×gËv, e¨w³Z¡, mZZv, ˆbwZKZv, wm×všÍ MÖnY ¶gZv
Ges cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb `¶Zv BZ¨vw`|

78
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wk¶v_x© eÜziv, ¯^-g~j¨vq‡b wk¶K‡K Kx Kx ai‡bi `¶Zv Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv wb‡gœi
Q‡K wjwce× Kwi|

79
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

ce©- L: ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki ¸Yvewj

 Luft Gi g‡Z ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb e¨w³ wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© Ges †ckvMZ AvPvi

AvPiY m¤ú‡K© Pvi ai‡bi †¶‡Îi Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cv‡ib-

1| wb‡Ri D›gy³ †¶Îmg~n (Open self or public area)
2| wb‡Ri jyKvwqZ †¶Îmg~n (Secret self or hidden area)
3| AÜKviv”Qbœ †¶Îmg~n (Blind self or blind area)
4| ARvbv/Abvwe¯‹…Z †¶Îmg~n (Undiscovered self or unknown area)

wk¶v_x© eÜziv, ¯^-g~j¨vqb Z_v Dc‡iv³ †¶Îmg~n Rvbvi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki Kx ¸Yvewj _vKv
cÖ‡qvRb e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib Zv wb‡gœi Q‡K †jLvi †Póv Kwi-

¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki ¸Yvewj:

80
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- M: ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi nvwZqvi ev Z‡_¨i Drmmg~n


wk¶v_x©e„›`, ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K `¶ Ges hy‡Mvc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv m¤¢e| Avwg Kx
KiwQ Ges Avgv‡K Kx Kiv Ges Kxfv‡e Kiv DwPZ Zv g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wKQy Z‡_¨i mnvqZv
wb‡Z nq|

wk¶v_x© eÜziv, ¯^-g~j¨vqb Kivi Rb¨ Z‡_¨i Drmmg~n Kx Kx n‡Z cv‡i Zv wb‡gœi Q‡K
ZvwjKv Kivi †Póv Kwi|
¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi Z‡_¨i Drm:

81
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 5

g~j wkLbxq welq

¯^-g~j¨vqb

¯^-g~j¨vqb: †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j Avgiv Zvi j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY Kwi| KvRwU Kivi
 Rb¨ Avgiv A‡bK mgq wewfbœ av‡c fvM Kwi| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î mgq wba©viY Kwi|
Avgiv KvRwU mgvß Kivi ci c~e© wba©vwiZ j¶¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i KZ KvQvKvwQ †cuŠQv‡Z
cvijvg Zv we‡ePbv Kwi Ges Kxfv‡e Av‡iv fvj Ki‡Z cviZvg Zv wb‡q wPšÍv Kwi|
e¨w³ KZ©„K †Kvb wµqv K‡g© Zvi f~wgKv, `¶Zv, †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM, KvR Kivi Z…wß BZ¨vw`
wba©viY I Zv AR©‡bi gvÎv wba©viY Ges Kg©m¤úv`‡bi ci Gi Dbœq‡b Kx KiYxq Zv wVK
KivB ¯^-g~j¨vqb|
¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv: wk¶K e¨w³MZfv‡e Ges †ckvMZ w`K †_‡K Zvi Dbœqb
mvab K‡i hv wk¶Y wkLb‡K djcÖm~ K‡i| GUv Kg©cwi‡e‡k A‡b¨i mv‡_ my-m¤úK© ˆZwi
Ges wb‡Ri fwel¨r Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|

wk¶K wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ Kivi Rb¨ ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi †¶Îmg~n:

1| cwiw¯’wZ we‡kølY Kivi ¶gZv
2| Kv‡R AvMÖn
3| KvR Kivi Rb¨ Drmvn I Kg©PÂjZv
4| e¨w³Z¡
5| Pv‡ci g‡a¨ KvR Kivi ¶gZv
6| Ávb I eyw×gËv
7| mgš^q mvab Kivi ¶gZv
8| mZZv
9| AvšÍt e¨w³K `¶Zv
10| wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv
11| kw³

82
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

12| †bZ…Z¡

¯^-g~j¨vqb †_‡K Avgiv Kx wkwL:

Luft (1969) e‡jb, GKRb e¨w³ wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© Ges †ckvMZ AvPiY msµvšÍ wel‡q Pvi

ai‡bi Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cv‡i|

 wb‡Ri D›gy³ †¶Îmg~n (Open self or public area)

 wb‡Ri jyKvwqZ †¶Îmg~n (Secret self or hidden area)
 AÜKviv”Qbœ †¶Îmg~n (Blind self or blind area)
 ARvbv/Abvwe¯‹…Z †¶Îmg~n (Undiscovered self or unknown area)

wb‡R hv Rvwb wb‡R hv Rvwbbv

D›gy³ †¶Î AÜ †¶Î
Zzwg hv Rvb Ges Ab¨iv hv Rv‡b Zzwg Rvb bv wKš‘ Ab¨iv Rv‡b
jyKvwqZ †¶Î ARvbv †¶Î
Zzwg hv Rvb Ab¨iv Rv‡b bv Zzwg I Ab¨iv Rv‡b bv

 g~j¨vqb:
1. ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K Kxfv‡e GKRb `¶ wk¶K wn‡m‡e ˆZwi Ki‡eb Zv e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|

83
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

BDwbU- 9 Awa‡ekb- 5

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K
1| `ye©jZv I mejZv wPwýZ KiY
2| K_v ejv, cÖkœ Kiv, DcKiY e¨envi, M‡elYvMv‡i KvR --------
3| D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY Kiv, DcKiY wbe©vPb, c×wZ -------
4| h_vh_ mgš^q, wk¶v msµvšÍ aviYv my¯úó Kiv ------
5| gZvgZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z, gZvgZ _‡K wb‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Dcvq LyuR‡Z, wb‡Ri fvj g›`
w`K wba©viY Ki‡Z ------
ce©- L
 KvR Kivi Rb¨ Drmvn I Kg©PÂjZv
 Ávb I eyw×gËv
 e¨w³Z¡
 wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv
 mZZv
 kw³
 Pv‡ci g‡a¨ KvR Kivi ¶gZv
 AvšÍt e¨w³K `¶Zv
 †bZ…Z¡
 cwiw¯’wZ we‡kølY Kivi ¶gZv

ce©- M
Z‡_¨i Drmmg~n:
 we‡kl‡Ái gšÍe¨
 Av`k© Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Zzjbv
 wg_w¯Œqv m¤úv`bKvix e¨w³i AvPiY
 Kvh©PjvKvjxb bvbv ai‡bi cÖgvY I `jxj
 †iKW©K…Z K_v
 †iKW©K…Z wPÎ
 w¯’i wPÎ
 wi‡d¬KwUf Wv‡qwi/ Rvb©vj/Wv‡qwi
 wewfbœ Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k`vbKvix `wjj
 cwÎKv/g¨vMvwR‡b cÖKvwkZ mgv‡jvPbv
 cwiex¶‡Yi `wjj

84