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†Uwej-40 : DËi`vZviv †hŠb nqivwb cªwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb 87
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wPÎ-2 : mvj Abyhvqx hyMvšÍ‡i †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi 43
wPÎ-3 : mvj Abyhvqx Avgv‡`i mg‡q †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi 44
wPÎ-4 : mvj Abyhvqx ‰`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi 44
wPÎ-5 : mvj Abyhvqx mgKv‡j †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi 45
wPÎ-6 : mvj Abyhvqx †WBwj ÷v‡i †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi 46
wPÎ-7 : mvj Abyhvqx w` BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi 46
wPÎ-8 : msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© d‡jv-Avc nIqvi nvi 51
wPÎ-9 : msev`c‡Îi †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡c‡U© wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq 55
cÖKvwkZ nIqvi nvi
wPÎ-10 : msev`c‡Îi †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡c‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Í‡ii nvi 60
wPÎ-11 : msev`c‡Î wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq cÖKv‡ki nvi 61
wPÎ-12 : msev`c‡Îi †hŠb nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi 66
wPÎ-13 : msev`c‡Îi †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb 79
nqivwb †e‡o hv‡”Q g‡b Kivi nvi
wPÎ-14 : †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q g‡b 88
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nq| c×wZ¸‡jv n‡”Q:
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`yB. gZvgZ Rwic (Opinion Survey) c×wZ|
wZb. †Wc_& mvÿvrKvi (Depth Interview) c×wZ|
Av‡aq we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wbw`©ó bgybvqb c×wZ‡Z mvZwU msev`c·K GB
M‡elYvq bgybvfz³ Kiv nq| msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ cuvPwU evsjv Ges `yÕwU
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AÂj †_‡K wZb kÕ Rb DËi`vZv evQvB Kiv nq| c‡i DËi`vZv‡`i‡K †ckvi
wfwˇZ web¨vm Kiv nq|
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n‡q‡Q| me KÕwU msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki mw¤§wjZ nvi
1.82%| Z‡e msev`cÎ Abyhvqx Avjv`vfv‡e wnmve Ki‡j me msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi GK kZvs‡kiI Kg|
wKš‘ jÿYxq welq n‡”Q, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Lye Kg
†¯úm ev RvqMv e¨envi n‡jI msev`cθ‡jv‡Z GB msµvšÍ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
†¯úm e¨env‡ii cwigvY µgk evo‡Q| cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx, 2008 wKsev 2009
mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j G‡m †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †¯úm
e¨env‡ii cwigvY A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q| †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
e¨eüZ †¯ú‡mi †ewki fvM (73%) e¨envi n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| me KÕwU
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msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h RvqMv e¨envi n‡q‡Q Zvi
†ewki fvMB e¨envi n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nviI w`b w`bB evo‡Q| 2008 wKsev
2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi †e‡o
†M‡Q| †hŠb nqivwb welqK †gvU Z‡_¨i 76% Z_¨B cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010
mv‡j| M‡elYvi AšÍf©³ y mg‡q †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ wi‡cvU©
cÖKv‡ki nvi (76%) me‡P‡q †ewk| Avi msev`cθ‡jv‡Z cÖKvwkZ †gvU
wi‡cv‡U©i †ewki fvM (77%) 2010 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
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2008 wKsev 2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨
cÖKv‡ki nvi A‡bK †e‡o‡Q| M‡elYvi AšÍf©y³ mg‡q me msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Z_¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk| Avi
msev`cθ‡jv‡Z †ewki fvM wi‡cvU©B cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
msev`cθ‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwb welqK m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, wdPvi, Kjvg-
cÖeÜ-wbeÜ, wPwV I gZvgZ, Le‡ii m‡½ Qwe Ges K¨vckb Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi
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n‡q‡Q|
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msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jv¸‡jv Lye †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cvqwb|
wi‡cvU©¸‡jv †h c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges hZ Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
Dfq we‡ePbv †_‡KB GB K_v ejv hvq| Z‡e jÿYxq welq n‡”Q, Dc¯’vcbvi
†ÿ‡Î 2008 wKsev 2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j me msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jv †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© mg‡q †hŠb
nqivwb welqK mvaviY ev mv`vgvUv wi‡cvU©B †ewk (97%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
e¨vL¨vg~jK wi‡cvU© I AbymÜvbg~jK wi‡cvU© Lye ¯^í nv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Lye
Kg msL¨K †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i d‡jv-Avc wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
†ewki fvM (83%) wi‡cv‡U©i NUbv¯’j knivÂj|
12
 msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbi weeiYg~jK wi‡cvU© Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk nv‡i
(40%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| cÖvq me msev`c‡ÎB GB †kÖYxi wi‡cvU© Ab¨ †kÖYxi
wi‡cv‡U©i Zzjbvq wKQzUv †ewk nv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
†ewki fvM (62%) wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ
nqwb|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb wPwýZ Ki‡Z wM‡q †`Lv
†M‡Q, wfw±giv †ewki fvM (39%) †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb iv¯Ív-Nv‡U|
†ewki fvM (88%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm wPwýZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q 15 eQ‡ii Kg wKsev 15 †_‡K 20 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| Avevi G‡`i g‡a¨ 15
†_‡K 20 eQi emqx wfw±‡gi nvi †ewk (60%)| cªKvwkZ †ewki fvM †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv hvqwb| Z‡e mvgvwRK
¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †ewki fvM (55%) †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv
†M‡Q wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi wbgœweË|
†hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †ewki fvM (58%) †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© | †ewki fvM (66%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©B †`Lv
†M‡Q, †hŠb nqivwbKvixi f~wgKvq wQj eLv‡U|
¯^í msL¨K (16%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm
wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q|
Z‡e †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi g‡a¨
†ewki fvM (78%) †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv †M‡Q †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm 15 †_‡K 25
eQ‡ii g‡a¨| Gi g‡a¨ 15 †_‡K 20 eQi eqmx †hŠb nqivwbKvixi nvi
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk (40%)|
¯^í msL¨K (30%) †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq gvgjv nIqvi
Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB (70%) gvgjv nqwb| †hŠb nqivwbi
NUbvq kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨I Lye Kg nv‡i (17%) msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ nq|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Qwei AvK…wZ msµvšÍ Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq,
†ewki fvM (73%) Qwe cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Wvej Kjvg I wZb Kjv‡g| Z‡e Wvej
Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKv‡ki nviB Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk (42%)| †hŠb nqivwbi
Qwe¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi Qwei nvi
me‡P‡q †ewk (74%)|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq¸‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi
e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bvi nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (60%)|
M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© mvZwU msev`c‡Îi g‡a¨ cuvPwU msev`c‡Î †gvU 10wU wPwV
I gZvgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, †ewki fvM wPwV‡ZB †hŠb
nqivwbi weiæ‡× wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wKQz wPwV‡Z †hŠb
nqivwbi weiæ‡× KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó civgk©I cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKQz
wPwVwU‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i D‡ØM-DrKÉvi K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q|
13
msev`cÎ cvV‡Ki gZvgZ Rwic
msev`cÎ cvV‡Ki gZvgZ Rwi‡ci Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, †ewki fvM
(93%) cvVKB msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei wbqwgZfv‡e
c‡ob| cvVK‡`i †ewki fvMB (95%) g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb
welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbi
NUbv e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡jB mvsev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨
cÖKv‡ki msL¨v †e‡o †M‡Q g‡b K‡ib †ewki fvM (74%) cvVK|
†ewki fvM (93%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î
Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K
m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡
w`‡”Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib †ewki fvM (77%) cvVK| Z‡e †ewki fvM (58%)
cvVKB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb
nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q|
hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î
h_vh_ cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq e‡j g‡b K‡ib †ewki fvM (62%) cvVK|
Ab¨w`‡K †gvU cvV‡Ki cÖvq A‡a©K (52%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi
e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î h_vh_ cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| Z‡e
cvVK‡`i eo GKwU AskB (37%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I
cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| Avi †ewki fvM (62%)
cvVKB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨
Kg cªKvwkZ nIqvq Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv‡eva K‡i bv|
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq g‡b K‡ib †ewki
fvM (90%) cvVK| Avi cvVK‡`i eo GKwU Ask (43%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb
nqivwb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡jI GB e¨vcv‡i AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve Ges kvw¯Í
weavb Lye mvgvb¨ nIqvB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY| cvVK‡`i Aci GKwU
Ask (31%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb Kiv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m e¨vcv‡i
m‡PZbZvi Afve i‡q‡Q|
cvVK‡`i GKwU Ask (8%) †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi Av‡iv wKQz KviYI
wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GB me Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM K‡qKwU GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
GK. bvix‡`i c`©vbkxbZvi Afve|
`yB. †g‡q‡`i Dk„•Lj †cvlK|
wZb. cvðZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve|
Pvi. gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
cuvP. †g‡q‡`i Dk„•Lj Pjv‡div|
Qq. †g‡q‡`i Av‡iv m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q g‡b K‡ib
A‡a©‡Ki †ewk (53%) cvVK| Z‡e cvVK‡`i cÖvq A‡a©K (47%) g‡b K‡ib
h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv|
14
 cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj †hŠb nqivwb cªwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ Kx
Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvV‡Ki g‡a¨ eo GKwU Ask (44%) wewfbœ civgk© w`‡q‡Qb|
G‡`i g‡a¨ 21% e‡j‡Qb, msev`cθ‡jvi DwPZ †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi
Z_¨ †ewk cÖPvi Kiv| 19% cvV‡Ki g‡Z, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei¸‡jvi
d‡jv-Avc Lei Aek¨B cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ| 16% cvVK g‡b K‡ib, †hŠb nqivwb
†h GKwU kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m m¤ú‡K© mevB‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z msev`cÎ
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ civgk©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wQj:
GK. †hŠb nqivwbi Lei¸‡jvi Dc¯’vcbvq Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|
`yB. †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× AvBb cÖ‡qv‡M mswkøó‡`i m‡PZb I DØy× Ki‡Z
f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
wZb. cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji †hŠb nqivwbi Lei †ewk cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ|
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwb weiæ‡× mvgvwRK cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ Le‡ii
cvkvcvwk m¤úv`Kxq I wdPvimn Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨I †ewk cÖKvk Ki‡Z
n‡e|
cuvP. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Le‡i Ggb wKQz _vKv DwPZ hv‡Z Zv c‡o †hŠb
nqivwbKvixiv GB Aciva Ki‡Z fq cvq|
Qq. †hŠb nqivwbi cÖK„Z Z_¨B cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ| GB msµvšÍ Lei †hb
AwZiwÄZ bv Kiv nq|
mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ
bxwZ wba©viK ch©v‡qi mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi
AšÍf³z© msev`cθ‡jv †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wKQz bxwZgvjv
†g‡b P‡j| Z‡e me msev`c‡Î wjwLZ bxwZgvjv †bB| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`c‡Î
msev` cÖKv‡ki mvgwMÖK bxwZgvjvi gva¨‡gB †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki
bxwZgvjvI c~iY nq Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
mvsevw`Kiv Zv‡`i AwfgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, msev`c‡Î †ewki
fvM †ÿ‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg, cwiPq I Qwe cÖKvk Kiv nq bv| Avi
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`cÎ Zv‡`i bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivwb welqK msev`‡KB
mvaviYZ Gwo‡q P‡j|
mvsevw`Kiv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨
GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡”Q g‡b Ki‡jI mevB GB
e¨vcv‡i GKgZ bb|
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`c‡Î
GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki nvi evov‡bv n‡q‡Q e‡j
mvsevw`Kiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Avevi Ggb AwfgZI cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, †hŠb
nqivwbi welqwU‡K we‡kl †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ bv †`qvi Kvi‡Y GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq,
Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki e¨vcv‡i Zviv Avjv`v †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Qb bv|
15
MYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPvi †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i Ggb
AwfgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡jI Gi wecixZ AwfgZI cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y
cªKvwkZ nq g‡b Kiv n‡jI Ggb AwfgZI †`qv n‡q‡Q †h, e¨w³MZ I
cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvk nIqv DwPr bq| msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ
I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq bv Ggb aviYvI i‡q‡Q| Avevi
GK_vI g‡b Kiv nq †h, †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ Z_¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡jI
cvwievwiK Z_¨ A‡bK †¶‡Î Zz‡j aiv nq bv|
†hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq A‡bK
†ÿ‡Î nq‡Zv Zviv †hŠb nqivwbi g‡Zv Aciva Kiv Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i
Ggb aviYv †cvlY K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e Gi wecixZ aviYvI i‡q‡Q
mvsevw`K‡`i g‡a¨| AwfgZ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, fv‡jv cwiev‡ii †hŠb
nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡j †m nq‡Zv Avevi GB
Aciva Ki‡Z KzÚv‡eva K‡i| wKš‘ †ckv`vi eLv‡U‡`i bvg cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zviv
Aciv‡ai cwigvY AviI evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ eZ©gv‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q e‡j
g‡b K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e wecixZ w`‡K msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨
cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a †KvbB f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv, eis
GB aviv †hŠb nqivwb‡K Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡”Q Ggb AwfgZI cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvi wm×všÍ:
• msev`c‡Î LyeB bMY¨ RvqMv Ry‡o †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ nq|
Lye Kg RvqMv e¨envi n‡jI msev`cθ‡jv‡Z GB msµvšÍ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki
Rb¨ †¯úm e¨env‡ii cwigvY µgk evo‡Q|
• msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi w`b w`bB evo‡Q| 2008
wKsev 2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki
nvi †e‡o †M‡Q|
• msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jv¸‡jv Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î Lye Kg
¸iæZ¡ cvq| Z‡e µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q|
• †hŠb nqivwb welqK e¨vL¨vg~jK wi‡cvU© I AbymÜvbg~jK wi‡cvU© Lye ¯^í nv‡i
cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i d‡jv-Avc wi‡cvU© Lye Kg cÖKvwkZ nq|
• kniv‡ji †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î †ewk cÖKvwkZ nq|
• msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbi weeiYg~jK wi‡cvU© †ewk cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †ewki fvM wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ nqwb|
16
• †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv cÖavbZ N‡U-iv¯Ív Nv‡U|
• †ewki fvM †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi eqm 15 eQ‡ii Kg wKsev 15 †_‡K 20
eQ‡ii g‡a¨|
• wbgœweË cwiev‡ii bvixiv cÖavbZ †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±g n‡q _v‡K|
• †ewki fvM †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i †ewki fvMB eLv‡U|
• †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i †ewki fv‡Mi eqm 15 †_‡K 25 eQ‡ii g‡a¨|
• †ewki fvM †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq gvgjv nq bv|
• †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Lye Kg
cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †hŠb nqivwb welqK †ewki fvM Qwei AvK…wZ Wvej Kjvg wKsev wZb Kjvg|
• †hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi Qwe msev`c‡Î †ewk
cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †hŠb nqivwb welqK †ewki fvM m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq Ges wPwV I
gZvg‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq|
• †ewki fvM cvVKB msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
wbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob|
• cvVK‡`i †ewki fvM g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I
Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q|
• †ewki fvM cvVK g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡jB
mvsev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v †e‡o
†M‡Q|
• cvVK‡`i †ewki fvM g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î
Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q|
• †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ GB
msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib †ewki fvM cvVK|
• †ewki fvM cvVKB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii
AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q|
• hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î
h_vh_ cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq e‡j g‡b K‡ib †ewki fvM cvVK |
• cvVK‡`i eo GKwU Ask g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I
cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †ewki fvM cvVK g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I
cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cªKvwkZ nIqvq Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv
†eva K‡i bv|
17
• msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq g‡b K‡ib †ewki
fvM cvVK|
• cvVK‡`i eo GKwU Ask g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡jI
GB e¨vcv‡i AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve Ges kvw¯Í weavb Lye mvgvb¨ nIqvB †hŠb
nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY|
• cvVK‡`i †ewki fvM g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cªwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
• cvVK‡`i g‡Z, msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Z_¨ †ewk cÖPvi Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
• cvVKiv g‡b K‡ib, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei¸‡jvi d‡jv-Avc Lei Aek¨B
cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ|
• †hŠb nqivwb †h GKwU kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m m¤ú‡K© mevB‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z
msev`cÎ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i e‡j cvVKiv g‡b K‡ib|
• †hŠb nqivwbi Lei¸‡jvi Dc¯’vcbvq Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e e‡j g‡b K‡ib
cvVKiv|
• cvVK‡`i g‡Z, †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× AvBb cÖ‡qv‡M mswkøó‡`i m‡PZb I
DØy× Ki‡Z f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i msev`cÎ|
• cvVKiv e‡j‡Qb, cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji †hŠb nqivwbi Lei †ewk cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ|
• †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× mvgvwRK cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ Le‡ii cvkvcvwk
m¤úv`Kxq I wdPvimn Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨I †ewk cÖKvk Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb cvVKiv|
• cvVKiv g‡b K‡ib, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Le‡i Ggb wKQz _vKv DwPZ hv‡Z Zv
c‡o †hŠb nqivwbKvixiv GB Aciva Ki‡Z fq cvq|
• †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei‡K AwZiwÄZ bv Kivi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb cvVKiv|
• mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ Abyhvqx, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© msev`cθ‡jv †hŠb nqivwb
welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wKQz bxwZgvjv †g‡b P‡j| Z‡e me msev`c‡Î
wjwLZ bxwZgvjv †bB|
• mvsevw`K‡`i g‡Z, msev`c‡Î †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi
bvg, cwiPq I Qwe cÖKvk Kiv nq bv| Avi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`cÎ Zv‡`i
bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivwb welqK msev`‡KB mvaviYZ Gwo‡q P‡j|
• †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ GB msµvšÍ
Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡”Q g‡b K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e mevB
GB e¨vcv‡i GKgZ bb|
18
• mvsevw`K‡`i g‡Z, †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy×
Kivi Rb¨ msev`c‡Î GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki
nvi evov‡bv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Avevi Ggb AwfgZI cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, †hŠb
nqivwbi welqwU‡K we‡kl †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ bv †`qvi Kvi‡Y GB msµvšÍ
m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki e¨vcv‡i Avjv`v †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ †`qv
n‡”Q bv|
• MYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPvi †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i mvsevw`Kiv
Ggb AwfgZ cÖKvk Ki‡jI Gi wecixZ AwfgZI cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
• msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y
cÖKvwkZ nq g‡b Kiv n‡jI mvsevw`Kiv Ggb AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb †h, e¨w³MZ I
cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvk nIqv DwPr bq| Avevi msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i
e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq bv Ggb aviYvI i‡q‡Q
mvsevw`K‡`i g‡a¨|
• †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq A‡bK
†ÿ‡Î Zviv †hŠb nqivwbi g‡Zv Aciva Kiv Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i Ggb
aviYv †cvlY K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e Gi wecixZ aviYvI i‡q‡Q
mvsevw`K‡`i g‡a¨|
• †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ eZ©gv‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q e‡j
g‡b K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e wecixZ w`‡K msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK
Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a †KvbB f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q
bv, eis GB aviv †hŠb nqivwb‡K Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡”Q Ggb AwfgZI cÖKvk
Kiv n‡q‡Q|

19
 cÖ_g Aa¨vq
cUf~wg, M‡elYvi c~e©cvV ch©v‡jvPbv, D‡Ïk¨ I M‡elYv cÖkœ
cUf~wg:
BfwUwRs bv‡g Kw_Z †hŠb nqivwbg~jK Aciva wec`¾bKfv‡e evo‡Q| mviv
evsjv‡`‡kB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvi e¨vcK we¯Í…wZ NU‡Q| we‡kl K‡i ¯‹zj-K‡j‡R
cov †g‡qiv iv¯Ív-Nv‡U Anin †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡”Q|
†hŠb nqivwb †g‡q‡`i ¯^vfvweK weKvk‡K evavMÖ¯’ Ki‡Q| GB cÖm‡½
cÖKvwkZ GK Z‡_¨ ejv n‡q‡Q: ÔmvaviYfv‡e wUwRs ev †hŠb nqivwb‡K Kg
ÿwZKi GKwU e¨vcvi g‡b Kiv nq| hw`I Gi Rb¨ RvwZ‡K eo g~j¨ w`‡Z nq|
†hŠb nqivwbi Kvi‡Y, †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi fq KvR K‡i, Zviv mvivÿY
DZ¨³ nevi f‡q mš¿¯Í _v‡K, G‡Z †g‡q‡`i my¯’-¯^vfvweK gvbwmK weKvk,
m„RbkxjZv I m¤¢vebv wewNœZ nq| Zviv wb‡R‡`i wbivcËvnxb I Amnvq g‡b
K‡i, Zviv µgk KzwÉZ, jw¾Z, AvZ¥wek¦mnxb, gyL‡Pviv I `ye©j n‡q I‡V|
A‡bK †g‡qB wkÿv½b †_‡K S‡i c‡i, evj¨we‡qi wkKvi nq, †g‡qwkï I Zvi
wcZvgvZvi AvZ¥nb‡bi cÖeYZv ev‡o, m‡e©vcwi Zv‡`i Rxeb mxgve× ev msKxY©
n‡q c‡o| mgv‡R bvixi Amg Ae¯’vb‡K wUwK‡q ivL‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi cÖfve
me©MÖvmx| cÖwZgyn~‡Z© bvixi KvR-Kg©, Pjv‡div‡K evavMÖ¯’ K‡i| ïay ZvB bq,
g‡bvej aŸsm K‡i mvgvwRKfv‡e bvix‡K A‡hvM¨ I wb‡¯ÍR K‡i iv‡L| mÿgZv
AR©‡b cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qB evav †`q| wUwRs‡qi e`Af¨vm cyiæl‡`i Rxeb‡K PUzj
i‡m c~Y© K‡i I †jvfx gvbwmKZv cÖKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K wkï I bvix‡`i
Rb¨ AbeiZ `ywe©ln cwiw¯’wZ ˆZwi K‡i hv †f` K‡i Rxe‡bi ¯^vfvweK myevZvm
MÖnY cÖvqk m¤¢e nq bv|Õ1
MYgva¨g Z_¨ cÖPvi I wkÿv cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| gvby‡li
g‡bvRM‡Z MYgva¨‡gi cÖfve e¨vcK| wKš‘ †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a wK MYgva¨g
h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q? GB cÖm‡½ cÖKvwkZ GK wbe‡Ü ejv n‡q‡Q:
ÔMYgva¨g gvby‡li wPšÍv Kivi †ÿ‡Î weivU GK f~wgKv iv‡L| wcÖq Awf‡bZv hLb
iv¯Ív-Nv‡U GKUv †g‡q‡K †cÖg wb‡e`b K‡i, Zvi Rb¨ dzj cvVvq, †gvUi mvB‡Kj
wb‡q `uvwo‡q _v‡K, cvk w`‡q †nu‡U †M‡j dzj Quy‡o gv‡i Avi bvUK-wm‡bgvi
bvwqKviv †n‡m KzwU KzwU nq, ZLb `k©KivI welqwU AwZ ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †g‡b
wb‡q A‡b‡KB GB AvwPiY Zv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖwZdjb NUv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib|
N‡U BfwUwRs| †ivwgI‡`i fxo ev‡o †g‡q‡`i ¯‹zj K‡jR¸‡jvi mvg‡b|
†g‡q‡`i wUR KivUv Zviv d¨vkb ev wn‡ivi ch©v‡q †d‡j wb‡R‡K Kíbv K‡i|
cwiev‡ii gh©v`v wPšÍv bv K‡i wb‡R‡K †ivwgI fv‡e| fv‡e wm‡bgv bvU‡K †Zv
21
eo‡jv‡Ki †g‡qi mv‡_ Mix‡ei †Q‡j wKsev eo‡jv‡Ki †Q‡ji mv‡_ Mix‡ei
†g‡qi †cÖg Zvici we‡q †Zv nq| GB ai‡bi AvPiY Ki‡j †g‡qiv †Zv †kl
ch©šÍ ivRx nq| Zv‡`i fvebvq ZLb _v‡K bv bvUK bvUKB Mí MíB|Õ2
mgv‡R bvbv ai‡bi Aciv‡ai NUbv N‡U _v‡K| †hŠb nqivwb I GgbB GKwU
Aciva| †h mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ai‡bi Aciva cÖeYZv i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b †hŠb
nqivwb‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`Lvi KviY †bB| GB cÖm‡½ e`iæÏxb Dgi msev`c‡Î
cÖKvwkZ GK wbe‡Ü wj‡L‡Qb: ÔBfwUwRs‡qi gZ Aciva †Kv‡bv wew”Qbœ e¨vcvi
bq| GUv ejvB evûj¨, †Kv‡bv mf¨, myMwVZ I myk„•Lj mgv‡R G ai‡bi Aciva
m¤¢e bq| †h †Kv‡bv kvixwiK e¨vwai †hgb ev¯Íe wfwË _v‡K gvby‡li Lv`¨,
cvbxq, Af¨vm, cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨, †Zgwb mvgvwRK e¨vwai m¤úK© _v‡K mgMÖ
mgv‡Ri cwi‡e‡ki m‡½, mgv‡Ri gvby‡l gvby‡l †h m¤úK© M‡o I‡V I Kvh©Ki
_v‡K Zvi m‡½| evsjv‡`‡k GLb BfwUwRs I Gi g‡Zv A‡bK e¨vwa Ggbfv‡e
Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q hv Av‡M †Kv‡bvw`b †`Lv hvqwb| G Ae¯’v Kíbv KivI Av‡MKvi
w`‡b m¤¢e wQj bv| weªwUk I cvwK¯Ívwb Avg‡j BfwUwRs‡qi NUbv K`vwPr NUZ,
†m Kvi‡Y Zv‡K mvgvwRK e¨vwa wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡Zv bv| †mUv e¨wZµgx
e¨w³we‡k‡li Aciva cÖeYZv †_‡KB NUZ| †m iKg NUbv NU‡j ZvrÿwYKfv‡e
mgvR I AvBb-k„•Ljv iÿvKvix evwnbxi nv‡Z †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e Acivaxi Ggb
kvw¯Í n‡Zv hv‡Z †mB Aciv‡ai cybive„wËi †Kvb mnR m¤¢vebv _vKZ bv| Gw`K
w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ weªwUk I cvwK¯Ívwb Avg‡ji Ae¯’vi A‡bK Zdvr|Õ3
†hŠb nqivwb eZ©gv‡b bvix wbh©vZ‡bi GKwU bZzb nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e Avwef©yZ
n‡q‡Q| mgvRweÁvbxiv welqwU wb‡q bvbv ai‡bi M‡elYv Ki‡Qb| Zviv Ô†hŠb
nqivwbi 10wU KviY wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| KviY¸‡jv n‡jv:
1. wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgvR I cwievi KvVv‡gv,
2. wcZ„Zvwš¿K ms¯‹…wZ,
3. mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, cvwievwiK I ˆbwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Aeÿq,
4. cvwievwiK Aw¯’iZv Z_v wbivcËvnxb cvwievwiK cwiw¯’wZ,
5. mšÍv‡bi †e‡o IVv Z_v m‡PZbZv m„wói †ÿ‡Î wcZv-gvZvi D`vmxbZv,
6. cwiev‡i †Q‡j-†g‡qi g‡a¨ ˆelg¨,
7. wcZvgvZvi we‡ivac~Y© m¤úK©,
8. bvixi cÖwZ kª×vkxj `„wófw½i Afve,
9. gv`Kvmw³,
10. `vwi`ª|
mgvRweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, GK mgq mgv‡Ri e‡L hvIqv GKwU ÿz`ª AskB
DZ¨³Ki‡Yi m‡½ RwoZ _vKZ| GLb DVwZ eqmx ZiæY, wK‡kvi, hyeK‡`i
cvkvcvwk ga¨eqmxivI f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| bxwZ-ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai
Aeÿq, Kg©nxb Ajm gb, cvwievwiK wkÿvi Afve, AvBwb `ye©jZvi m‡½ AvBb
22
cÖ‡qv‡M Abxnv Ges cÖZ¨ÿ`k©x mvÿx Qvov †`vlx mve¨¯Í Ki‡Z bv cviv, wUwRs-Gi
m‡½ hy³ `ye„©Ë‡`i ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK-cvwievwiK mg_©b I c„„ô‡cvlKZv‡KI
Gi KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| †hŠb nqivwb ev wUwRs‡qi KviY e¨w³i
we‡ePbv‡ev‡ai Afve, kvjxbZvnxbZv, ÿgZvi `¤¢ I Ace¨envi, mxgvnxb
†hŠbwjáv, weK…wZ BZ¨vw`| bvixi cÖwZ †bwZevPK `„wóf½x †_‡KB g~jZ DZ¨³ I
nqivwb i m~ÎcvZ N‡U| cyiælZvwš¿K gb-gvbwmKZvq cyó mgvR fv‡e bvixiv me
mgq cyiæ‡li Aa¯Íb, ZvB B”Qvg‡Zv Zv‡`i m‡½ e¨envi Kiv hvq| mgv‡R
Zv‡`i‡K ïay †fvM¨cY¨ wn‡m‡e †`Lvi cÖeYZv evo‡Q| we‡kl K‡i MYgva¨‡g
Z_v weÁvcb, wgDwRK wfwWI, wm‡bgv BZ¨vw`‡Z bvixi Dcw¯’wZ GLb A‡bKUvB
†hŠb e¯‘ wn‡m‡e| wKQz M‡el‡Ki g‡Z, GB e¨vcv‡i m¨v‡UjvBU P¨v‡bj, wUwf
bvUK, weÁvcb Ges wn›`x wm‡bgvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve i‡q‡Q| bvUK I weÁvc‡b
Ges ewjD‡Wi eû wm‡bgv‡ZB bvqK gRv K‡i bvwqKv‡K wkm w`‡q, Mvb †M‡q,
A½fw½ K‡i K‡i †hŠb †nb¯’v K‡i; bvwqKv cÖ_g wei³ n‡jI c‡i Zvi nv‡ZB
aiv †`q Ges bvq‡Ki †cÖ‡g c‡o| eû hyeK nq‡Zv G Avkv‡ZB †g‡q‡`i avIqv
K‡i| wKQy M‡elK Aek¨ welqwU‡K Ab¨fv‡e †`‡Lb| Zuviv wek¦vm K‡ib, †hme
†g‡qiv AšÍcyi †_‡K evB‡ii RM‡Z covïbv ev KvR Ki‡Z †ei n‡”Qb- Zv‡`i
Ae`gb KivB G ai‡bi †hŠb nqivwbi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| KviY hvB †nvK, †h
e¨vcKnv‡i gnvgvixi g‡Zv †hŠb nqivwb NU‡Q, GwU mgMÖ RvwZi c‡ÿB
Kj¼RbK Ges D‡Ø‡Mi|Õ4
†hŠb nqivwb ev bvix‡`i D˨³ Kiv GLb ïay Akvjxb Dw³, wkm †`Iqv,
Mvb MvIqv, A½fw½ ev euvKv †Pv‡L ZvKv‡bvi g‡a¨ mxgve× †bB| Zv Qwo‡q †M‡Q
†hŠb Bw½Zc~Y© wPwV, †cv÷vi, KvU©yb, †`Iqvj wjL‡b| wKsev ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri †eÂ,
†Pqvi-†Uwej, †bvwUk †ev‡W©| ïay ZvB bv, †hŠb nqivwb GLb †Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj
ev GmGgGm, wmwWi MwÐ †cwi‡q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kj¨v‡Y B-†gBj Avi †dmey‡KI
Xy‡K c‡o‡Q|
cywjk m`i `ßi †_‡K cvIqv wnmv‡e †`Lv †M‡Q, MZ AvM÷ (2010) ch©šÍ
GK eQ‡i †hŠb nqivwb ev bvix‡`i D˨³ Kivi NUbvq mviv †`‡k 150wU gvgjv
n‡q‡Q| Avi mvaviY Wv‡qwi (wRwW) n‡q‡Q 377wU| GK nvRvi 269 R‡bi
weiæ‡× _vbvq Awf‡hvM †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| cywjk †MÖdZvi K‡i‡Q 520 Rb‡K|5
XvKv gnvbMi cywj‡ki wnmv‡e †`Lv †M‡Q, MZ GwcÖj †_‡K A‡±vei (2010)
ch©šÍ gnvbMi cywjk D˨³ Kivi NUbvq GK nvRvi 27 Rb‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i| G
mg‡q 25wU gvgjv nq| 834 Rb eLv‡Ui weiæ‡× _vbvq Awf‡hvM Av‡m| G‡`i
g‡a¨ gyP‡jKvi gva¨‡g 418 Rb‡K gyw³ †`Iqv nq| i¨ve MZ `yB eQ‡i D˨³
Kivi NUbv wb‡q 369wU Awfhvb Pvwj‡q‡Q| Gme Awfhv‡b 186 Rb‡K †MÖdZvi
Kiv nq| i¨ve †gvU 51wU gvgjv K‡i|6
23
MZ 14 †g 2009 nvB‡KvU© GK hyMvšÍKvix ivq †NvlYv K‡ib| iv‡q ejv
n‡q‡Q, kvixwiK I gvbwmK †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wbh©vZb †hŠb nqivwbi ch©v‡q c‡o|
Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q: †hŠb Bw½Zc~Y© gšÍe¨ ev iwmKZv, Mv‡q nvZ †`Iqv ev †`Iqvi
†Póv Kiv, B-†gBj, GmGgGm, †Uwj‡dv‡b weo¤^bv, c‡b©vMÖvwd ev †h †Kv‡bv
ai‡bi wPÎ, Akøxj Qwe, †`qvjwjLb, Akvjxb Dw³mn AvcwËKi †Kv‡bv ai‡bi
wKQz Kiv, KvD‡K Bw½Zc~Yf© v‡e my›`ix ejv, †Kv‡bv bvixi bvix‡K fqfxwZ cÖ`k©b,
†h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv, wg_¨v Avk¦vm w`‡q m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv, †hŠb
m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi `vwe ev Aby‡iva, Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv kvixwiK ev fvlvMZ AvPiY hvi
g‡a¨ †hŠb Bw½Z cÖ”Qbœ|7
†hŠb nqivwbi g‡Zv Aciv‡ai m‡½ RwoZ eLv‡U‡`i Rb¨ wZb AvB‡b kvw¯Íi
weavb Av‡Q| XvKv gnvbMi cywjk AvB‡bi 76 avivq GB ai‡bi Aciv‡ai kvw¯Í
GK eQi Kviv`Ð I `yB nvRvi UvKv Rwigvbv| evsjv‡`k `Ðwewai 509 avivq
ejv n‡q‡Q, †Kv‡bv bvixi kvjxbZv Agh©v`v Kivi AwfcÖv‡q †Kv‡bv gšÍe¨,
A½fw½ ev †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva| GB aviv‡Z GKB ai‡bi kvw¯Íi
weavb Av‡Q| bvix I wkï wbh©vZb AvB‡bi 10 avivq †hŠb wbcxob I køxjZvnvwbi
Awf‡hv‡M 10 eQ‡ii Kviv`‡Ði weavb Av‡Q|8
mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× cÖwZev`-cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖ‡PóvI
†e‡o‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× wgwQj-†gŠb wgwQj, gvbeeÜb, mfv, mgv‡ek,
†mwgbvi, Av‡jvPbv mfv, mvsevw`K m‡¤§jb n‡”Q cÖvqB| Z‡e fqsKi e¨vcvi
n‡”Q eLv‡Uiv GLb cÖwZev` ev cÖwZ‡ivaKvix‡`i †nb¯Ív Ki‡Q| mviv †`‡kB GB
cÖeYZv †`Lv hv‡”Q| GgbwK †hŠb nqivwbi cÖwZev` Ki‡Z wM‡q †hŠb
nqivwbKvix‡`i nv‡Z cÖvYnvbxi NUbvI NU‡Q| GB cÖm‡½ cÖKvwkZ GK wbe‡Ü
ejv nq: ÔeLv‡U‡`i nvgjvi wkKvi n‡q µgk evo‡Q g„Zy¨i NUbv| wmwg †M‡Q,
†M‡Q Z…lv, iæwg, gwngv, dvwngvi g‡Zv cÖwZfvevb †g‡qiv| Kvj †h Avgvi-
Avcbvi †g‡q hv‡e bv Zvi wbðqZv wK? MYgva¨g †_‡K wK wkLvw”Q Avgiv
Avgv‡`i DËimyix‡`i? BfwUwRs eÜ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j PuvcvivYx †fŠwgK Avi
wkÿK wgRvbyi ikx‡`i cwiev‡ii Kv‡Q Kx Reve †`e Avgiv? MYgva¨g wkÿvi
†ÿ‡Î eo GK f~wgKv iv‡L| ZvB G gva¨‡g Kg©iZ mevi cÖwZ Aby‡iva, †RÛvi
†mbwmwUf nb| wbg©vZviv bvix‡`i cY¨ bq gvbyl wn‡m‡e g~jvqY Kiæb| Avcbvi
GKwU BwZevPK bvUK ev weÁvcb mgv‡R ivL‡Z cv‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv| G
welqwU Avgv‡`i fve‡Z n‡e| bvU¨Kviiv hw` Zv‡`i bvU‡K wKsev weÁvc‡b
†g‡q‡`i BwZevPK PvwiÎ Zz‡j a‡ib, Zvn‡j Gi cÖfve co‡e ZiæY ev wK‡kvi
†Q‡jwUi g‡b| †eMg †iv‡Kqv, cÖxwZjZv, b~iRvnvb, †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj,
Rvnvbviv Bgv‡gi g‡Zv mvnmx Pwiθ‡jv‡K mvg‡b Avb‡Z n‡e| G‡`i g‡Zv
nvRv‡iv bvix evOjvi N‡i N‡i wbf…‡Z i‡q‡Q| cÖPv‡ii Av‡jvq Zv‡`i Av‡jvwKZ
24
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡ÿ‡Î AwffveK‡`iI m‡PZb nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| AvKvk ms¯‹…wZi
GB hy‡M mšÍvbiv wUwf, †iwWI, B›Uvi‡bU ev cwÎKv †_‡K Kx †`L‡Q, wkL‡Q ev
Rvb‡Q Zv †LuvR Kiv `iKvi| ïay evwYwR¨K Kvi‡Y bq, mvgvwRK I gvbweK
`vqe×Zv †_‡K hw` MYgva¨g‡K e¨envi bv Kiv hvq Z‡e mvg‡b i‡q‡Q AviI
me©bvk|Õ9
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a miKvi wewfbœ D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg
åvg¨gvb Av`vjZ MVb Kiv| 2010 mv‡ji 11 b‡f¤^i msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ Le‡i
ejv nq: Ôbvix‡`i D˨³ Kivi NUbv e‡Ü åvg¨gvb Av`vj‡Zi Kvh©µg †M‡RU
AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i‡Q miKvi| evsjv‡`k `Ûwewai 509 aviv‡K åvg¨gvb
Av`vj‡Zi Zdwmjfz³ K‡i G †M‡RU cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvBb gš¿Yvjq eyaevi
(10 b‡f¤^i 2010) we‡K‡j GB †M‡RU cÖKvk K‡i| d‡j BfwUwRs †iv‡a
åvg¨gvb Av`vj‡Zi Kvh©µg ïiæ Ki‡Z Avi †Kvb evav †bB|Õ10 Gici †hŠb
nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a åvg¨gvb Av`vj‡Zi ZrciZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
AvB‡bi wewa-weavb hvB _vK Avi AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM hZUzKzB †nvK bv †Kb,
†hŠb nqivwbi NUbv wK K‡g‡Q? msev`c‡Îi cvZv Lyj‡jB †`Lv hvq, †`‡ki
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †hŠb nqivwb i Lei| †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b eLv‡U‡`i †hŠb nqivwbi
Kvi‡Y AZxó DVwZ eq‡mi †g‡qiv| cÖvqB †`Lv hv‡”Q, †hŠb nqivwb i wkKvi n‡q
A‡bK wK‡kvix NUbvi cÖwZev` wn‡m‡e AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i‡Q| GB cÖm‡½ wewkó
fvlv‰mwbK Avng` iwdK e‡jb: Ô†hŠb nqivwb ev bvix wbh©vZ‡bi cÖwZev`
AvZ¥nbb bq, `„pcÖwZev‡` Ny‡i `uvov‡bv AweKí Dcvq| Avi G †ÿ‡Î mgv‡Ri
Av`k©ev`x gvbyl‡`i (ZiæY ev eqmx) AZ¨vPvwi‡Zi cv‡k `uvov‡Z n‡e| Av`k©ev`x
ms¯‹…wZ msMVb¸‡jv‡KI `~‡i `uvwo‡q _vK‡j Pj‡e bv| M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e
cÖwZev‡`i I cÖwZ‡iv‡ai mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb| Av‡›`vjb-wfbœ G †`‡k
†Kv‡bv w`b †Kv‡bv AR©b m¤¢e nqwb| GgbwK ¯^vaxb ¯^‡`kI| mgvR cwieZ©b
GK `xN© cÖwµqv| ZvB †mm‡ei A‡cÿvq bv †_‡K mgvRgb¯‹‡`i KZ©e¨ n‡q
`uvovq N‡i-evB‡i Gme AbvPvi e‡Ü h_vh_ e¨e¯’v †bIqv Ges cÖwZev`
Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡_ `xN©‡gqvw` AR©b wbwðZ Kivi †Póv| DwjøwLZ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b
cÖPvigva¨g¸‡jv Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i, †nvK ˆ`wbK cwÎKv ev wUwf
P¨v‡bj| mgvR‡PZbv evov‡Z, mgv‡R mwµq DÏxcbv ˆZwi Ki‡Z Gme gva¨‡gi
m`_©K f~wgKv Zzjbvnxb| ïay Lei †Q‡c ev KL‡bv GKwU m¤úv`Kxq wj‡L `vq
mgvcb bq, `iKvi cÖwZev`x Kg©Kv‡Ð mwµq AskMÖnY|Õ11
M‡elYv mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wee„wZ:
msev`cÎ †`‡ki Ab¨Zg MYgva¨g wn‡m‡e †hgb Z_¨, wkÿv I we‡bv`b mieivn
K‡i _v‡K, †Zgwb m¤cÖmvwiZ `vwqZ¡ wn‡m‡e msev`cÎ wewfbœ mvgvwRK
A½xKv‡iI m¤c„³ n‡q _v‡K| mgvR m‡PZbZvq Ges mvgvwRK cÖMwZ‡Z
25
msev`cÎ RbgZ msMwVZ K‡i _v‡K| Aci c‡ÿ KL‡bv KL‡bv msev`cÎ
evwYwR¨K cY¨ wn‡m‡e mvgvwRK `vwq‡Z¡i weivU f~wgKv †_‡K weP~¨Z n‡q ïay
e¨emvwqK mvdj¨ †c‡Z Pvq|
evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k msev`c‡Îi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wKš‘ G‡`‡k
mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡‡eva I f~wgKv cvj‡b msev`c‡Îi f~wgKv A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡kœi
m¤§yLxb n‡q D‡V| wewfbœ mvgvwRK Aeÿq cÖwZ‡iv‡a BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb bv
K‡i †bwZevPK f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq msev`cÎ| cÖm½Z: †bwZevPK msev`
cwi‡ek‡b †h mKj welq B`vbxs cvVK‡`i weeªZ K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ Aciva, mš¿vm,
†hŠb nqivwb Ab¨Zg| GB †cÖÿvc‡U cÖL¨vZ g‡bvweÁvbx Aa¨vcK †gnZve Lvbg
e‡j‡Qb †h, ÔMYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPvi GB ai‡bi Aciva (†hŠb nqivwb) evwo‡q
w`‡Z cv‡i|Õ12
evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î cÖvqB †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨
cÖKvwkZ nq| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki
ga¨ w`‡q †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`c‡Î mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi K_v|
msev`cÎ wK †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a †Zgb f~wgKv ivL‡Q? †hŠb nqivwb welqK
Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i Ki‡Z wM‡q msev`cÎ wK G wel‡q †bwZevPK f~wgKvI cvjb
Ki‡Q? †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`c‡Îi f~wgKvi e¨vcv‡i cvVK‡`i fvebv Kx?
Avi GB wb‡q mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZB ev Kx?
Dc‡iv³ M‡elYv mgm¨v Ges Gi †cÖÿcU mvg‡b †i‡L GB M‡elYv
cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvi c~e©cvV ch©v‡jvPbv:
BfwUwRs Gi NUbvi Ici †emiKvwi ms¯’v †÷cm& UzqvW©m †W‡fjc‡g›U GKwU
M‡elYv cwiPvjbv K‡i| 2010 mv‡ji 1 Ryb XvKvq GK †mwgbv‡i GB M‡elYvq
cÖvß Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq| GB M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, msev`c‡Î †hme NUbvi
msev‡` eqm D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖvq 96 kZvsk †ÿ‡ÎB BfwUwRs Gi wkKvi
bvixi Mo eqm 11 †_‡K 20 eQi| G‡`i A‡a©‡KiI †ewk (51%) wbgœweË
cwiev‡ii, 39% ga¨weË I D”Pga¨weË cwiev‡ii| Avi 10% kZvsk D”PweË
cwiev‡ii mšÍvb| GB M‡elYvq cÖvß D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU welq n‡”Q cÎ-
cwÎKv¸‡jv BfwUwRs Gi Lei e¨vcKfv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Q wVKB wKš‘ G‡ÿ‡Î
wfKwU‡gi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK e„ËvšÍ hZUv Zz‡j aiv nq Zvi `kfv‡Mi
GKfvMI wbh©vZbKvixi †ejvq _v‡K bv| †h KqwU NUbvq wbh©vZbKvix m¤ú‡K©
Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq G‡`i †ewki fv‡MiB eqm 20 †_‡K 25
eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Ges Giv 14 kZvsk D”PweË cwiev‡ii, 60 kZvsk ga¨weË I
D”Pga¨weË cwiev‡ii Ges 27 kZvsk wbgœweË cwiev‡ii mšÍvb| M‡elYvq †`Lv
26

†M‡Q, wZb gv‡m 50 kZvsk NUbvq cywjk wewfbœfv‡e Zrci wQ‡jv, gvgjv P‡j‡Q
Ges AvmvgxI aiv c‡o‡Q| cÖvq 37 kZvsk NUbvq gvgjv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ Avmvgx
aiv c‡owb (Gi g‡a¨ Avmvgx‡K aivi ci †Q‡o w`‡q‡Q, Avmvgx cÿ D‡ëv
gvgjv K‡i‡Q Ggb NUbvI Av‡Q)| Avi 13 kZvsk NUbvq †Kv‡bv gvgjv nqwb|
GB M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, 2010 mv‡ji gvP© †_‡K †g gv‡m †gvU 123wU BfwUwRs
Gi NUbv N‡U‡Q|13
Dc‡iv³ M‡elYv ch©v‡jvPbvi ci cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
GK. M‡elYvwU msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ Lei wfwËK|
`yB. Mo wn‡m‡e msev`c‡Î cÖwZw`bB †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKvw©kZ nq|
wZb. wK‡kvix-ZiæYxivB †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi nq †ewk|
Pvi. wbgœweË cwiev‡ii †g‡qivB †hŠb nqivwbi cÖavb Uv‡M©U|
cuvP. †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Le‡i Lye Kg nv‡i
cªKvwkZ nq|
Progeria Research Foundation Gi I‡qf mvB‡U Gm Lvb Rq Gi GKwU
M‡elYv wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| wk‡ivbvg: ‘Impact of Eve teasing in the
society of Bangladesh’. GB M‡elYvq 2008 mv‡j w` nv½vi cÖ‡R± cwiPvwjZ
Aci GKwU M‡elYvi Da„wZ w`‡q ejv n‡q‡Q: evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY mgv‡R †hŠb
nqivwbi Kvi‡Y PviwU mywbw`©ó cÖwZwµqv nq| cÖwZwµqv¸‡jv n‡jv:
Now Eve teasing is one of the main threats for Bangladesh
because it is destroying the social balance. Eve teasing might seem
harmless 'fun' to some, but gets the nerve of the victims. The severe
impact of eve teasing is taking away the lives of young girls as
Bangladesh has witnessed recently. Based on empirical study
(2008) the Hunger Project has identified some impacts of eve
teasing in the society of rural Bangladesh. These are:
a) Curtailed education: Sexual harassment increases girls' drop-
out rate from school. Parents concerned about their daughter's
honour or safety sometimes keep their daughters home and/or
marry them off at an early age.
b) Early marriage: Girls who are teased or harassed are also
pushed into marriage, before they are physically or mentally
prepared.
c) Hindered development: Eve teasing contributes to maintaining
the low status of women. It also hinders women in participating in
the formal employment sector. As nearly half of the population of
the country are women, for the economic development of the
country their participation in employment is a must.
27
14
d) Eve teasing” leads to young woman’s suicide in Bangladesh.
Kg©‡ÿ‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK GKwU M‡elYv cwiPjbv K‡i †m›Uvi di
cwjwm WvqjM (wmwcwW)| GB M‡elYvK‡g©i M‡elK wQ‡jb wmwcwWi wimvP© †d‡jv
W. `xbv Gg. wmwÏKx| W. `xbv Zuvi M‡elYvi wfwˇZ 11wU mycvwik Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb| GB mycvwikgvjv‡Z wZwb †hŠb nqivwbi wel‡q MYgva¨g‡K ms‡e`bkxj
nIqvi civgk© w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb:
Mass media must be sensitised to the specific problems of working
women, to which the media appears to contribute with
sensationalised coverage.
15
Dc‡iv³ M‡elYv c~e©cvV ch©v‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a
msev`c‡Îi f~wgKv we‡køl‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ GB M‡elYvKg©wU nv‡Z †bIqv hvq|
g~j D‡Ïk¨:
evsjv‡`‡ki msev`cÎ †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iva Kivi †ÿ‡Î Kx f~wgKv ivL‡Q Zv
hvPvB Kiv|
ZvrÿwYK D‡Ïk¨:
GK. msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i †kªYx hvPvB Kiv|
`yB. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Le‡ii †kªYx I ˆewkó¨ we‡kølY Kiv|
wZb. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Le‡ii Dc¯’vcbv we‡kølY Kiv|
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Qwe we‡kølY Kiv|
cuvP. mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Le‡ii †kªYx I Dc¯’vcbvq †Kv‡bv
cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv|
Qq. †hŠb nqivwb welqK m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg, cÖeÜ-wbe‡Ü †hŠb
nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv w`K-wb‡`©kbv _v‡K wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv|
mvZ. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î msev`cÎ †Kv‡bv bxwZgvjv †g‡b
P‡j wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv|
AvU. bxwZ wba©viK ch©v‡qi mvsevw`Kiv msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨
cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a h_vh_ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q
wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv|
bq. mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †kªYx-†ckvi gvbyl †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î
msev`cÎ h_vh_ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv|
M‡elYv cÖkœ:
wb‡P DwjøwLZ mvZwU M‡elYv cÖkœ‡K mvg‡b †i‡L GB M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q:
GK. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †¯úm
eiv‡Ïi cwigvY I cÖKv‡ki nvi wK µgk evo‡Q?
28
`yB. Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei wK µgk †ewk
¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q?
wZb. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ GB
msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq wK †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q?
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ
GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg, cÖeÜ-wbeÜ, wdPvi cÖKv‡ki
nvi wK evwo‡q‡Q?
cuvP. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi
wK Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q?
Qq. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cªKvwkZ
nIqvq wK Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva K‡i bv?
mvZ. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei wK Kg cÖKvwkZ nq?
M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv:
GB M‡elYvi Rb¨ wb‡P DwjøwLZ wZbwU †hŠw³KZv we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q:
GK. GB M‡elYv wi‡cvU© †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨
cÖKv‡ki ˆewkó¨ I cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv hv‡e|
`yB. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡k bxwZMZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î msev`cÎ
KZ…©cÿ‡K GB M‡elYv wi‡cvU© mnvqZv Ki‡e|
wZb. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RvZxq ch©v‡q bxwZ wba©vi‡YI GB M‡elYv wi‡cvU©
mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Z_¨ m~Î:

1. wPiiÄb miKvi, wUwRs ev †hŠb nqivwb : wK‡kvix‡`i gvbwmK weKv‡ki cÖavb evav, cÖRb¥ :
¯^v¯’¨-AwaKvi I Dbœqb welqK cÖKvkbv, ccy‡jkb mvwf©‡mm GÛ †Uªwbs †m›Uvi, XvKv, 27
el©, 11 msL¨v, A‡±vei 2010, c„. 13
2. Avn‡g` gykwdKv bvRbxb, BfwUwRs I MYgva¨g, cÖ¸³, c„. 15
3. e`iæÏxb Dgi, BfwUwRs I Aciv‡ai RMr, hyMvšÍi, 31 A‡±vei 2010, c„. 4
4. wPiiÄb miKvi, cÖv¸³, c„. 12
5. Kvgiæj nvmvb, cÖ_g Av‡jv, 28 A‡±vei 2010, c„. 1
6. cÖv¸³
7. wPiiÄb miKvi, cÖv¸³, c„. 11
8. Kvgiæj nvmvb, cÖv¸³, c„. 2
9. Avn‡g` gykwdKv bvRbxb, cÖv¸³, c„. 15
10. hyMvšÍi, 11 b‡f¤^i 2010, c„. 1
11. Avng` iwdK, †mvRv Kj‡g: G AvZ¥nbb Avi KZ w`b, cÖ_g Av‡jv, 7 †m‡Þ¤^i 2010, c„. 5
12. Kvgiæj nvmvb, cÖv¸³, c„. 2
13. †÷cm& UzqvW©m& †W‡fjc‡g›U Av‡qvwRZ Ô`~i Kwi c‡_i evav gy³ Kwi bvixi PjvPjÕ kxl©K
†mwgbv‡ii (1 Ryb 2010, XvKv) g~j cÖeÜ, c„. 3-4
14. S. khan joy, Impact Of Eve Teasing In The Society Of Bangladesh, Progeria Research Foundation,
OPPapers.com
15. Dr. Dina M Siddiqi, Workplace Environment for Women: Issues of Harassment and Need for
Interventions, Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD), Report No. 65, www.cpd-bangladesh.org

29

wØZxq Aa¨vq
M‡elYv c×wZ I bgybv wWRvBb
GB M‡elYvi mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wee„wZ ˆZwi Kivi mgq †`Lv †M‡Q, †hŠb nqivwb
cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ Kx f~wgKv ivL‡Q Zv hvPvB‡qi m‡½ mvsevw`K I msev`cÎ
cvVK‡`i wbweo m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| A_©vr †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m‡½ msev`cÎ,
mvsevw`K I msev`cÎ cvVKiv ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z| ZvB †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a
msev`c‡Îi f~wgKv wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ Z‡_¨i cvkvcvwk
mvsevw`K I msev`cÎ cvVK‡`i AwfgZ Rvbvi cª‡qvRb n‡e| †mB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z
GB M‡elYvi Rb¨ wb‡P D‡jøwLZ c×wZ mg~n MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYv c×wZ:
GB M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wZb ai‡bi M‡elYv c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq|
c×wZ¸‡jv n‡”Q:
GK. Av‡aq we‡kølY (Content Analysis) c×wZ|
`yB. gZvgZ Rwic (Opinion Survey) c×wZ|
wZb. †Wc_& mvÿvrKvi (Depth Interview) c×wZ|
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki ˆewkó¨ I cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K©
AewnZ nIqvi Rb¨ XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ msev`cÎ ch©‡eÿY Kiv nq| GB Rb¨
Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq| MYgva¨g we‡klÁiv Av‡aq we‡kølY
c×wZ‡K MYgva¨g M‡elYvi Rb¨ GKwU RbwcÖq M‡elYv c×wZ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ
K‡i‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ Roger D. Wimmer I Joseph R. Dominick GKwU gšÍe¨
D‡jøL Kiv hvq| Zuviv Zv‡`i Mass Media Research : An Introduction kxl©K
MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb:
1 investigator formulates the research question, theory, and
Content analysis is a popular technique in mass media research.
GB MÖ‡š’ Roger D. Wimmer I Joseph R. Dominick Av‡aq we‡kølY m¤ú‡K©
wewfbœ MYgva¨g we‡klÁi msÁvi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv wj‡L‡Qb:
2 some other way arrive at scores. Next, if other factors are included
Many definitions of content analysis exist. Walizer and Wienir
(1978) have defined it as any systematic procedure devised to
3 other variables. And finally, he interprets the findings according to
examine the content of recorded information, Krippendorf (1980)
defined it as a research technique for making replicable and valid
4 L. L. Kaid I A. J. Wadsworth Ges D. Riffe, S. Lacy I F. G. Fico
references from data to their context. Kerlinger’s (1973)
definition is fairly typical: content analysis is a method of studying
and analyzing communication in a systematic, objective, and
quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables.5
31
Joann Keyton Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZ m¤ú‡K© AwfgZ ivL‡Z wM‡q Zuvi
Communication Research : Asking Questions, Finding Answers MÖ‡š’
wj‡L‡Qb:
Content analysis is the most basic methodology for analyzing
message content; it integrates data collection method and
analytical technique in a research design to reveal the occurrence
of some identifiable element in a text or set of messages.Content
analysis can be used to identify frequencies of occurrence,
differences, trends, patterns, and standards; first-order linkages
should also be considered in the research design.
6
Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZ m¤ú‡K© AwfgZ †i‡L‡Qb Richard W. Budd, Robert
K. Thorp I Lewis Donohew Zv‡`i Content Analysis of Communications
kxl©K MÖ‡š’| Zuviv e‡j‡Qb, Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZ Kx ai‡bi M‡elYvq cÖ‡qvM
Kiv hvq| Zuviv Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZi QÕwU av‡ci K_vI e‡j‡Qb| H MÖ‡š’ Zuviv
wj‡L‡Qb:
Content analysis is a systematic technique for analyzing message
content and message handling- it is a tool for observing and
analyzing the overt communication behavior of selected
communicators.
Content analysis techniques may be applied to study the content of
any book, magazine, newspaper, individual story or article, motion
picture, news-broadcast, photograph, cartoon, comic strip, or a
series or combination of any of these. They have been applied not
only to printed mass media, but to such communications as private
correspondence, transcripts of psychoanalytic interviews,
gestures, political documents, and minutes of meetings.
Content analysis studies usually involve six stages. First, the
hypotheses. Second, he selects a sample and defines categories.
Third, he reads (or listens to or watches) and codes the content
according to objective rules. Fourth, he may scale items or in
in the study, he compares these scores with measurements of the
7
appropriate concepts or theories.
8 9
Aek¨ Av‡aq we‡kølY c×wZi mvZwU av‡ci K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zv‡`i g‡Z:
The researcher should identify a problem, review theory and
research, and then pose research questions or hypotheses. Then
specific to content analysis, the process continues with (1)
32
 selecting the text or messages to be analyzed, (2) selecting
categories and units by which to analyze the text or messages, (3)
developing procedures for resolving differences of opinion in
coding, (4) selecting a sample for analysis if all the messages
cannot be analyzed, (5) coding the messages, (6) interpreting the
coding, and (7) reporting the results relative to the research
questions or hypotheses.
Dc‡iv³ †cÖÿvc‡U GB M‡elYvi Rb¨ Av‡aq we‡kølY (Content Analysis)
c×wZ‡K cÖvmw½K g‡b Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB M‡elYvq Av‡aq we‡køl‡Yi AvIZvq
wb‡P DwjøwLZ welq¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiv nq:
1. †gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i Rb¨ e¨eüZ wcÖ›U
Gwiqvi nvi we‡kølY|
2. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i †kªYx we‡kølY|
3. †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i Dc¯’vcbv we‡kølY|
4. †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i aib we‡kølY|
5. †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© d‡jv-Avc nIqvi Z_¨ we‡kølY|
6. †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv¯’j we‡kølY|
7. †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i welq we‡kølY|
8. †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq Av‡Q wKbv Zv we‡kølY|
9. †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb we‡kølY|
10. wfw±‡gi eqm we‡kølY|
11. wfw±‡g‡ii mvgvwRK ¯Íi we‡kølY|
12. †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq Av‡Q wKbv Zv
we‡kølY|
13. †K †hŠb nqivwb K‡i‡Q Zv we‡kølY|
14. †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm we‡kølY|
15. †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© nqivwbKvixi weiæ‡× gvgjv nIqvi Z_¨ Av‡Q wKbv
Zv we‡kølY|
16. †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ Av‡Q wKbv Zv
we‡kølY|
17. †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Qwei AvK…wZ we‡kølY|
18. †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Qwei welqe¯‘ we‡kølY|
19. †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó m¤úv`Kxq-Dcm¤úv`Kxqi e³‡e¨i aib we‡kølY|
20. †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Kjvg-cÖeÜ-wbeÜi e³‡e¨i aib we‡kølY|
21. †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó wPwV-gZvg‡Zi e³‡e¨i aib we‡kølY|
33
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î msev`cÎ h_vh_ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki‡Q wKbv GB m¤ú‡K© mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †kªYx-†ckvi gvby‡li AwfgZ Rvbvi Rb¨
Rwic c×wZ (Survey Method) Aej¤^b Kiv nq| MYgva¨g M‡elYvq Rwic
c×wZ e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ GKwU c×wZ| G cÖm‡½ Roger D. Wimmer I Joseph
R. Dominick Zv‡`i Mass Media Research : An Introduction kxl©K MÖ‡š’
wj‡L‡Qb:
Survey research is an important and useful method of data
collection. The survey is also one of the most widely used methods
10
of media research, primarily due to its flexibility.
Rbmvavi‡Yi AvPvi-AvPiY I PvwiwÎK ‰ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î Rwic
c×wZ‡K GKwU PgrKvi M‡elYv c×wZ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb Joann Keyton. wZwb G
cÖm‡½ Zuvi Communication Research : Asking Questions, Finding Answers MÖ‡š’
wj‡L‡Qb:
Generally, surveys and questionnaires are excellent
methodological tools for obtaining information about what people
do (for example, how many times a week a person reads a
newspaper), identifying what people believe influences their
behavior (for example, how a television commercial affects views
of a mayoral candidate), and identifying respondents’ attitudes or
characteristics (for example, identifying a person’s level of
11
dogmatism or leadership style).
Cesar M. Mercado MYgva¨g M‡elYvq Rwic c×wZi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© Joann
Keyton Gi Abyiƒc AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zuvi Conducting and
Managing Communication Survey Research : The Asian Experience MÖ‡š’
wj‡L‡Qb:
Known as Communication Survey Research (CSR), this method
measures changes in people’s awareness, perception, knowledge,
attitude and behavior brought about by information received
through mass media, education, training, advertisements and
campaigns. CSR is directly useful for gathering baseline data
about intended project beneficiaries. It is equally useful for
evaluating the reactions of beneficiaries to ongoing or completed
projects or activities.
12
Dc‡iv³ †cÖÿvc‡U GB M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Rwic c×wZ‡KI cÖ‡qvM
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Rwic c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ QKe× I Db¥y³ Dfq †kªYxi
cÖkœgvjv ˆZwi Kiv nq| Lmov cÖkgœ vjv cÖYq‡bi ci wbw`©ó msL¨K DËi`vZvi
mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv cÖvK&-hvPvB (Pre-test) Kiv nq| cÖvK&-hvPvB‡qi ci
cÖkœgvjv P~ovšÍ Kiv nq| (cwiwkó-1 `ªóe¨)
34
 †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`c‡Îi Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ
Rvbvi Rb¨ †Wc_& mvÿvrKvi c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq|
M‡elKiv Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †Wc_& mvÿvrKvi‡KI GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c×wZ
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb| H. W. Smith Zuvi Strategies of Social Research :
The Methodological Imagination MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb:
However, there are many situations in which the researcher poorly
understands his respondent’s frame of reference, information
levels, and opinion structures. In these case the researcher should
13
resort to more unstructured, or depth interviewing strategies.
M‡elYvq †Wc_& mvÿvrKvi c×wZi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© Pauline V. Young
Scientific Social Surveys and Research MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb:
When skillfully and cautiously used by an interviewer having
specialized training, the depth interview can reveal important
aspects of psycho-social situations which are otherwise not readily
available and yet may be crucial for understanding observed
14
behavior and reported opinions and attitudes.
GB †cÖÿvc‡U GB M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †Wc_& mvÿvrKvi c×wZ‡KI
cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Wc_& mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv cÖYqb Kiv nq|
wØZxq ch©v‡q wbqgvbyM bgybvqb (Systematic Sampling) c×wZ‡Z †gvU wZb
eQi mgqmxgvi ga¨ †_‡K Dc‡iv³ mvZwU ˆ`wb‡Ki wbw`©ó w`‡bi cwÎKv‡K bgybv
wn‡m‡e evQvB Kiv nq| GB mgqmxgv n‡”Q 2008 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi †_‡K 2010
mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i| DwjøwLZ wZb eQi A_©vr 36 gvm mgqmxgv †_‡K GKgvm K‡i
weiwZ w`‡q 18wU gvm wPwýZ Kiv nq| msev`c‡Îi cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK bgybv wbwðZ
Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Budd, Thorp & Donohew16 Gi Abymi‡Y cÖ_g gv‡mi cÖ_g mßvn,
wØZxq gv‡mi wØZxq mßvn, Z…Zxq gv‡mi Z„Zxq mßvn, PZz_© gv‡mi PZz_© mßvn,
cÂg gv‡mi cÖ_g mßvn, lô gv‡mi wØZxq mßvn, mßg gv‡mi Z…Zxq mßvn, Aóg
Zuvi gv‡mi PZz_© mßvn- GB fv‡e ch©vqµ‡g 18 gvm mgqmxgv †_‡K cªwZwU ‰`wb‡Ki
wbw`©ó w`‡bi bgybv evQvB Kiv nq|
DwjøwLZ wZb eQi mgqmxgv †_‡K Dc‡iv³ 7wU ‰`wb‡Ki cÖwZwUi bgybv
evQvB‡qi QK wbgœiƒc:
eQi I gvm Abyhvqx msev`c‡Îi bgybvi QK
gvm

†deªæqvwi

†m‡Þ¤^i
mvj

Rvbyqvwi

A‡±vei

wW‡m¤^i
b‡f¤^i
AvM÷
GwcÖj

RyjvB
gvP©

Ryb
†g
(cwiwkó-2 `ªóe¨)
bgybv wWRvBb: cÖ_g wØZxq Z…Zxq PZz_© cÖ_g wØZxq
2008
K. msev`c‡Îi Av‡aq we‡kølY: Av‡aq we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ bgybv evQvB‡qi †ÿ‡Î mßvn
Z…Zxq mßv
PZz_n© mßv
cÖ_gn wmßv
ØZxqn Z…mßv
Zxqn mßv
PZz_n©
2009
¸”Q bgybvqb (Cluster Sampling) c×wZ I wbqgvbyM bgybvqb (Systematic
2010 cÖmßv_gn wØZxqn
mßv Z…Zxqn
mßv mßv
PZz_n© mßv
cÖ_gn wØZxqn
mßv
Sampling) c×wZ MÖnY Kiv nq| mßvn mßvn mßvn mßvn mßvn mßvn
cÖ_g ch©v‡q evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msev`cθ‡jv †_‡K ¸”Q bgybvqb (Cluster DwjøwLZ bgybv QK Abyhvqx cÖwZ eQi cÖwZwU ‰`wbK msev`c‡Îi bgybv msL¨v
Sampling) c×wZ‡Z bgybv evQvB Kiv nq| GB Rb¨ msev`cθ‡jv‡K evsjv ˆ`wbK wQj (7 w`b x 6 gvm=) 42wU Ges cÖwZwU ˆ`wbK msev`c‡Îi wZb eQ‡ii bgybv
I Bs‡iwR ‰`wbK GB `ywU fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| cÖwZwU fvM‡K GKwU ¸”Q msL¨v wQj (42wU x 3 eQi=) 126wU| 7wU ˆ`wbK msev`c‡Îi †gvU bgybv msL¨v
(Cluster) wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| cÖPvi msL¨vi µgvbymv‡i Dfq ¸‡”Qi ˆ`wbK
wQj (126wU bgybv x 7wU cwÎKv=) 882wU|
mg~‡ni ga¨ †_‡K 5wU evsjv ˆ`wbK Ges 2wU Bs‡iwR ‰`wbK‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e
L. gZvgZ Rwic: Rwi‡ci DËi`vZv evQvB‡qi Rb¨ ‰`e bgybvqb (Random
wba©viY Kiv nq| A_©vr `ywU ¸‡”Qi †gvU bgybv msL¨v wQj 7wU ˆ`wbK msev`cÎ|
Sampling) c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq| XvKv gnvbMixi msev`cÎ cvVK‡`i ga¨
GB ch©v‡qi bgybv wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvß me©‡kl Gwewm wi‡cvU©‡K15 bgybv KvVv‡gv
†_‡K GB Rwi‡ci bgybv evQvB Kiv nq| XvKv wmwU Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi AÂjwfwËK
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| cÖPvi msL¨vi kxl© †_‡K µgvbymv‡i evQvBK…Z cuvPwU evsjv
‰`wbK n‡”Q: cÖ_g Av‡jv (cÖPvimsL¨v: 3,90,100), hyMvšÍi (cÖPvimsL¨v: †fŠMwjK GjvKvi ZvwjKv wQj GB Rwi‡ci bgybv KvVv‡gv| XvKv wmwU
2,00,150), Avgv‡`i mgq (cÖPvimsL¨v: 1,65,200), ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK Ki‡cv‡ikb †_‡K cÖvß 10wU A‡ji IqvW© I GjvKvwfwËK weeiYx (c~Y©v½
(1,25,250), mgKvj (cÖPvimsL¨v: 1,21,300)| Avi cÖPvi msL¨vi kxl© †_‡K weeiYx: cwiwkó-3 `ªóe¨) †_‡K GB ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| AÂjwfwËK
µgvbymv‡i evQvBK…Z `yÕwU Bs‡iwR ˆ`wbK n‡”Q: w` †WBwj ÷vi (cÖPvimsL¨v: Iqv‡W©i ZvwjKv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
40,638) I w` BbwW‡cb‡W›U (cÖPvimsL¨v: 18,100)|

35 36
 AÂjwfwËK Iqv‡W©i ZvwjKv bgybvmg~‡ni wj½ I †ckvwfwËK wefvRb
AÂj IqvW©
IqvW© b¤^i IqvW© Abyhvqx †gvU GjvKv msL¨v

miKvwi Kg©KZ©v

miKvwi Kg©Pvix
gvSvwi e¨emvqx
†QvU e¨emvqx
bs msL¨v

eo e¨emvqx

†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
cÖ‡KŠkjx

mvsevw`K
wPwKrmK

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
wkÿK

M„wnYx
kÖwgK
GK 15 30, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 3+8+15+7+9+7+10+9+2+2+4+3+2+2+3=86 †ckv



82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
88, 89 Ges 90|
`yB 11 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 16+25+18+10+9+16+15+17+20+14+26=186 wj½
72, 73, 74, 78 Ges 79| bvix 2 - 14 3 - 1 - - 8 3 4 - 33 26 - 130
wZb 9 48, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 12+15+13+3+11+8+14+11+8=95 cyiæl 2 5 8 2 2 41 20 10 29 2 9 7 30 - 3 170
63, 64 Ges 65| †gvU 4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300
Pvi 14 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 6+4+2+1+1+8+7+1+4+6+5+7+6+9=67
28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, M. bxwZ wba©viK‡`i †Wc_& mvÿvrKvi: †Wc_& mvÿvrKv‡ii Rb¨ bgybvmg~n
35 Ges 36| †¯^”QvPwqZ bgybvqb (Purposive Sampling) c×wZ‡Z evQvB Kiv nq| Dc‡i
cuvP 9 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 6+10+8+10+12+4+5+25+19=99
55, 56 Ges 57| D‡jøwLZ bgybvfz³ 7wU ˆ`wbK msev`c‡Îi cÖwZwU †_‡K GKRb K‡i †gvU 7 Rb
Qq 8 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 4+5+3+3+4+8+6+8=41 bxwZ wba©viK ch©v‡qi mvsevw`K‡K GB c×wZ‡Z evQvB Kiv nq|
46 Ges 47|
mvZ 8 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16 10+4+2+8+3+3+2+5=37 Z_¨m~Î:
Ges 41|
AvU 8 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Ges 2+2+2+3+7+3+6+9=34
1. Roger D. Wimmer & Joseph R. Dominick, Mass Media Research : An Introduction (2nd
15| ed.), California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1987, p. 187.
bq 7 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 37 5+4+4+1+6+1+3=24 2. Walizer, M. H., & Wienir, P. L. (1978), Research methods and analysis, New York:
Ges 38| Harper & Row.
`k 1 1 1 3. Krippendorf, K. (1980), Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology, Beverly
Hills, CA: Sage Pubications.
4. Kerlnger, F. (1973), Foundations of behavioral research (2nd ed.), New York: Holt,
Rwi‡ci bgybv evQvB‡qi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g XvKv wmwU Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi `kwU AÂj Rinetart & Winston.
(Zone) Gi cÖwZwU †_‡K jUvwii gva¨‡g GKwU K‡i IqvW© evQvB Kiv nq| Gici 5. Roger D. Wimmer & Joseph R. Dominick, Ibid, p. 166.
6. Joann Keyton, Communication Research : Asking Question, Finding Answers, New York:
evQvBK…Z Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKvmg~n †_‡K jUvwii gva‡g GKwU K‡i GjvKv McGraw-Hill, 2006, p. 246.
7. Richard W. Thorp, Robert K. Thorp & Lewis Donohew, Content Analysis of
wPwýZ Kiv nq| wPwýZ GjvKvq Aew¯’Z evwo mg~n †_‡K cuvPwU evwo weiwZ w`‡q Communications, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1967, p. 2-6.
cÖwZwU evwo n‡Z GKRb K‡i cÖvß eq¯‹ e¨w³‡K wPwýZ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e XvKv 8. L. L. Kaid & A. J. Wadsworth (1989). Content analysis. In P. Emmert & L. L. Barker
(Eds.), Measurement of communication behavior (pp. 197-217). New York: Longman.
wmwU Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi cÖwZwU A‡ji GKwU IqvW© †_‡K 30 Rb bgybv evQvB Kiv 9. D. Riffe, S. Lacy & F. G. Fico (1998). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative
content analysis in research. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
nq| `kwU A‡ji †gvU bgybv msL¨v `uvovq 30 x 10=300 Rb| 10. Roger D. Wimmer & Joseph R. Dominick, Ibid, p. 134.
XvKv gnvbMixi msev`cÎ cvVK‡`i ga¨ †_‡K Dc‡iv³ 300 Rb bgybvi 11. Joann Keyton, Ibid, p. 162.
12. Cesar M. Mercado, Conducting and Managing Communication Suryey Research : The
mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi ci Zv‡`i †ckvi I wj½i wfwˇZ web¨vm Kiv nq| web¨vm Asian Experience, Quezon City : Local Resource Management Services, 1992, p. 1.
Abyhvqx bvix I cyiæl bgybvi †ckvi msL¨v `uvovq 14wU| wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j 13. H. W. Smith, Strategies of Social Research : The Methodological Imagination, New
Jersey : Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 1975, p. 189.
bgybvmg~‡ni web¨vm Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q: 14. Pauline V. Young, Scientific Social Surveys and Research, New Delhi : Prentice-Hall of
India Private Limited, 1984, p. 220.
15. Gwewm wi‡cvU© (XvKv gnvbMixi wgwWqv ZvwjKvfz³ ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi cÖPvi msL¨v I weÁvcb nvi), 31
wW‡m¤^i 2009, Pjw”PÎ I cÖKvkbv Awa`ßi, 112 mvwK©U nvDR †ivW, XvKv, Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq|
16. Richard W. Budd, Robert K. Thorp and Lewis Donohew, Ibid, p. 12-15.

37 38
 Z…Zxq Aa¨vq m‡Zi. †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Qwei AvK…wZ
AvVvi. †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Qwei welqe¯‘
Av‡aq we‡kølY, msev`cÎ cvVK‡`i gZvgZ, mvsevw`K‡`i Dwbk. †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó m¤úv`Kxq-Dcm¤úv`Kxqi e³‡e¨i aib
AwfgZ I djvdj we‡kølY wek. †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Kjvg-cÖeÜ-wbeÜi e³‡e¨i aib
GKzk. †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó wPwV-gZvg‡Zi e³‡e¨i aib
GB Aa¨v‡q GB M‡elYvi AšÍf©y³ msev`cÎ mg~‡n cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK †gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i Rb¨ e¨eüZ wcÖ›U Gwiqvi nvi
Z_¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ msev`c‡Îi Av‡aq we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKB m‡½ cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q DwjøwLZ bgybvqb Abyhvqx cÖwZwU msev`c‡Îi 126 w`‡bi bgybvi
msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© msev`cÎ cvVK‡`i Av‡aq we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q 126 w`‡b bgybvfz³
gZvgZ I †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKvk m¤ú‡K© mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ mvZwU cwÎKvi †gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqv KZ Kjvg Bw wQj| Gig‡a¨ KZ Kjvg BwÂ
Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, mvZwU RvqMv Ry‡o †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges †gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqvi
M‡elYv cÖkœ‡K mvg‡b †i‡L GB M‡elYvKg©wU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| GB Aa¨v‡qi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i nvi Kx cwigvY wQj|
†kl ch©v‡q GB M‡elYvq cÖvß Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi Av‡jv‡K M‡elYv cÖkœ¸‡jv we‡kølY †Uwej-1 : †gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i Rb¨ e¨eüZ wcÖ›U Gwiqvi nvi
†hŠb nqivbx welqK Z‡_¨i Rb¨
K‡i Av‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cwÎKvi bvg mvj
†gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb
e¨eüZ wcÖ›U Gwiqv
†gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqv
welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi (Kjvg BwÂ)
K. Av‡aq we‡kølY: (Kjvg BwÂ)
wØZxq Aa¨v‡q D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q GB M‡elYvq †gvU mvZwU msev`c‡Îi Av‡aq 2008 0.05 88.75 1,56,128
2009 0.04 66.25 1,64,000
we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgq DwjøwLZ msev`cÎmg~‡n †hŠb cÖ_g Av‡jv
2010 0.11 219.25 1,87,288
nqivwb welqK bvbv ai‡bi Z‡_¨i mÜvb cvIqv hvq| †hŠb nqivwb welqK †gvU 0.20 374.25 5,07,416
Z_¨¸‡jv wb‡P D‡jøwLZ av‡c ch©vqµ‡g Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| 2008 0.03 42.00 1,10,864
GK. †gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i Rb¨ e¨eüZ wcÖ›U hyMvšÍi
2009 0.04 48.25 1,19,064
2010 0.27 356.00 1,27,592
Gwiqvi nvi †gvU 0.34 446.25 3,57,520
`yB. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i †kÖYx 2008 0.008 4.00 45,920
wZb. †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i Dc¯’vcbv: Avgv‡`i mgq
2009 0.01 6.00 47,888
K. †h c„ôvq wi‡cvU©wU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 0.17 96.00 53,792
†gvU 0.18 106 1,47,600
L. cÖKvwkZ wi‡cv‡U©i wk‡ivbv‡gi Kjvg msL¨v 2008 0.002 3.50 1,18,736
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i aib 2009 0.01 12.00 1,18,080
ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK
cuvP. †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© d‡jv-Avc nIqvi Z_¨ 2010 0.17 271.75 1,57,440
Qq. †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv¯’j †gvU 0.18 287.25 3,94,256
2008 0.03 47.50 1,26,608
mvZ. †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i welq 2009 0.03 43.50 1,27,264
mgKvj
AvU. †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq Av‡Q wKbv 2010 0.35 575.00 1,63,672
bq. †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb †gvU 0.41 666 1,26,608
2008 - - 1,73,184
`k. wfw±‡gi eqm
2009 0.003 5.50 1,73,184
GMvi. wfw±‡g‡ii mvgvwRK ¯Íi w` †WBwj ÷vi
2010 0.23 405.50 1,72,528
evi. †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq Av‡Q wKbv †gvU 0.23 411 5,18,896
†Zi. †h †hŠb nqivwb K‡i‡Q 2008 - - 1,14,800
2009 0.00004 6.00 1,14,800
†PŠÏ. †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm w` BbwW‡cb‡W›U
2010 0.03 50.00 1,33,168
c‡bi. †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© nqivwbKvixi weiæ‡× gvgjv nIqvi Z_¨ Av‡Q wKbv †gvU 0.03 56.00 3,62,768
†lvj. †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ Av‡Q wKbv me©‡gvU 1.82 2346.75 27,06,000

39 40
 Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvZwU msev`c‡Î mw¤§wjZ wcÖ›U wb‡Pi †Uwej 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Ges 9 †Z GBme Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi Dc¯’vcb
Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i Rb¨ e¨eüZ wcÖ›U Gwiqvi nvi 1.82%| Kiv n‡q‡Q|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb †Uwej-2 : mvZwU msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ : †kÖYxwfwËK nvi
welqK Z‡_¨i Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk RvqMv e¨envi K‡i‡Q mgKvj| GB msev`c‡Î Z‡_¨i wi‡cvU©
†gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqvi g‡a¨ 0.41% RvqMv Ry‡o †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ m¤úv`Kxq Dcm¤úv`Kxq Kjvg-cÖeÜ- wdPvi wPwV I Le‡ii K¨vckb †gvU
†kÖYx
wbeÜ gZvgZ m‡½ Qwe Qwe
n‡q‡Q| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ QÕwU msev`c‡Îi wcÖ›U Gwiqvi nvi h_vµ‡g hyMvšÍi 0.27%, msL¨v 238 11 4 3 9 10 27 11 313
kZvsk 76 4 1 1 3 3 9 3 100
†WBwj ÷vi 0.23%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 0.20%, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I Avgv‡`i mgq
0.18% Ges BbwW‡cb‡W›U 0.03%| Z‡e GLv‡b jÿYxq welq n‡”Q, me KÕwU Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvZwU msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wnmve
msev`c‡ÎB †h cwigvY RvqMv †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ Abyhvqx wewfbœ †kÖYxi †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK
n‡q‡Q Zvi †ewki fvMB 2010 mv‡j e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| 2010 mv‡j me KÕwU wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk| mvZwU msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wcÖ›U Gwiqv e¨env‡ii nvi wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki mw¤§wjZ nvi 76%| evwK Z_¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Le‡ii m‡½ Qwe
h_vµ‡g mgKvj 0.35%, hyMvšÍi 0.27%, †WBwj ÷vi 0.23%, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK cÖKv‡ki nvi 9%, m¤úv`Kxq 4%, wdPvi 3%, wPwV I gZvgZ 3%, K¨vckvb
I Avgv‡`i mgq 0.17%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 0.11% Ges BbwW‡cb‡W›U 0.03%| Qwe 3%, Dcm¤úv`Kxq 1% Ges Kjvg-cÖeÜ-wbeÜ 1%|
mvwe©K we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y mg‡q msev`cθ‡jv‡Z
LyeB bMY¨ RvqMv Ry‡o †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| me KÕwU †Uwej-3 : cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwb welqK cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ : †kÖYxwfwËK nvi
Z‡_¨i Kjvg-cÖeÜ- wPwV I Le‡ii K¨vckb
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki mw¤§wjZ nvi 1.82%| Z‡e †kÖYx

wi‡cvU© m¤úv`Kxq Dcm¤úv`Kxq
wbeÜ
wdPvi
gZvgZ m‡½ Qwe Qwe
†gvU
msev`cÎ Abyhvqx Avjv`vfv‡e wnmve Ki‡j me msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwb welqK cwÎKvi
mvj
(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi GK kZvs‡kiI Kg| †gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb bvg
 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk RvqMv (0.41%) e¨envi K‡i‡Q mgKvj 2008
14 2 - 1 - 2 2 - 21
30 67 - 100 - 100 67 - 34
Ges me‡P‡q Kg RvqMv (0.03%) e¨envi K‡i‡Q BbwW‡cb‡W›U| 6 1 - - 1 - - - 8
2009
wKš‘ jÿYxq welq n‡”Q, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Lye Kg cÖ_g 13 33 - - 33 - - - 13
†¯úm ev RvqMv e¨envi n‡jI msev`cθ‡jv‡Z GB msµvšÍ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Av‡jv
2010
27 - - - 2 - 1 3 33
57 - - - 67 - 33 100 53
†¯úm e¨env‡ii cwigvY evo‡Q| cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx, 2008 wKsev 2009 mv‡ji †gvU 47 3 - 1 3 2 2 3 62
Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j G‡m †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †¯úm e¨env‡ii 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
cwigvY A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q| †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ
†¯ú‡mi †ewki fvM (73%) e¨envi n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| me KÕwU msev`c‡ÎB Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z cÖKvwkZ †hŠb
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h RvqMv e¨envi n‡q‡Q Zvi †ewki nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i †ewki fvM (53%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| Avi
fvMB e¨envi n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| 2010 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (57%)|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i †kÖYx wPÎ-1: mvj Abyhvqx cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi
GB M‡elYvq Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡q †hŠb nqivwi welqK wewfbœ †kÖYxi
Z‡_¨i mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| GB me Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:
34%
GK. wi‡cvU©
`yB. m¤úv`Kxq
wZb. Dcm¤úv`Kxq 53%
Pvi. Kjvg-cÖeÜ-wbeÜ
cuvP. wdPvi
13%
Qq. wPwV I gZvgZ
mvZ. Le‡ii m‡½ Qwe 2008 2009 2010
AvU. K¨vckb Qwe
41 42
 †Uwej-4 : hyMvšÍ‡i †hŠb nqivwb welqK cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ : †kÖYxwfwËK nvi Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Avgv‡`i mg‡q cÖKvwkZ †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i †ewki fvM (90%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| GB
Z‡_¨i Kjvg- wPwV I Le‡ii K¨vckb
†kÖYx



wi‡cvU© m¤úv`Kxq Dcm¤úv`Kxq
cÖeÜ-wbeÜ
wdPvi
gZvgZ m‡½ Qwe Qwe
†gvU msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK me Z_¨B wi‡cvU©| Avi †ewki fvM
mvj
wi‡cvU©B (90%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
cwÎKvi (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
bvg
 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) wPÎ-3: mvj Abyhvqx Avgv‡`i mg‡q †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi
10 - - - - - - 1 11 5%
2008
20 - - - - - - 100 16 5%
5 - - 1 1 - 2 - 9
2009
10 - - 100 33 - 33 - 13
hyMvšÍi
35 2 4 - 2 1 4 - 48
2010
70 100 100 - 67 100 67 - 71
†gvU 50 2 4 1 - - - 1 68
100 100 100 100 - - - 100 100 90%

Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, hyMvšÍ‡i cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb 2008 2009 2010
welqK Z‡_¨i †ewki fvM (71%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| Avi 2010
mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (70%)| †Uwej-6 : ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K †hŠb nqivwb welqK cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ : †kÖYxwfwËK nvi
wPÎ-2: mvj Abyhvqx hyMvšÍ‡i †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi Z‡_¨i †kÖYx


wi‡cvU© m¤úv`Kxq Dcm¤úv`Kxq cÖeKjvg-
Ü-wbeÜ wdPvi
wPwV I
gZvgZ
Le‡ii K¨vckb
m‡½ Qwe Qwe †gvU
mvj
(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
cwÎKvi bvg

(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
16% 2008 1 - - - - - - - 1
3 - - - - - - - 2
2009 2 - - - - - - - 2
ˆ`wbK 6 - - - - - - - 5
71% 13% B‡ËdvK 33 1 - - 1 2 1 - 38
2010
91 100 - - 100 100 100 - 93
†gvU 36 1 - - - - - - 41
100 100 - - - - - - 100

2008 2009 2010

Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K cÖKvwkZ †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i †ewki fvM (93%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| Avi
2010 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (91%)|
†Uwej-5 : Avgv‡`i mg‡q †hŠb nqivwb welqK cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ : †kÖYxwfwËK nvi
wPÎ-4: mvj Abyhvqx ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi
Kjvg-cÖeÜ- wPwV I Le‡ii K¨vckb
Z‡_¨i †kÖYx


wi‡cvU© m¤úv`Kxq Dcm¤úv`Kxq wdPvi †gvU 2%
wbeÜ gZvgZ m‡½ Qwe Qwe 5%
mvj
(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
cwÎKvi bvg

(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
1 - - - - - - - 1
2008
5 - - - - - - - 5
1 - - - - - - - 1
Avgv‡`i 2009
5 - - - - - - - 5 93%
mgq
20 - - - - - - - 20
2010
90 - - - - - - - 90
†gvU 22 - - - - - - - 22 2008 2009 2010

43 44
 †Uwej-7 : mgKv‡j †hŠb nqivwb welqK cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ : †kÖYxwfwËK nvi wPÎ-6: mvj Abyhvqx †WBwj ÷v‡i †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi
Z‡_¨i †kÖYx


wi‡cvU© m¤úv`Kxq Dcm¤úv`Kxq cÖeKjvg-
Ü-wbeÜ wdPvi
wPwV I Le‡ii K¨vckb
gZvgZ m‡½ Qwe Qwe †gvU
mvj 3%
(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
cwÎKvi bvg

(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

2008 7 1 - - - 1 - - 9
12 100 - - - 33 - - 12
2009 5 - - - 1 - 1 - 7
mgKvj 9 - - - 50 - 8 - 9
2010 45 - - - 1 2 11 - 59 97%
79 - - - 50 67 92 - 79
†gvU 57 - - - - - - - 75
100 - - - - - - - 100
2009 2010
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mgKv‡j cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb
welqK Z‡_¨i †ewki fvM (79%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| Avi 2010 †Uwej-9 : w` BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U †hŠb nqivwb welqK cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ : †kÖYxwfwËK nvi
mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (79%)| Kjvg-
wPwV I Le‡ii K¨vckb
wPÎ-5: mvj Abyhvqx mgKv‡j †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi Z‡_¨i †kÖYx



mvj
wi‡cvU© m¤úv`Kxq Dcm¤úv`Kxq cÖeÜ-
wbeÜ
wdPvi
gZvgZ m‡½ Qwe Qwe
†gvU

(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)

cwÎKvi bvg

12% (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
- - - - - - - - -
2008
- - - - - - - - -
1 - - - - - - - 1
9% 2009
11 - - - - - - - 11
79% w` BbwW‡cb‡W›U
8 - - - - - - - 8
2010
89 - - - - - - - 89
†gvU 9 - - - - - - - 9
100 - - - - - - - 100
2008 2009 2010
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, w` BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U cÖKvwkZ †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Z‡_¨i †ewki fvM (89%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| GB
†Uwej-8 : †WBwj ÷v‡i †hŠb nqivwb welqK cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ : †kÖYxwfwËK nvi msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK me Z_¨B wi‡cvU©| Avi †ewki fvM
Kjvg- wPwV I Le‡ii K¨vckb wi‡cvU©B (89%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
Z‡_¨i †kÖYx


wi‡cvU© m¤úv`Kxq Dcm¤úv`Kxq wdPvi †gvU
cÖeÜ-wbeÜ gZvgZ m‡½ Qwe Qwe
mvj
(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) wPÎ-7: mvj Abyhvqx w` BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi
cwÎKvi bvg

(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
- - - - - - - - - 11%
2008
- - - - - - - - -
1 - - - - - - - 1
2009
w` †WBwj 6 - - - - - - - 3
÷vi 16 4 - 1 - 2 5 7 35
2010
94 100 - 100 - 100 100 100 97
†gvU 17 4 - 1 - - - 7 36
100 100 - 100 - - - 100 100 89%
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †WBwj ÷v‡i cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb
welqK Z‡_¨i †ewki fvM (97%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| Avi 2010
mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (94%)| 2008 2009 2010

45 46
 †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki mvwe©K we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq, †hŠb Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvZwU msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wnmve
nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi w`b w`bB evo‡Q| me msev`c‡ÎB 2008 Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi 7% cÖ_g c„ôvq, 9% †kl c„ôvq Ges
wKsev 2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi 84% †fZ‡ii c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
A‡bK †e‡o‡Q| M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y mg‡q me msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwb welqK
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© cÖ_g c„ôvq
Z_¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk| Avi msev`cθ‡jv‡Z
†ewki fvM wi‡cvU©B cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| msev`cθ‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwb me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i cÖKvk K‡i‡Q Avgv‡`i mgq Ges GB nvi n‡”Q 14%| Ab¨
welqK m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, wdPvi, Kjvg-cÖeÜ-wbeÜ, wPwV I gZvgZ, msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© cÖ_g c„ôvq cÖKv‡ki nvi
Le‡ii m‡½ Qwe Ges K¨vckb Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi †ek Kg| Z‡e †ewki fvM h_vµ‡g †WBwj ÷vi 12%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 11%, hyMvšÍi 10% Ges mgKvj 2%|
msev`c‡ÎB GB Z_¨¸‡jvi †ewki fvM cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I BbwW‡cb‡W›U cÖ_g c„ôvq †hŠb nqivwb welqK †Kv‡bv wi‡cvU©
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i Dc¯’vcbv cÖKvk K‡iwb|
M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y msev`cθ‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i Dc¯’vcbv †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© †kl c„ôvqI me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (32%) cÖKvk
we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q wb‡Pi †Uwej `yÕwU‡Z (†Uwej-3 I †Uwej-4)| `ywU K‡i‡Q Avgv‡`i mgq| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©
gvcKvwV‡Z wi‡cvU© Dc¯’vcbvi welqwU we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvcKvwV `yÕwU n‡”Q:
†kl c„ôvq cÖKv‡ki nvi h_vµ‡g ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 17%, hyMvšÍi 8%, cÖ_g
GK. wi‡cvU©wU †Kvb& c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
`yB. wi‡cvU©wU KZ Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Av‡jv I †WBwj ÷vi 6% K‡i, mgKvj 2%| BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U †kl c„ôvq †Kv‡bv
cÖPwjZ wbq‡g c„ôv Abyhvqx msev`c‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Lei cÖ_g c„ôvq, Kg wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ nqwb|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Lei †kl c„ôvq Ges †fZ‡ii c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K cÖPwjZ BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U me †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©B †fZ‡ii c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ
wbqg Abyhvqx cÖ_g c„ôvq AvU Kjvg e¨vbvi wk‡ivbv‡gi LeiwU cwÎKvi me‡P‡q n‡q‡Q| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© †fZ‡ii c„ôvq
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Lei| Gici ¸iæZ¡ Abyhvqx msev`c‡Î mvZ Kjvg jxW, Qq Kjvg jxW, cÖKv‡ki nvi h_vµ‡g mgKvj 96%, cÖ_g Av‡jv I ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 83% K‡i,
cuvP Kjvg jxW, Pvi Kjvg jxW, wZb Kjvg jxW Ges AvU Kjvg, mvZ Kjvg, Qq hyMvšÍi I †WBwj ÷vi 82% K‡i Ges Avgv‡`i mgq 54%|
Kjvg, cuvP Kjvg, Pvi Kjvg, wZb Kjvg, Wvej Kjvg, wm‡½j Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡gi mvwe©K we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y mg‡q msev`cθ‡jvi
Lei cÖKvwkZ n‡q _v‡K|
mw¤§wjZ wn‡m‡e †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi Qq fv‡Mi GK fvM (16%)
†h c„ôvq †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i Dc¯’v&cbv m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ GB ch©v‡q M‡elYvi cÖ_g c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †ewki fvM (84%) wi‡cvU©B cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
AšÍf³ y© mvZwU msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ wi‡cvU©¸‡jv †Kvb c„„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zv †fZ‡ii c„ôvq| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©
wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g c„ôvq me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (14%) cÖKvk K‡i‡Q Avgv‡`i mgq Ges me‡P‡q
†Uwej-10 : †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© †h c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Kg nv‡i (2%) cÖKvk K‡i‡Q mgKvj| Z‡e ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I BbwW‡cb‡W›U
▶
cwÎKvi bvg▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj cÖ_g c„ôvq †hŠb nqivwb welqK †Kv‡bv wi‡cvU© cÖKvk K‡iwb| wKš‘ jÿYxq welq
cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj w` BbwW‡cb‡W›U me©‡gvU
mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi
▼
wi‡cv‡U©i aib▼
wQj, †h wi‡cvU©¸‡jv cÖ_g c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zvi meB cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010
(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) mv‡j| Avi †kl c„ôv Ges †fZ‡ii c„ôvqI †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi
5 5 3 - 1 2 - 16
cÖ_g c„ôv
11 10 14 - 2 12 - 7 †ewke fvM cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
†kl c„ôv
3 4 7 6 1 1 - 22 †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© hZ Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
6 8 32 17 2 6 - 9
39 41 12 30 55 14 9 200 †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i Dc¯’&vcbv m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ GB ch©v‡q M‡elYvi
†fZ‡ii c„ôv
83 82 54 83 96 82 100 84 AšÍfy©³ mvZwU msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ wi‡cvU©¸‡jv KZ Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ
47 50 22 36 57 17 9 238
†gvU
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 n‡q‡Q Zv wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

47 48
 †Uwej-11 : †hŠb nqivwb welqK cÖKvwkZ wi‡cv‡U©i Kjvg msL¨v †Uwej-12 : †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i aib
▶
cwÎKvi bvg▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj w` ▶
cwÎKvi bvg▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj
cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj me©‡gvU cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj w` BbwW‡cb‡W›U me©‡gvU
mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi
▼
wi‡cv‡U©i aib▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) wi‡cv‡U©i aib ▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
AvU †_‡K Qq - - - 1 - - - 1 42 50 22 36 56 16 9 231
Kjvg - - - 3 - - - 0.42 mvaviY
89 100 100 100 98 94 100 97
cuvP †_‡K wZb 10 3 1 6 13 2 - 35 4 - - - 1 1 - 6
Kjvg 21 6 5 17 23 12 - 14 e¨vL¨vg~jK
9 - - - 2 6 - 2
Wvej Kjvg I 37 47 21 29 44 15 9 202 1 - - - - - - 1
wm‡½j Kjvg 79 94 95 81 77 88 100 85 AbymÜvbg~jK
2 - - - - - - 0.42
47 50 22 36 57 17 9 238 47 50 22 36 57 17 9 238
†gvU †gvU
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvZwU msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me
Abyhvqx †ewki fvM (85%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©B Wvej I wm‡½j Kjvg
wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| cuvP †_‡K wZb Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
14% wi‡cvU©| Avi AvU †_‡K Qq Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 0.42%
wi‡cvU©|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U †hŠb nqivwb welqK me
wi‡cvU©B Wvej I wm‡½j Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi
g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© wm‡½j I Wvej Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKv‡ki nvi
h_vµ‡g Avgv‡`i mgq 95%, hyMvšÍi 94%, †WBwj ÷vi 88%, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK
81%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 79% Ges mgKvj 77%|
mvwe©K we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ y© mg‡q msev`cθ‡jvi
mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †ewki fvM (85%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© Wvej I
wm‡½j Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| me msev`c‡ÎB Wvej I wm‡½j Kjvg
wk‡ivbv‡g †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nviB †ewk| wecixZ w`‡K ˆ`wbK
B‡ËdvK Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv msev`c‡Î AvU †_‡K Qq Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g †hŠb nqivwb
welqK wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ nqwb| Z‡e ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡KI GB nvi bMY¨ (1%)|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© Dc¯’vcbv msµvšÍ Z_¨ we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq,
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jv¸‡jv Lye †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cvqwb|
wi‡cvU©¸‡jv †h c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges hZ Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
Dfq we‡ePbv †_‡KB GB K_v ejv hvq| Z‡e jÿYxq welq n‡”Q, Dc¯’vcbvi
†ÿ‡Î 2008 wKsev 2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j me msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jv †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i aib
GB ch©v‡q †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi aib we‡kølY Kiv n‡”Q| wb‡Pi
†Uwe‡j GB msµvšÍ Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
49
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvZwU msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me
Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivwb welqK †ewki fvM (97%) wi‡cvU©B wQj mvaviY ev
mv`vgvUv| wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 2% wQj e¨vL¨vg~jK Ges 0.42% wQj
AbymÜvbg~jK|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, hyMvšÍi, Avgv‡`i mgq
I BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui me †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©B mvaviY| evwK wZbwU
msev`c‡Îi g‡a¨ mgKv‡ji 98%, †WBwj ÷v‡ii 94% Ges cÖ_g Av‡jvi 89%
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© wQj mvaviY| wZbwU msev`c‡Î e¨vL¨vg~jK †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| kZvs‡ki wn‡me Abyhvqx we‡kølY Ki‡j
†`Lv hvq, cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z 9%, †WBwj ÷v‡i 6% Ges mgKv‡j 2% wi‡cvU©
e¨vL¨vg~jK| Avi AbymÜvbg~jK †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© ïay cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Gi nvi bMY¨ (2%)|
mvwe©K we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ mg‡q †hŠb nqivwb welqK
mvaviY ev mv`vgvUv wi‡cvU©B †ewk (97%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK,
hyMvšÍi, Avgv‡`i mgq I BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui me Ges cÖ_g Av‡jv, mgKvj I
†WBwj ÷v‡ii †ewki fvM (h_vµ‡g 89%, 98% Ges 94%) †hŠb nqivwb
welqK wi‡cvU©B mvaviY ev mv`vgvUv| Ab¨w`‡K †hŠb nqivwb welqK e¨vLvg~jK
wi‡cvU© msev`cθ‡jv‡Z †ek Kg cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z Ab¨
msev`cθ‡jvi Zzjbvq †ewk nv‡i (9%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Avi †hŠb nqivwb
welqK AbymÜvbg~jK wi‡cvU© †KejgvÎ cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hw`I Lye
¯^í nv‡i (2%)|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© d‡jv-Avc nIqvi Z_¨
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© d‡jv-Avc n‡q‡Q wKbv GB msµvšÍ Z_¨ wb‡Pi
†Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
50
 †Uwej-13 : †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© d‡jv-Avc nIqvi Z_¨ †Uwej-14 : †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv¯’j
▶
cwÎKvi bvg▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj w` cwÎKvi bvg ▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj w`
cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj me©‡gvU cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj me©†gvU
mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U NUbv¯’j ▼ mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U
d‡jv-Avc n‡q‡Q wKbv ▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
n‡q‡Q 5 6 - - 4 2 1 18 10 17 3 - 7 2 2 41
MÖvg
11 12 - - 7 12 11 8 21 34 14 - 12 12 22 17
42 44 22 36 53 15 8 220 37 33 19 36 50 15 7 197
nqwb kni
89 88 100 100 93 88 89 92 79 66 86 100 88 88 78 83
47 50 22 36 57 17 9 238 47 50 22 36 57 17 9 238
†gvU †gvU
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvZwU msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me
Abyhvqx †ewki fvM (92%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©B d‡jv-Avc nqwb| gvÎ
8% wi‡cvU© d‡jv-Avc n‡q‡Q|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y mg‡q ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK
I Avgv‡`i mg‡qi †Kv‡bv †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©B d‡jv-Avc nqwb|
Ab¨w`‡K hyMvšÍi I †WBwj ÷v‡ii 12%, cÖ_g Av‡jv I BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui 11%,
mgKv‡ji 7% †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i d‡jv-Avc n‡q‡Q|
mvwe©K we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq, M‡elYv AšÍf³©y mg‡q Lye Kg msL¨K †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i d‡jv-Avc wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I
Avgv‡`i mg‡qi †Kv‡bv †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©iB d‡jv-Avc nqwb| evwK
cuvPwU msev`c‡ÎI wi‡cvU© d‡jv-Av‡ci nvi Lye †ewk bq|
wPÎ-8: msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© d‡jv-Avc nIqvi nvi
8%
92%
n‡q‡Q nqwb
†hŠb nqivwbi NUbv¯’j
†hŠb nqivwb MÖvg I kni Dfq ¯’v‡bB N‡U _v‡K| wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j †hŠb nqivwbi
NUbv¯’j MÖvg bv kni GB msµvšÍ Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
51
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍfy©³ mvZwU
msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi
†ewki fv‡Mi (83%) NUbv¯’j kni| NUbv¯’j MÖvg Ggb wi‡cv‡U©i nvi 17%|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki me †hŠb nqivwb
welqK wi‡cv‡U©i NUbv¯’j kni| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ mgKvj I †WBwj
÷v‡ii 88%, Avgv‡`i mg‡qi 86%, cÖ_g Av‡jvi 79%, BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui
78% Ges hyMvšÍ‡ii 66% †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i NUbv¯’j kni|
Ab¨w`‡K †h me †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i NUbv¯’j MÖvg Ggb wi‡cvU©
hyMvšÍ‡i me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (34%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jv‡Z GB
nvi h_vµ‡g BbwW‡cb‡W›U 22%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 21%, Avgv‡`i mgq 14% Ges
mgKvj I †WBwj ÷vi 12%|
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© mg‡q †ewki fvM (83%)
wi‡cv‡U©i NUbv¯’j knivÂj| ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki me Ges Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jv
†ewki fvM wi‡cv‡U©i NUbv¯’j knivÂj| MÖvgv‡j NUbv¯’j Ggb †hŠb nqivwb
welqK wi‡cv‡U©i nvi hyMvšÍ‡i me‡P‡q †ewk (34%)|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i welq
GB M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv wewfbœ wel‡qi †hŠb nqivwb msµvšÍ
wi‡cv‡U©i mÜvb †c‡qwQ| Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© Avgiv cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K †hŠb nqivwb
welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jv‡K mvZwU †kÖYx‡Z wef³ K‡iwQ| †kÖYx¸‡jv n‡”Q:
GK. †hŠb nqivwbi weeiYg~jK wi‡cvU©
`yB. †hŠb nqivwbi Kvi‡Y AvZ¥nZ¨v
wZb. †hŠb nqivwb‡K †K›`ª K‡i nZ¨v ev g„Zy¨
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvi ZvrÿwYK cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿvf
cuvP. †hŠb nqivwb we‡ivax Av‡jvPbv ev †mwgbvi I Ab¨vb¨ ZrciZv
Qq. †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i miKvwi I wewfbœ KZ…©c‡ÿi wmÜvšÍ
mvZ. †hŠb nqivwbi wel‡q Z`šÍ KwgwU MVb
M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y mvZwU msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Dc‡iv³ †kÖYxi
cÖKvwkZ wi‡cvU© msµvšÍ Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
52
 †Uwej-15 : †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i welq †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó miKvwi I wewfbœ KZ…©c‡ÿi wm×všÍi wi‡cvU me‡P‡q
cwÎKvi bvg▶ ▶ cÖ_g
hyMvšÍi
Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK
mgKvj
w` †WBwj w`
me©‡gvU †ewk nv‡i (24%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †WBwj ÷v‡i| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi
▼
wi‡cv‡U©i welq▼ Av‡jv mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U
(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
nvi h_vµ‡g Avgv‡`im mgq 18%, hyMvšÍi 8%, cÖ_g Av‡jv I mgKvj 4%
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Ges ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 3%|
weeiYg~jK
23 23 13 14 30 6 5 114 mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ y© mg‡q me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i
49 46 59 39 53 35 56 40
3 1 2 - 3 1 - 10
(40%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †hŠb nqivwbi weeiYg~jK wi‡cvU©| cÖvq me msev`c‡ÎB
AvZ¥nZ¨v
6 2 9 - 5 6 - 4 GB †kÖYxi wi‡cvU© Ab¨ †kÖYxi wi‡cv‡U©i Zzjbvq wKQzUv †ewk nv‡i cÖKvwkZ
nZ¨v ev g„Zy¨
- 1 - - - - - 1 n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbi Kvi‡Y ZvrÿwYK cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi wi‡cvU© me‡P‡q
- 2 - - - - - 0.35
ZvrÿwYK cÖwZev` 18 7 2 7 46 2 - 82 †ewk nv‡i (81%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q mgKv‡j Ges me‡P‡q Kg nv‡i (9%)
ev we‡ÿvf 38 14 9 19 81 12 - 29 cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i mg‡q| †hŠb nqivwb we‡ivax Av‡jvPbv ev †mwgbvi I
†hŠbnqivwb we‡ivax Av‡jvPbv ev 7 11 4 14 3 5 4 48 Ab¨vb¨ ZrciZvi wi‡cvU© me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (44%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
†mwgbvi I Ab¨vb¨ ZrciZv 15 22 18 39 5 29 44 17
2 4 4 1 2 4 - 17 BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U Ges me‡P‡q Kg nv‡i (4%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q mgKv‡j| †hŠb
miKvwi I KZ…©c¶xq wm×všÍ
4 8 18 3 4 24 - 6 nqivwb mswkøó miKvwi I wewfbœ KZ…©c‡ÿi wm×všÍi wi‡cvU© me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i
3 3 1 - 3 - - 10
Z`šÍ KwgwU MVb
6 6 5 - 5 - - 4
(24%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †WBwj ÷v‡i Ges me‡P‡q Kg nv‡i (3%) cÖKvwkZ
†gvU
56 50 26 36 87 18 9 282 n‡q‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K| †hŠb nqivwbi Kvi‡Y AvZ¥nZ¨v welqK wi‡cvU© ˆ`wbK
118 100 118 100 153 106 100 174 B‡ËdvK I BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U cÖKvwkZ nqwb| Avi cÖ_g Av‡jv, hyMvšÍi, Avgv‡`i
mgq, mgKvj I †WBwj ÷v‡i ¯^í nv‡i (h_vµ‡g 6%, 2%, 9%, 5% I 6%)
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf©y³ mvZwU
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Z`šÍ KwgwU MV‡bi wi‡cvU© ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK
msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivwb welqK mvZ †kÖYxi †hŠb
†WBwj ÷vi Ges BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U cÖKvwkZ nqwb| cÖ_g Av‡jv, hyMvšÍi Avgv‡`i
nqivwbg~jK wi‡cv‡U©i g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwbi weeiYg~jK wi‡cvU© me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i
mgq Ges mgKv‡j ¯^í nv‡i (6%, 6%, 5% I 5%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb
(40%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Ab¨ wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi µgvbycvwZK nvi n‡jv: ZvrÿwYK
nqivwb‡K †K›`ª K‡i nZ¨v ev g„Zz¨i wi‡cvU© ïaygvÎ hyMvšÍ‡i Lye Kg nv‡i (2%)
cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi wi‡cvU© 29%, †hŠbnqivwb we‡ivax Av‡jvPbv ev †mwgbvi I
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
Ab¨vb¨ ZrciZvi wi‡cvU© 17%, miKvwi I wewfbœ KZ…©c‡ÿi wm×v‡šÍi wi‡cvU©
†hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq Av‡Q wKbv
6%, †hŠb nqivwbi Kvi‡Y AvZ¥nZ¨v I Z`šÍ KwgwU MV‡bi wi‡cvU© 4%, †hŠb
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq msµvšÍ Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j
nqivwbi Kvi‡Y nZ¨v ev g„Zy¨i wi‡cvU© 0.35%|
Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †h me †hŠb
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †ewki fvM msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbi
nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q ïay †mB
weeiYg~jK wi‡cvU© Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbi
wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi Z_¨B GB †Uwe‡j mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
weeiYg~jK wi‡cvU© me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (59%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i mg‡q| G
†ÿ‡Î Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi nvi h_vµ‡g BbwW‡cb‡W›U 56%, mgKvj 53%, †Uwej-16 : †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq Av‡Q wKbv
cÖ_g Av‡jv 49%, hyMvšÍi 46%, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 39% Ges †WBwj ÷vi 35%| cwÎKvi
Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj
▶
bvg▶ cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj w` BbwW‡cb‡W›U me©‡gvU
†hŠb nqivwbi Kvi‡Y ZvrÿwYK cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi wi‡cvU© me‡P‡q †ewk mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi
nv‡i (81%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q mgKv‡j| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi nvi wfw±‡gi
(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
bvg-cwiPq▼▼
h_vµ‡g cÖ_g Av‡jv 38%, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 19%, hyMvšÍi 14%, †WBwj ÷vi (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
12% Ges Avgv‡`i mgq 9%| Av‡Q
18 14 7 8 11 8 3 69
41 40 54 35 21 89 60 38
†hŠb nqivwb we‡ivax Av‡jvPbv ev †mwgbvi I Ab¨vb¨ ZrciZvi wi‡cvU©
26 21 6 15 41 1 2 112
me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (44%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ †bB
59 60 46 65 79 11 40 62
msev`cθ‡jvi nvi h_vµ‡g ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 39%, †WBwj ÷vi 29%, hyMvšÍi 44 35 13 23 52 9 5 181
†gvU
22%, Avgv‡`i mgq 18%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 15% Ges mgKvj 5%| 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

53 54
 Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© mvZwU wfw±giv †h me ¯’v‡b †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb G m¤ú‡K© cÖvß Z_¨
msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †ewki fvM (62%) wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †h
wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ nqwb| 38% wi‡cv‡U© bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| me †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±g‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kivi ¯’vb wPwýZ Kiv
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, wZbwU msev`c‡Îi †ewki fvM wi‡cv‡U© †M‡Q ïay †mB wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi Z_¨B GB †Uwe‡j mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| msev`cÎ wZbwU‡Z GB nvi †Uwej-17 : †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb
n‡”Q h_vµ‡g †WBwj ÷vi 89%, BbwW‡cb‡W›U 60% Ges Avgv‡`i mgq cwÎKvi bvg ▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj w`
cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj me©‡gvU
54%| Ab¨w`‡K PviwU msev`c‡Îi †ewki fvM wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U
bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ nqwb| msev`cÎ PviwU‡Z GB nvi n‡”Q h_vµ‡g mgKvj ▼
¯’vb▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
79%, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 65%, hyMvšÍi 60% Ges cÖ_g Av‡jv 59%| 6 7 1 2 2 2 1 21
wkÿv cªwZôv‡bi †fZ‡i
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y mg‡q msev`cÎmg~‡ni 15 21 8 7 4 22 20 11
mgwóMZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †ewki fvM (62%) wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg- wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvg‡b ev Av‡kcv‡k
4 2 4 1 3 1 2 17
10 6 31 4 5 11 40 9
cwiPq cÖKvwkZ nqwb| wZbwU msev`c‡Îi †ewki fvM wi‡cv‡U©I †hŠb nqivwbi 14 17 5 8 22 3 2 71
iv¯Ív-Nv‡U
wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ nqwb| msev`cÎ wZbwU‡Z n‡”Q: †WBwj ÷vi 34 50 38 29 40 33 40 39
(89%), BbwW‡cb‡W›U (60%) Ges Avgv‡`i mgq (54%)| wecixZ w`‡K Kg©‡ÿ‡Î
- 1 - - - - - 1
- 3 - - - - - 1
PviwU msev`c‡Î wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| - - 1 2 1 - - 4
evwo‡Z
msev`cÎ wZbwU n‡”Q: mgKvj (79%), ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK (65%), hyMvšÍi - - 8 7 2 - - 2
(60%) Ges cÖ_g Av‡jv (59%)| Ab¨vb¨
- 2 - - - - - 2
- 6 - - - - - 1
wPÎ-9: msev`c‡Îi †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡c‡U© wfw±‡gi wPwýZ Kiv hvqwb
17 5 2 15 27 3 - 69
41 14 15 53 49 33 - 37
bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ nIqvi nvi 41 34 13 28 55 9 5 185
†gvU
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
38%
62% Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ mvZwU
msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx 63% wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb wPwýZ
Kiv †M‡Q| 37% wi‡cv‡U© wPwýZ Kiv hvqwb| wn‡m‡e †`Lv †M‡Q, 39% wi‡cv‡U©
†hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb iv¯Ív-NvU, 11% wi‡cv‡U© wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi †fZ‡i, 9% wkÿv
cÖwZôv‡bi mvg‡b ev Av‡mcv‡k, 2% wi‡cv‡U© evwo‡Z Ges 1% Kg©‡ÿ‡Î|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, cÖvq me msev`c‡Îi †ewki fvM
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q cÖKvwkZ nqwb wi‡cv‡U©B †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb wn‡m‡e Ôiv¯Ív-NvUÕ wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbi
†hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb wfw±giv iv¯Ív-Nv‡U nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cv‡U©i nvi h_vµ‡g hyMvšÍi
GB M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv jÿ¨ K‡iwQ †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±giv 50%, mgKvj I BbwW‡cb‡W›U 40%, Avgv‡`i mgq 38%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 34%,
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb| Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© Avgiv cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K †WBwj ÷vi 33% Ges ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 29%|
†hŠb nqivwb ¯’vb¸‡jv‡K cuvPwU †kÖYx‡Z wef³ K‡iwQ| †kÖYx¸‡jv n‡”Q: wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi †fZ‡i †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cv‡U©i nvi
GK. wkÿv cªwZôv‡bi †fZ‡i h_vµ‡g †WBwj ÷vi 22%, hyMvšÍi 21%, BbwW‡cb‡W›U 20%, cÖ_g Av‡jv
`yB. wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvg‡b ev Av‡kcv‡k 15%, Avgv‡`i mgq 8%, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 7% Ges mgKvj 4%|
wZb. iv¯Ív-Nv‡U wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvg‡b ev Av‡kcv‡k †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb
Pvi. Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wi‡cv‡U©i nvi h_vµ‡g BbwW‡cb‡W›U 40%, Avgv‡`i mgq 31%, †WBwj ÷vi
cuvP. evwo‡Z 11%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 10%, hyMvšÍi 6%, mgKvj 5% Ges ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 4%|
55 56
 evwo‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cvU© ïay Avgv‡`i mgq (8%), Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© mvZwU msev`c‡Î
ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK (7%) Ges mgKv‡j (2%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx wfw±g‡`i †ewki
Avi Kg©‡ÿ‡Î †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cvU© ïay hyMvšÍ‡i fv‡Mi (60%) eqm 15 †_‡K 20 eQi| 28% wfw±‡gi eqm 15 eQ‡ii wb‡P|
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB nvi gvÎ 3%| 8% wfw±‡gi eqm 21 †_‡K 25 eQi| 4% wfw±‡gi eqm 31 †_‡K 35 eQi|
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ mg‡q cªKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †WBwj ÷v‡ii me †hŠb nqivwb welqK
welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb wPwýZ Ki‡Z wM‡q †`Lv †M‡Q wfw±giv †ewki
wi‡cv‡U©B wfw±‡gi eqm 15 †_‡K 20 eQi wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨
fvM (39%) †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb iv¯Ív-Nv‡U| cÖvq me msev`c‡Îi
†ewki fvM wi‡cv‡U©B †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb wn‡m‡e Ôiv¯Ív-NvUÕ wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g Av‡jvi 71%, mgKvj I BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui 67%,
nqivwbi wfw±giv iv¯Ív-Nv‡U nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cv‡U©i nvi hyMvšÍ‡i hyMvšÍ‡ii 60% Ges Avgv‡`i mg‡qi 50% †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©
me‡P‡q †ewk (50%)| †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU As‡k wfw±‡gi eqm 15 †_‡K 20 eQi|
(20%) †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi †fZ‡i I †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm 15 eQ‡ii Kg wPwýZ n‡q‡Q
wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvg‡b ev Av‡kcv‡ki GjvKv‡K| Gi g‡a¨ 11% N‡U‡Q wkÿv Ggb wi‡cv‡U©i nvi hyMvšÍ‡i me‡P‡q †ewk (40%)| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨
cÖwZôv‡bi †fZ‡i Ges 9% N‡U‡Q wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvg‡b ev Av‡kcv‡k| wkÿv ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, mgKvj I BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U 33% Ges cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z 29% †hŠb
cÖwZôv‡bi mvg‡b ev Av‡kcv‡k †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cv‡U©i nvi nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm 15 eQ‡ii Kg wPwýZ n‡q‡Q|
BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U me‡P‡q †ewk (40%) Ges wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi †fZ‡i †hŠb nqivwbi †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm 21 †_‡K 25 eQi wPwýZ n‡q‡Q
wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cv‡U©i nvi †WBwj ÷vi, hyMvšÍi Ges BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U Ggb wi‡cvU© ïay Avgv‡`i mgq I ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk (h_vµ‡g 22%, 21% I 20%)| msev`cÎ `yÕwU‡Z GB ai‡bi wi‡cv‡U©i nvi h_vµ‡g 50% I 33%|
wfw±‡gi eqm
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm 31 †_‡K 35 eQi wPwýZ n‡q‡Q
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm msµvšÍ cÖvß Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY
Ggb wi‡cvU© ïay ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K GB
Kiv n‡q‡Q wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †h me †hŠb nqivwb
welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q ïay †mB wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi Z_¨B GB ai‡bi wi‡cv‡U©i nvi 33%|
†Uwe‡j mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³z© mg‡q †ewki fvM (88%)
†Uwej-18 : wfw±‡gi eqm †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q 15 eQ‡ii Kg
cwÎKvi bvg ▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj w` wKsev 15 †_‡K 20 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| Avevi G‡`i g‡a¨ 15 †_‡K 20 eQi emqx
cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj me©‡gvU
mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U wfw±‡gi nvi †ewk (60%)| †WBwj ÷v‡ii me †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©B
▼
eqm▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) wfw±‡gi eqm 15 †_‡K 20 eQi wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨
15 eQ‡ii Kg
2 2 - 1 1 - 1 7 G †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g Av‡jvi me‡P‡q †ewk (71%)| †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©
29 40 - 33 33 - 33 28
5 3 1 - 2 2 2 15 wfw±‡gi eqm 15 eQ‡ii Kg wPwýZ n‡q‡Q Ggb wi‡cv‡U©i nvi hyMvšÍ‡i me‡P‡q
15 †_‡K 20 eQi
71 60 50 - 67 100 67 60 †ewk (40%)|
- - 1 1 - - - 2
21 †_‡K 25 eQi
- - 50 33 - - - 8 wfw±‡g‡ii mvgvwRK ¯Íi
- - - - - - - -
26 †_‡K 30 eQi
- - - - - - - -
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi msµvšÍ cÖvß Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb I
31 †_‡K 35 eQi
- - - 1 - - - 1 we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †h me †hŠb
- - - 33 - - - 4 nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q ïay †mB
7 5 2 3 3 2 3 25
†gvU wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi Z_¨B GB †Uwe‡j mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

57 58
 †Uwej-19 : wfw±‡g‡ii mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPÎ-10: msev`c‡Îi †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡c‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Í‡ii nvi
cwÎKvi bvg ▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj w`
cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj me©‡gvU
mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U 9%
mvgvwRK ¯Íi▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
- 2 - 1 2 1 - 6
wbgœweË
- 100 - 100 100 50 - 55 55% 36%
3 - - - - 1 - 4
ga¨weË
100 - - - - 50 - 36
- - 1 - - - - 1
D”PweË
- - 100 - - - - 9
3 2 1 1 2 2 - 11
D”PweË ga¨weË wbgœweË
†gvU
100 100 100 100 100 100 - 100
wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq Av‡Q wKbv
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© mvZwU msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq msµvšÍ Z_¨ wb‡Pi
cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †ewki fvM †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †h me
(55%) wfw±g wbgœweË ¯Í‡ii| 36% ga¨weË ¯Í‡ii| 9% D”PweË ¯Í‡ii| †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q ïay
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, hyMvšÍi I mgKv‡ji †mB wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi Z_¨B GB †Uwe‡j mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
me Ges †WBwj ÷v‡ii 50% †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK †Uwej-20 : wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq Av‡Q wKbv
¯Íi wbgœweË| cwÎKvi bvg ▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj
cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj w` BbwW‡cb‡W›U me©‡gvU
mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi
cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx, cÖ_g Av‡jvi me Ges †WBwj ÷v‡ii 50% †hŠb nqivwb †hŠb nqivbxKvixi
(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
bvg-cwiPq▼▼
welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi ga¨weË Ges Avgv‡`i mg‡qi me †hŠb (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
19 27 12 9 27 10 3 107
nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi D”PweË ¯Í‡ii| Av‡Q
46 79 92 36 49 100 60 58
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ mg‡q cªKvwkZ †ewki fvM †bB
22 7 1 16 28 - 2 76
54 21 8 64 51 - 40 42
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv hvqwb| 41 34 13 25 55 10 5 183
†gvU
mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †ewki fvM (55%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

†ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv †M‡Q wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi wbgœweË| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY
Abyhvqx †`Lv hvq, hyMvšÍ‡i `yÕwU, mgKv‡j `yÕwU Ges ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K GKwU
wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q| wZbwU msev`c‡Îi me †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©B wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi wbgœweË| cÖ_g Av‡jvi wZbwU
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q Ges me
KÕwU wi‡cv‡UB© wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi ga¨weË| Avi †WBwj ÷v‡i `yÕwU †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU
wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi wbgœweË Ges Ab¨wU‡Z wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi
ga¨weË| Avgv‡`i mg‡q mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv wi‡cvU©wU‡Z wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK
¯Íi D”PweË| BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U †Kv‡bv wi‡cv‡U©B wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv
hvqwb|
59
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© mvZwU msev`c‡Î
cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †ewki fvM
(58%) wi‡cv‡U©B †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq i‡q‡Q| 42% wi‡cv‡U© bvg-
cwiPq †bB|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †WBwj ÷v‡ii me †hŠb nqivwb welqK
wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq i‡q‡Q| evwK msev`cθ‡jv g‡a¨
Avgv‡`i mgq (92%), hyMvšÍi (79%) Ges BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui (60%) †ewki
fvM †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq i‡q‡Q|
Ab¨w`‡K ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK (64%), cÖ_g Av‡jv (54%) Ges mgKv‡ji (51%)
†ewki fvM †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ
nqwb|
60
 mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³
©y mg‡q msev`cÎmg~‡ni †Uwej-21 : †h †hŠb nqivwb K‡i‡Q
mgwóMZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †ewki fvM (58%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb cwÎKvi bvg ▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj
cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj w` BbwW‡cb‡W›U me©‡gvU
nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi
▼
†hŠb nqivwbKvix▼
†WBwj ÷v‡ii me Ges Avgv‡`i mgq (92%), hyMvšÍi (79%) Ges (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui (60%) †ewki fvM †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb eLv‡U 16 22 11 5 31 8 4 97
nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq _vK‡jI ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK (64%), cÖ_g Av‡jv (54%) 46 67 84 71 72 80 80 66
mncvVx 1 2 1 2 3 1 - 10
Ges mgKv‡ji (51%) †ewki fvM †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb 3 6 8 29 7 10 - 7
nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ nqwb| wkÿK 4 1 - - 3 - - 9
11 3 - - 7 - - 6
wPÎ-11: msev`c‡Î wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq cÖKv‡ki nvi QvÎ 5 6 1 - 3 1 1 17
14 18 8 - 7 10 20 11
58% Ab¨vb¨ 9 2 - - 3 - - 14
26 6 - - 7 - - 10
†gvU 35 33 13 7 43 10 5 147
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
42%
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³
z© mvZwU msev`c‡Î
cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †ewki fvM
(66%) wi‡cv‡U©B †hŠb nqivwbKvix wQj eLv‡U| 11% wQj QvÎ| 7% wQj
mncvVx Ges 6% wQj wkÿK|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, QÕwU msev`c‡Îi †ewki fvM †hŠb
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q cÖKvwkZ nqwb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©I nqivwbKvix wQj eLv‡U| G‡ÿ‡Î msev`cθ‡jvi
µgvbycvwZK nvi n‡”Q: Avgv‡`i mgq 84%, †WBwj ÷vi I BbwW‡cb‡W›U
†h †hŠb nqivwb K‡i‡Q 80%, mgKvj 72%, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 71% Ges hyMvšÍi 67%|
GB M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±giv Qv·`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb Z_¨ _vKv wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi
wewfbœ e¨w³i Øviv nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb| cÖvß Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i Avgiv †hŠb µgvbycvwZK nvi n‡”Q: BbwW‡cb‡W›U 20%, hyMvšÍi 18%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 14%,
nqivwbKvix e¨w³‡`i PviwU †kÖYx‡Z wef³ K‡iwQ| †kÖYx¸‡jv n‡”Q: †WBwj ÷vi 10%, Avgv‡`i mgq 8% Ges mgKvj 7%|
GK. eLv‡U mncvVx‡`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb Z_¨ _vKv wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi
µgvbycvwZK nvi n‡”Q: ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 29%, †WBwj ÷vi 10%, Avgv‡`i mgq
`yB. mncvVx
8%, mgKvj 7%, hyMvšÍi 6% Ges cÖ_g Av‡jv 3%|
wZb. wkÿK
wkÿK‡`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb Z_¨ _vKv wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi
Pvi. QvÎ µgvbycvwZK nvi n‡”Q: cÖ_g Av‡jv 11%, mgKvj 7% Ges hyMvšÍi 3%|
wfw±giv †h me e¨w³‡`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb †m m¤ú‡K© cÖvß mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³y© mg‡q msev`cÎmg~‡ni
Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, mgwóMZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †ewki fvM (66%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb
†h me †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡K wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q ïay nqivwbKvixi f~wgKvq wQj eLv‡U| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY AbyhvqxI wZb ai‡bi
†mB wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi Z_¨B GB †Uwe‡j mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| nqivwbKvixi Zzjbvq eLv‡U‡`i nvi wQj †ewk| eLv‡U‡`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi

61 62
wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cvU© Avgv‡`i mg‡q me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (84%) cÖKvwkZ 43%, Avgv‡`i mgq 33%, mgKvj 27% Ges †WBwj ÷vi 25%|
n‡q‡Q| Qv·`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cvU© BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U wfw±‡gi eqm D‡jøL i‡q‡Q Ggb GKwU wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (20%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| mncvVx‡`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi G‡Z wfw±‡gi eqm 21 †_‡K 25 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| G‡ÿ‡Î Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi nvi
wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cvU© ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (29%) h_vµ‡g hyMvšÍi 57%, †WBwj ÷v‡i 50%, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I Avgv‡`i mg‡q
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Avi wkÿK‡`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cvU© 33%, mgKv‡j 27% Ges cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z 25%|
cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (11%)| mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍfy©³ mg‡q ¯^í msL¨K (16%)
†hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm msµvšÍ Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j msev`cÎmg~‡ni mgwóMZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivwbi †ewk fvM (78%)
Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, †h me †hŠb wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm 15 †_‡K 25 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| Gi g‡a¨ 15 †_‡K
nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q ïay †mB wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi 20 eQi eqmx †hŠb nqivwbKvixi nvi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk (40%)|
Z_¨B GB †Uwe‡j mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx 15 †_‡K 20 eQi eqmx †hŠb nqivwbKvixi Z_¨
†Uwej-22 : †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (62%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z| BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui me
cwÎKvi bvg ▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj w`
cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi
mgq B‡ËdvK
mgKvj
÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U
me©‡gvU †hŠb nhivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©B †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm 21 †_‡K 25 eQi| G
▼
eqm▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ hyMvšÍ‡ii nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (57%)| †h me
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
- - 1 - 1 - - 2
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm 15 eQ‡ii Kg wPwýZ
15 eQ‡ii Kg
- - 33 - 9 - - 5 n‡q‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU© ïay Avgv‡`i mgq I mgKv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb
5 3 1 2 3 1 - 15
15 †_‡K 20 eQi
62 43 33 67 27 25 - 40
nqivwbKvixi eqm 26 †_‡K 30 eQi wPwýZ n‡q‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU© ïay cÖ_g Av‡jv
21 †_‡K 25 eQi
2 4 1 1 3 2 1 14 I mgKv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm 36 †_‡K 40 eQi wPwýZ
25 57 33 33 27 50 100 38
1 - - - 3 - - 4
n‡q‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU© ïay †WBwj ÷v‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm
26 †_‡K 30 eQi
13 - - - 27 - - 11 40 eQ‡ii †ewk wPwýZ n‡q‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU© ïaygvÎ mgKv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
- - - - - - - -
31 †_‡K 35 eQi
- - - - - - - -
†hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© nqivwbKvixi weiæ‡× gvgjv nIqvi Z_¨ Av‡Q wKbv
36 †_‡K 40 eQi
- - - - - 1 - 1 GB M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡q †`Lv †M‡Q, †hŠb nqivwbi me NUbvq gvgjv
- - - - - 25 - 3
- - - - 1 - - 1 nq bv| wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq gvgjv nIqv bv nIqv msµvšÍ Z_¨
40 eQ‡ii †ewk
- - - - 9 - - 3 Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
8 7 3 3 11 4 1 37
†gvU
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 †Uwej-23 : †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© nqivwbKvixi weiæ‡× gvgjv nIqvi Z_¨ Av‡Q wKbv
cwÎKvi bvg ▶ Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj w`
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ mvZwU msev`c‡Î cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi
mgq B‡ËdvK
mgKvj
÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U
me&੠gvU
cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †ewki fvM ▼
gvgjv nIqvi Z_¨▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
(40%) wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm 15 †_‡K 20 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| 38% wfw±‡gi eqm (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
10 22 9 6 18 4 3 72
21 †_‡K 25 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| 11% wfw±‡gi eqm 26 †_‡K 30 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| 5% Av‡Q
21 44 41 17 32 24 33 30
wfw±‡gi eqm 15 eQ‡ii Kg| 37 28 13 30 39 13 6 166
†bB
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, wfw±‡gi eqm 15 †_‡K 20 eQi D‡jøL 79 56 59 83 68 76 67 70
i‡q‡Q Ggb †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (67%) ˆ`wbK †gvU
47 50 22 36 57 17 9 238
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
B‡Ëdv‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi nvi h_vµ‡g cÖ_g Av‡jv 62%, hyMvšÍi
63 64
 Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvZwU msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me wPÎ-12: msev`c‡Îi †hŠb nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi
Abyhvqx †ewki fvM (70%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©B gvgjv nIqvi Z_¨ 17%
†bB| 30% wi‡cv‡U© Av‡Q|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y mg‡q me‡P‡q †ewk
nv‡i (44%) gvgjv nIqvi Z_¨ Av‡Q hyMvšÍ‡i| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi
83%
nvi h_vµ‡g Avgv‡`i mgq 41%, BbwW‡cb‡W›U 33%, mgKvj 32%, †WBwj
÷vi 24%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 21% Ges ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 17%|
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq gvgjv nq Kg (30%)|
†ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB (70%) gvgjv nqbv| gvgjv nIqvi Z_¨ me‡P‡q †ewk
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q cÖKvwkZ nqwb
(44%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hyMvšÍ‡i Ges me‡P‡q Kg (17%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K|
†hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Qwei Z_¨ we‡kølY
†hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ Av‡Q wKbv
GB M‡elYvi †Uwej-2 G D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ mg‡q 38wU †hŠb
†hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq kvw¯Í nIqv bv nIqv msµvšÍ Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I
nqivwb mswkøó Qwe cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 27wU Qwe cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wi‡cv‡U©i m‡½ Ges 11wU K¨vckvb Qwe| GB Qwe¸‡jvi AvK…wZ I welqe¯‘
†Uwej-24 : †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U© nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ Av‡Q wKbv
cwÎKvi bvg ▶ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwej `yÕwU‡Z (†Uwej-18 I †Uwej-19) we‡kølY Kiv
Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj w`
cÖ_g Av‡jv hyMvšÍi mgKvj me©‡gvU n‡q‡Q|
mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U
▼
kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Qwei AvK…wZ
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
7 7 9 4 10 2 1 40
†hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Dc‡iv³ 38wU Qwei AvK…wZ welqK Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j
Av‡Q
15 14 41 11 18 12 11 17 Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
40 43 13 32 47 15 8 198
†bB
85 86 59 89 82 88 89 83 †Uwej-25 : †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Qwei AvK…wZ
47 50 22 36 57 17 9 238 cwÎKvi bvg ▶ cÖ_g
†gvU Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK w` †WBwj
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 hyMvšÍi mgKvj w` BbwW‡cb‡W›U me©‡gvU
Av‡jv mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvZwU msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Qwei AvK…wZ▼▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
Abyhvqx †ewki fvM (83%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©B kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
- 2 - - 1 1 - 4
†bB| 17% wi‡cv‡U© kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ Av‡Q| wm‡½j Kjvg
- 29 - - 8 8 - 11
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y mg‡q me‡P‡q †ewk 3 4 - 1 5 3 - 16
Wvej Kjvg
nv‡i (41%) kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i mg‡q| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ 50 57 - 100 42 25 - 42
msev`cθ‡jvi nvi h_vµ‡g mgKvj 18%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 15%, hyMvšÍi 14%, 3 1 - - 5 3 - 12
wZb Kjvg
50 14 - - 42 25 - 31
†WBwj ÷vi 12% Ges ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I BbwW‡cb‡W›U 11%| - - - - 1 3 - 4
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ Lye Pvi Kjvg
- - - - 8 25 - 11
Kg nv‡i (17%) msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ nq| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx kvw¯Í Pvi Kjv‡gi - - - - - 2 - 2
nIqvi Z_¨ me‡P‡q †ewk (41%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i mg‡q Ges †P‡q eo - - - - - 17 - 5
6 7 - 1 12 12 - 38
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg nv‡i (11%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I †gvU
100 100 100 100 100 100 - 100
BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U|
65 66
 Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvZwU msev`c‡Îi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvZwU msev`c‡Îi †hŠb nqivwbi
Abyhvqx †ewki fvM (42%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK Qwe Wvej Kjv‡gi| 31% wZb Qwe¸‡jvi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi
Kjv‡gi| 11% wm‡½j Kjv‡gi| 11% Pvi Kjv‡gi Ges 5% Pvi Kjv‡gi †P‡q Qwe me‡P‡q †ewki nv‡i (74%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Qwei Ab¨ welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨
eo AvK„wZi| †hŠb nqivwbKvixi Qwe 13%, †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi Qwe 10% Ges †hŠb
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K GKwU gvÎ QweB
nqivbx we‡ivax Av‡jvPbv ev †mwgbvi wKsev Ab¨vb¨ ZrciZvi Qwe 3%|
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges Zv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Wvej Kjv‡g| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨
msev`cθ‡jvi nvi h_vµ‡g hyMvšÍi 57%, cÖ_g Av‡jv 50%, mgKvj 42% msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †ewki fvM msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb nqivbxi
Ges †WBwj ÷vi 25%| NUbvi cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi Qwe me‡P‡q †ewki nv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ˆ`wbK
msev`cθ‡jv‡Z wZb Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi h_vµ‡g cÖ_g Av‡jv 50%, B‡Ëdv‡Ki me QweB GB wel‡qi| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g Av‡jv,
mgKvj 42%, †WBwj ÷vi 25% Ges hyMvšÍi 14%| mgKvj I †WBwj ÷v‡i †hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi Qwei nvi
msev`cθ‡jv‡Z wm‡½j Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi h_vµ‡g hyMvšÍi 29%, 83%| Avi hyMvšÍ‡i GB wel‡q Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi 29%|
mgKvj I †WBwj ÷vi 8%| msev`cθ‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwbKvixi Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi h_vµ‡g hyMvšÍi
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †hŠb nqivwb welqK †ewki fvM (73%) Qwe 29%, cÖ_g Av‡jv I mgKvj 17%| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jv‡Z GB wel‡i †Kv‡bv
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Wvej Kjvg I wZb Kjv‡g| Z‡e Wvej Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi Qwe cÖKvwkZ nqwb|
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk (42%)| Avi ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki me QweB cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hyMšÍ‡i †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (42%)|
Wvej Kjv‡g| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ G †ÿ‡Î hyMvšÍ‡ii nvi †ewk (57%)|
†WBwj ÷v‡i 8%|
wZb Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g Av‡jv nvi †ewk (50%)| wm‡½j Kjv‡g
Qwe cÖKvk K‡i‡Q hyMvšÍi, mgKvj I †WBwj ÷vi| Avi hyMvšÍi me‡P‡q †ewk †hŠb nqivbx we‡ivax Av‡jvPbv ev †mwgbvi wKsev Ab¨vb¨ ZrciZvi Qwe
nv‡i (29%) wm‡½j Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| Pvi Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKvk K‡i‡Q ïay ïaygvÎ †WBwj ÷v‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges cÖKv‡ki nvi 8%|
†WBwj ÷vi I mgKvj| GB `yB msev`c‡Îi g‡a¨ †WBwj ÷v‡i Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍfy©³ mg‡q msev`cÎmg~‡ni
†ewk (25%)| Pvi Kjv‡gi †ewk AvK…wZi †hŠb nqivwb welqK Qwe †Kej gvÎ †hŠb nqivwbi Qwe¸‡jvi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi cÖwZev`
†WBwj ÷v‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q (17%)| ev we‡ÿv‡fi Qwe me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (74%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv
†hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Qwei welqe¯‘ †M‡Q, GB Qwe¸‡jvi †ewk fvMB cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| msev`cÎwfwËK
†hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Dc‡iv³ 38wU Qwei welqe¯‘i Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb we‡kølY Abyhvqx †ewki fvM msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi cÖwZev` ev
I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡ÿv‡fi Qwe me‡P‡q †ewki nv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki me QweB
†Uwej-26 : †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Qwei welqe¯‘
cwÎKvi bvg ▶ cÖ_g hyMvšÍi Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK mgKvj w` †WBwj w`
GB wel‡qi| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g Av‡jv, mgKvj I †WBwj ÷v‡i
me©‡gvU
Av‡jv mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U †hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi Qwei nvi †ewk (83%)| †hŠb
Qwei welqe¯‘▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
nqivwbi wfw±‡gi Qwe I †hŠb nqivwbKvixi Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi hyMvšÍ‡i me‡P‡q
wfw±‡gi Qwe - 3 - - - 1 - 4 †ewk (h_vµ‡g 42% I 29%)| Avi †hŠb nqivbx we‡ivax Av‡jvPbv ev †mwgbvi
- 42 - - - 8 - 10
1 2 - - 2 - - 5 wKsev Ab¨vb¨ ZrciZvi Qwe ïaygvÎ †WBwj ÷v‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q (8%)|
†hŠb nqivbxKvixi Qwe
17 29 - - 17 - - 13 †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó m¤úv`Kxq-Dcm¤úv`Kxqi e³‡e¨i aib
†hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi cÖwZev` 5 2 - 1 10 10 - 28
ev we‡ÿv‡fi Qwe 83 29 - 100 83 83 - 74 GB M‡elYvi †Uwej-2 G D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ mg‡q †hŠb nqivwb
†hŠb nqivbx we‡ivax - - - - - 1 - 1 mswkøó †gvU 15wU m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 11wU
Av‡jvPbv ev
†mwgbvi wKsev Ab¨vb¨ - - - - - 8 - 3 m¤úv`Kxq Ges 4wU Dcm¤úv`Kxq| GB m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq¸‡jv‡Z
ZrciZvi Qwe
†gvU 6 7 - 1 12 12 - 38 cÖKvwkZ e³‡e¨i aib m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv
100 100 - 100 100 100 - 100 n‡q‡Q|
67 68
 †Uwej-27 : †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó m¤úv`Kxq-Dcm¤úv`Kxqi e³‡e¨i aib I 67%)| cª_g Av‡jv I ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki me m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq‡ZB
cwÎKvi bvg ▶ cÖ_g hyMvšÍi Avgv‡`i ˆ`wbK mgKvj w` †WBwj w` †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges
me©‡gvU
Av‡jv mgq B‡ËdvK ÷vi BbwW‡cb‡W›U
▼
e³‡e¨i aib▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) cÖwZev` ev wb›`v Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mgKv‡jiI me m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq‡ZB
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` ev wb›`v Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó 1 3 - 1 - 1 - 6
civgk© 100 50 - 100 - 25 - 40
†hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Kjvg-cÖeÜ-wbeÜi e³‡e¨i aib
cÖwZev` ev wb›`v 1 3 - 1 1 - - 6 GB M‡elYvi †Uwej-2 G D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ mg‡q †hŠb
100 50 - 100 100 - - 40 nqivwb mswkøó †gvU 3wU Kjvg-cÖeÜ-wbeÜ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| GB ¸‡jvi g‡a¨
- 1 - - - - - 1
D‡ØM-DrKÉv
- 17 - - - - - 7 GKwU cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z, GKwU hyMvšÍ‡i Ges GKwU †WBwj ÷v‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
`vwe ev AvnŸvb 1 4 - 1 - 3 - 9 we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z cÖKvwkZ Kjv‡g †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡×
100 67 - 100 - 75 - 60 KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, cÖwZev` ev wb›`v Rvbv‡bv
†gvU 3 6 - 1 1 4 - 15
300 184 - 300 100 100 - 147 n‡q‡Q Ges GKB m‡½ GB e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
hyMvšÍ‡i cÖKvwkZ cªe‡Ü †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó civgk©
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvZwU msev`c‡Îi †hŠb nqivwbi cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi †WBwj ÷v‡i cÖKvwkZ cÖe‡Ü †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡×
m¤úv`Kxq¸‡jvi mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev cÖwZev` ev wb›`v Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bvi nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (60%)| m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq¸‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó wPwV I gZvg‡Zi e³‡e¨i aib
KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó civgk© cÖ`v‡bi nvi 40% Ges cÖwZev` ev wb›`v GB M‡elYvi †Uwej-2 G D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ mg‡q †hŠb
Rvbv‡bvi nviI 40%| Z‡e D‡ØM-DrKÉv cÖKv‡ki nvi †ek Kg (7%)| nqivwb mswkøó †gvU 10wU wPwV I gZvgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| GB ¸‡jvi g‡a¨
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, cÖ_g Av‡jv I ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki me mgKv‡j 3wU, cÖ_g Av‡jv, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I †WBwj ÷v‡i 2wU K‡i Ges
m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq‡ZB †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb hyMvšÍ‡i 1wU wPwV I gZvgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †WBwj ÷vi I hyMvšÍ‡i †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, Dc‡iv³ cuvPwU msev`c‡Î me KÕwU‡ZB †hŠb nqivwbi
AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bvi nviB †ewk Ges GB †ÿ‡Î GB `yÕwU msev`c‡Î nvi h_vµ‡g weiæ‡× wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mgKvj I cÖ_g Av‡jvi me KÕwU
75% I 67%| cÖ_g Av‡jv, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I mgKv‡ji me m¤úv`Kxq I wPwV I gZvg‡ZB †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
Dcm¤úv`Kxq‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` ev wb›`v Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Av‡jvi me KÕwU wPwV I gZvg‡ZB †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× KiYxq m¤ú‡K©
hyMvšÍ‡ii 50% m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvi weiæ‡× mywbw`©ó civgk©I cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi hyMvšÍ‡i cÖKvwkZ wPwVwU‡Z †hŠb
cÖwZev` ev wb›`v Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Av‡jv I ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki me nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i D‡ØM-DrKÉvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó L. msev`cÎ cvVK‡`i AwfgZ:
M‡elYvi GB ch©v‡q †hŠb nqivwb m¤ú‡K© msev`cÎ cvVK‡`i AwfgZ Zz‡j aiv
civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| hyMvšÍ‡ii 50% Ges †WBwj ÷v‡ii 25% m¤úv`Kxq
n‡q‡Q Ges we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| DËi`vZv‡`i AwfgZ 13wU av‡c Zz‡j aiv
I Dcm¤úv`Kxq‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó civgk© cÖ`vb
n‡q‡Q| avc¸‡jv n‡”Q:
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i D‡ØM-DrKÉv cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q ïay hyMvšÍ‡i GK. DËi`vZviv Le‡ii KvMR c‡ob wKbv
Ges Gi nvi n‡”Q 17%| `yB. DËi`vZviv Le‡ii KvMR cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei c‡ob wKbv
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf©y³ mg‡q msev`cÎmg~‡ni †hŠb wZb. DËi`vZviv msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki
nqivwb welqK m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq¸‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv
`vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bvi nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (60%)| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY Pvi. DËi`vZviv msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki
Abyhvqx cÖ_g Av‡jv I ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki me m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq‡ZB †hŠb msL¨v e„w×i KviY Kx g‡b K‡ib
nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †WBwj ÷vi I hyMvšÍ‡i cuvP. DËi`vZviv †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk
†hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bvi nviB †ewk (h_vµ‡g 75% †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv
69 70
Qq. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †QvU e¨emvqx‡`i A‡a©K AskI (50%) wbqwgZfv‡e Le‡ii KvMR c‡ob|
cvIqvi KviY Kx e‡j DËi`vZviv g‡b K‡ib evwK A‡a©K Ask (50%) AwbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob| Avi kªwgK‡`i †ewki fvM
mvZ. DËi`vZviv msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb (71%) AwbqwgZfv‡e msev`cÎ cvV K‡ib|
nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †ewki fvM (79%) cvVKB wbqwgZfv‡e
AvU. hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î msev`cÎ c‡ob| 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ QÕwU †ckvi mevB wbqwgZfv‡e msev`cÎ
cÖKv‡ki cwigvY m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡`i AwfgZ c‡ob| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, wkÿK, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx,
bq. †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î cÖKv‡ki cwigvY
miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix| cuvPwU †ckvi †ewk fvM cvVKI
m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡`i AwfgZ
`k. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cªKvwkZ wbqwgZfv‡e Le‡ii KvMR c‡ob| GB †ckv cuvPwU n‡”Q: †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v
nIqvq Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva K‡i bv e‡j DËi`vZviv (89%), wkÿv_©x (81%), miKvwi Kg©Pvix (80%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (76%) I
g‡b K‡ib wKbv M„wnYx‡`i (68%)| †QvU e¨emvqx‡`i g‡a¨ A‡a©K cvVKI (50%) wbqwgZfv‡e
GMv‡iv. DËi`vZviv msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ msev`cÎ c‡ob| ïaygvÎ kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ †ewki fvM (71%) cvVK
nq g‡b K‡ib wKbv AwbqwgZfv‡e Le‡ii KvMR cvV K‡ib|
ev‡iv. †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡`i AwfgZ Le‡ii KvMR cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei c‡ob wKbv
†Z‡iv. DËi`vZviv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q msev`c‡Î wewfbœ mgq bvbv ai‡bi †hŠb nqivwbi Lei cÖKvwkZ nq|
g‡b K‡ib wKbv DËi`vZv‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq GB Lei¸‡jv Zviv c‡ob wKbv| GB wel‡q
ch©vqµ‡g GB †ZiwU av‡ci Z_¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡”Q| cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Le‡ii KvMR c‡ob wKbv †Uwej-29 : DËi`vZviv Le‡ii KvMR cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei c‡ob wKbv
cÖ_‡g DËi`vZv‡`i msev`cÎ cv‡Vi aib msµvšÍ Z_¨ we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB
msµvšÍ Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx
†ckv

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi
wkÿK

kªwgK

M„wnYx
†QvU
eo
†Uwej-28 : DËi`vZviv Le‡ii KvMR c‡ob wKbv
cv‡Vi aib (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

†ckv

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi

wkÿK

kªwgK

M„wnYx
†QvU
eo

▼ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
wbqwgZfv‡e 4 5 22 5 2 40 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 42 3 278
c‡ob 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 68 100 93
cv‡Vi (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
aib▼ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
AwbqwgZfv‡ - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 20 - 22
wbqwgZfv‡e 4 5 22 5 2 32 10 10 33 4 13 2 51 42 3 238 e c‡ob - - - - - 5 - - - - - - - 32 - 7
c‡ob 100 100 100 100 100 76 50 100 89 80 100 29 81 68 100 79 4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300
†gvU
AwbqwgZfv‡e - - - - - 10 10 - 4 1 - 5 12 20 - 62 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
c‡ob - - - - - 24 50 - 11 20 - 71 19 32 - 21
†gvU
4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300 Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi †ewki fvM (93%)
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei wbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob| evwK 7%
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi †ewki fvM (79%) AwbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob|
wbqwgZfv‡e msev`cÎ c‡ob| evwK 21% AwbqwgZfv‡e msev`cÎ c‡ob| †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, wkÿK,
†ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, wkÿK, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, †QvU e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v,
mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i mevB miKvwi Kg©Pvix, †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix, kªwgK I wkÿv_©x‡`i mevB msev`c‡Î
wbqwgZfv‡e msev`cÎ c‡ob| Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei wbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob| gvSvwi e¨emvqx (95%)
(89%), wkÿv_©x (81%), miKvwi Kg©Pvix (80%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (76%) I I M„wnYx‡`i (68%) †ewki fvMI wbqwgZfv‡e msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb
M„wnYx‡`i (68%) †ewki fvM wbqwgZfv‡e Le‡ii KvMR c‡ob| welqK Lei c‡ob|
71 72
 mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †ewki fvM (93%) cvVKB msev`c‡Î mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †ewki fvM (95%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib
cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei wbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob| 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ 12wU msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB
†ckvi mevB msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei wbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob| evo‡Q| 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ 11wU †ckvi mevB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb
GB 12wU †ckv n‡”Q: wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, wkÿK, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, †QvU
welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q| GB 11wU †ckv
e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix, †emiKvwi
Kg©Pvix, kªwgK I wkÿv_©x| Ab¨ `yÕwU †ckviI †ewki fvM cvVK msev`c‡Î n‡”Q: wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, wkÿK, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, gvSvwi e¨emvqx, †QvU
cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei wbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob| †ckv `yÕwU n‡”Q: gvSvwi e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK| Ab¨
e¨emvqx (95%) I M„wnYx (68%)| wZbwU †ckviI †ewki fvM cvVK g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q| GB †ckv wZbwU n‡”Q: wkÿv_x©
evo‡Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv (98%), †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (92%) I M„wnYx (81%)|
GB M‡elYv AšÍf³ z© msev`cÎ mg~‡ni Av‡aq we‡køl‡Y Avgiv †`L‡Z †c‡qwQ, msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v e„w×i KviY
2008 I 2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei Kx g‡b K‡ib
I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi †ewk (†Uwej-2)| GB Z_¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨
DËi`vZv‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨
DËi`vZv‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq Zviv msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv| GB msµvšÍ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v †e‡o hvIqvi KviY Kx e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡ib| cÖavbZ `yÕwU KviY
cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| DËi`vZviv wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| KviY `yÕwU n‡”Q:
†Uwej-30 : DËi`vZviv msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ GK. †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv e„w× †c‡q‡Q
cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv `yB. msev`cÎ †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv‡K AwZwi³ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q
GB wel‡q cÖvß Z_¨mg~n wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

†ckv

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi
wkÿK

M„wnYx
kªwgK
†QvU
eo

†Uwej-31 : DËi`vZviv msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨

evo‡Q (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
cÖKv‡ki msL¨v e„w×i KviY Kx g‡b K‡ib
wKbv ▼ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) †ckv

miKvwi Kg©Pvix
gvSvwi e¨emvqx

†QvU e¨emvqx
eo e¨emvqx
4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 12 7 62 50 3 286

†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x
evo‡Q

Ab¨vb¨
wkÿK

kªwgK

M„wnYx
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 92 100 98 81 100 95
- - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 12 - 14
evo‡Q bv
- - - - - - - - - - 8 - 2 19 - 5
4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300 e„w×i (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
†gvU (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 KviY▼
†hŠb nqivwbi 2 3 17 3 2 31 20 7 34 3 8 7 50 40 1 228
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi †ewki fvM (95%) NUbv e„w×
40 60 74 60 100 74 100 70 83 50 62 87 82 63 33 74
g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v †c‡q‡Q
msev`cÎ 2 1 4 1 - 11 - 1 7 2 5 1 9 21 2 67
w`b w`bB evo‡Q| gvÎ 5% DËi`vZv g‡b K‡ib evo‡Q bv| †hŠb nqivwbi
†ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, wkÿK, NUbv‡K
40 20 17 20 - 26 - 10 17 33 38 13 15 33 67 22
AwZwi³
mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, gvSvwi e¨emvqx, †QvU e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q
†emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK‡`i mevB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î wbiæËi
1 1 2 1 - - - 2 - 1 - - 2 3 - 13
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q| 20 20 9 20 - - - 20 - 17 - - 3 4 - 4
5 5 23 5 2 42 20 10 41 6 13 8 61 64 3 308
wkÿv_x© (98%), †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (92%) I M„wnYx‡`i (81%) †ewki fvM †gvU
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v (GKvwaK Dˇii wfwˇZ)
w`b w`bB evo‡Q|
73 74
 Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi †ewki fvM (95%) †Uwej-32 : DËi`vZviv †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î
g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡jB mvsev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv
welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v †e‡o †M‡Q| 22% g‡b K‡ib

eo e¨emvqx

†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi
wkÿK

M„wnYx
kªwgK
msev`cÎ †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv‡K AwZwi³ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q| 4% DËi`vZv †Kv‡bv †ckv

†QvU

DËi †`bwb|
¸iæ‡Z¡i
†ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, eo e¨emvqx I †QvU e¨emvqx‡`i mevB (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
aib▼▼ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡jB mvsev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb †ewk ¸iæZ¡ 2 5 21 5 2 40 19 10 37 5 12 6 58 55 3 280
welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v †e‡o †M‡Q| Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jv cv‡”Q 50 100 95 100 100 95 95 100 100 100 95 95 92 89 100 93
†ewk ¸iæZ¡ 2 - 1 - - 2 1 - - - 1 1 5 7 - 20
DËi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ †ewki fvM DËi`vZvI g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv e„w× cv‡”Q bv 50 - 5 - - 5 5 - - - 5 5 8 11 - 7
†c‡q‡Q e‡jB mvsev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †gvU
4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
msL¨v †e‡o †M‡Q| GB DËi †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î DËi`vZvi nvi h_vµ‡g kªwgK
87%, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v 83%, wkÿv_©x 82%, gvSvwi e¨emvqx I wkÿK 74%,
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi †ewki fvM (93%)
miKvwi Kg©KZ©v 70%, M„wnYx 63%, †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix 62% Ges cÖ‡KŠkjx I
g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk
mvsevw`K 60%| miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i A‡a©KvskI (50%) G K_vB g‡b K‡ib|
¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| gvÎ 7% g‡b K‡ib †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q bv|
Avi wPwKrmK‡`i 40% Gi AwfgZI GKB|
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †ewki fvM (74%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib †hŠb †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cÖ‡KŠkjx, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx,
nqivwbi NUbv e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡jB mvsev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v I miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i mevB g‡b K‡ib †hŠb
Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v †e‡o †M‡Q| †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx 14wU nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q|
†ckvi g‡a¨ `yÕwU †ckvi me cvVKB G K_v g‡b K‡ib| †ckv `yÕwU n‡”Q: eo wPwKrmK Qvov Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jvi DËi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ †ewki fvM DËi`vZvI g‡b
e¨emvqx I †QvU e¨emvqx| evwK †ckv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 10wU †ckvi †ewki fvM K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡
cvVKI G K_vB g‡b K‡ib| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: kªwgK (87%), †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v cv‡”Q| GB †ÿ‡Î †ckv¸‡jvi DËi`vZvi nvi h_vµ‡g wkÿK, gvSvwi e¨emvqx,
(83%), wkÿv_©x (82%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx I wkÿK (74%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v †QvU e¨emvqx, †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK 95%, wkÿv_©x 92% I M„wnYx 89%|
(70%), M„wnYx (63%), †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (62%) Ges cÖ‡KŠkjx I mvsevw`K wPwKrmK DËi`vZv‡`i A‡a©KvskI (50%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
(60%)| miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i A‡a©KvskI (50%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q|
e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡jB mvsev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †ewki fvM (93%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib †hŠb
msL¨v †e‡o †M‡Q| Avi †h me cvVK g‡b K‡ib msev`cÎ †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv‡K nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| 14wU
AwZwi³ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wPwKrmK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (40%)| G †ckvi g‡a¨ QÕwU †ckvi me cvVKB G K_v g‡b K‡ib| †ckv QÕwU n‡”Q:
K_v g‡b Kivi µgvbycvwZK nvi Abyhvqx wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q †emiKvwi cÖ‡KŠkjx, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v I
Kg©Pvix (38%) Ges Z…Zxq Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q miKvwi Kg©Pvix I M„wnYx (33%)| miKvwi Kg©Pvix| evwK †ckv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvUwU †ckvi g‡a¨ mvZwU †ckvi †ewki
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q fvM cvVKI G K_vB g‡b K‡ib| GB mvZwU †ckv n‡”Q: wkÿK, gvSvwi
g‡b K‡ib wKbv e¨emvqx, †QvU e¨emvqx, †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK (95%), wkÿv_©x (92%) I
DËi`vZv‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î M„wnYx (89%)| Ab¨w`‡K †h me cvVK g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q wKbv| GB cÖm‡½ DËi`vZv‡`i KvQ msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q bv Zv‡`i g‡a¨
†_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wPwKrmK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (50%)|

75 76
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cvIqvi †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I
KviY Kx kªwgK‡`i mevB g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy×
DËi`vZv‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q| †QvU
Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cvIqvi KviY Kx e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡ib| e¨emvqx (90%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (86%), wkÿv_©x (77%), M„wnYx (75%),
Rev‡e Zviv cÖavbZ `yÕwU welq‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| welq `yÕwU n‡”Q: miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v (70%) Ges mvsevw`K I †emiKvwi
GK. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ Kg©Pvix‡`i (67%) †ewki fvMI G K_vB g‡b K‡ib|
GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q| mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †ewki fvM (77%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib †hŠb
nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ GB msµvšÍ
`yB. cwÎKvi KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q|
Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q| 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ wZbwU †ckvi me cvVKB
GQvovI Ab¨ Av‡iv wKQz KviY wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb DËi`vZviv| cÖvß Z_¨ mg~n G K_v g‡b K‡ib| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK|
wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| evwK GMviwU †ckvi g‡a¨ AvUwU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKI G K_vB g‡b K‡ib|
†Uwej-33 : †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: †QvU e¨emvqx (90%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (86%), wkÿv_©x
¸iæZ¡ cvIqvi KviY Kx e‡j DËi`vZviv g‡b K‡ib (77%), M„wnYx (75%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v (70%) Ges
mvsevw`K I †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (67%)|

†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi
wkÿK

M„wnYx
kªwgK
†QvU
†ckv

eo

Ab¨w`‡K †h me cvVK g‡b K‡ib cwÎKvi KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ msev`cÎ
†ewk ¸iæZ¡
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wPwKrmK‡`i nvi
cvIqvi
(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
me‡P‡q †ewk (50%)|
KviY▼ msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv
†hŠb nqivwb 2 2 10 4 2 36 18 7 33 5 10 7 47 49 3 235
cÖwZ‡iv‡a 50 40 43 67 100 86 90 70 70 100 67 100 77 75 100 77 †e‡o hv‡”Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv
RbmvaviY‡K DËi`vZv‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii
m‡PZb I DØy×
Kivi Rb¨ AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡ib
msev`cÎ GB
msµvšÍ Lei
wKbv| GB cÖm‡½ cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Dc¯’vcbvq †Uwej-34 : DËi`vZviv msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j
†ewk ¸iæZ¡
w`‡”Q †hŠb nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv
cwÎKvi KvUwZ 2 - 8 - - 6 2 2 14 - 5 - 13 16 - 58

†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK
†ckv

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨

gvSvwi
evov‡bvi Rb¨ 50 - 35 - - 14 10 20 30 - 33 - 21 25 - 19

wkÿK

M„wnYx
kªwgK
†QvU
eo
†ewk ¸iæZ¡
w`‡”Q
wbiæËi - 3 5 2 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - 12 †e‡o hv‡”Q (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
- 60 22 33 - - - 10 - - - - 2 - - 4 wKbv▼ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
4 5 23 6 2 42 20 10 47 5 15 7 61 65 3 305 2 3 15 4 2 20 9 9 26 4 10 - 30 40 1 175
†gvU †e‡o hv‡”Q 50 60
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 68 80 100 48 45 90 70 80 77 - 48 65 33 58
(GKvwaK Dˇii wfwˇZ) 2 1 7 1 - 21 10 - 10 1 3 4 30 18 2 110
evo‡Q bv 50 20 32 20 - 50 50 - 27 20 23 57 48 29 67 37
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi †ewki fvM (77%) Rv‡bb bv -
- 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 - - 3 3 4 - 15
20 - - - 2 5 10 3 - - 43 4 6 - 5
g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ 4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300
†gvU
msev`cÎ GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q| 19% g‡b K‡ib 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

cwÎKvi KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ msev`cÎ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi †ewki fvM (58%)
w`‡”Q| 4% DËi`vZv †Kv‡bv DËi †`bwb| g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb
77 78
nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q| 37% g‡b K‡ib evo‡Q bv| 5% DËi`vZv
e‡j‡Qb, msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi
nvi Av‡iv evo‡Q wK evo‡Q bv Zv Zviv Rv‡bb bv|
†ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, eo e¨emvqx‡`i mevB g‡b K‡ib
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv
†e‡o hv‡”Q| Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (90%), mvsevw`K (80%),
miKvwi Kg©Pvix (80%), †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (77%), †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v
(70%), wkÿK (68%), M„wnYx (65%) I cÖ‡KŠkjx‡`i (60%) †ewki fvMI
hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î
cÖKv‡ki cwigvY m¤ú‡K© AwfgZ
hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î
cÖKv‡ki cwigvY m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡`i AwfgZ Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq| GB m¤ú‡K©
cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†Uwej-35 : hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨
msev`c‡Î cÖKv‡ki cwigvY m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡`i AwfgZ

†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx
†ckv

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi
wkÿK

M„wnYx
kªwgK
†QvU
GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib|

eo
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi cÖKv‡ki (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
evo‡Q bv g‡b K‡ib Ggb DËi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ kªwgK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk cwigvY▼ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
1 1 3 - - 2 3 2 6 1 3 - 12 26 - 60
(57%)| wPwKrmK, gvSvwi e¨emvqx I †QvU e¨emvqx‡`i g‡a¨ A‡a©K (50%) Lye †ewk
25 20 14 - - 5 15 20 16 20 23 - 19 42 - 20
cwigv‡Y
DËi`vZvI GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib| cÖKvwkZ
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †ewki fvM (58%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib nq
h_vh_ 3 2 16 4 1 30 13 7 26 3 9 5 31 32 3 185
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv cwigv‡Y 75 40 72 80 50 72 65 70 70 60 69 71 49 52 100 62
†e‡o hv‡”Q| †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx eo e¨emvqx‡`i mevB GB K_v g‡b cÖKvwkZ
nq
K‡ib| 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ 8wU †ckvi †ewki fvM DËi`vZvI GB K_vB g‡b Kg - 2 3 1 1 10 4 1 5 1 1 2 20 4 - 55
K‡ib| GB †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (90%), mvsevw`K (80%), cwigv‡Y - 40 14 20 50 24 20 10 14 20 8 29 32 6 - 18
cÖKvwkZ
miKvwi Kg©Pvix (80%), †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (77%), †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v nq
(70%), wkÿK (68%), M„wnYx (65%) I cÖ‡KŠkjx (60%)| †gvU
4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Ab¨w`‡K †h me cvVK g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii
AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi evo‡Q bv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ kªwgK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi †ewki fvM (62%)
†ewk (57%)| wPwKrmK, gvSvwi e¨emvqx I †QvU e¨emvqx‡`i g‡a¨ A‡a©K g‡b K‡ib hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨
(50%) cvVKI GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib| msev`c‡Î h_vh_ cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| 20% g‡b K‡ib Lye †ewk cwigv‡Y
wPÎ-13: msev`c‡Îi †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwb †e‡o cÖKvwkZ nq| 18% g‡b K‡ib Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq|
hv‡”Q g‡b Kivi nvi †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †h me DËi`vZv g‡b K‡ib hv‡K †hŠb
9% nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î h_vh_ cwigv‡Y
cÖKvwkZ nq †m me DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ mvsevw`K‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (80%)|
36% G‡ÿ‡Î Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jvi nvi h_vµ‡g wPwKrmK 75%, wkÿK I gvSvwi e¨emvqx
72%, kªwgK 71%, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v 70%, †emiKvwi
55% Kg©Pvix 69%, †QvU e¨emvqx 65%, miKvwi Kg©Pvix 60%, M„wnYx 52%, eo
e¨emvqx 50%, wkÿv_©x 49% I cÖ‡KŠkjx 40%|
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †ewki fvM (62%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib hv‡K
Rv‡bb bv evo‡Q bv †e‡o hv‡”Q
†hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î h_vh_

79 80
cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ 11wU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKB GB Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi 52% g‡b K‡ib
K_v e‡j‡Qb| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: mvsevw`K (80%), wPwKrmK (75%), wkÿK †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î h_vh_ cwigv‡Y
(72%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (72%), kªwgK (71%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (70%), cÖKvwkZ nq| 37% g‡b K‡ib Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| 11% g‡b K‡ib Lye
†emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v (70%), †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (69%), †QvU e¨emvqx (65%), †ewk cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq|
miKvwi Kg©Pvix (60%) I M„wnYx (52%)| eo e¨emvqx cvVK‡`i A‡a©KvskI †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, kªwgK‡`i mevB g‡b K‡ib g‡b K‡ib
(50%) g‡b K‡ib hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î h_vh_ cwigv‡Y
Z_¨ msev`c‡Î h_vh_ cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| evwK A‡a©Kvsk (50%) g‡b K‡ib cÖKvwkZ nq| †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (77%), M„wnYx (61%), †QvU e¨emvqx (55%)
hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Kg I gvSvwi e¨emvq‡`i (52%) GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib| wPwKrmK I wkÿK‡`i
cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K †h me cvVK g‡b K‡ib hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv g‡a¨ A‡a©K (50%) DËi`vZvI g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I
n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Lye †ewk cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î h_vh_ cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq|
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ M„wnYx cvVK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (42%)| Ab¨w`‡K †h me DËi`vZv †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨
†hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î cÖKv‡ki cwigvY msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq g‡b K‡ib Zv‡`i g‡a¨ eo e¨emvqx‡`i
m¤ú‡K© AwfgZ mevB GB K_v e‡j‡Qb| Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ‡KŠkjx (80%) Ges
†hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î cÖKv‡ki cwigvY mvsevw`K, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i (60%) †ewki fvMB g‡b
m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡`i AwfgZ Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq| GB m¤ú‡K© cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡Pi K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y
†Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖKvwkZ nq| wPwKrmK‡`i A‡a©Kvsk (50%), †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i cÖvq
†Uwej-36 : †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î cÖKv‡ki A‡a©Kvsk (49%) Ges wkÿv_©x (46%), wkÿK (45%) I †QvU e¨emvqx‡`i
cwigvY m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡`i AwfgZ (40%) D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK
Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq|
miKvwi Kg©Pvix
gvSvwi e¨emvqx

†QvU e¨emvqx

†ckv

mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, †gvU cvV‡Ki cÖvq A‡a©K (52%) g‡b K‡ib
eo e¨emvqx

†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
wkÿK

kªwgK

M„wnYx
†hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î h_vh_ cwigv‡Y
cÖKvwkZ nq| Z‡e cvVK‡`i eo GKwU AskB (37%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb
cÖKv‡ki (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
cwigvY▼ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq|
Lye †ewk - - 1 - - 8 1 1 2 - 1 - 8 12 - 34 †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ GKwU †ckvi me cvVK g‡b
cwigv‡Y - - 5 - - 19 5 10 5 - 8 - 13 19 - 11 K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y
cÖKvwkZ
nq
cÖKvwkZ nq| †ckvwU n‡”Q: eo e¨emvqx| Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ PviwU †ckvi
h_vh_ 2 1 11 2 - 22 11 3 17 2 10 7 26 38 2 154 †ewki fvM cvVKI GB K_v g‡b K‡ib| †ckv PviwU n‡”Q: cÖ‡KŠkjx (80%),
cwigv‡Y 50 20 50 40 - 52 55 30 46 40 77 100 41 61 67 52 mvsevw`K(60%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (60%) I miKvwi Kg©Pvix (60%)| GKwU
cÖKvwkZ
†ckvi A‡a©Kvsk (50%) Ges GKwU †ckvi cÖvq A‡a©Kvsk (49%) GB K_v g‡b
nq
Kg 2 4 10 3 2 12 8 6 18 3 2 - 29 12 1 112 K‡ib| †ckv `yÕwU n‡”Q h_vµ‡g wPwKrmK I †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v| wZbwU †ckvi
cwigv‡Y 50 80 45 60 100 29 40 60 49 60 15 - 46 19 33 37 D‡jøL‡hvM Ask g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨
cÖKvwkZ msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| †ckv wZbwU n‡”Q: wkÿv_©x (46%), wkÿK
nq
4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300
(45%) I †QvU e¨emvqx (40%)|
†gvU Ab¨w`‡K GKwU †ckvi mevB, PviwU †ckvi †ewki fvM Ges `yÕwU †ckvi
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
A‡a©K cvVK g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨
81 82
msev`c‡Î h_vh_ cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q h_vµ‡g kªwgK, Kg cªKvwkZ nIqvq Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva K‡i bv|
†emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (77%), M„wnYx (61%), †QvU e¨emvqx (55%), gvSvwi †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ 13wU †ckvi mevB GB K_vB g‡b
e¨emvqx (52%), wPwKrmK (50%) I wkÿK (50%)| K‡ib| Ab¨ †ckvwUi (wkÿv_©x) †ewki fvM (90%) cvVKI GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb|
Avi wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq g‡b K‡ib wKbv
kªwgK‡`i †KD g‡b K‡ib bv †h †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ GB M‡elYvi Av‡aq we‡køl‡Y cÖvß Z‡_¨ †`Lv †M‡Q, †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq kvw¯Í
msev`c‡Î Lye †ewk cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| nIqvi Z_¨ Lye Kg nv‡i (17%) msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ nq (†Uwej-17)| welqwU
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cªKvwkZ nIqvq hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ DËi`vZv‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq, msev`c‡Î †hŠb
Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva K‡i bv e‡j g‡b K‡ib wKbv nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡ib wKbv| GB
Ggb GKwU aibv i‡q‡Q †h, †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
msev`c‡Î Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq †hŠb nqivwbKvixiv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †Uwej-38: DËi`vZviv msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ
†eva K‡i bv| welqwU hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ GB cÖm‡½ DËi`vZv‡`i AwfgZ Rvb‡Z nq g‡b K‡ib wKbv
PvIqv nq| GB m¤ú‡K© cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx
†ckv

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi
wkÿK

M„wnYx
kªwgK
†QvU
†Uwej-37 : msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cªKvwkZ

eo
nIqvq Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva K‡i bv e‡j DËi`vZviv g‡b K‡ib wKbv cÖKv‡ki (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
†ckv


aib▼ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi
wkÿK

M„wnYx
kªwgK
4 5 22 5 2 36 19 10 35 5 13 6 53 52 2 269
†QvU

Kg
eo

cÖKvwkZ 100 100 100 100 100 86 95 100 95 100 100 86 84 84 67 90

nq
KzÉv †eva
(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) h_vh_ - - - - - 6 1 - 2 - - 1 10 10 1 31
K‡i - - - - - 14 5 - 5 - - 14 16 16 33 10
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) cwigvY
wKbv▼
cÖKvwkZ
KzÉv †eva 2 4 10 3 2 12 8 6 18 3 2 7 26 12 - 108
nq bv
K‡ib 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 - 91
4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300
†gvU
KzÉv †eva - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - 1 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
K‡ib bv - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 - 100 3

wbiæËi
- - - - - - - - - - - 7 - - - 7 Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi †ewki fvM (90%)
- - - - - - - - - - - 100 - - - 6
2 4 10 3 2 12 8 6 18 3 2 7 29 12 1 119 g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq| 10%
†gvU
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 DËi`vZv g‡b K‡ib h_vh_ cwigvY cÖKvwkZ nq|
†ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, wkÿK,
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi †ewki fvM (91%) mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I †emiKvwi
g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg Kg©Pvix‡`i mevB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei Kg
cªKvwkZ nIqvq Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva K‡i bv| cÖKvwkZ nq| Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jvi †ewki fvM DËi`vZvI GB K_v g‡b K‡ib| GB
†ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, wkÿv_©x Qvov evwK †ckv¸‡jvi mevB †ÿ‡Î †ckvwfwËK DËi`vZvi nvi h_vµ‡g †QvU e¨emvqx I †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v
Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i †ewki fvM (90%) g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i (95%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx I kªwgK (86%) Ges M„wnYx I wkÿv_©x (84%)|
e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cªKvwkZ nIqvq Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, GB M‡elYvi AšÍf©y³ †ewki fvM (90%)
KzÉv †eva K‡i bv| cvVKB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq|
mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, GB M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y †ewki fvM (62%) †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx, 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ AvUwU †ckvi me cvVKB GB
cvVKB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ K_vB g‡b K‡ib| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, wkÿK, mvsevw`K, eo
83 84
e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix| evwK QÕwU Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi me‡P‡q eo AskwU
†ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKI g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi (43%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡jI GB e¨vcv‡i AvBb
Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: †QvU e¨emvqx (95%), †emiKvwi cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve Ges kvw¯Í weavb Lye mvgvb¨ nIqvB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi
Kg©KZ©v (95%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (86%), kªwgK (86%), M„wnYx (84%) I KviY| 31% DËi`vZv g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb Kiv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m
wkÿv_©x (84%)| e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZvi Afve i‡q‡Q| 13% DËi`vZvi g‡Z bvix‡K `ye©j, Amnvq
†hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY m¤ú‡K© AwfgZ I †fv‡Mi cY¨ g‡b Kiv †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY| 5% DËi`vZvi g‡Z
†hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡`i AwfgZ Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq| †hŠb nqivwb‡K GK ai‡bi †ivgvw›UKZv g‡b Kivi cÖeYZvB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv
DËi`vZviv GB cÖm‡½ Zv‡`i AwfgZ Rvbv‡Z wM‡q g~jZ PviwU welq‡K wPwýZ NUvi KviY|
K‡i‡Qb| welq PviwU n‡”Q: †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, eo e¨emvqx‡`i mevB g‡b K‡ib †hŠb
GK. bvix‡K `ye©j, Amnvq I †fv‡Mi cY¨ g‡b Kiv| nqivwb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡jI GB e¨vcv‡i AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve Ges kvw¯Í
`yB. †hŠb nqivwb‡K GK ai‡bi †ivgvw›UKZv g‡b Kivi cÖeYZv| weavb Lye mvgvb¨ nIqvB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY| wPwKrmK (80%),
wZb. †hŠb nqivwb Kiv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZvi Afve| miKvwi Kg©Pvix (66%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (63%), mvsevw`K (55%) I
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡jI GB e¨vcv‡i AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve wkÿK‡`i (51%) †ewki fvMI GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib|
Ges kvw¯Í weavb Lye mvgvb¨ nIqv| †hŠb nqivwb Kiv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZvi Afve i‡q‡Q
Gi evB‡iI Ab¨ wKQz welq‡K DËi`vZviv wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GB cÖm‡½ cÖvß Z_¨ e‡jB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NU‡Q g‡b K‡ib Ggb DËi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ †emiKvwi
wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i nvi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk (48%)| GB †ÿ‡Î
†Uwej-39 : †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZv‡`i AwfgZ Ab¨ †ckvi DËi`vZv‡`i nvi h_vµ‡g †QvU e¨emvqx 35%, wkÿK 34%,
cÖ‡KŠkjx I mvsevw`K 33%, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I wkÿv_©x 31%, gvSvwi e¨emvqx
†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

†ckv

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi
wkÿK

27%, M„wnYx 22%, wPwKrmK 20% I miKvwi Kg©Pvix 17%|
kªwgK

M„wnYx
†QvU
eo

mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, GB M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© msev`cÎ cvVK‡`i

NUbv NUvi KviY (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
▼ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) me‡P‡q eo AskwU (43%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡jI GB
bvix‡K `ye©j, - - 1 - - 4 4 - 3 1 - 6 10 22 1 52 e¨vcv‡i AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve Ges kvw¯Í weavb Lye mvgvb¨ nIqvB †hŠb nqivwbi
Amnvq I †fv‡Mi - - 3 - - 5 17 - 7 17 - 86 15 31 14 13
cY¨ g‡b Kiv NUbv NUvi KviY| cvVK‡`i D‡jøL‡hvM GKwU Ask (31%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb
†hŠb nqivwb‡K GK - - 3 - - 3 2 - 2 - 1 - 4 2 2 19
ai‡bi †ivgvw›UKZv - - 9 - - 4 9 - 5 - 4 - 6 3 29 5 nqivwb Kiv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZvi Afve i‡q‡Q| †ckvwfwËK
g‡b Kivi cÖeYZv we‡kølY Abyhvqx, 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ eo e¨emvqx‡`i mevB g‡b K‡ib †hŠb
†hŠb nqivwb Kiv 1 2 12 3 - 20 8 5 19 1 11 - 21 16 3 122
kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva 20 33 34 33 - 27 35 31 48 17 48 - 31 22 43 31 nqivwb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡jI GB e¨vcv‡i AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve Ges kvw¯Í
†m e¨vcv‡i
m‡PZbZvi Afve weavb Lye mvgvb¨ nIqvB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY| evwK †ckv¸‡jvi g‡a¨
†hŠb nqivwb 4 3 18 5 2 23 9 10 16 4 11 1 32 29 1 168 cuvPwU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKI GB K_v g‡b K‡ib| GB †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q:
kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva 80 50 51 55 100 31 39 63 40 66 48 4 47 40 14 43
n‡jI GB e¨vcv‡i wPwKrmK (80%), miKvwi Kg©Pvix (66%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (63%), mvsevw`K
AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi (55%) I wkÿK (51%)| †h me cvVK †hŠb nqivwb Kiv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m
Afve Ges kvw¯Í
weavb Lye mvgvb¨ e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZvi Afve i‡q‡Q e‡jB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NU‡Q g‡b K‡ib
nIqv
- 1 1 1 - 24 - 1 - - - - 1 3 - 32 Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i nvi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
Ab¨vb¨
- 17 3 12 - 32 - 6 - - - - 1 4 - 8 †ewk (48%)| bvix‡K `ye©j, Amnvq I †fv‡Mi cY¨ g‡b Kiv †hŠb nqivwbi
†gvU 5 6 35 9 2 74 23 16 40 6 23 7 68 72 7 393
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 NUbv NUvi KviY g‡b K‡ib Ggb cvVK‡`i g‡a¨ kªwgK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk
(GKvwaK Dˇii wfwˇZ) (86%)| Z‡e wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I
85 86
†emiKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i K‡iv g‡ZB bvix‡K `ye©j, Amnvq I †fv‡Mi cY¨ g‡b Kiv †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, DËi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ hviv †hŠb nqivwb
†hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi bq| wkÿK, gvSvwi e¨emvqx, †QvU e¨emvqx, †emiKvwi cªwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv g‡b K‡ib Zv‡`i g‡a¨
Kg©KZ©v, wkÿv_©x I M„wnYx cvVK‡`i ÿz`ª Aski g‡Z, †hŠb nqivwb‡K GK ai‡bi cÖ‡KŠkjx I mvsevw`K‡`i nvi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk (80%)| GQvov wkÿK
†ivgvw›UKZv g‡b Kivi cÖeYZvB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY| wKš‘ wPwKrmK, (60%), wkÿv_©x (56%) I †emivKvix Kg©KZ©v‡`i (54%) †ewki fvMI GB
cÖ‡KŠkjx, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK‡`i K_v g‡b K‡ib| wPwKrmK I miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i A‡a©KvskI (50%) GB K_vB
†KDB GB K_v g‡b K‡ib bv| g‡b K‡ib|
cvVK‡`i GKwU Ask (8%) †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi Av‡iv wKQz KviY wecixZ w`‡K eo e¨emvqx‡`i mevB g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cªwZ‡iv‡a
cvVKiv wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GB me Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM K‡qKwU GLv‡b Zz‡j msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| GQvov miKvwi Kg©Pvix (80%), kªwgK
aiv n‡jv: (71%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx I †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (62%), †QvU e¨emvqx (60%) I
GK. bvix‡`i c`©vbkxjZvi Afve| M„wnYx‡`i (58%) †ewki fvMI GB K_v g‡b K‡ib|
`yB. †g‡q‡`i Dk„•Lj †cvlK| mvwe©K we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq, GB M‡elYvi AšÍf³
z© msev`cÎ cvVK‡`i
wZb. cvðZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve| †ewki fvMB (53%) g‡b K‡ib g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cªwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ
Pvi. Av‡M gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Z‡e cvVK‡`i eo GKwU Ask (47%) g‡b K‡ib
cuvP. †g‡q‡`i Dk„•Lj Pjv‡div| h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv| †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx, 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨
Qq. †g‡q‡`i Av‡iv m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| cuvPwU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVK g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cªwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q cÖ‡KŠkjx (80%), mvsevw`K
DËi`vZv‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq, †hŠb nqivwb cªwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ (80%), wkÿK (60%), wkÿv_©x (56%) I †emivKvix Kg©KZ©v (54%)|
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv| GB cÖm‡½ cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j wPwKrmK I miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i A‡a©KvskI (50%) GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib| Avi
Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| eo e¨emvqx‡`i mevB Ges miKvwi Kg©Pvix (80%), kªwgK (71%), gvSvwi
†Uwej-40 : DËi`vZviv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ e¨emvqx (62%), †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (62%), †QvU e¨emvqx (60%) I M„wnYx‡`i
h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q g‡b K‡ib wKbv (58%) †ewki fvM g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cªwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Q|
†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

†ckv

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi
wkÿK

M„wnYx
kªwgK
†QvU

wPÎ-14: †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q g‡b Kivi nvi
eo

h_vh_ f~wgKv 53%

(msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
cvjb Ki‡Q
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
wKbv▼
2 1 9 1 2 26 12 5 17 4 8 5 28 36 2 158
cvjb Ki‡Q
50 20 40 20 100 62 60 50 46 80 62 71 44 58 67 53
2 4 13 4 - 16 8 5 20 1 5 2 35 26 1 142 43%
cvjb Ki‡Q bv
50 80 60 80 - 38 40 50 54 20 38 29 56 42 33 47
4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300
†gvU
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZvi †ewki fvM (53%)
g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cªwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Z‡e h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv
47% DËi`vZv g‡b K‡ib h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv|

87 88
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ Kx Ki‡Z cv‡i †Uwej-41 : DËi`vZv‡`i eqmwfwËK wefvRb
DËi`vZv‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj msev`cÎ Kx Ki‡Z cv‡i| †gvU 300

†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx

e¨emvqx
†ckv

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi
wkÿK

M„wnYx
kªwgK
†QvU
eo
Rb DËi`vZvi g‡a¨ 131Rb (44%) DËi`vZv GB cÖ‡kœi Reve w`‡q‡Qb|
DËi¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, DËi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ 28 Rb (21%) e‡j‡Qb ▼
eqm▼ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
msev`cθ‡jvi DwPZ †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Z_¨ †ewk cÖPvi Kiv| 25 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1
15 eQ‡ii Kg
R‡bi (19%) g‡Z, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei¸‡jvi d‡jv-Avc Lei cÖKvk Kiv - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 0.33
15 †_‡K 20 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 15 2 - 18
DwPZ| 21 Rb (16%) g‡b K‡ib, †hŠb nqivwb †h GKwU kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m eQi - - - - - - 5 - - - - - 24 3 - 6
m¤ú‡K© mevB‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z msev`cÎ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI 21 †_‡K 25 - 1 1 2 - - 2 - 1 - 1 5 35 3 - 51
eQi - 20 5 40 - - 10 - 3 - 8 71 56 5 - 17
Av‡iv †ek wKQz civgk© DËi`vZviv w`‡q‡Qb| GB me civg‡k©i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ 2 2 5 3 - 10 5 1 16 - - 2 12 18 - 76
26 †_‡K 30
K‡qKwU wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv: eQi 50 40 22 60 - 24 25 10 43 - - 29 19 29 - 25
2 2 10 - - 10 6 4 10 1 7 - - 20 1 73
GK. †hŠb nqivwbi Lei¸‡jvi Dc¯’vcbvq Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| 31 †_‡K 35
eQi 50 40 45 - - 24 30 40 27 20 53 - - 32 33 24
`yB. †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× AvBb cÖ‡qv‡M mswkøó‡`i m‡PZb I DØy× Ki‡Z f~wgKv 36 †_‡K 40 - - 3 - - 10 - 2 8 2 3 - - 7 1 36
eQi - - 14 - - 24 - 20 22 40 23 - - 11 33 12
ivL‡Z cv‡i| - - 1 - 2 10 3 - 2 1 1 - - 7 - 27
41 †_‡K 45
wZb. cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji †hŠb nqivwbi Lei †ewk cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ| eQi - - 5 - 100 24 15 - 5 20 8 - - 11 - 9
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwb weiæ‡× mvgvwRK cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ Le‡ii cvkvcvwk 46 †_‡K 50 - - 2 - - 2 1 1 - - - - - 3 - 9
eQi - - 9 - - 4 5 10 - - - - - 5 - 3
m¤úv`Kxq I wdPvimn Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨I †ewk cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| 51 †_‡K 55 - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - 3
- - - - - - 5 - - 20 - - - 2 - 1
cuvP. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Le‡i Ggb wKQz _vKv DwPZ hv‡Z Zv c‡o †hŠb eQi
55 eQ‡ii - - - - - - 1 2 - - 1 - - 1 1 6
nqivwbKvixiv GB Aciva Ki‡Z fq cvq| †ewk - - - - - - 5 20 - - 8 - - 2 33 2
Qq. †hŠb nqivwbi cÖK„Z Z_¨B cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ| GB msµvšÍ Lei †hb †gvU
4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
AwZiwÄZ bv Kiv nq|
DËi`vZv‡`i mvaviY ˆewkó¨ Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gvU DËi`vZv‡`i µgvbyycvwZK nvi
Abyhvqx 25% Gi eqm 26 †_‡K 30 eQi, 24% Gi eqm 31 †_‡K 35 eQi,
Dc‡i DËi`vZv‡`i gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ g~j Z_¨mg~n Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P GB 17% Gi eqm 21 †_‡K 25 eQi, 12% Gi eqm 36 †_‡K 40 eQi, 9% Gi
DËi`vZv A_©vr hv‡`i AwfgZ Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i mvaviY eqm 41 †_‡K 45 eQi, 6% Gi eqm 15 †_‡K 20 eQi, 3% Gi eqm 46
ˆewkó¨mg~n Zz‡j aiv n‡”Q| DwjøwLZ ‰ewk‡ó¨i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q DËi`vZv‡`i eqm I eQi, 2% Gi eqm 55 eQ‡ii †ewk Ges 1% Gi eqm 51 †_‡K 55 eQi|
wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv| †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, 26 †_‡K 30 eQi eqmx DËi`vZv‡`i
DËi`vZv‡`i eqmwfwËK wefvRb g‡a¨ mvsevw`K‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (60%)| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jvi
DËi`vZvi nvi h_vµ‡g wPwKrmK 50%, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v 43%, cÖ‡KŠkjx
DËi`vZv‡`i eqmwfwËK wefvR‡bi Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv 40%, kªwgK I M„wnYx 29%, †QvU e¨emvqx 25%, gvSvwi e¨emvqx 24%, wkÿK
n‡q‡Q| 22%, wkÿv_©x 19% Ges miKvwi Kg©KZ©v 10%|
31 †_‡K 35 eQi eqmx DËi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i nvi
me‡P‡q †ewk (53%)| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jvi DËi`vZvi nvi h_vµ‡g
wPwKrmK 50%, wkÿK 45%, cÖ‡KŠkjx I miKvwi Kg©KZ©v 40%, M„wnYx 32%,
†QvU e¨emvqx 30%, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v 27%, gvSvwi e¨emvqx 24% I miKvwi
Kg©Pvix 20%|

89 90
 21 †_‡K 25 eQi eqmx DËi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ kªwgK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mvsevw`K‡`i g‡a¨ mevB mœvZK| G
(71%)| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jvi DËi`vZvi nvi h_vµ‡g wkÿv_©x 56%, †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ †ckv¸‡jvi DËi`vZvi nvi h_vµ‡g wkÿv_©x 67%, wkÿK I
mvsevw`K 40%, cÖ‡KŠkjx 20%, †QvU e¨emvqx 10%, †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix 8%, †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix 54%, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v 49%, gvSvwi e¨emvqx 43%,
M„wnYx I wkÿK 5% Ges †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v 3%| cÖ‡KŠkjx I miKvwi Kg©KZ©v 40%, M„wnYx 32%, wPwKrmK I †QvU e¨emvqx
mvwe©K we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq, GB M‡elYvq †h me cvVK‡`i mvÿvrKvi 25% Ges miKvwi Kg©Pvix 20%|
†bIqv nq Zv‡`i †ewki fv‡Mi (66%) eqm 21 †_‡K 35 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| Z‡e GBPGmwm cvk DËi`vZvi nvi h_vµ‡g eo e¨emvqx 50%, gvSvwi e¨emvqx
G‡`i g‡a¨ 26 †_‡K 30 eQi eqmx cvV‡Ki nvi wKQzUv †ewk (25%)| Avi 50 48%, †QvU e¨emvqx 45%, M„wnYx 32%, wkÿv_©x 12%, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v
eQ‡ii †ewk (3%) Ges 15 eQ‡ii Kg (0.33%) eqmx cvV‡Ki nvi †ek Kg| 11% Ges †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix 8%|
†ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx 26 †_‡K 30 eQi eqmx DËi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ wPwKrmK‡`i g‡a¨ †ewki fvM (75%) DËi`vZv mœvZ‡KvËi| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨
mvsevw`K‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (60%)| 31 †_‡K 35 eQi eqmx DËi`vZv‡`i †ckv¸‡jvi DËi`vZvi nvi h_vµ‡g cÖ‡KŠkjx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix
g‡a¨ †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (53%)| 21 †_‡K 25 eQi eqmx 60%, eo e¨emvqx 50%, wkÿK 41%, †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix 38%, †emiKvwi
DËi`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ kªwgK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (71%)| Kg©KZ©v 37%, gvSvwi e¨emvqx 9% Ges wkÿv_©x I M„wnYx 8%|
DËi`vZv‡`i wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv mvwe©K we‡kølY †_‡K ejv hvq, GB M‡elYvq †h me cvVK‡`i mvÿvrKvi
†bIqv nq Zv‡`i †ewki fv‡Mi (86%) wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv GBPGmwm †_‡K
DËi`vZv‡`i wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi Z_¨ wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv
mœvZ‡KvËi| Z‡e mœvZK cvV‡Ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (45%)| †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY
n‡q‡Q|
Abyhvqx mvsevw`K‡`i g‡a¨ mevB mœvZK| wkÿv_©x (67%) Ges wkÿK I
†Uwej-42 : DËi`vZv‡`i wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv
†emiKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i (54%) †ewkfvMI mœvZK| Ab¨w`‡K wPwKrmK (75%)
Ges cÖ‡KŠkjx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix (60%) cvVK‡`i g‡a¨ †ewki fvM
†QvU e¨emvqx
eo e¨emvqx

†emiKvwi

†emiKvwi
mvsevw`K
cÖ‡KŠkjx
wPwKrmK

e¨emvqx

Kg©KZ©v

Kg©KZ©v

me©‡gvU
miKvwi

miKvwi
Kg©Pvix

Kg©Pvix

wkÿv_©x

Ab¨vb¨
gvSvwi
wkÿK

kªwgK

M„wnYx
†ckv


mœvZ‡KvËi| Avi eo e¨emvqx cvVK‡`i A‡a©K mœvZ‡KvËi Ges evwK A‡a©K
GBPGmwm cvk|
wkÿvMZ (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v) (msL¨v)
M. mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ:
†hvM¨Zv▼ (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
GmGmwmÕi - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - 4 3 7 - 16 GB ch©v‡q †hŠb nqivwb m¤ú‡K© mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv
Kg - - - - - - 5 - - 10 - 57 5 11 - 5 n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q DwjøwLZ GB M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx †Wc_& mvÿvrKv‡ii
- - - - - - 5 - 1 - - 3 5 10 - 24
GmGmwm - - - - - - 25 - 3 - - 43 8 16 - 9 gva¨‡g mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ msMÖn Kiv nq| M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©z 7wU ˆ`wbK
GBPGmwm -
- - - - 1 20 9 - 4 - 1 - 8 20 1 64 msev`c‡Îi cÖwZwU †_‡K GKRb K‡i †gvU mvZRb bxwZ-wba©viK ch©v‡qi
- - - 50 48 45 - 11 - 8 - 12 32 33 21
1 2 12 5 - 18 5 4 18 1 7 - 42 20 1 136
mvsevw`K‡K mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ evQvB Kiv nq| evQvBK„Z mvsevw`Kiv n‡jb:
mœvZK 25 40 54 100 - 43 25 40 49 20 54 - 67 32 33 45 w` BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui m¤úv`K Rbve gvneyeyj Avjg, cÖ_g Av‡jvi m¤úv`K Rbve
3 3 9 - 1 4 - 6 14 3 5 - 5 5 1 59
mœvZ‡KvËi 75 60 41 - 50 9 - 60 37 80 38 - 8 8 33 20
gwZDi ingvb, ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki m¤úv`K Rbve Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb, Avgv‡`i
Ab¨vb¨
- - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 mg‡qi m¤úv`K Rbve bvBgyj Bmjvg Lvb, hyMvšÍ‡ii wbe©vnx m¤úv`K Rbve
- - 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.33 mvBdzj Avjg, mgKv‡ji e¨e¯’vcbv m¤úv`K Rbve Avey mvC` Lvb I w` †WBwj
4 5 22 5 2 42 20 10 37 5 13 7 63 62 3 300
†gvU ÷v‡ii gd¯^j evZ©v m¤úv`K Rbve wiqvR Avn‡g`|
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ mvsevw`K‡`i Kv‡Q AvUwU mywbw`©ó cÖkœ Kiv nq| cÖkœ¸‡jv
Dc‡ii †Uwej we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zvi w`‡K †_‡K †gvU wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
DËi`vZv‡`i µgvbyycvwZK nvi Abyhvqx 45% mœvZK cvk, 21% GBPGmwm cvk, GK. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î msev`cÎ wK †Kv‡bv bxwZgvjv
20% mœvZ‡KvËi, 9% GmGmwm cvk Ges 5% DËi`vZv GmGmwm cvk †g‡b P‡j?
K‡ibwb| `yB. bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pj‡j g~j bxwZ¸‡jv Kx AbyMÖn K‡i ej‡eb wK?
91 92
wZb. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ
wK GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q?
Pvi. GKB Kvi‡Y msev`cÎ GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg
BZ¨vw` cÖKv‡ki nviI wK evwo‡q‡Q?
cuvP. MYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPvi †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva wK evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i?
Avcbvi gZvgZ Kx?
Qq. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ wK h‡_ó
cwigv‡Y cªKvwkZ nq?
mvZ. Qq b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi bv n‡j †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK
Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq wK Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva K‡i
bv? Avcbvi gZvgZ Kx?
AvU. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb
cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kx f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?
Dc‡iv³ cÖ‡kœi wfwˇZ mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
gvneyeyj Avjg
m¤úv`K
w` BbwW‡cb‡W›U
GK. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Avgiv bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pwj| wKš‘
†mUv †Kv‡bv wjwLZ bxwZgvjv bq|
`yB. wfw±‡gi bvg I Qwe cªKvk Kiv †_‡K Avgiv weiZ _vwK| GUvB Avgv‡`i
g~jbxwZ|
wZb. Avgiv PvB bv Avgv‡`i †`‡k GB iKg Ab¨vq-AwePvi †nvK| ZvB
RbMY‡K m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv GB ai‡bi msev` cÖKv‡k †ewk ¸iæZ¡
w`w”Q Ges hviv miKv‡ii bxwZwba©viK Av‡Qb Zviv †hb GB welq¸‡jv
K‡Vvi n‡¯Í `gb K‡ib †mRb¨ Avgiv GB ai‡bi msev` Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk
¸iæZ¡ w`w”Q |
Pvi. nu¨v, m‡PZbZv e„w×i Rb¨B Avgiv Kjvg, cÖeÜ-wbeÜ, m¤úv`Kxq cÖKv‡ki
nvi evwo‡qwQ |
cuvP. bv, Avgiv AwZcÖPvi Kwi bv| Avgiv †hUyKz Kwi RbM‡Yi m‡PZbZv e„w×i
Rb¨ K‡i _vwK|
Qq. †hŠbnqivbxKvwi‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y cªKvwkZ
nq| Z‡e Z‡_¨i Afv‡e gv‡S gv‡S cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e nq bv |
mvZ. fvj cwiev‡ii †hŠbnqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡j
†m nq‡Zv Avevi GB Aciva Ki‡Z KzÚv‡eva K‡i| wKš‘ †ckv`vi eLv‡U‡`i
bvg cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zviv Aciv‡ai cwigvY AviI evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
93
AvU. Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠbnqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Q| msev`c‡Îi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKvi Kvi‡YB †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a
AvBb ˆZwi n‡q‡Q|
gwZDi ingvb
m¤úv`K
cÖ_g Av‡jv
GK. ïay †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡k bq, cÖ_g Av‡jvq bvix Bmy¨wfwËK
†jLv cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wjwLZ bxwZgvjv i‡q‡Q| GB bxwZgvjv cÖYq‡bi mgq
Avgiv wek¦weL¨vZ msev`gva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi bxwZgvjv¸‡jv †`‡LwQ| G †`‡ki
†ek KÕRb gvbevwaKviKg©x Ges AvBbRxexi m‡½I civgk© K‡iwQ| Avgiv
†Póv Kwi †mB bxwZgvjv h_vm¤¢e †g‡b Pjvi|
`yB. mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv al©‡Yi wkKvi †Kv‡bv bvixi bvg, cwiPq, Qwe cÖKvk
Kwi bv| Z‡e al©‡Yi wkKvi bvix hw` g„Z nb, ZLb KL‡bv KL‡bv Zuvi Qwe
cÖKvk Kiv nq| al©‡Yi cÖwZ‡e`b iPbvq Ges m¤úv`bvq AwZwi³
m‡PZbZv †bqvi †Póv Kiv nq| hv‡Z †Kv‡bv kã ev ev‡K¨ ev eY©bvq
AiæwPi cÖKvk bv cvq| Ôawl©ZvÕ kãwUi e`‡j h_vm¤¢e Ôal©‡Yi wkKviÕ
kãwU e¨envi Kiv nq|
ïay al©‡Yi NUbvq bq, Avgiv †Póv Kwi A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvi wkKvi
†g‡qwUi bvg, cwiPq, Qwe Avovj K‡i cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk Ki‡Z| Avgv‡`i
mgvR, Avgv‡`i ev¯ÍeZv wePvi K‡i GB ai‡bi wm×všÍ Avgiv †bB|
wZb. GKwU NUbvq hLb msev` Dcv`vb _v‡K ZLbB †Zv Zv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Avi
†h †Kv‡bv †bwZevPK NUbv‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ m¤úv`Kxq-
Dcm¤úv`Kxq ev we‡kl †jLv ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i Qv‡c| KviY msev`cÎ †h
PviwU KvR K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ wZbwUB n‡”Q cvVK‡K AewnZ Kiv, Áv‡b mg„×
Kiv Ges DØy× ev gZvgZ MVb Kiv|
Pvi. hLb ci ci msev`c‡Î GKwU welq Lei n‡q Avm‡Z _v‡K ZLb Zvi bvbv
w`K we‡kølY K‡i m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKvk cvq| †hŠb
nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z GKvwaKevi Avgiv †Mvj †Uwe‡ji
Av‡qvRbI K‡iwQ| we‡klÁRb, gvbevwaKviKg©x, AvBbRxex, M‡elK G
iKg bvbv †ckvi bvbv †ÿ‡Îi gvbyl‡`i GKmv‡_ K‡i Zuv‡`i e³e¨ ï‡bwQ
Ges cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKv‡ki ciI we‡kl †µvocÎ cÖKvk K‡iwQ|
cuvP. hw` †Kv‡bv NUbv N‡U, Zvi g‡a¨ msev`g~j¨ _v‡K Ges msev`gva¨g hw`
†mB Ômsev`Õ mwVKfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i Z‡e Zv AwZcÖPvi nevi KviY †bB|
eis G iKg NUbv N‡U‡Q †h 12 eQ‡ii GKwU wK‡kvix gv‡K †`viiv gviv
n‡e G iKg Lei msev`c‡Î cÖKvk Kivi ci gvbevwaKvi Kg©x Ges
cÖkvm‡bi n¯Í‡ÿ‡c †mB AbvKvw•LZ NUbvwU Avi N‡U wb| eis †mB
wK‡kvix gv Ges Zuvi mšÍvb †c‡q‡Q wbivc` Rxeb|
94
Qq. Av‡Mi †P‡q GB msL¨v evo‡Q| Z‡e GL‡bv G‡ÿ‡Î Av‡iv Kvh©Ki f~wgKv
ivL‡Z n‡e| Avgiv †Póv K‡iwQ Bqvmwg‡bi wbh©vZbKvix‡`i wePv‡ii Lei I
Qwe h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i Qvc‡Z| †nbvi NUbv‡ZI Avgiv †`vlx‡`i Z_¨cÖKvk
K‡i d‡jvAvc cÖwZ‡e`b K‡iwQ| hLbB †Kv‡bv GwmWwb‡ÿcKvixi bvg,
cwiPq Avgiv wbwðZ n‡q †R‡bwQ, ZLbB Zv †Q‡cwQ| Z‡e GUv wVK
wbh©vZbKvix‡`i Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v AviI evov‡Z n‡e|
mvZ. ïay Z_¨ cÖKvk n‡jB †Zv Aciva K‡g hvq bv, Acivaxi kvw¯Í n‡Z nq|
evievi Z_¨ cÖKvk Kivi ciI Acivax aiv c‡o bv| kvw¯Í nq bv| Z‡e
GUv wVK msev`c‡Îi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK cÖwZ‡iva wbðqB M‡o I‡V|
AvU. msev`c‡Î evievi Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Kvi‡Y cÖkvmb A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB m‡PZb nq|
AwffveK, wkÿv cÖwZôvb me‡ÿ‡ÎB ev‡o m‡PZbZv| Avgiv †`‡LwQ
msev`c‡Î Lei †`‡L wkÿvgš¿x NUbv¯’‡j †M‡Qb, †`vlx‡`i †MÖdZvi Kivi
Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| Av‡jvwPZ NUbv¸‡jvi d‡jvAv‡c †`Lv †M‡Q, †`vlxiv
aivI c‡o‡Q| G¸‡jv wbðqB `„óvšÍ n‡q KvR K‡i| Z‡e msev`c‡Îi
Lei, gvbevwaKviKg©x‡`i bvbv Kg©KvÐ Ges cÖkvm‡bi mwVK n¯Í‡ÿc
me¸‡jv avc hw` mgwš^ZwfwˇZ P‡j Z‡e wbðqB Av‡iv fv‡jv dj cvIqv
hv‡e|
Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb
m¤úv`K
ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK
GK. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i cwÎKvi wbR¯^ wKQz
bxwZgvjv Av‡Q| Avgiv †m¸‡jv †g‡b Pwj|
`yB. GB bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx Avgiv †hŠb nqivwb welqK msev` mvaviYZ Gwo‡q
Pwj | GB ai‡bi msev` cÖKv‡k Avgiv Awb”QzK|
wZb. Avgiv GbwRIwfwËK †Kvb cwÎKv bB| ZvB Avgiv GB ai‡bi msev`
cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î †Kvb ¸iæZ¡ w`w”Q bv |
Pvi. Ab¨vb¨ cwÎKv evwo‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hŠb nqivwbi welqwU‡K Avgiv we‡kl
†Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ w`w”Q bv|
cuvP. †hŠb nqivwbi welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †hŠb nqivwbi cwigvY †e‡o
hv‡”Q| ZvB Avgiv GB ai‡bi msev` cÖKvk Kwi bv|
Qq. e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvk nIqv DwPr bq| Z‡e GB ai‡bi Z_¨
cÖKvk n‡q hv‡”Q|
mvZ. †hŠb nqivwb welqK msev` †ewk cÖKv‡ki d‡j GB ai‡bi Aciva †e‡o
hvq|
95
AvU. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb
cÖwZ‡iv‡a †Kvb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv| eis †hŠb nqivwb Av‡iv evwo‡q
w`‡”Q|
bvBgyj Bmjvg Lvb
m¤úv`K
Avgv‡`i mgq
GK. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î Avgv‡`i Avjv`v †Kv‡bv bxwZgvjv
†bB| Z‡e Avgv‡`i mvgwMÖK wKQz bxwZgvjv Av‡Q hvi gva¨‡g GUvI c~iY
nq|
`yB. bv, Av‡MB e‡jwQ †hŠb nqivwbg~jK Lei cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î Avgv‡`i Avjv`v
†Kv‡bv bxwZgvjv †bB|
wZb. msev`c‡Îi KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ GB RvZxq Lei Mø¨vgvivm K‡i Ges
djvI K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki Kvi‡Y msev`c‡Îi KvUwZ ev‡o wVKB,
Z‡e mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡‡eva †_‡KI G ai‡bi Le‡ii cvkvcvwk BwZevPK
cwieZ©‡bi j‡¶¨ m¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg BZ¨vw` cÖKv‡ki nvi †e‡o‡Q|
cuvP. MYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPv‡ii Kvi‡Y †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva evwo‡q w`‡Z
cv‡i| G K_vi mZ¨Zv Av‡Q|
Qq. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y
cÖKvwkZ nq bv| †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ Z_¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡jI
cvwievwiK Z_¨ A‡bK †¶‡Î Zz‡j aiv nq bv|
mvZ. †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq
A‡bK †¶‡Î Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva ¯^”Q‡›`, wbwð‡šÍ evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
KviY Zviv wb‡R‡`i‡K A‡bK †¶‡Î cÖfvekvjx I wbivc` g‡b Ki‡Q|
AvU. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb
cÖwZ‡iv‡a †gvUvgywU fvj f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q e‡jB g‡b nq|
mvBdzj Avjg
wbev©nx m¤úv`K
hyMvšÍi
GK. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i †Zgb †Kvb wjwLZ
bxwZgvjv †bB |
`yB. wjwLZ bxwZgvjv bv _vK‡jI †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î
Avgiv wKQy welq †Lqvj ivwL| Avi Zv n‡”Q GKwU msev‡` †h †g‡qwU
wfw±g Zuvi †Kvb mgm¨v n‡e wK bv †m welqwU Avgiv hvPvB K‡i _vwK|
96
wZb. ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q| wKš‘ me LeiB RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Avm‡Q Zv ejv hv‡e bv|
mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK Kvi‡YI wKQzUv wcQzUvb i‡q‡Q | A‡b‡K NUbv Pvcv
w`‡”Qb| ZvB hv NU‡Q Zvi wKQz Ask cwÎKvq Avm‡Q me Ask Avm‡Q bv|
Pvi. nu¨v, cwÎKv¸‡jv GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q|
cuvP. welqwU †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cªKv‡ki ai‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †Kvb
mv`vgvUv Lei hw` AwZiwÄZ K‡i †bwZevPKfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv n‡j
Acivaxiv DrmvwnZ n‡e| Avevi Acivax‡`i kvw¯Íi msev` †ewk cÖPv‡ii
d‡j gvbyl Av‡iv m‡PZb n‡e| G‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva Kg‡e| ZvB
mvsevw`K‡`i `vwqZ¡kxj f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Acivaxiv DrmvwnZ
bv nq|
Qq. h‡_ó cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq bv|
mvZ. A‡bK mgq bvg †ei n‡q Av‡m bv| †m †ÿ‡Î cwÎKv¸‡jvi wKQy Kivi _v‡K
bv| Zvi gv‡b GB bv †h e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
Aciva †e‡o hv‡”Q|
AvU. BfwUwRs cÖwZ‡iv‡a wgwWqvi GKUv †Rvov‡jv Ae¯’vb I f~wgKv i‡q‡Q |
Avey mvC` Lvb
e¨e¯’vcbv m¤úv`K
mgKvj
GK. Avgv‡`i wjwLZ †Kv‡bv bxwZgvjv †bB| Z‡e Avgiv wbR¯^ wKQz wbqg †g‡b
Pwj|
`yB. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i g~jbxwZ n‡”Q, Avgiv
wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kwi| Lei
†hb AwZiwÄZ bv nq †m e¨vcv‡iI mZK© _vwK|
wZb. nu¨v, Avgvi g‡b nq, †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy×
Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq GLb †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q|
Pvi. mevi g‡a¨ m‡PZbv evov‡bvi Rb¨ Avgiv †hŠb nqivwb welqK m¤úv`Kxq,
Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki nvi evwo‡qwQ|
cuvP. bv, Avgvi g‡Z hviv †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva K‡i Zviv ¯^fveekZB Zv
K‡i| G‡Z MYgva¨‡gi †Kv‡bv f~wgKv †bB|
Qq. Avgiv †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h_vh_ cwigv‡Y
cªKv‡ki †Póv Kwi|
mvZ. †ZgbwU nIqv A¯^vfvweK bq|
AvU. nu¨v, msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb
cÖwZ‡iv‡a Aek¨B ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Avgiv †hŠb nqivwbi
weiæ‡× Lei, m¤úv`Kxq, Kjvgmn bvbv Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g RbmvaviY‡K
Aweivg m‡PZb Kivi †Póv K‡i hvw”Q|
97
wiqvR Avn‡g`
gd¯^j evZ©v m¤úv`K
w` †WBwj ÷vi
GK. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Avgiv wKQz bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pwj|
`yB. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Avgiv wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq
†Mvcb ivLvi †Póv Kwi| GB ai‡bi wi‡cv‡U©i †ÿ‡Î †mb‡mkbvjBRW Kiv
†_‡K weiZ _vwK| wfw±‡gi Qwe mvaviYZ cªKvk Kwi bv| ïaygvÎ
AcivaUv‡K Zy‡j awi| Avi Acivaxi kvw¯Íi Rb¨ Acivax‡K Zz‡j awi|
wZb. msev`cθ‡jv †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei Dc¯’vcbvq Av‡Mi †P‡q †ewk
¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q|
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwb welqK NUbvi nvi †e‡o hvIqvq msev`cθ‡jv GB msµvšÍ
m¤úv`Kxq I Kjvg cÖKv‡ki nvi evwo‡q‡Q|
cuvP. MYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPvi †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv evovqwb| Avgvi g‡b nq, GUv
cy‡ivcywi wbf©i K‡i msev` Dc¯’vcbvi Dci|
Qq. nu¨v, †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î h‡_ó
cwigv‡YB cªKvwkZ nq| Avgiv †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ Z_¨ cÖKvk
Ki‡jI cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î welqwU wb‡q we‡klfv‡e we‡ePbv
Kwi|
mvZ. GgbwU n‡Z cv‡i|
AvU. g~javivi mvsevw`KZv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q
e‡jB g‡b Kwi|
mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ we‡kølY
GK. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î msev`cÎ †Kv‡bv bxwZgvjv †g‡b
P‡j wK bv:
K. mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ Abyhvqx, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© msev`cθ‡jv †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wKQz bxwZgvjv †g‡b P‡j| Z‡e me
msev`c‡Î †Kv‡bv wjwLZ bxwZgvjv †bB|
L. †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`c‡Î msev` cÖKv‡ki mvgwMÖK bxwZgvjvi gva¨‡gB †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki bxwZgvjvI c~iY nq Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
`yB. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki g~jbxwZ mg~n:
K. mvsevw`Kiv Zv‡`i AwfgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, msev`c‡Î †ewki
fvM †ÿ‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg, cwiPq I Qwe cÖKvk Kiv nq bv|
Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`cÎ Zv‡`i bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivwb welqK
msev`‡KB mvaviYZ Gwo‡q P‡j|
L. †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi †Kv‡bv mgm¨v n‡e wK bv †m welqwU hvPvB‡qi ci
msev` cÖKvk K‡i Ggb Z_¨ Rvwb‡q‡Qb mvsevw`Kiv|
98
M. msev` †hb AwZiwÄZ bv nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivLv nq e‡j Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
N. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î ïaygvÎ AcivaUv‡K Zy‡j aiv nq
Ges Acivaxi kvw¯Íi Rb¨ Acivax‡K Zz‡j aiv nq e‡j Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wZb. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ
GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q wKbv:
K. mvsevw`Kiv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨
GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡”Q g‡b Ki‡jI mevB GB
e¨vcv‡i GKgZ bb|
L. AwfgZ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, msev`c‡Îi KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Lei Mø¨vgvivm Ges djvI K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
M. Ggb AwfgZI cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †h, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei‡K we‡kl
†Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ n‡”Q bv|
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ
GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg BZ¨vw` cÖKv‡ki nviI evwo‡q‡Q
wKbv:
K. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`c‡Î
GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki nvi evov‡bv n‡q‡Q
e‡j mvsevw`Kiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
L. †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× BwZevPK cwieZ©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv †_‡K
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Le‡ii cvkvcvwk m¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg BZ¨vw` cÖKv‡ki
nvi evov‡bv n‡q‡Q e‡j AwfgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
M. †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`cÎ ïay †hŠb nqivwb welqK m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq,
Kjvg cÖKv‡ki g‡a¨ wb‡R‡`i `vwqZ¡ mxgve× iv‡Lwb, Zviv †hŠb nqivwb
cÖwZ‡iv‡a GKvwaKevi †Mvj‡Uwej Av‡jvPbvi Av‡qvRb K‡i‡Q| mswkøó
wel‡q we‡klÁRb, gvbevwaKviKg©x, AvBbRxex, M‡elKmn wewfbœ †ckvi
bvbv †ÿ‡Îi gvbyl‡`i e³‡e¨i wfwˇZ cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| GKB m‡½
Zviv GB wel‡q we‡kl †µvocÎI cÖKvk K‡i‡Q e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
N. Ggb AwfgZI cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, †hŠb nqivwbi welqwU‡K we‡kl †Kv‡bv
¸iæZ¡ bv †`qvi Kvi‡Y GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg
cÖKv‡ki e¨vcv‡i Zviv Avjv`v †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Qb bv|
cuvP. MYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPvi †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i wKbv:
K. MYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPvi †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i Ggb
AwfgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡jI Gi wecixZ AwfgZI cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
L. AwfgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †h, hw` †Kv‡bv †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv N‡U, Zvi g‡a¨
msev`g~j¨ _v‡K Ges msev`gva¨g hw` †mB Ômsev`Õ mwVKfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i
Z‡e Zv AwZcÖPvi nevi KviY †bB|
99
M. MYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPvi †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva evwo‡q †`qvi welqwU †hŠb
nqivwb msµvšÍ Lei cªKv‡ki ai‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i e‡jI AwfgZ cÖKvk
Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY wn‡m‡e ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb mv`vgvUv Lei AwZiwÄZ
K‡i †bwZevPKfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv n‡j Acivaxiv DrmvwnZ n‡e| Avevi
Acivax‡`i kvw¯Íi msev` †ewk cÖPv‡ii d‡j gvbyl Av‡iv m‡PZb n‡e| G‡Z
†hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva Kg‡e|
N. Ggb gZI i‡q‡Q †h, hviv †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva K‡i Zviv ¯^fveekZB
Zv K‡i| G‡Z MYgva¨‡gi †Kv‡bv f~wgKv †bB|
O. †hŠb nqivwbi welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †hŠb nqivwbi cwigvY †e‡o hv‡”Q
e‡j GB ai‡bi msev` cÖKvk bv Kivi c‡ÿI Ae¯’vb i‡q‡Q mvsevw`K‡`i|
Qq. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y
cªKvwkZ nq wKbv:
K. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y
cªKvwkZ nq g‡b Kiv n‡jI Ggb AwfgZI †`qv n‡q‡Q †h, e¨w³MZ I
cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvk nIqv DwPr bq|
L. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y
cÖKvwkZ nq bv Ggb aviYvI i‡q‡Q|
M. GK_vI g‡b Kiv nq †h, †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ Z_¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡jI
cvwievwiK Z_¨ A‡bK †¶‡Î Zz‡j aiv nq bv|
N. †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi GLb Av‡Mi
†P‡q †e‡o‡Q g‡b Kiv n‡jI Zv‡Z mš‘wó cÖKvk Kiv nqwb, eis
nqivwbKvix‡`i Z_¨ Av‡iv †ewk nv‡i cÖKv‡ki Dci †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q|
mvZ. †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq Zviv
GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva K‡i bv g‡b K‡ib wKbv:
GK. †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î nq‡Zv Zviv †hŠb nqivwbi g‡Zv Aciva Kiv Av‡iv evwo‡q
w`‡Z cv‡i Ggb aviYv †cvlY K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e Gi wecixZ aviYvI
i‡q‡Q mvsevw`K‡`i g‡a¨|
`yB. AwfgZ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, fv‡jv cwiev‡ii †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ
I cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡j †m nq‡Zv Avevi GB Aciva Ki‡Z
KzÚv‡eva K‡i| wKš‘ †ckv`vi eLv‡U‡`i bvg cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zviv Aciv‡ai
cwigvY AviI evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
wZb. †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zviv wb‡R‡`i‡K cÖfvekvjx I wbivc` g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i
e‡jI AwfgZ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|
100
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqv cÖm‡½
AwfgZ ivL‡Z wM‡q Ggb K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ïay Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv n‡jB
Aciva K‡g hvq bv| Z‡e msev`c‡Îi gva¨‡g GB e¨vcv‡i mvgvwRK
cÖwZ‡iva M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i GK_v ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
AvU. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb
cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kx f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q e‡j mvsevw`Kiv g‡b K‡ib:
GK. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ eZ©gv‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q e‡j
g‡b K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e wecixZ w`‡K msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK
Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a †KvbB f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q
bv, eis GB aviv †hŠb nqivwb‡K Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡”Q Ggb AwfgZI cÖKvk
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
`yB. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbi Z_¨ evievi cÖKvwkZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y cÖkvmb A‡bK
†ÿ‡Î Av‡iv m‡PZb nq, AwffveK, wkÿv cÖwZôvbmn me †ÿ‡Î m‡PZbZv
ev‡o e‡j AwfgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| msev`cÎ I mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³ I
cÖwZôv‡bi mgwš^Z cÖqvm Pj‡Z _vK‡j †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a Av‡iv fv‡jv
dj cvIqvi Avkvev` e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wZb. msev`c‡Îi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKvi Kvi‡YB †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a AvBb ˆZwi
n‡q‡Q e‡j AwfgZ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|
N. djvdj we‡kølY:
evsjv‡`‡ki msev`cÎ †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iva Kivi †ÿ‡Î Kx f~wgKv ivL‡Q Zv
wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GB M‡elYvq mywbw`©ó wKQz M‡elYv cÖkœ hvPvB Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB
ch©v‡q M‡elYvq cÖvß Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi Av‡jv‡K M‡elYv cÖkœ¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i
Av‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB M‡elYvi cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, mvZwU M‡elYv cÖ‡kœi wfwˇZ
GB M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYv cÖkœ¸‡jv n‡”Q:
GK. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †¯úm
eiv‡Ïi cwigvY I cÖKv‡ki nvi wK µgk evo‡Q?
`yB. Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei wK µgk †ewk
¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q?
wZb. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ
GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq wK †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q?
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ
GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg, cªeÜ-wbeÜ, wdPvi cÖKv‡ki
nvi wK evwo‡q‡Q?
cuvP. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi
wK Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q?
101
Qq. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cªKvwkZ
nIqvq wK Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva K‡i bv?
mvZ. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei wK Kg cÖKvwkZ nq?
wb‡P GB mvZwU M‡elYv cÖ‡kœi djvdj we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GK b¤^i M‡elYv cÖkœ hvPvB:
we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ y© mg‡q msev`cθ‡jv‡Z LyeB bMY¨ RvqMv
Ry‡o †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| me KÕwU msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb
welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki mw¤§wjZ nvi 1.82%| Z‡e msev`cÎ Abyhvqx Avjv`vfv‡e
wnmve Ki‡j me msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi GK
kZvs‡kiI Kg| †gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
me‡P‡q †ewk RvqMv (0.41%) e¨envi K‡i‡Q mgKvj Ges me‡P‡q Kg RvqMv
(0.03%) e¨envi K‡i‡Q BbwW‡cb‡W›U|
wKš‘ jÿYxq welq n‡”Q, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Lye Kg
†¯úm ev RvqMv e¨envi n‡jI msev`cθ‡jv‡Z GB msµvšÍ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
†¯úm e¨env‡ii cwigvY evo‡Q| cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx, 2008 wKsev 2009 mv‡ji
Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j G‡m †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †¯úm e¨env‡ii
cwigvY A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q| †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ
†¯ú‡mi †ewki fvM (73%) e¨envi n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| me KÕwU msev`c‡ÎB
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h RvqMv e¨envi n‡q‡Q Zvi †ewki
fvMB e¨envi n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
we‡køl‡Y Av‡iv †`Lv †M‡Q, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi w`b w`bB
evo‡Q| me msev`c‡ÎB 2008 wKsev 2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi A‡bK †e‡o‡Q| M‡elYvi AšÍf©y³ mg‡q me
msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q
†ewk| Avi msev`cθ‡jv‡Z †ewki fvM wi‡cvU©B cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
msev`cθ‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwb welqK m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, wdPvi, Kjvg-
cÖeÜ-wbeÜ, wPwV I gZvgZ, Le‡ii m‡½ Qwe Ges K¨vckb Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi
†ek Kg| Z‡e †ewki fvM msev`c‡ÎB GB Z_¨¸‡jvi †ewki fvM cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
Ab¨w`‡K †ewki fvM (95%) cvVKI g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb
welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q| M‡elYvi AšÍf³ y©
14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ 11wU †ckvi mevB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK
Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q| GB 11wU †ckv n‡”Q:
wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, wkÿK, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, gvSvwi e¨emvqx, †QvU
e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK| Ab¨
102
wZbwU †ckviI †ewki fvM cvVK g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q| GB †ckv wZbwU n‡”Q: wkÿv_x©
(98%), †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (92%) I M„wnYx (81%)|
bxwZ wba©viK ch©v‡qi mvsevw`K‡`i g‡ZI, †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a
RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`c‡Î GB msµvšÍ Le‡ii
cvkvcvwk m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki nvi evov‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avi
msev` I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi evo‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †¯úm e¨env‡ii nvi
†e‡o hvq|
`yB b¤^i M‡elYv cÖkœ hvPvB:
we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y mg‡q msev`cθ‡jvi mw¤§wjZ wn‡m‡e
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi Qq fv‡Mi GK fvM (16%) cÖ_g c„ôvq
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †ewki fvM (84%) wi‡cvU©B cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †fZ‡ii c„ôvq|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© cÖ_g c„ôvq
me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (14%) cÖKvk K‡i‡Q Avgv‡`i mgq Ges me‡P‡q Kg nv‡i
(2%) cÖKvk K‡i‡Q mgKvj| Z‡e ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I BbwW‡cb‡W›U cÖ_g c„ôvq
†hŠb nqivwb welqK †Kv‡bv wi‡cvU© cÖKvk K‡iwb|
we‡køl‡Y Av‡iv †`Lv †M‡Q, M‡elYvi AšÍfy©³ mg‡q msev`cθ‡jvi
mw¤§wjZ wn‡me Abyhvqx †ewki fvM (85%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© Wvej I
wm‡½j Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| me msev`c‡ÎB Wvej I wm‡½j Kjvg
wk‡ivbv‡g †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nviB †ewk| wecixZ w`‡K ˆ`wbK
B‡ËdvK Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv msev`c‡Î AvU †_‡K Qq Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ nqwb| Z‡e ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡KI GB nvi bMY¨
(1%)|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© Dc¯’vcbv msµvšÍ Z_¨ we‡kølY Abyhvqx ejv
hvq, msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jv¸‡jv Lye †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cvqwb|
wi‡cvU©¸‡jv †h c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges hZ Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
Dfq we‡ePbv †_‡KB GB K_v ejv hvq|
wKš‘ jÿYxq welq n‡”Q, †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jv Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î
me msev`c‡ÎB 2010 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ wi‡cvU©¸‡jv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk ¸iæZ¡
†c‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i †h wi‡cvU©¸‡jv cÖ_g c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zvi meB
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| Avi †kl c„ôv Ges †fZ‡ii c„ôvqI †hŠb nqivwb
welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi †ewke fvM cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
Ab¨w`‡K †ewki fvM (93%) cvVKI g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ 14wU
103
†ckvi g‡a¨ QÕwU †ckvi me cvVKB G K_v g‡b K‡ib| †ckv QÕwU n‡”Q:
cÖ‡KŠkjx, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v I
miKvwi Kg©Pvix| evwK †ckv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvUwU †ckvi g‡a¨ mvZwU †ckvi †ewki
fvM cvVKI G K_vB g‡b K‡ib| GB mvZwU †ckv n‡”Q: wkÿK, gvSvwi
e¨emvqx, †QvU e¨emvqx, †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK (95%), wkÿv_©x (92%) I
M„wnYx (89%)| Ab¨w`‡K †h me cvVK g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q bv Zv‡`i g‡a¨
wPwKrmK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (50%)|
wZb b¤^i M‡elYv cÖkœ hvPvB:
we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, †ewki fvM (77%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb
cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ GB msµvšÍ Lei
Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q| M‡elYvi AšÍf³
z© 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ wZbwU †ckvi
me cvVKB G K_v g‡b K‡ib| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I
kªwgK| evwK GMviwU †ckvi g‡a¨ AvUwU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKI G K_vB g‡b
K‡ib| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: †QvU e¨emvqx (90%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (86%), wkÿv_©x
(77%), M„wnYx (75%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v (70%) Ges
mvsevw`K I †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (67%)|
bxwZ wba©viK ch©v‡qi mvsevw`KivI g‡b K‡ib, †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a
RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq GLb †ewk
¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡”Q |
Pvi b¤^i M‡elYv cÖkœ hvPvB:
we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi
Rb¨ msev`cÎ GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg, cªeÜ-wbeÜ, wdPvi
cÖKv‡ki nvi evwo‡q‡Q| GK b¤^i M‡elYv cÖkœ hvPvB‡q mgqI †`Lv †M‡Q, 2008
wKsev 2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j A‡bK †e‡o‡Q|
bxwZ wba©viK ch©v‡qi mvsevw`KivI g‡b K‡ib, †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a
RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`c‡Î GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq,
Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki nvi evov‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cuvP b¤^i M‡elYv cÖkœ hvPvB:
we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, †ewki fvM (58%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb
nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q|
†ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx eo e¨emvqx‡`i mevB GB K_v g‡b K‡ib|
M‡elYvi AšÍfz©³ 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ 8wU †ckvi †ewki fvM DËi`vZvI GB K_vB
g‡b K‡ib| GB †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (90%), mvsevw`K (80%),
104
miKvwi Kg©Pvix (80%), †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (77%), †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v
(70%), wkÿK (68%), M„wnYx (65%) I cÖ‡KŠkjx (60%)| Z‡e mvsevw`Kiv
A‡b‡KB GB e¨vcv‡i wØgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb|
bxwZ wba©viK ch©v‡qi mvsevw`KivI Ggb AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h, MYgva¨‡g
†hŠb nqivwbi NUbvi AwZcÖPvi †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
Qq b¤^i M‡elYv cÖkœ hvPvB:
we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, GB M‡elYvi AšÍf©y³ †ewki fvM (62%) cvVKB g‡b
K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cªKvwkZ
nIqvq Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva K‡i bv| †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY
Abyhvqx M‡elYvi AšÍfy©³ 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ 13wU †ckvi mevB GB K_vB g‡b
K‡ib| Ab¨ †ckvwUi (wkÿv_©x) †ewki fvM (90%) cvVKI GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb|
mvsevw`K‡`i g‡a¨I A‡b‡K GK_v ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Ggb AwfgZI G‡m‡Q
†h, fvj cwiev‡ii †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡j
†m nq‡Zv Avevi GB Aciva Ki‡Z KzÚv‡eva K‡i| wKš‘ †ckv`vi eLv‡U‡`i bvg
cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zviv Aciv‡ai cwigvY AviI evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
†hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq A‡bK
†ÿ‡Î Zviv †hŠb nqivwbi g‡Zv Aciva Kiv Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i Ggb
AwfgZ bxwZ wba©viK ch©v‡qi mvsevw`KivI †i‡L‡Qb| †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i
e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zviv wb‡R‡`i‡K
cÖfvekvjx I wbivc` g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡jI AwfgZ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvZ b¤^i M‡elYv cÖkœ hvPvB:
we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ Lye Kg
nv‡i (17%) cÖKvwkZ nq| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨
me‡P‡q †ewk (41%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i mg‡q Ges Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg
nv‡i (11%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U|
Ab¨w`‡K GB M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y †ewki fvM (90%) cvVKI g‡b K‡ib
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq| †ckvwfwËK
we‡kølY Abyhvqx, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ AvUwU †ckvi me cvVKB
GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, wkÿK, mvsevw`K,
eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix| evwK QÕwU
†ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKI g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi
Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: †QvU e¨emvqx (95%), †emiKvwi
Kg©KZ©v (95%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (86%), kªwgK (86%), M„wnYx (84%) I
wkÿv_©x (84%)|
105
 PZz_© Aa¨vq
Dcmsnvi, wm×všÍ I mycvwik
Dc‡iv³ wZbwU Aa¨v‡q GB M‡elYvq cÖvß Z_¨-DcvË Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| c~e©eZ©x Aa¨vq mg~‡n Dc¯’vwcZ I we‡kølYK…Z Z_¨-DcvËi wfwˇZ GB
Aa¨v‡q M‡elYvi Dcmsnvi Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| GKB m‡½ we¯ÍvwiZ ch©v‡jvPbv I
we‡køl‡Yi wfwˇZ M‡elYvi wm×všÍ I mycvwik mg~nI Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
Dcmsnvi:
Av‡aq we‡kølY
M‡elYvq cÖvß Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq, M‡elYvi AšÍf©y³ mg‡q
msev`cθ‡jv‡Z LyeB bMY¨ RvqMv Ry‡o †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q| me KÕwU msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki mw¤§wjZ nvi
1.82%| Z‡e msev`cÎ Abyhvqx Avjv`vfv‡e wnmve Ki‡j me msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi GK kZvs‡kiI Kg| †gvU wcÖ›U Gwiqvi g‡a¨
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk RvqMv (0.41%) e¨envi
K‡i‡Q mgKvj Ges me‡P‡q Kg RvqMv (0.03%) e¨envi K‡i‡Q
BbwW‡cb‡W›U|
wKš‘ jÿYxq welq n‡”Q, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Lye Kg
†¯úm ev RvqMv e¨envi n‡jI msev`cθ‡jv‡Z GB msµvšÍ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
†¯úm e¨env‡ii cwigvY µgk evo‡Q| cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx, 2008 wKsev 2009
mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j G‡m †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †¯úm
e¨env‡ii cwigvY A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q| †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
e¨eüZ †¯ú‡mi †ewki fvM (73%) e¨envi n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| me KÕwU
msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h RvqMv e¨envi n‡q‡Q Zvi
†ewki fvMB e¨envi n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nviI w`b w`bB evo‡Q| me msev`c‡ÎB
2008 wKsev 2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨
cÖKv‡ki nvi A‡bK †e‡o‡Q| M‡elYvi AšÍf³ ©y mg‡q me msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Z_¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk| Avi
msev`cθ‡jv‡Z †ewki fvM wi‡cvU©B cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
msev`cθ‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwb welqK m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, wdPvi, Kjvg-
cÖeÜ-wbeÜ, wPwV I gZvgZ, Le‡ii m‡½ Qwe Ges K¨vckb Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi
†ek Kg| Z‡e †ewki fvM msev`c‡ÎB GB Z_¨¸‡jvi †ewki fvM cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
107
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi Qq fv‡Mi GK fvM (16%) cÖ_g c„ôvq
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †ewki fvM (84%) wi‡cvU©B cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †fZ‡ii c„ôvq|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© cÖ_g c„ôvq
me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (14%) cÖKvk K‡i‡Q Avgv‡`i mgq Ges me‡P‡q Kg nv‡i
(2%) cÖKvk K‡i‡Q mgKvj| Z‡e ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I BbwW‡cb‡W›U cÖ_g c„ôvq
†hŠb nqivwb welqK †Kv‡bv wi‡cvU© cÖKvk K‡iwb| wKš‘ jÿYxq welq wQj, †h
wi‡cvU©¸‡jv cÖ_g c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zvi meB cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
Avi †kl c„ôv Ges †fZ‡ii c„ôvqI †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi †ewke
fvM cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j|
†ewki fvM (85%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© Wvej I wm‡½j Kjvg
wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| me msev`c‡ÎB Wvej I wm‡½j Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nviB †ewk| wecixZ w`‡K ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK
Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv msev`c‡Î AvU †_‡K Qq Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g †hŠb nqivwb welqK
wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ nqwb| Z‡e ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡KI GB nvi bMY¨ (1%)|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU© Dc¯’vcbv msµvšÍ Z_¨ we‡kølY †k‡l ejv hvq,
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jv¸‡jv Lye †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cvqwb|
wi‡cvU©¸‡jv †h c„ôvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ges hZ Kjvg wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
Dfq we‡ePbv †_‡KB GB K_v ejv hvq| Z‡e jÿYxq welq n‡”Q, Dc¯’vcbvi
†ÿ‡Î 2008 wKsev 2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j me msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jv †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© mg‡q †hŠb nqivwb welqK mvaviY ev mv`vgvUv wi‡cvU©B
†ewk (97%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, hyMvšÍi, Avgv‡`i mgq I
BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui me Ges cÖ_g Av‡jv, mgKvj I †WBwj ÷v‡ii †ewki fvM
(h_vµ‡g 89%, 98% Ges 94%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©B mvaviY ev
mv`vgvUv| Ab¨w`‡K †hŠb nqivwb welqK e¨vL¨vg~jK wi‡cvU© msev`cθ‡jv‡Z
†ek Kg cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi Zzjbvq †ewk
nv‡i (9%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Avi †hŠb nqivwb welqK AbymÜvbg~jK wi‡cvU©
†KejgvÎ cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hw`I Lye ¯^í nv‡i (2%)|
M‡elYvi AšÍfy©³ mg‡q Lye Kg msL¨K †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i d‡jv-
Avc wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I Avgv‡`i mg‡qi †Kv‡bv †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©iB d‡jv-Avc nqwb| evwK cuvPwU msev`c‡ÎI wi‡cvU©
d‡jv-Av‡ci nvi Lye †ewk bq|
†ewki fvM (83%) wi‡cv‡U©i NUbv¯’j knivÂj| ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki me
Ges Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jv †ewki fvM wi‡cv‡U©i NUbv¯’j knivÂj| MÖvgv‡j
NUbv¯’j Ggb †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i nvi hyMvšÍ‡i me‡P‡q †ewk (34%)|
108
 msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbi weeiYg~jK wi‡cvU© me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (40%)
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| cÖvq me msev`c‡ÎB GB †kÖYxi wi‡cvU© Ab¨ †kªYxi wi‡cv‡U©i
Zzjbvq wKQzUv †ewk nv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbi Kvi‡Y ZvrÿwYK
cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi wi‡cvU© me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (81%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
mgKv‡j Ges me‡P‡q Kg nv‡i (9%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i mg‡q| †hŠb
nqivwb we‡ivax Av‡jvPbv ev †mwgbvi I Ab¨vb¨ ZrciZvi wi‡cvU© me‡P‡q †ewk
nv‡i (44%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U Ges me‡P‡q Kg nv‡i (4%)
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q mgKv‡j| †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó miKvwi I wewfbœ KZ…©c‡ÿi
wm×všÍi wi‡cvU© me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (24%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †WBwj ÷v‡i Ges
me‡P‡q Kg nv‡i (3%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K| †hŠb nqivwbi Kvi‡Y
AvZ¥nZ¨v welqK wi‡cvU© ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U cÖKvwkZ nqwb| Avi
cÖ_g Av‡jv, hyMvšÍi, Avgv‡`i mgq, mgKvj I †WBwj ÷v‡i ¯^í nv‡i (h_vµ‡g
6%, 2%, 9%, 5% I 6%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Z`šÍ KwgwU
MV‡bi wi‡cvU© ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK †WBwj ÷vi Ges BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U cÖKvwkZ nqwb|
cÖ_g Av‡jv, hyMvšÍi Avgv‡`i mgq Ges mgKv‡j ¯^í nv‡i (6%, 6%, 5% I
5%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwb‡K †K›`ª K‡i nZ¨v ev g„Zz¨i wi‡cvU© ïaygvÎ
hyMvšÍ‡i Lye Kg nv‡i (2%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
†ewki fvM (62%) wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ
nqwb| msev`cÎ Abyhvqx we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, wZbwU msev`c‡Îi †ewki fvM
wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ nqwb| msev`cÎ wZbwU‡Z
n‡”Q: †WBwj ÷vi (89%), BbwW‡cb‡W›U (60%) Ges Avgv‡`i mgq (54%)|
wecixZ w`‡K PviwU msev`c‡Î wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| msev`cÎ wZbwU n‡”Q: mgKvj (79%), ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK
(65%), hyMvšÍi (60%) Ges cÖ_g Av‡jv (59%)|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb wPwýZ Ki‡Z wM‡q †`Lv
†M‡Q, wfw±giv †ewki fvM (39%) †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb iv¯Ív-Nv‡U| cÖvq
me msev`c‡Îi †ewki fvM wi‡cv‡U©B †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb wn‡m‡e Ôiv¯Ív-NvUÕ
wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±giv iv¯Ív-Nv‡U nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb
wi‡cv‡U©i nvi hyMvšÍ‡i me‡P‡q †ewk (50%)| †hŠb nqivwb welqK D‡jøL‡hvM¨
msL¨K (20%) wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi ¯’vb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q wkÿv
cÖwZôv‡bi †fZ‡i I wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvg‡b ev Av‡kcv‡ki GjvKv‡K| Gi g‡a¨
11% N‡U‡Q wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi †fZ‡i Ges 9% N‡U‡Q wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvg‡b ev
Av‡kcv‡k| wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvg‡b ev Av‡kcv‡k †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb
Ggb wi‡cv‡U©i nvi BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U me‡P‡q †ewk (40%) Ges wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi
†fZ‡i †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cv‡U©i nvi †WBwj ÷vi, hyMvšÍi
Ges BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk (h_vµ‡g 22%, 21% I 20%)|
109
†ewki fvM (88%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm wPwýZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q 15 eQ‡ii Kg wKsev 15 †_‡K 20 eQ‡ii g‡a¨| Avevi G‡`i g‡a¨ 15
†_‡K 20 eQi emqx wfw±‡gi nvi †ewk (60%)| †WBwj ÷v‡ii me †hŠb nqivwb
welqK wi‡cv‡U©B wfw±‡gi eqm 15 †_‡K 20 eQi wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨
msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ G †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g Av‡jvi me‡P‡q †ewk (71%)| †hŠb nqivwb
welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi eqm 15 eQ‡ii Kg wPwýZ n‡q‡Q Ggb wi‡cv‡U©i nvi
hyMvšÍ‡i me‡P‡q †ewk (40%)|
cÖKvwkZ †ewki fvM †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi
wPwýZ Kiv hvqwb| mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU©¸‡jvi g‡a¨
†ewki fvM (55%) †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv †M‡Q wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi wbgœweË|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx †`Lv hvq, hyMvšÍ‡i `yÕwU, mgKv‡j `yÕwU Ges
ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K GKwU wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q| wZbwU
msev`c‡Îi me †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©B wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi wbgœweË|
cÖ_g Av‡jvi wZbwU †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ
Kiv †M‡Q Ges me KÕwU wi‡cv‡UB© wfw±g‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi ga¨weË| Avi †WBwj
÷v‡i `yÕwU †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q|
Gi g‡a¨ GKwU wi‡cv‡U© wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi wbgœweË Ges Ab¨wU‡Z wfw±‡gi
mvgvwRK ¯Íi ga¨weË| Avgv‡`i mg‡q mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv wi‡cvU©wU‡Z
wfw±‡gi mvgvwRK ¯Íi D”PweË| BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U †Kv‡bv wi‡cv‡U©B wfw±‡gi
mvgvwRK ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv hvqwb|
†hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †ewki fvM (58%) †hŠb
nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx †WBwj ÷v‡ii me
Ges Avgv‡`i mgq (92%), hyMvšÍi (79%) Ges BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui (60%)
†ewki fvM †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq _vK‡jI
ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK (64%), cÖ_g Av‡jv (54%) Ges mgKv‡ji (51%) †ewki fvM
†hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ nqwb|
†ewki fvM (66%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©B †`Lv †M‡Q, †hŠb
nqivwbKvixi f~wgKvq wQj eLv‡U| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY AbyhvqxI me
msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© nqivwbKvix wn‡m‡e eLv‡U‡`i nvi †ewk|
eLv‡U‡`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cvU© Avgv‡`i mg‡q me‡P‡q
†ewk nv‡i (84%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Qv·`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb
Ggb wi‡cvU© BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (20%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
mncvVx‡`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cvU© ‰`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K
me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (29%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Avi wkÿK‡`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi
wkKvi n‡q‡Qb Ggb wi‡cvU© cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z cÖKv‡ki nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (11%)|
110
 ¯^í msL¨K (16%) †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm
wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q| Z‡e †ewk fvM (78%) †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm 15 †_‡K 25
eQ‡ii g‡a¨| Gi g‡a¨ 15 †_‡K 20 eQi eqmx †hŠb nqivwbKvixi nvi
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk (40%)| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx 15 †_‡K 20
eQi eqmx †hŠb nqivwbKvixi Z_¨ me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (62%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
cÖ_g Av‡jv‡Z| BbwW‡cb‡W‡›Ui me †hŠb nhivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©B †hŠb
nqivwbKvixi eqm 21 †_‡K 25 eQi| G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨
hyMvšÍ‡ii nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (57%)| †h me †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb
nqivwbKvixi eqm 15 eQ‡ii Kg wPwýZ n‡q‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU© ïay Avgv‡`i mgq
I mgKv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm 26 †_‡K 30 eQi wPwýZ
n‡q‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU© ïay cÖ_g Av‡jv I mgKv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb
nqivwbKvixi eqm 36 †_‡K 40 eQi wPwýZ n‡q‡Q Ggb wi‡cvU© ïay †WBwj
÷v‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †hŠb nqivwbKvixi eqm 40 eQ‡ii †ewk wPwýZ n‡q‡Q
Ggb wi‡cvU© ïaygvÎ mgKv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
Kg msL¨K (30%) †hŠb nqivwbi wi‡cv‡U©B †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq gvgjv
nIqvi Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB (70%) gvgjv nqwb| gvgjv
nIqvi Z_¨ me‡P‡q †ewk (44%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hyMvšÍ‡i Ges me‡P‡q Kg
(17%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡K|
†hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ Lye Kg nv‡i (17%) msev`c‡Î
cÖKvwkZ nq| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ me‡P‡q †ewk
(41%) cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i mg‡q Ges Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg nv‡i (11%)
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK I BbwW‡cb‡W‡›U|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Qwei AvK…wZ msµvšÍ Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq,
†ewki fvM (73%) Qwe cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Wvej Kjvg I wZb Kjv‡g| Z‡e Wvej
Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKv‡ki nviB Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk (42%)| Avi ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki
me QweB cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Wvej Kjv‡g| Ab¨ msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ G †ÿ‡Î
hyMvšÍ‡ii nvi †ewk (57%)| wZb Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g Av‡jv nvi
†ewk (50%)| wm‡½j Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKvk K‡i‡Q ïay hyMvšÍi, mgKvj I †WBwj
÷vi| Avi hyMvšÍi me‡P‡q †ewk nv‡i (29%) wm‡½j Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|
Pvi Kjv‡g Qwe cÖKvk K‡i‡Q ïay †WBwj ÷vi I mgKvj| GB `yB msev`c‡Îi
g‡a¨ †WBwj ÷v‡i Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi †ewk (25%)| Pvi Kjv‡gi †ewk AvK…wZi
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Qwe †Kej gvÎ †WBwj ÷v‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q (17%)|
†hŠb nqivwbi Qwe¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` ev
we‡ÿv‡fi Qwei nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (74%)| msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx
111
†ewki fvM msev`c‡ÎB †hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi Qwe me‡P‡q
†ewki nv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki me QweB GB wel‡qi| Ab¨
msev`cθ‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g Av‡jv, mgKvj I †WBwj ÷v‡i †hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi
cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi Qwei nvi †ewk (83%)| †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi Qwe I
†hŠb nqivwbKvixi Qwe cÖKv‡ki nvi hyMvšÍ‡i me‡P‡q †ewk (h_vµ‡g 42% I
29%)| Avi †hŠb nqivbx we‡ivax Av‡jvPbv ev †mwgbvi wKsev Ab¨vb¨ ZrciZvi
Qwe ïaygvÎ †WBwj ÷v‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q (8%)|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq¸‡jv‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi
e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bvi nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (60%)|
msev`cÎwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx cÖ_g Av‡jv I ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki me m¤úv`Kxq
I Dcm¤úv`Kxq‡ZB †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| †WBwj ÷vi I hyMvšÍ‡i †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb
Rvbv‡bvi nviB †ewk (h_vµ‡g 75% I 67%)| Avi cÖ_g Av‡jv I ˆ`wbK
B‡Ëdv‡Ki me m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq‡ZB †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i KiYxq
m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó wKQz civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZev` ev wb›`v Rvbv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| mgKv‡jiI me m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq‡ZB †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡×
cÖwZev` ev wb›`v Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvi AšÍfy³© mvZwU msev`c‡Îi g‡a¨ cÖ_g Av‡jv, hyMvšÍ‡i Ges †WBwj
÷v‡i GKwU K‡i Kjvg/cÖeÜ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖ_g
Av‡jv‡Z cÖKvwkZ Kjv‡g †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó civgk©
cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, cÖwZev` ev wb›`v Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges GKB m‡½ GB e¨vcv‡i
wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| hyMvšÍ‡i cÖKvwkZ cÖe‡Ü †hŠb nqivwbi
weiæ‡× KiYxq m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi †WBwj ÷v‡i
cÖKvwkZ cÖe‡Ü †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` ev wb›`v Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© mvZwU msev`c‡Îi g‡a¨ cuvPwU msev`c‡Î †gvU 10wU wPwV
I gZvgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| GB ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgKv‡j 3wU, cÖ_g Av‡jv, ˆ`wbK
B‡ËdvK I †WBwj ÷v‡i 2wU K‡i Ges hyMvšÍ‡i 1wU wPwV I gZvgZ cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q| we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, Dc‡iv³ cuvPwU msev`c‡Î me KÕwU‡ZB †hŠb
nqivwbi weiæ‡× wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mgKvj I cÖ_g Av‡jvi
me KÕwU wPwV I gZvg‡ZB †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Av‡jvi me KÕwU wPwV I gZvg‡ZB †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× KiYxq
m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó civgk©I cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi hyMvšÍ‡i cÖKvwkZ wPwVwU‡Z †hŠb
nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i D‡ØM-DrKÉvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
112
msev`cÎ cvV‡Ki gZvgZ Rwic
msev`cÎ cvV‡Ki gZvgZ Rwi‡ci Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, †ewki fvM
(79%) cvVKB wbqwgZfv‡e msev`cÎ c‡ob| 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ QÕwU †ckvi
mevB wbqwgZfv‡e msev`cÎ c‡ob| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx,
wkÿK, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix| cuvPwU
†ckvi †ewk fvM cvVKI wbqwgZfv‡e Le‡ii KvMR c‡ob| GB †ckv cuvPwU
n‡”Q: †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v (89%), wkÿv_©x (81%), miKvwi Kg©Pvix (80%),
gvSvwi e¨emvqx (76%) I M„wnYx‡`i (68%)| †QvU e¨emvqx‡`i g‡a¨ A‡a©K
cvVKI (50%) wbqwgZfv‡e msev`cÎ c‡ob| ïaygvÎ kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ †ewki
fvM (71%) cvVK AwbqwgZfv‡e Le‡ii KvMR cvV K‡ib|
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei covi e¨vcv‡i cvVK‡`i AvMªn hvPvB K‡i †`Lv
†M‡Q, †ewki fvM (93%) cvVKB msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
wbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob| 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ 12wU †ckvi mevB msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ
†hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei wbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob| GB 12wU †ckv n‡”Q: wPwKrmK,
cÖ‡KŠkjx, wkÿK, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, †QvU e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v,
†emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix, †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix, kªwgK I wkÿv_©x| Ab¨
`yÕwU †ckviI †ewki fvM cvVK msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
wbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob| †ckv `yÕwU n‡”Q: gvSvwi e¨emvqx (95%) I M„wnYx (68%)|
cvVK‡`i †ewki fvMB (95%) g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK
Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q| 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ 11wU
†ckvi mevB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨
cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q| GB 11wU †ckv n‡”Q: wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx,
wkÿK, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, gvSvwi e¨emvqx, †QvU e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v,
†emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK| Ab¨ wZbwU †ckviI †ewki fvM
cvVK g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki
msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q| GB †ckv wZbwU n‡”Q: wkÿv_x© (98%), †emiKvwi
Kg©Pvix (92%) I M„wnYx (81%)|
†hŠb nqivwbi NUbv e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡jB mvsev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v †e‡o †M‡Q g‡b K‡ib †ewki fvM (74%) cvVK|
†ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ `yÕwU †ckvi me cvVKB G K_v
g‡b K‡ib| †ckv `yÕwU n‡”Q: eo e¨emvqx I †QvU e¨emvqx| evwK †ckv¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ 10wU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKI G K_vB g‡b K‡ib| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q:
kªwgK (87%), †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v (83%), wkÿv_©x (82%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx I
wkÿK (74%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (70%), M„wnYx (63%), †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix
(62%) Ges cÖ‡KŠkjx I mvsevw`K (60%)| miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i A‡a©KvskI
113
(50%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡jB mvsev`c‡Î †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v †e‡o †M‡Q| Avi †h me
cvVK g‡b K‡ib msev`cÎ †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv‡K AwZwi³ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ wPwKrmK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (40%)| G K_v g‡b Kivi µgvbycvwZK
nvi Abyhvqx wØZxq Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (38%) Ges Z…Zxq
Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q miKvwi Kg©Pvix I M„wnYx (33%)|
†ewki fvM (93%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î
Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ QÕwU †ckvi me
cvVKB G K_v g‡b K‡ib| †ckv QÕwU n‡”Q: cÖ‡KŠkjx, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx,
miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v I miKvwi Kg©Pvix| evwK †ckv¸‡jvi g‡a¨
AvUwU †ckvi g‡a¨ mvZwU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKI G K_vB g‡b K‡ib| GB
mvZwU †ckv n‡”Q: wkÿK, gvSvwi e¨emvqx, †QvU e¨emvqx, †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix I
kªwgK (95%), wkÿv_©x (92%) I M„wnYx (89%)| Ab¨w`‡K †h me cvVK g‡b
K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡
cv‡”Q bv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wPwKrmK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (50%)|
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ
GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib †ewki fvM
(77%) cvVK | 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ wZbwU †ckvi me cvVKB G K_v g‡b K‡ib|
†ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK| evwK GMviwU †ckvi
g‡a¨ AvUwU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKI G K_vB g‡b K‡ib| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q:
†QvU e¨emvqx (90%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (86%), wkÿv_©x (77%), M„wnYx
(75%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v (70%) Ges mvsevw`K I
†emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (67%)| Ab¨w`‡K †h me cvVK g‡b K‡ib cwÎKvi KvUwZ
evov‡bvi Rb¨ msev`cÎ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ wPwKrmK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (50%)|
†ewki fvM (58%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó
Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q| †ckvwfwËK
we‡kølY Abyhvqx eo e¨emvqx‡`i mevB GB K_v g‡b K‡ib| 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨
8wU †ckvi †ewki fvM DËi`vZvI GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib| GB †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q:
miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (90%), mvsevw`K (80%), miKvwi Kg©Pvix (80%), †emiKvwi
Kg©Pvix (77%), †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v (70%), wkÿK (68%), M„wnYx (65%) I
cÖ‡KŠkjx (60%)| Ab¨w`‡K †h me cvVK g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb
mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi evo‡Q bv Zv‡`i g‡a¨
kªwgK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (57%)| wPwKrmK, gvSvwi e¨emvqx I †QvU
e¨emvqx‡`i g‡a¨ A‡a©K (50%) cvVKI GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib|
114
 hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î
h_vh_ cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq e‡j g‡b K‡ib †ewki fvM (62%) cvVK | 14wU
†ckvi g‡a¨ 11wU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKB GB K_v e‡j‡Qb| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q:
mvsevw`K (80%), wPwKrmK (75%), wkÿK (72%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (72%),
kªwgK (71%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (70%), †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v (70%), †emiKvwi
Kg©Pvix (69%), †QvU e¨emvqx (65%), miKvwi Kg©Pvix (60%) I M„wnYx
(52%)| eo e¨emvqx cvVK‡`i A‡a©KvskI (50%) g‡b K‡ib hv‡K †hŠb
nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î h_vh_ cwigv‡Y
cÖKvwkZ nq| evwK A‡a©Kvsk (50%) g‡b K‡ib hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q
Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K
†h me cvVK g‡b K‡ib hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I
cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Lye †ewk cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ M„wnYx
cvVK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (42%)|
†gvU cvV‡Ki cÖvq A‡a©K (52%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I
cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î h_vh_ cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| Z‡e cvVK‡`i eo
GKwU AskB (37%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨
msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx 14wU †ckvi
g‡a¨ GKwU †ckvi me cvVK g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK
Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| †ckvwU n‡”Q: eo e¨emvqx| Ab¨
†ckv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ PviwU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKI GB K_v g‡b K‡ib| †ckv
PviwU n‡”Q: cÖ‡KŠkjx (80%), mvsevw`K(60%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (60%) I
miKvwi Kg©Pvix (60%)| GKwU †ckvi A‡a©Kvsk (50%) Ges GKwU †ckvi
cÖvq A‡a©Kvsk (49%) GB K_v g‡b K‡ib| †ckv `yÕwU n‡”Q h_vµ‡g wPwKrmK
I †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v| wZbwU †ckvi D‡jøL‡hvM Ask g‡b K‡ib †hŠb
nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq|
†ckv wZbwU n‡”Q: wkÿv_©x (46%), wkÿK (45%) I †QvU e¨emvqx (40%)|
Ab¨w`‡K GKwU †ckvi mevB, PviwU †ckvi †ewki fvM Ges `yÕwU †ckvi A‡a©K
cvVK g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î
h_vh_ cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q h_vµ‡g kªwgK, †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix
(77%), M„wnYx (61%), †QvU e¨emvqx (55%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (52%),
wPwKrmK (50%) I wkÿK (50%)| Avi wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, mvsevw`K, eo
e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK‡`i †KD g‡b K‡ib bv †h †hŠb nqivwbKvixi
e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Lye †ewk cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq|
†ewki fvM (62%) cvVKB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i
e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z
115
KzÉv †eva K‡i bv| †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ 13wU †ckvi
mevB GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib| Ab¨ †ckvwUi (wkÿv_©x) †ewki fvM (90%) cvVKI
GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb|
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq g‡b K‡ib †ewki
fvM (90%) cvVK| †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx, 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ AvUwU
†ckvi me cvVKB GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx,
wkÿK, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I †emiKvwi
Kg©Pvix| evwK QÕwU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKI g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb
nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q: †QvU e¨emvqx
(95%), †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v (95%), gvSvwi e¨emvqx (86%), kªwgK (86%),
M„wnYx (84%) I wkÿv_©x (84%)|
cvVK‡`i me‡P‡q eo GKwU Ask (43%) g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨
Aciva n‡jI GB e¨vcv‡i AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve Ges kvw¯Í weavb Lye mvgvb¨
nIqvB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY| cvVK‡`i Aci GKwU Ask (31%) g‡b
K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb Kiv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZvi Afve i‡q‡Q|
†ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx, 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨ eo e¨emvqx‡`i mevB g‡b K‡ib
†hŠb nqivwb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡jI GB e¨vcv‡i AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve Ges
kvw¯Í weavb Lye mvgvb¨ nIqvB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY| evwK †ckv¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ cuvPwU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVKI GB K_v g‡b K‡ib| GB †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q:
wPwKrmK (80%), miKvwi Kg©Pvix (66%), miKvwi Kg©KZ©v (63%), mvsevw`K
(55%) I wkÿK (51%)| †h me cvVK †hŠb nqivwb Kiv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m
e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZvi Afve i‡q‡Q e‡jB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NU‡Q g‡b K‡ib
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i nvi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk
(48%)| bvix‡K `ye©j, Amnvq I †fv‡Mi cY¨ g‡b Kiv †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi
KviY g‡b K‡ib Ggb cvVK‡`i g‡a¨ kªwgK‡`i nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (86%)| Z‡e
wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I †emiKvwi
Kg©Pvix‡`i K‡iv g‡ZB bvix‡K `yej © , Amnvq I †fv‡Mi cY¨ g‡b Kiv †hŠb
nqivwbi NUbv NUvi bq| wkÿK, gvSvwi e¨emvqx, †QvU e¨emvqx, †emiKvwi
Kg©KZ©v, wkÿv_©x I M„wnYx cvVK‡`i ÿz`ª Aski g‡Z, †hŠb nqivwb‡K GK ai‡bi
†ivgvw›UKZv g‡b Kivi cÖeYZvB †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY| wKš‘ wPwKrmK,
cÖ‡KŠkjx, mvsevw`K, eo e¨emvqx, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix I kªwgK‡`i
†KDB GB K_v g‡b K‡ib bv|
cvVK‡`i GKwU Ask (8%) †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi Av‡iv wKQz KviY
cvVKiv wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GB me Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU GLv‡b Zz‡j
aiv n‡jv:
116
 GK. bvix‡`i c`©vbkxbZvi Afve|
`yB. †g‡q‡`i Dk„•Lj †cvlK|
wZb. cvðZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve|
Pvi. gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
cuvP. †g‡q‡`i Dk„•Lj Pjv‡div|
Qq. †g‡q‡`i Av‡iv m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q g‡b K‡ib
A‡a©‡Ki †ewk (53%) cvVK| Z‡e cvVK‡`i cÖvq A‡a©K (47%) g‡b K‡ib
h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv| †ckvwfwËK we‡kølY Abyhvqx, 14wU †ckvi g‡a¨
cuvPwU †ckvi †ewki fvM cvVK g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ
h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv| †ckv¸‡jv n‡”Q cÖ‡KŠkjx (80%), mvsevw`K
(80%), wkÿK (60%), wkÿv_©x (56%) I †emivKvix Kg©KZ©v (54%)|
wPwKrmK I miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i A‡a©KvskI (50%) GB K_vB g‡b K‡ib| Avi
eo e¨emvqx‡`i mevB Ges miKvwi Kg©Pvix (80%), kªwgK (71%), gvSvwi
e¨emvqx (62%), †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix (62%), †QvU e¨emvqx (60%) I M„wnYx‡`i
(58%) †ewki fvM g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Q|
cvVK‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ Kx
Ki‡Z cv‡i| †gvU 300 Rb cvV‡Ki g‡a¨ 131Rb (44%) cvVK wewfbœ civgk©
w`‡q‡Qb| cvVK‡`i g‡a¨ 28 Rb (21%) e‡j‡Qb msev`cθ‡jvi DwPZ †hŠb
nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Z_¨ †ewk cÖPvi Kiv| 25 R‡bi (19%) g‡Z, †hŠb
nqivwb welqK Lei¸‡jvi d‡jv-Avc Lei Aek¨B cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ| 21 Rb
(16%) g‡b K‡ib, †hŠb nqivwb †h GKwU kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m m¤ú‡K© mevB‡K
m‡PZb Ki‡Z msev`cÎ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI D‡jøL‡hvM¨
civgk©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wQj:
GK. †hŠb nqivwbi Lei¸‡jvi Dc¯’vcbvq Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|
`yB. †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× AvBb cÖ‡qv‡M mswkøó‡`i m‡PZb I DØy× Ki‡Z
f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
wZb. cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji †hŠb nqivwbi Lei †ewk cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ|
Pvi. †hŠb nqivwb weiæ‡× mvgvwRK cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ Le‡ii
cvkvcvwk m¤úv`Kxq I wdPvimn Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨I †ewk cÖKvk Ki‡Z
n‡e|
cuvP. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Le‡i Ggb wKQz _vKv DwPZ hv‡Z Zv c‡o †hŠb
nqivwbKvixiv GB Aciva Ki‡Z fq cvq|
Qq. †hŠb nqivwbi cÖK„Z Z_¨B cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ| GB msµvšÍ Lei †hb
AwZiwÄZ bv Kiv nq|
117
mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ
mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ Abyhvqx, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© msev`cθ‡jv †hŠb nqivwb
welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wKQz bxwZgvjv †g‡b P‡j| Z‡e me msev`c‡Î wjwLZ
bxwZgvjv †bB| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`c‡Î msev` cÖKv‡ki mvgwMÖK bxwZgvjvi
gva¨‡gB †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki bxwZgvjvI c~iY nq Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
mvsevw`Kiv Zv‡`i AwfgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, msev`c‡Î †ewki
fvM †ÿ‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg, cwiPq I Qwe cÖKvk Kiv nq bv| Avi
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`cÎ Zv‡`i bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivwb welqK msev`‡KB
mvaviYZ Gwo‡q P‡j|
mvsevw`Kiv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨
GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡”Q g‡b Ki‡jI mevB GB
e¨vcv‡i GKgZ bb|
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`c‡Î
GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki nvi evov‡bv n‡q‡Q e‡j
mvsevw`Kiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Avevi Ggb AwfgZI cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, †hŠb
nqivwbi welqwU‡K we‡kl †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ bv †`qvi Kvi‡Y GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq,
Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki e¨vcv‡i Zviv Avjv`v †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Qb bv|
MYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPvi †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i Ggb
AwfgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡jI Gi wecixZ AwfgZI cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y
cÖKvwkZ nq g‡b Kiv n‡jI Ggb AwfgZI †`qv n‡q‡Q †h, e¨w³MZ I
cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvk nIqv DwPr bq| msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ
I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq bv Ggb aviYvI i‡q‡Q| Avevi
GK_vI g‡b Kiv nq †h, †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ Z_¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡jI
cvwievwiK Z_¨ A‡bK †¶‡Î Zz‡j aiv nq bv|
†hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq A‡bK
†ÿ‡Î nq‡Zv Zviv †hŠb nqivwbi g‡Zv Aciva Kiv Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i
Ggb aviYv †cvlY K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e Gi wecixZ aviYvI i‡q‡Q
mvsevw`K‡`i g‡a¨| AwfgZ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, fv‡jv cwiev‡ii †hŠb
nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡j †m nq‡Zv Avevi GB
Aciva Ki‡Z KzÚv‡eva K‡i| wKš‘ †ckv`vi eLv‡U‡`i bvg cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zviv
Aciv‡ai cwigvY AviI evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ eZ©gv‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q e‡j
g‡b K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e wecixZ w`‡K msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨
cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a †KvbB f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv, eis
GB aviv †hŠb nqivwb‡K Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡”Q Ggb AwfgZI cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|
118
M‡elYvi wm×všÍ:
GB M‡elYvq we¯ÍvwiZ ch©v‡jvPbv I we‡køl‡Yi wfwˇZ wb‡gœv³ wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ
nIqv hvq :
• msev`c‡Î LyeB bMY¨ RvqMv Ry‡o †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ nq|
Lye Kg RvqMv e¨envi n‡jI msev`cθ‡jv‡Z GB msµvšÍ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki
Rb¨ †¯úm e¨env‡ii cwigvY µgk evo‡Q|
• msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki nvi w`b w`bB evo‡Q| 2008
wKsev 2009 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 2010 mv‡j †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki
nvi †e‡o †M‡Q|
• msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cvU©¸‡jv¸‡jv Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î Lye Kg
¸iæZ¡ cvq| Z‡e µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q|
• †hŠb nqivwb welqK e¨vL¨vg~jK wi‡cvU© I AbymÜvbg~jK wi‡cvU© Lye ¯^í
nv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †hŠb nqivwb welqK wi‡cv‡U©i d‡jv-Avc wi‡cvU© Lye Kg cÖKvwkZ nq|
• kniv‡ji †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î †ewk cÖKvwkZ nq|
• msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbi weeiYg~jK wi‡cvU© †ewk cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †ewki fvM wi‡cv‡U© †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq cÖKvwkZ nqwb|
• †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv cÖavbZ N‡U-iv¯Ív Nv‡U|
• †ewki fvM †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi eqm 15 eQ‡ii Kg wKsev 15 †_‡K 20
eQ‡ii g‡a¨|
• wbgœweË cwiev‡ii bvixiv cÖavbZ †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±g n‡q _v‡K|
• †ewki fvM †hŠb nqivwbKvixi bvg-cwiPq msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i †ewki fvMB eLv‡U|
• †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i †ewki fv‡Mi eqm 15 †_‡K 25 eQ‡ii g‡a¨|
• †ewki fvM †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq gvgjv nq bv|
• †hŠb nqivwbi NUbvq nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Í nIqvi Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Lye Kg
cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †hŠb nqivwb welqK †ewki fvM Qwei AvK…wZ Wvej Kjvg wKsev wZb Kjvg|
• †hŠb nqivbxi NUbvi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` ev we‡ÿv‡fi Qwe msev`c‡Î †ewk
cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †hŠb nqivwb welqK †ewki fvM m¤úv`Kxq I Dcm¤úv`Kxq Ges wPwV I
gZvg‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi e¨vcv‡i wewfbœ `vwe ev AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq|
• †ewki fvM cvVKB msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei
wbqwgZfv‡e c‡ob|
• cvVK‡`i †ewki fvM g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I
Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q|
119
• †ewki fvM cvVK g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡jB
mvsev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v †e‡o
†M‡Q|
• cvVK‡`i †ewki fvM g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î
Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q|
• †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ
GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib †ewki fvM
cvVK|
• †ewki fvM cvVKB g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii
AwZcÖPv‡ii d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q|
• hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î
h_vh_ cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq e‡j g‡b K‡ib †ewki fvM cvVK |
• cvVK‡`i eo GKwU Ask g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwbKvixi e¨w³MZ I
cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î Kg cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq|
• †ewki fvM cvVK g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I
cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv
†eva K‡i bv|
• msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Íi Lei Kg cÖKvwkZ nq g‡b K‡ib †ewki
fvM cvVK|
• cvVK‡`i eo GKwU Ask g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡jI
GB e¨vcv‡i AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve Ges kvw¯Í weavb Lye mvgvb¨ nIqvB †hŠb
nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY|
• cvVK‡`i †ewki fvM g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
• cvVK‡`i g‡Z, msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Z_¨ †ewk cÖPvi Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
• cvVKiv g‡b K‡ib, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei¸‡jvi d‡jv-Avc Lei Aek¨B
cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ|
• †hŠb nqivwb †h GKwU kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m m¤ú‡K© mevB‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z
msev`cÎ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i e‡j cvVKiv g‡b K‡ib|
• †hŠb nqivwbi Lei¸‡jvi Dc¯’vcbvq Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e e‡j g‡b K‡ib
cvVKiv|
• cvVK‡`i g‡Z, †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× AvBb cÖ‡qv‡M mswkøó‡`i m‡PZb I
DØy× Ki‡Z f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i msev`cÎ|
• cvVKiv e‡j‡Qb, cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji †hŠb nqivwbi Lei †ewk cÖKvk Kiv
DwPZ|
120
• †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× mvgvwRK cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ Le‡ii cvkvcvwk mycvwik:
m¤úv`Kxq I wdPvimn Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨I †ewk cÖKvk Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb cvVKiv| GB M‡elYvq cÖvß Z_¨mg~n we‡kølY I ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡P D‡jøwLZ mycvwik
• cvVKiv g‡b K‡ib, †hŠb nqivwb welqK Le‡i Ggb wKQz _vKv DwPZ hv‡Z Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
Zv c‡o †hŠb nqivwbKvixiv GB Aciva Ki‡Z fq cvq| GK. †hŠb nqivwb †h GKwU kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva GB e¨vcv‡i wj½, †ckv, eqm
• †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei‡K AwZiwÄZ bv Kivi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb cvVKiv| wbwe©‡k‡l mevB‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z msev`c·K †Rvov‡jv f~wgKv wb‡Z n‡e|
• mvsevw`K‡`i AwfgZ Abyhvqx, M‡elYvi AšÍf³ z© msev`cθ‡jv †hŠb GB Rb¨ †Wc_ wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡ki nvi evov‡bv DwPZ| GB m‡½ m¤úv`Kxq,
nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wKQz bxwZgvjv †g‡b P‡j| Z‡e me Dcm¤úv`Kxq, cÖeÜ, wbeÜ, wdPvimn Ab¨vb¨ msev` Dcv`v‡bi Avkªq †bqv
msev`c‡Î wjwLZ bxwZgvjv †bB| †h‡Z cv‡i|
• mvsevw`K‡`i g‡Z, msev`c‡Î †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi `yB. †hŠb nqivwbi weiæ‡× AvBb cÖ‡qv‡M mswkøó‡`i m‡PZb I DØy× Ki‡Z
bvg, cwiPq I Qwe cÖKvk Kiv nq bv| Avi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`cÎ Zv‡`i msev`c·K f~wgKv ivL‡Z n‡e|
bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx †hŠb nqivwb welqK msev`‡KB mvaviYZ Gwo‡q P‡j| wZb. †hŠb nqivwbi Lei¸‡jvi Dc¯’vcbvq Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|
• †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ GB msµvšÍ Pvi. †hŠb nqivwbi wfw±‡gi Qwe cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ bq|
Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡”Q g‡b K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e mevB cuvP. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wfw±‡gi bvg-cwiPq †Mvcb ivLvi
GB e¨vcv‡i GKgZ bb| †Póv Kiv DwPZ|
• mvsevw`K‡`i g‡Z, †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Qq. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Le‡ii m‡½ †hŠb nqivwbKvixi Qwe Ges Zvi e¨w³MZ
Kivi Rb¨ msev`c‡Î GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki
I cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ|
nvi evov‡bv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Avevi Ggb AwfgZI cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, †hŠb
mvZ. †hŠb nqivwbKvixi kvw¯Íi Lei ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ|
nqivwbi welqwU‡K we‡kl †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡ bv †`qvi Kvi‡Y GB msµvšÍ
AvU. MÖvgv‡ji †hŠb nqivwbi Lei cÖKv‡k ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv DwPZ|
m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg cÖKv‡ki e¨vcv‡i Avjv`v †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡
bq. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei¸‡jvi d‡jv-Avc Lei cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ|
†`qv n‡”Q bv|
• MYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPvi †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i mvsevw`Kiv `k. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Le‡ii †hb AwZ cÖPvi bv N‡U †m w`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv
Ggb AwfgZ cÖKvk Ki‡jI Gi wecixZ AwfgZI cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| DwPZ|
• msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y
cÖKvwkZ nq g‡b Kiv n‡jI mvsevw`Kiv Ggb AwfgZ w`‡q‡Qb †h, e¨w³MZ
I cvwievwiK Z_¨ cÖKvk nIqv DwPr bq| Avevi msev`c‡Î †hŠb
nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq bv
Ggb aviYvI i‡q‡Q mvsevw`K‡`i g‡a¨|
• †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq A‡bK
†ÿ‡Î Zviv †hŠb nqivwbi g‡Zv Aciva Kiv Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i Ggb
aviYv †cvlY K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e Gi wecixZ aviYvI i‡q‡Q
mvsevw`K‡`i g‡a¨|
• †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ eZ©gv‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q e‡j
g‡b K‡ib mvsevw`Kiv| Z‡e wecixZ w`‡K msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK
Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a †KvbB f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q
bv, eis GB aviv †hŠb nqivwb‡K Av‡iv evwo‡q w`‡”Q Ggb AwfgZI cÖKvk
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
121 122
 cwiwkó-1 4. †ckv:
K. wPwKrmK U. miKvwi Kg©Pvix
†cÖm Bbw÷wUDU evsjv‡`k L. cÖ‡KŠkjx V. †emiKvwi Kg©Pvix
3 mvwK©U nvDm †ivW, XvKv - 1000 M. AvBbRxex W. kªwgK
†dvb : 9330081-84, d¨v· : 880-2-8317458 N. wkÿK X. K…lK
B-†gBj : research@pib.gov.bd; I‡qemvBU : http\\www.pib.gov.bd
O. mvsevw`K Y. QvÎ-QvÎx
P. wkícwZ/eo e¨emvqx Z. M„wnYx
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iva I msev`cÎ Q. gvSvwi e¨emvqx _. Ab¨vb¨ n‡j AbyMÖn K‡i
R. †QvU e¨emvqx ejyb:
cÖkœcÎ
S. miKvwi Kg©KZ©v
T. †emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v
1. DËi`vZvi wj½ wefvRb:
K. bvix 5.Avcwb wK Le‡ii KvMR c‡ob?
L. cyiæl K. wbqwgZfv‡e cwo
L. AwbqwgZfv‡e cwo
2. eqm:
K. 15 eQ‡ii Kg 6. Avcwb wK msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei c‡ob?
L. 15 †_‡K 20 eQi K. cwo
M. 21 †_‡K 25 eQi L. cwo bv
N. 26 †_‡K 30 eQi
O. 31 †_‡K 35 eQi 7. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨
P. 36 †_‡K 40 eQi cÖKv‡ki msL¨v w`b w`bB evo‡Q?
Q. 41 †_‡K 45 eQi K. evo‡Q
R. 46 †_‡K 50 eQi L. evo‡Q bv
S. 51 †_‡K 55 eQi
8. 7 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi ÔKÕ n‡j msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei I Ab¨vb¨
T. 55 eQ‡ii †ewk Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki msL¨v e„w× cvIqvi KviY Kx e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib ?
K. †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv e„w× †c‡q‡Q
3. wkÿvMZ Ae¯’v:
L. msev`cÎ †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv‡K AwZwi³ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q
K. Gm Gm wmÕi Kg
M. Ab¨vb¨ n‡j AbyMnÖ K‡i ejyb:
L. Gm Gm wm
M. GBP Gm wm 9. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei msev`c‡Î Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î
N. mœvZK µgk †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q?
O. mœvZ‡KvËi K. nu¨v
P. Ab¨vb¨ n‡j AbyMÖn K‡i ejyb: L. bv

123 124
10. 9 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi ÔKÕ n‡j †Kb?
K. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi 16. Avcbvi g‡Z †hŠb nqivwbi NUbv NUvi KviY Kx?
Rb¨ msev`cÎ GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q K. bvix‡K `ye©j, Amnvq I †fv‡Mi cY¨ g‡b Kiv
L. cwÎKvi KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q
L. †hŠb nqivwb‡K GK ai‡bi †ivgvw›UKZv g‡b Kivi cÖeYZv
M. Ab¨vb¨ n‡j AbyMÖn K‡i ejyb:
M. †hŠb nqivwb Kiv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva †m e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZvi
11. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb mswkøó Le‡ii AwZcÖPv‡ii Afve
d‡j †hŠb nqivwbi nvi Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡”Q? N. †hŠb nqivwb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡jI GB e¨vcv‡i AvBb
K. nu¨v cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve Ges kvw¯Í weavb Lye mvgvb¨ nIqv
L. bv O. Ab¨vb¨ n‡j AbyMÖn K‡i ejyb:
M. Rvwb bv 17. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Q?
12. Avcbvi g‡Z hv‡K †hŠb nqivwb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuvi e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ K. nu¨v
msev`c‡Î †Kgb cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq? L. bv
K. Lye †ewk cwigv‡Y
L. h_vh_ cwigv‡Y
18. 17 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi ÔLÕ n‡j †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a msev`cÎ Kx Ki‡Z
M. Kg cwigv‡Y cv‡i?
13. Avcbvi g‡Z †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ msev`c‡Î
†Kgb cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq?
K. Lye †ewk cwigv‡Y
L. h_vh_ cwigv‡Y
M. Kg cwigv‡Y 19. DËi`vZvi bvg:
14. 13 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi ÔMÕ n‡j Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb
nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq Zviv GB
ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva K‡i bv? 20. DËi`vZvi wVKvbv:
K. nu¨v
L. bv

15. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i kvw¯Íi Lei Kg

cÖKvwkZ nq?
K. nu¨v
L. bv

125 126
 cwiwkó-2 cwiwkó-3
XvKv wmwU Ki‡cv‡ikb, XvKv|
†cÖm Bbw÷wUDU evsjv‡`k
3 mvwK©U nvDm †ivW, XvKv - 1000 weÁwß
†dvb : 9330081-84, d¨v· : 880-2-8317458
B-†gBj : research@pib.gov.bd; I‡qemvBU : http\\www.pib.gov.bd
mswkøó mK‡ji AeMwZi Rb¨ Rvbv‡bv hv‡”Q †h, miKvi MZ 12B wW‡m¤^i, 1993
Bs Zvwi‡L cÖKvwkZ evsjv‡`k †M‡RU, AwZwi³ msL¨v gva¨‡g wmwU Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi
†hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iva I msev`cÎ eZ©gvb 75 (cuPvËi)wU Iqv‡W©i ¯’‡j 90 (beŸB)wU IqvW© m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb| †mB
g‡Z AÂj wfwËK IqvW© Ges GjvKv mg~‡ni weeiY wbgœiƒc:
†Wc_& mvÿvrKv‡ii Rb¨ cÖkœ
AvÂwjK Kvh©vjq, AÂj-1
(hvÎvevox AvDUdj)
GK. †hŠb nqivwb welqK Lei cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Avcbv‡`i msev`cÎ wK †Kv‡bv
bxwZgvjv †g‡b P‡j? IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
`yB. bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pj‡j g~j bxwZ¸‡jv Kx AbyMÖn K‡i ej‡eb wK? 70 1. gvwbK bMi|
2. gvwbK bMi wgqvRvb †jb|
wZb. †hŠb nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ
3. KvwRievM|
wK GB msµvšÍ Lei Dc¯’vcbvq †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q?
75 1. †K.Gg. `vm †jb|
Pvi. GKB Kvi‡Y msev`cÎ GB msµvšÍ m¤úv`Kxq, Dcm¤úv`Kxq, Kjvg 2. Afq `vm †jb|
BZ¨vw` cÖKv‡ki nviI wK evwo‡q‡Q? 3. U‡qbwe mvKz©jvi †ivW|
cuvP. MYgva¨‡g AwZcÖPvi †hŠb nqivwbi gZ Aciva wK evwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i? 4. RqKvjx gw›`i †ivW (†nvwìs bs-11 nB‡Z †kl)|
Avcbvi gZvgZ Kx? 5. fMeZx e¨vbvR©x †ivW|
Qq. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK Z_¨ wK h‡_ó 6. †dvìvi ÷ªxU (†nvwìs bs-19 nB‡Z †kl)|
cwigv‡Y cÖKvwkZ nq? 7. nvU‡Lvjv †ivW (†nvwìs bs-2 nB‡Z 44/3)|
8. Avi, †K, wgkb †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1 nB‡Z 11/1)|
mvZ. Qq b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi bv n‡j †hŠb nqivwbKvix‡`i e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK
76 1. `qvMÄ †ivW|
Z_¨ Kg cÖKvwkZ nIqvq wK Zviv GB ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z KzÉv †eva
2. `qvMÄ nvU †jb|
K‡i bv? Avcbvi gZvgZ Kx?
3. `qvMÄ †R‡j cvov|
AvU. msev`c‡Î †hŠb nqivwb welqK Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki eZ©gvb aviv †hŠb nqivwb 4. bvwi›`v †jb||
cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kx f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib? 5. bvwi›`v †ivW (†nvwìs bs-54 nB‡Z †kl)|
6. kir¸ß †ivW|
7. emy evRvi †jb|
8. Avwgi †nv‡mb †jb|
9. kvn mv‡ne †jb|
10. †g_i cwÆ (DËi I `w¶Y)|

127 128
IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
11. ¸iæ`vm miKvi †jb| 6. AvjgMÄ †ivW|
12. KivwZ‡Uvjv †jb| 7. KvwjPiY mvnv †ivW|
13. ¯^vgxevM †jb (†nvwìs bs-11 nB‡Z †kl)| 8. AvjqMÄ †ivW|
14. ¯^vgxevM bZzb ew¯Í| 9. XvjKv bMi †jb (†nvwìs bs- 1 nB‡Z 44, 71 nB‡Z 105)|
15. ¯^vgxevM †jb (†nvwìs bs-1 nB‡Z 18)| 10. mZxk miKvi †ivW|
77 1. jvj‡gvnb mvnv ÷ªxU| 83 1. jvj‡gvnb †cvÏvi †jb|
2. fRnwi mvnv ÷ªxU| 2. †cv¯Ív‡Mvjv, XvKv KUb wgjm&|
3. `w¶Y ˆgïwÐ| 3. nwiPiY ivq †ivW (†nvwìs bs-15 nB‡Z 48)|
4. Iqvi ÷ªxU| 4. evnv`yicyi †jb|
5. RqKvjx gw›`i †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1 nB‡Z 18)| 5. †MÐvwiqv ivRDK cøU-1 I 2|
6. beve ÷ªxU| 6. bexb P›`ª †Mv¯^vgx †ivW|
7. g`b †gvnb emvK †ivW (wUcy myjZvb †ivW)| †nvwìs bs-15/3-37)| 7. dwi`vev` †jb|
80 1. Kv‡Vicyj †jb (evwbqvbMi)| 8. evsjv‡`k e¨vsK K‡jvbx|
2. VvKzi `vm †jb| 9. XvjKv bMi †jb (†nvwìs bs-45 nB‡Z 70)|
3. Rvw÷m jvj †gvnb `vm †jb| 84 1. mv‡q`vev`|
4. Fwl‡Kk `vm †ivW| 2. DËi hvÎvevox-1 I 2|
5. †eMgMÄ †jb| 85 1. eªvþY wPiY|
6. wgDwbwmc¨vj ÷vd †KvqvUvi (evwbqvbMi)| 2. ajcyi|
7. ZbyMÄ †jb| 86 1. cwðg hvÎvevox I DËi-cwðg hvÎvevox|
8. IqvjUvi †jb| 2. DËi hvÎvevox|
9. †ieZx †gvnb `vm †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1 nB‡Z 175)| 3. `wÿY c~e© hvÎvevox Iqvc`v K‡jvbx|
81 1. wWw÷jvix †ivW| 4. `wÿY hvÎvevox|
2. `xbbv_ †mb †ivW| 87 1. gxi nvRxievM|
3. †Kke e¨vbvR©x †ivW (†nvwìs bs-92 nB‡Z 99)| 2. †avjBcvo|
4. kkxf~lY P¨vUvR©x †jb| 3. cvo †MÐvwiqv|
5. iRbx †PŠayix †ivW| 88 1. gyiv`cyi-1 (†nvwìs bs-1-46 ev‡`)|
6. mv‡eK kivdrMÄ †jb| 2. gyiv`cyi-2, 3 I 4|
7. m‡Z¨›`ª Kzgvi `vm †ivW| 89 1. c~e© RyivBb|
82 1. wgj e¨vivK I cywjk jvBb| 2. gyiv`cyi-1 (†nvwìs bs-1 nB‡Z 46)|
2. †Kke e¨vbvR©x †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1 nB‡Z 87/2)| 90 1. Kwig DjøvievM|
3. Aÿq `vm †jb| 2. b~Zb RyivBb AvjgevM|
4. kvLvix bMb †jb| 3. cwðg RyivBb (gvRvi GjvKvmn)|
5. nwiPiY ivq †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1 nB‡Z 14, 49 nB‡Z 56)|

129 130
 AvÂwjK Kvh©vjq, AÂj-2 IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
(j²xevRvi) 15. nvwdR Djøvn †ivW|
IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n 16. †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv †jb|
66 1. nvwKg nvweeyi ingvb †ivW| 17. wW, wm, ivq †ivW|
18. kirP›`ª PµeZ©x †ivW|
2. ievi †evm ÷ªxU||
19. G, wm, ivq †ivW|
3. †mvqvix NvU c~e© I cwðg|
20. †Rj †ivW|
4. iæB nvÆv|
21. w`M evey †jb|
5. eo KvUviv|
22. gwKg KvUviv|
6. †QvU KvUviv|
23. we, †K, ivq †jb|
7. †`ex`vm NvU †jb|
24. †m›Uªvj †Rj
8. KwgwU MÄ|
25. †hv‡M›`ª bvivqY kxj ÷ªxU|
9. P¤úvZjx †jb|
68 1. eskvj †ivW †nvwìs bs-43/1-9081|
10. Ry¤§b †ecvix †jb|
2. †K, wc, †Nvl ÷ªxU|
11. iRbx †evm †jb|
3. KmvBUzjx|
12. ivq Ck¦i P›`ª kxj evnv`yi ÷ªxU|
4. †Mvwe›` `vm †jb|
13. gwnDwÏb †jb|
14. hv`e bvivqY `vm †jb| 5. ˆmq` nvmvb Avjx †jb|
15. BgvgMÄ| 6. wc, †K ivq †jb|
16. wgU‡dvW© †ivW| 7. nvRx Av: iwk` †jb|
8. ivq evnv`yi Ck¦i P›`ª †Nvl ÷ªxU|
67 1. †gŠjfx evRvi|
2. AvwRRyjøvn †ivW| 9. KvRx wRqv DwÏb †ivW|
3. †eMg evRvi| 10. mvgmvev` †jb|
4. Aveyj nvmbvZ †ivW| 11. kvnvRv`v wgqv †jb|
5. cÙ‡jvPb ivq †jb| 12. †Mvcxbv_ `Ë KweivR ÷ªxU I nvibx ÷ªxU|
6. †K,Gg, AvRg †jb| 13. evMWvmv †jb|
7. b~i e· †jb| 14. nvqevr bMi †jb|
8. Avjx †nv‡mb Lvb †ivW| 15. kir PµeZ©x †ivW †nvwìs bs-17-103)|
9. bvevjK wgqv †jb| 16. KvRxgywÏb wmwÏKx †jb|
10. Avi‡gwbqvb ÷ªxU| 17. AvKgj Lvb †ivW|
11. Aveyj LvqivZ †ivW| 18. wR›`vevnvi †jb (191 BmgvBj †jb)|
12. †K`xi bv_ †` †jb| 69 1. eskvj †ivW (†nvwìs bs-109/207/1)|
13. AvMv bIqve †`Dix| 2. Avjx bKx †`Dix|
14. †ePvivg †`Dix| 3. Ave`yj nv`x †jb|

131 132
IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
4. beve KvUviv| 72 1. Av‡kvK †jb|
5. PvbLvicyj †jb| 2. ivwaK¨ †gvnb emvK †jb|
6. AvMvgmxn †jb (†nvwì bs-1-115)| 3. nwi cÖmbœ wRr †ivW|
7. wk°vUzjx †jb| 4. ˆmq` AvIjv` †nv‡mb †jb|
8. AvMvmv‡`K †ivW| 5. †KvU© nvDm ÷ªxU|
9. we, †K, MvsMyjx †jb| 6. D”Qe †MvÏvi †jb|
10. Aveyj nvmbvZ †ivW| 7. cÖmbœ †cvÏvi †jb|
70 1. wmwÏK evRvi| 8. ivLvj P›`ª emvK †jb|
2. †U‡Ki nvU †jb| 9. euvwk PiY †mb †cvÏvi †jb|
3. bIqvecyi †ivW (†nvwìs bs-144-222)| 10. Bmjvgcyi (†nvwìs bs-53-117/2/3)|
4. nvRx Imgvb Mwb †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1 nB‡Z 165)| 11. beivq †jb|
5. bvwRiv evRvi †jb| 12. ˆKjvk †Nvl †jb|
6. jyrdi ingvb †jb| 13. kuvLvix evRvi (†nvwìs bs-1-65)|
7. KvRx Ave`yj nvwg` †jb| 14. ivRvi †`Dix|
8. KvRx Avjv DwÏb †ivW| 15. RR‡KvU©, wW,wm, †KvU© I ivq mv‡ne evRvi|
9. dzjevwoqv cyivZb †ijI‡q †÷kb (†Kv‡Zvqvjx Ask)| 73 1. Avnmvb Djøvn †ivW|
71 1. gvwj‡Uvjv †jb| 2. KweivR †jb|
2. gvwj‡Uvjv †ivW| 3. wR, Gj, cv_© †jb|
3. eskvj †ivW (‡nvwìs bs-1-42, 211-267)| 4. wmgkb †ivW|
4. eskvj †jb| 5. cvUzqvUzjx †ivW|
5. †MvjK cvj †jb| 6. Bmjvgcyi (†nvwìs bs-1-38)|
6. Avb›` †gvnb emvK †jb (evmvevox †jb)| 7. cvUzqvUzjx †jb|
7. wfZi evox †jb| 8. KzgviUzjx †jb|
8. †Mvqvj bMi †jb 9. wjqvKZ G¨vwfwbD|
9. Bswjk †ivW| 10. b_© eªæK nj †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1-38)|
10. cyivbv †gvMjUzjx| 11. IqvBR NvU|
11. beve BDmyd †ivW| 12. igvKvšÍ bw›` †jb|
12. bevecyi †ivW (†nvwìs bs -226-282)| 13. jqvj ÷ªxU|
13. nvRx Ave`yjøvn miKvi †jb| 14. wc, †K ivq †ivW (evsjvevRvi)|
14. †d«Ý †ivW| 15. wPËiÄb G¨vwfwbD|
15. nvRx gBbywÏb †ivW| 16. nKvm© gv‡K©U|
16. bqv evRvi myBcvi K‡jvbx| 17. kuvLvix evRvi (†nvwìs bs-66-142)|

133 134
IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
74 1. g`b †gvnb emvK †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1-15/2 Ges 56 †_‡K †kl)| 79 1. k¨vgv cÖmv` †PŠayix †jb|
2. jvjPvb gwKg †jb| 2. iƒcjvj `vm †jb|
3. †Mvcx †gvnb emvK †jb (†nvwìs bs-1-35)| 3. cvZjvLvb †jb|
4. †Mvcx wKlvY †jb| 4. divkMÄ †jb|
5. Zv‡ni evM †jb| 5. divkMÄ †ivW|
6. kkx †gvnb emvK †jb| 6. DwëMÄ †jb|
7. †Mvqvj NvU †jb| 7. gvjvKvi †Uvjv †jb|
8. gyPx cvov| 8. b_©eæª K nj †ivW (†nvwì bs-39 †kl)|
9. b‡i›`ª bv_ emvK †jb| 9. g`b mvnv †jb|
10. bevecyi †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1-143)| 10. Ck¦i `vm †jb|
11. we wm wm †ivW (†nvwì bs-1-134)| 11. nwik P›`ª emy ÷ªxU|
12. Kvßvb evRvi (†nvwì bs-1-100)| 12. cÖZvc `vm †jb|
13. RywiqvUzjx †jb| 13. we, †K, `vm †ivW|
14. h`ybv_ emvK †jb| 14. †K wR ¸ß †ivW|
15. ebMÖvg †ivW (†nvwì bs-158)| 15. Rq P›`ª †Nvl †jb|
16. gnvRbcyi †jb| 16. c¨vix`vm †ivW|
17. ebMÖvg †jb| 17. †Mvcvj mvnv †jb|
18. †hvMx bMi †ivW I †jb| 18. †gvwnbx †gvnb `vm †jb|
19. P›`ªbv_ emvK ÷ªxU| 19. c~Y©P›`ª e¨vbvR©x †jb|
20. g`b cvj †jb| 20. iæcPvb †jb|
78 1. KzÄ evey †jb| 21. gyÝx nwi †gvnb `vm †jb|
2. †Mvwe›` `Ë †jb| 22. Avb›` †gvnb `vm †jb|
3. iNybv_ †jb| 23. kªxk `vm †jb|
4. †ivKbcyi †jb| 24. †n‡g›`ª `vm †ivW|
5. cuvPfvB NvU †jb| 25. †`‡e›`ª `vm †jb|
6. bvwmi DwÏb mi`vi †jb| 26. ïKjvj `vm †jb|
7. KviKzbevox †jb| AvÂwjK Kvh©vjq, AÂj-3
8. Rbmb †ivW| 48 1. weieb KvPov|
9. KvRx Ave`yi iDd †ivW| 2. MRgnj †ivW|
10. b›` jvj `Ë †jb| 3. nvRvixevM U¨vbvix GjvKv|
11. beØxc emvK †jb| 4. wRKvZjv (wZb evRvi)|
12. ivRP›`ª gyÝx †jb| 5. `w¶Y myjZvbMÄ|
13. myfvl †evm GwfwbD (j²x evRvi)| 6. †mvbvZb Mo (g‡bk¦i)|
14. nvRx Ave`yj gwR` †jb| 7. wRKvZjv ÷vd †KvqvU©vi|
135 136
IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
8. g‡bk¦i (wRKvZjv)| 60 1. RMbœv_ mvnv †ivW (†nvwìs bs-114-315)|
9. wkKvix‡Uvjv| 2. knx` bMi|
10. g‡bk¦i (1-36) ZjøvevM I wgZvjx †iv‡Wi Ask| 3. ivR bvivqY ai †ivW|
11. PiKNvUv ZjøvevM I Uvjx Awdm †ivW| 61 1. RMbœv_ mvnv †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1-113)
12. gay evRvi `w¶Y| 2. KvRx wiqvR DwÏb †ivW|
58 1. g‡bk¦i †ivW| 3. jvjevM `yM© Ges cy®úivR kvn †ivW|
2. g‡bk¦i †jb| 4. AvZm Lvb †jb|
3. evÇv bMi †jb| 5. ivR kªx bv_ ÷ªxU|
4. †evinvbcyi †jb| 6. ni‡gvnb kxj ÷ªxU|
5. Kzjvj gnb †jb| 7. MsMvivg evRvi †jb|
6. KvRxievM †jb| 8. jvjevM †ivW (†nvwìs-48-155 Ges 257-325-1)|
7. bexcyi †jb| 9. bMi †ejZjx †jb|
8. nvRvixevM †jb| 10. †kL mv‡ne evRvi|
9. nvRvixevM †ivW| 11. myej `vm †ivW (47 nB‡Z 49 bs †nvwìs ev‡`)|
10. Kvjy bMi| 62 1. AvwRgcyi †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1-178)|
11. Gbv‡qZMÄ| 2. AvwRgcyi G‡÷U|
12. MYKUyjx| 3. cjvkx e¨vivK cwðg I `w¶Y|
13. fv½v K‡jvbx| 4. B‡Wb gwnjv K‡jR †nv‡÷j Ges ÷vd †KvqvU©vi I Mvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ
14. bxjv¯^i mvnv †ivW| K‡jR|
15. fvMjcyi †jb| 5. we, wc, `vm ÷ªxU|
59| 1. jvjevM †ivW (†nvwìs bs-158-256)| 6. wbj‡ÿZ miKvwi evRvi (AvwRgcyi)|
2. †gwWK¨vj ÷vd †KvqvU©vi, we, wW, Avi, †MBU| 7. jvjevM †ivW (†nvwìs bs-1-47 Ges 158-199)|
3. Kvkwgix †Uvjv †jb|| 8. Xv‡Kk¦ix †ivW|
4. †nv‡mb DwÏb Lvb †jb| 63 1. †nvmbx `vjvb †ivW|
5. Wzwi Avs¸j †jb| 2. Aidv‡bR †ivW|
6. beveMÄ †ivW| 3. Kgj `vm †ivW|
7. beveMÄ †jb| 4. bvwRgywÏb †ivW (†nvwìsbs-1-124)|
8. Ave`yj AvwRR †jb| 5. wMÏ©v D`y© †ivW|
9. jwjZ †gvnb `vm †jb| 6. RqbvM †ivW|
10. Gg, wm, ivq †ivW| 7. eKmx evRvi †ivW|
11. bZzb cjUb jvBb| 8. eKmx evRvi †jb|
12. wcjLvbv †ivW| 9. Avgjv cvov wmwU †ivW|
13. myej `vm †ivW (†nvwìs bs-48 I 49) 10. ZvZ Lvbv †jb|

137 138
IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
11. D‡gk `Ë †ivW| 24 1. wLjMuvI ÒGÓ Ges ÒwmÓ †Rvb|
12. beve evwMPv| 2. wLjMuvI K‡jvbx ÒwmÓ|
13. b~i dvZv †jb| 25 1. †Mvovb
14. cjvkx dvqvi mvwf©m †÷kb| 26 1. †givw`qv
64 1. †K, we, iæ`ª †ivW| 27 1. c~e© evmv‡ev (†nvwìs bs-59/1 nB‡Z †kl ch©šÍ)|
2. D`©y †ivW| 2. cwðg evmv‡ev|
3. †MŠi my›`i ivq †jb| 3. DËi evmv‡ev|
4. nvq`vi e· †jb| 4. `wÿY evmv‡ev|
5. Lv‡R †`Iqvb 1g Ges 2q †jb| 5. DËi c~e© evmv‡ev|
6. PK mvKz©jvi †ivW| 6. ga¨ evmv‡ev|
7. AvRMi †jb| 7. evmv‡ev Inve K‡jvbx|
8. nibv_ †Nvl †ivW| 8. gv`vi‡UK|
9. nibv_ †Nvl †jb| 28 1. gvqvKvbb|
10. Lv‡R `j wms †jb| 2. meyRevM|
11. b›` Kzgvi `Ë †ivW| 3. DËi gyM`vcvov †WcywU K‡jvbx|
65 1. BmjvgevM| 4. Avn¤§`evM|
2. kv‡q¯Ív Lvb †ivW| 5. ivRvievM DËi I `wÿY|
3. ingZMÄ †jb| 6. K`gZjv evmv‡ev|
4. nvRx iwng eKm †jb| 7. c~e© evmv‡ev (†nvwìsbs-1-59)|
5. IqvUvi IqvK©m †ivW| 29 1. gyM`vcvov|
6. nvRx evby †ivW|
31 1. evsjv‡`k e¨vsK K‡jvbx I †mvbvjx e¨vsK K‡jvbx|
7. Mwb wgqvi nvU|
2. Avi, †K wgkb †ivW †MvcxevM|
8. dwiqv cwÆ|
3. Kgjvcyi|
AvÂwjK Kvh©vjq, AÂj-4
4. gwZwSj ÔweÕ †ijI‡q evRvi|
22 1. ivgcyiv
32 1. AvivgevM|
2. Djb
2. dwK‡ii cyj|
3. evwMPvi †UK|
3. dwK‡ii cyj evRvi GjvKv|
4. bvwm‡ii †UK|
4. gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv|
5. Igi Avjx †jb|
6. cwðg nvRx cvov| 5. w`jKzkv evwYwR¨K GjvKv|
23 1. wLjMuvI ÒweÓ †Rvb| 6. e½feb|
2. wLjMuvI c~e© nvRx cvov| 33 1. gwZwSj K‡jvbx (nvmcvZvj †Rvb, Avj †njvj †Rvb I AvBwWqvj
3. gvwjevM †PŠayix cvov (b~i gmwR‡`i Dˇii gnjøvmn)| †Rvb)|
4. gvwjevM I gvwjevM evRvi †ivW (meyRevM Ask)| 2. GBP UvBc †KvqvU©vi|

139 140
IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
3. †cv÷vj K‡jvbx| 50 1. wd« ¯‹zj ÷ªxU KuvVvjevMvb|
4. wUGÛwU K‡jvbx| 2. b_© †ivW|
5. evsjv‡`k e¨vsK K‡jvbx| 3. mvKz©jvi †ivW|
34 1. kvnRvnvbcyi| 4. MÖxY KY©vi, MªxY ¯‹qvi (MÖxY †ivW)|
2. kvnRvnvbcyi †ijI‡q K‡jvbx| 5. MÖxY †ivW c~e©|
3. `wÿY wLjMuvI| 6. I‡q÷ A¨vÛ ÷ªxU|
4. wLjMuvI evwMPv| 7. Avj Avwgb †ivW|
5. knx`evM| 8. b_© mvKz©jvi †ivW|
6. †gv‡gbevM| 9. wd« ¯‹zj ÷ªxU (nvwZicyj)
7. AvDUvi mvKz©jvi †ivW| 10. wµ‡m›U †ivW|
35 1. gvwjevM evRvi †ivW (gwZwSj Ask)| 51 1. †jK mvK©vm DËi avbgwÛ I Av‡e` Xvjx †ivW|
2. gvwjevM| 2. ewki DwÏb †ivW, DËi avbgwÛ|
3. eKkxevM| 3. KjvevMvb|
4. ¸jevM| 4. MÖxY †ivW cwðg|
5. kvwšÍevM| 5. MÖxY †ivW ÷vd †KvqvU©vi|
6. B›`ªcyix| 6. ZjøvevM|
36 1. Pv‡gjxevM I AvwgbevM| 7. ïµvev`|
2. ivRvievM cywjk jvBb| 8. †mvenvbevM|
3. cyivbv cëb, wR,wc,I evqZzj †gvKviig, †÷wWqvg, myBwgs cyj, 52 1. bxj‡ÿZ eveycyiv|
µxov cwil`, AvDUvi †÷wWqvg| 2. mgvR Kj¨vY I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, AvBqye Avjx K‡jvbx I iwng
4. weRq bMi| ¯‹qvi|
5. bqv cëb| 3. evsjv‡`k-Kz‡qZ ˆgÎx nj|
6. cyivbv cëb jvBb| 4. †m›Uªvj †ivW|
7. UªvwdK cywjk e¨vivK, cywjk nvmcvZvj I wmGÛwe gvV| 5. bv‡qg wb‡qivi †ivW, K‡jR ÷ªxU, wU, wU, K‡jR Mf:j¨ve‡iUix
8. kvwšÍbMi| ¯‹zj Gwiqv I XvKv K‡jR|
9. kvwšÍbMi evRvi GjvKv| 6. mvBÝ j¨ve‡iUix ÷vd †KvqvU©vi|
AvÂwjK Kvh©vjq, AÂj-5 7. G¨vwjd¨v›U †ivW|
49 1. avbgwÛ AvevwmK GjvKv| 8. wgicyi †ivW|
2. avbgwÛ moK bs-15 ÷vd †KvqvU©vi| 9. wbD Gwjd¨v›U †ivW
3. moK bs-15 c~e© iv‡qi evRvi I C`Mvn †ivW| 10. wewWAvi wcjLvbv|
4. †k‡i evsjv †ivW I wgZvjx †ivW| 53 1. wg›Uz †ivW|
5. nvRx Avdmvi DwÏb †ivW| 2. KvKivBj|
6. nv‡ZgevM| 3. mvwK©U nvDm †ivW|

141 142
IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
4. wm‡×k¦ix †ivW I †jb| 17. ZxZzgxi nj|
5. gMevRvi G¨vwjd¨v›U †ivW| 18. XvKv †gwWK¨vj K‡jR QvÎvevm (dR‡j ivweŸ nj)|
6. gMevRvi B¯úvnvbx K‡jvbx| 19. †k‡i evsjv nj, cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq|
7. wbD B¯‹vUb †ivW| 20. †mvnivIqv`©x nj, cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq|
8. B¯‹vUb Mv‡W©b †ivW| 21. kwn`yjøvn nj|
9. Avwgbvev` K‡jvbx I B÷vY© nvDwRs GcvU©‡g›U| 22. dRjyj nK nj|
10. †eBjx †¯‹vqvi I †eBjx †ivW| 23. Wv. Gg, G, ikx` nj|
11. ev‡R KvKivBj| 24. knx` ¯§„wZ nj|
12. wW, AvB, wU, K‡jvbx I cwðg gvwjevM| 25. cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq QvÎx nj|
54 1. eo gMevRvi| 57 1. XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq AvevwmK GjvKv|
2. w`jy †ivW, wbD B¯‹vUb †ivW, cwðg gvwjevM| 2. Rniæj nK nj, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
3. ga¨ †cqvivevM I MÖxYI‡q| 3. mwjgyjvø n nj|
4. DËi bqv‡Uvjv 1g fvM| 4. m¨vi G, Gd, ingvb nj|
55 1. wg‡ii‡UK, wgievM, gayevM| 5. kvgmyb bvnvi nj|
2. DËi bqv‡Uvjv 2q fvM| 6. RMbœv_ nj|
3. c~e© bqv‡Uvjv| 7. Kwe Rwmg DwÏb nj, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
4. `wÿY bqv‡Uvjv| 8. gyw³‡hv×v wRqvDi ingvb nj|
5. gMevRvi Iqvi‡jm K‡jvbx| 9. m~h‡© mb nj|
56 1. †m¸bevwMPv| 10. nvRx †gvnv¤§` gnwmb nj|
2. †ZvcLvbv †ivW| 11. e½eÜz †kL gwReyi ingvb nj|
3. e½eÜz GwfwbD I‡q÷ nvDR| 12. gqgbwmsn †jb|
4. wU, we, wK¬wbK GjvKv| 13. gqgbwmsn †ivW|
5. XvKv †gwWK¨vj K‡jR nvmcvZvj I AvevwmK GjvKv| 14. wc, wR, Bbw÷wUDU|
6. nvB‡KvU© ÷vd †KvqvU©vi I †mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb| 15. RvZxq Rv`yNi Awdmvm© †KvqvU©vi, wc,wR, nvmcvZvj I †K›`ªxq
7. dzjevoxqv †÷kb c~e© GjvKv| cvewjK jvB‡eªix|
8. dzjevoxqv cwðg I †m‡µUvwi‡qU †ivW| 16. nvweeyjøvn †ivW|
9. Ave`yj MwY †ivW I mwPevjq ÷vd †KvqvU©vi| 17. AvšÍRv© wZK QvÎvevm|
10. cyivZb †ijI‡q K‡jvbx cwðg| 18. †iv‡Kqv nj|
11. †ijI‡q nvmcvZvj GjvKv| 19. cwievM kvn mv‡ne †ivW|
12. B÷vY© nvDwRs I U‡qbwe mvKz©jvi †ivW| AvÂwjK Kvh©vjq, AÂj-6
13. igbv MÖxY nvDm| 39 1. KvIivb evRvi|
14. cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq I AvevwmK GjvKv| 2. †ZRZzix evRvi|
15. bRiæj Bmjvg nj| 3. †ZRKzbx cvov|
16. Avnmvb Djøvn nj| 4. †ijI‡q K‡jvbx|
143 144
IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
40 1. ivRv evRvi| 4. iv‡qi evRvi|
2. Bw›`iv †ivW| 5. wewei evRvi|
3. gwbcyix cvov| 6. ksKi|
4. †k‡i evsjv bMi| 7. c~e© iv‡qi evRvi|
5. MÖxY †ivW| 8. gay evRvi I cwðg avbgwÛ|
42 1. †gvnv¤§`cyi eøK-Gd| AvÂwjK Kvh©vjq, AÂj-7
2. †gvnv¤§`cyi eøK-wm 9 1. evMevox|
3. Rûix gnjøv| 2. nwiivgcyi|
43 1. k¨vgjx wis †ivW| 3. Rûivev`|
2. Av`vei| 4. evRvicvov|
3. bRiæj Bmjvg, wcwm KvjPvi nvDwRs †mvmvBwU, evBZzj Avgvb I
5. ea©b evox|
†m‡Ki‡UK|
6. †Mvjvi‡UK|
44 1. †gvnv¤§`cyi eøK-wW-1, 2, 3, 4 I 5|
7. †QvU w`qv evox|
2. Avhg †ivW|
3. RvwKi †nv‡mb †ivW, eøK-B| 8. Rvnvbvev`|
4. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg †ivW, eøK-B| 9. †KvU©evox|
45 1. jvjgvwUqv eøK-G, we, wm, wW, B, Gd, wR| 10. Avb›`evRvi|
2. wbD K‡jvbx Avmv` †MU| 10 1. MveZjx Rwg`vievox (nvmbvev`)
3. wLjRx †ivW| 2. MveZjx 1g, 2q I 3q K‡jvbx|
4. evei †ivW eøK-we| 3. ˆM`vi‡UK|
5. MRbex †ivW I ûgvqyb †ivW| 4. `viæm mvjvg|
6. †iwm‡Wbwmqvj g‡Wj ¯‹zj I K‡jR| 11 1. Kj¨vYcyi|
7. †gvnv¤§`cyi eøK-G Avmv` GwfwbD, BKevj †ivW, m¨vi ˆmq` †ivW, 2. cvBKcvov|
AvIiO‡Re †ivW| 12 1. Avnv¤§`bMi|
8. wcwm KvjPvi (cvK©mn) 2. `wÿY wewkj|
46 1. ewQjv| 3. kvnAvjx evM|
2. Iqvkcyi| 4. djIqvjv cvov|
3. KvUvmyi| 5. cvBKcvov ÷vd †KvqvU©vi|
4. MÖvwdK AvU©m I kvixwiK wkÿv K‡jR| 6. wkÿv †evW© ÷vd †KvqvU©vi I IqvK©vm© K‡jvbx|
5. †gvnv¤§w`qv nvDwRs †mvmvBwU| 7. †UvjvievM|
6. euvkevwo| 8. we, G, wW, wm, ÷vd †KvqvU©vi|
47 1. Rvdivev`| 13 1. eoevM|
2. DËi myjZvbMÄ| 2. cx‡iievM|
3. ivRgyïix Rvdivev`| 3. gwbcyi|

145 146
IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
14 1. KvRxcvov| 4. †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b AvevwmK GjvKv|
2. †kIovcvov| bev‡ei evM I PUevox|
3. †mbcvov ceZv| we,AvB,Gm,Gd ÷vd †KvqvU©vi (Kzwgi kvn gvRvi)|
16 1. Beªvwngcyi| 15 1. fvlvb‡UK|
2. Kvdiæj| 2. Avje`xi †UK|
41 1. AvMviMuvI ÷vd †KvqvU©vi| 3. `vgvj‡KvU©|
2. cwðg AvMviMuvI| 4. jvjvmivB|
3. k¨vgjx †ivW bs-1| 5. gvwU KvUv|
4. Kvdiæj ZvjZjv ÷vd †KvqvU©vi| 6. gvwbKw`|
5. gnvKvk weÁvb feb wR UvBc| evjyNvU|
AvÂwjK Kvh©vjq, AÂj-8 evBMvi‡UK|
2 1. wgicyi †mKkb-12| evib‡UK|
2. wgicyi-12/c, DËi Kvjkx| AvÂwjK Kvh©vjq, AÂj-9
3 1. wgicyi †mKkb-10| 17 1. wLj‡ÿZ|
2. wgicyi †mKkb-11, eøK-wm| 2. Kzwoj|
4 1. wgicyi †mKkb-13 I 14| 3. KzuovZix|
2. evBk‡UKx| 4. †Rvqvimvnviv (Awjcvov)|
5 1. wgicyi †mKkb-11, eøK-G, we, I wW/2| 5. RMbœv_cyi|
2. evDwbqv †eoxeva| 18 1. evwiaviv AvevwmK GjvKvq AvB Ges †K eøK (1980 m‡b cÖKvwkZ
†M‡R‡Ui AwZwi³)|
3. cjvk bMi|
2. KvjvPuv`cyi|
6 1. wgicyi †mKkb-7|
3. bÏv|
2. cjøex|
4. kvnRv`cyi (K, L I M)|
3. Iqvc`v K‡jvbx wظY †mbvwbevm|
19 1. ebvbx|
4. Avje`x|
2. ¸jkvb (1 I 2)|
5. iƒcbMi wUb‡mW|
3. ¸jkvb myBcvi K‡jvbx (1)|
6. `yqvixcvov| 4. KovBj|
7. †mKkb-6, eøK-wm, wW, R I U| 20 1. gnvLvjx|
7 1. wgicyi †mKkb-2| 21 1. DËi evÇv|
2. wgicyi †mKkb-6, eøK-G I we| 2. `w¶Y evÇv|
3. iƒcbMi miKvwi nvDwRs G‡÷U| 3. ga¨ evÇv|
14 1. wgicyi †mKkb-1| 4. c~e© †giæj evÇv|
2. DËi wewkj| 5. †Mvcx cvov evÇv|
3. wPwoqvLvbv AvevwmK GjvKv (e· bMi) 6. cwðg †giæj evÇv|

147 148
 IqvW© bs Iqv‡W©i AvIZvaxb GjvKv/GjvKvmg~n
37 1. †ZRMuvI wkí GjvKv| MÖš’cwÄ:
38 1. bvLvjcvov| Roger D. Wimmer & Joseph R. Dominick, Mass Media Research : An Introduction
(2nd ed.), California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1987.
2. AviRZ cvov|
Walizer, M. H., & Wienir, P. L. , Research methods and analysis, New York:
3. wmwfj Gwf‡qkb ÷vd †KvqvU©vi| Harper & Row, 1978.
AvÂwjK Kvh©vjq, AÂj-10 Krippendorf, K., Content analysis : An introduction to its methodology, Beverly
1 1. DËiv g‡Wj UvDb| Hills, CA: Sage Pubications, 1980.
Kerlnger, F., Foundations of behavioral research (2nd ed.), New York: Holt,
¯^vÿi/- Rinetart & Winston, 1973.
mwPe, XvKv wmwU Ki‡cv‡ikb Joann Keyton, Communication Research : Asking Question, Finding Answers, New
York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
Richard W. Thorp, Robert K. Thorp & Lewis Donohew, Content Analysis of
¯§viK bs 2040/cÖ:we: (500) ZvwiL: 05.06.04 Communications, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1967.
L. L. Kaid & A. J. Wadsworth, `Content analysis’, In P. Emmert & L. L. Barker
m`q AeMwZi Rb¨ Abywjwc †cÖiY Kiv nBj: (Eds.), Measurement of communication behavior, New York: Longman, 1989.
1. mKj IqvW© Kwgkbvi, IqvW© bs .............| D. Riffe, S. Lacy & F. G. Fico, Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative
2. mKj wefvMxq/Dc-wefvMxq cÖavb .............| content analysis in research, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998.
3. mKj AvÂwjK wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v, AÂj .............| Cesar M. Mercado, Conducting and Managing Communication Suryey Research :
The Asian Experience, Quezon City : Local Resource Management Services, 1992.
4. †gqi g‡nv`‡qi GKvšÍ mwPe|
H. W. Smith, Strategies of Social Research : The Methodological Imagination, New
5. cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v g‡nv`‡qi ÷vd Awdmvi| Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 1975.
6. cÖ‡UvKj Kg©KZ©v| Pauline V. Young, Scientific Social Surveys and Research, New Delhi: Prentice-Hall
7. mKj wbe©vnx cÖ‡KŠkjx, AÂj ............./we`y¨r/hvwš¿K/cwiKíbv I bKmv/evRvi of India Private Limited, 1984.
mv‡K©j/cwi‡ek Dbœqb cÖKí| Kvgiæj nK, evsjv‡`‡ki msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ wkï welqK Z_¨: GKwU g~j¨vqb, XvKv:
8. mKj kvLv cÖavb .............| †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU evsjv‡`k, Ryb 2009
9. mnKvix mwPe, ms¯’vcb kvLv-1/2/3/ I cÖkvmb|
10. mwPe g‡nv`‡qi e¨w³MZ mnKvix|
11. cÖkvmwbK bw_|
12. Awdm Abywjwc|
(AvLZvi †nv‡mb Lvb)
mnKvix mwPe (cÖkvmb)
XvKv wmwU Ki‡cv‡ikb|

149 150