Unit 02

Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmg~n- 1
BDwbU- 2
AvšÍ:e¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM `¶Zv
Awa‡ekb- 1 : gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ
Awa‡ekb- 2 : djveZ©b
Awa‡ekb- 3 : wk¶Y-wkL‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K
†evSv I Zv‡ì mv‡_ wg_w¯Œqv Kivi Rb¨
f~wgKvwfbq (Role Play) †KŠkj
Awa‡ekb- 4 : †kvbvi `¶Zv Abykxjb I cix¶vKiY
Awa‡ekb- 5 : KÚ¯î: D”PMÖvg, ¯î, †Rvi cÖ`vb, weiwZ eënvi I
Abykxjb
Awa‡ekb- 6 : PK‡evW© eënv‡ii `¶Zv
69
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW
70
BDwbU- 2 Awa‡ekb- 1
gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ
f~wgKv
AvaywbK wkLb-wk¶Y Kvh©µ‡g gv_v LvUv‡bv (Brain Storming) GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c×wZ|
gv_v LvUv‡bv n‡”Q Ggb GKwU c×wZ, †h c×wZ‡Z wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì mvg‡b GKwU wbw`©ó
mgm¨v Dc¯’vcb K‡ib Ges wk¶v_©xiv e¨w³MZ wKsev `jxqfv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡i mgvav‡bi
Dcvq Luy‡R †ei K‡i| G c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì AZ¨šÍ mdjfv‡e mwµq
ivLv hvq| gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì m„RbkxjZv I mwµqZv e„w×
cvq|
Av‡jvP¨ Awa‡ek‡b 4wU c‡e© h_vµ‡g gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ, wk¶K I wk¶v_©xi BwZevPK
m¤ú‡K©i ¸iyZ¡, GB c×wZi êwkó¨ Ges cÖ‡qvM ‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 BwZevPK wk¶K-wk¶v_©x m¤ú‡K©i ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi êwkó¨¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gv_v LvUv‡bvi †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©- K: gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ


wk¶v_©x eÜziv, †kªwY cvV`v‡b gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c×wZ| G
c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì K‡qKwU †QvU `‡j fvM K‡i Zv‡ì mvg‡b †Kvb wbw`©ó mgm¨v
Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Zv‡ì‡K mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z ejv nq| G
c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©xiv cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zv‡ì gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM cvq| cvi¯úwiK Mfxi wPš—vi
gva¨‡g RwUj mgm¨v mgvav‡bi GwU GKwU DrK…ó Kvh©Ki c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z
AskMÖnYKvix‡ì g‡a¨ AwfÁZvi I eyw×gËvi wewbgq N‡U e‡j mgm¨vi myôz mgvavb m¤¢e
nq| GB c×wZ wk¶v_©x‡ì m„Rbkxj wPšÍvq D×z× K‡i Ges gy³ wPš—vi †¶Î m¤cÖmvwiZ
nq| wk¶v_©x‡ì cvi¯úwiK gZ wewbgq NUvq, ci¯ú‡ii AwfÁZv wewbg‡qi my‡hvM m„wó
nq| ZvQvov G‡Z cÖvYešÍ Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM m„wó nq Ges AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Av‡jvPbv
djcÖm~ nq| d‡j mgm¨vwUi myôz mgvavb †ewi‡q Av‡m|
71
wk¶v_©x eÜz gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ cÖ‡qvM wk¶v_©x‡ì Kxfv‡e DcK…Z K‡i Zv c~e©eZ©x e¨vL¨v
 Ask n‡Z Luy‡R wb‡Pi e‡· wjLyb|
wcÖq wk¶v_©x eÜz, gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡”Q G‡Z mevi gZvgZ‡K
 cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq Ges mevi gZvgZ‡K GKwU †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z wb‡q Avmv nq hv‡Z mgm¨v
mgvav‡b BwZevPK w`KwU cÖvavb¨ cvq| GRb¨ mevB‡K cvi¯úwiK Mfxi g‡bvwb‡ek
mnKv‡i welqwU we‡k- l‡Y cÖqvm Pvjv‡Z nq| GB c×wZ‡Z gy³ wPšÍv I wePvi we‡køl‡Yi
my‡hvM †ewk _vKvq BwZevPK w`KwUi †ewk cªwZdjb N‡U| G c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©xiv †ewk
mwµq _v‡K| wk¶‡Ki KvR wb‡`©kbv †`qv, cÖksmv Kiv I Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv| A_©vr wk¶K
n‡”Qb mnvqZvKvix| G‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì wkL‡bi cÖwZ Drmvn m„wó nq| Zviv wkLb‡K
Dc‡fvM K‡i Ges wk¶K-QvÎ‡ì m¤úK© gayi I wbweo nq| Zv‡ì wkLbI ¯’vqx nq|
ce©- L: wk¶K I wk¶v_©x‡ì BwZevPK m¤ú‡K©i ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v

 wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©x, †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶K I wk¶v_©x‡ì BwZevPK m¤ú‡K©i ¸iyZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©|
Avmyb, Avgiv K‡qKwU ¸iy‡Z¡i cÖwZ Av‡jvKcvZ Kwi
 we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZ wk¶v_©x‡ì AvMÖn e„w× cvq|
 covïbvi cÖwZ AvMÖn I †cÖlYv m„wó nq|
 we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì S‡i cov n«vm cvq|
 gyL¯’ we`¨vi Dci wbf©ikxjZv K‡g hvq|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì mvgvwRK ¸Yvewji weKvk N‡U|
 †kªwYK‡¶ wg_w¯Œqv (Interection) †ewk nq e‡j welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© aviYv my¯úó nq|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj fvj n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 K‡g©v‡`¨vMx n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
 wkL‡bi cÖwZ BwZevPK `„wófw½ M‡o D‡V|
 wk¶K-wk¶v_©x Df‡qB Av¯’vkxj Ges kª×vkxj n‡q D‡Vb|
 wk¶vi ¸YMZgvb e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
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†Km÷vwW

wk¶v_©x eÜz, wb‡Pi †Km÷vwWwU g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co–b|
RvwKqv myjZvbv gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi GKRb wk¶K| wZwb Aóg †kªwYi †kªwY wk¶K|
RvwKqv Zuvi K¬v‡m memgq nvwmLywk _v‡Kb| wZwb wk¶v_©x‡ì mv‡_ KL‡bv `ye©ënvi K‡ib
bv| wk¶v_©xiv †Kvb welq eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j wZwb wei³ bv n‡q Zv‡ì nvwmgy‡L eywS‡q
†`b| wZwb wb‡R memgq mwµq _v‡Kb Ges wk¶v_©x‡ì mwµq iv‡Lb| wZwb K¬v‡m
AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZi wewfbœ †KŠkj eënvi K‡ib| G‡Z wk¶v_©xiv wkLb †kLv‡bv
Kvhµ‡g AvMÖnx nq| wZwb memgq cvV Dc‡hvMx wewfbœ D™¢vebxg~jK DcKiY eënvi K‡i
cvV`vb K‡ib| G‡Z wk¶v_©xiv mn‡R welqe¯‘wU AvqË¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wZwb K¬v‡m wewfbœ
Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì mwµq iv‡Lb| `jxq Kv‡R wk¶v_©x‡ì wewfbœ wdWe¨vK w`‡q
DrmvwnZ K‡ib Ges Zv‡ì mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| RvwKqv wk¶v_©x‡ì mKj MVbg~jK Kv‡Ri
cÖksmv K‡ib| d‡j wkLb Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Avb›``vqK n‡q D‡V| wZwb wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨
GKwU my¯’ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve m„wó Kivi †Póv K‡ib| G‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì `„wófw½i
BwZevPK cwieZ©b N‡U| wZwb me wk¶v_©xi mv‡_ wk¶Kmyjf Mv¤¢xh© eRvq †i‡L eÜzmyjf
AvPiY K‡ib Ges †Kvb we‡kl wk¶v_©xi cÖwZ c¶cvwZZ¡ K‡ib bv Ges KL‡bvB †Rvi K‡i
Zv‡ì Dci Zvi gZvgZ Pvwc‡q †`b bv| wZwb wk¶v_©x‡ì Lye †mœn K‡ib Ges Zv‡ì
cwiev‡ii †LuvRLei †bb| d‡j RvwKqvi mv‡_ wk¶v_©x‡ì BwZevPK m¤úK© M‡o D‡V|
KvR- 1
 wk¶v_©x eÜziv, RvwKqv myjZvbvi mv‡_ Zvi wk¶v_©x‡ì BwZevPK m¤úK©¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiyb
Ges Avcbvi Wv‡qix‡Z wjLyb|
KvR- 2
 wk¶v_©x eÜz, Dc‡ii †Km÷vwW c‡o †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶K Kx Dcv‡q wk¶v_©x-wk¶K BwZevPK
m¤úK© Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib? Avcbvi gšÍe¨ †kªwYi LvZvq wjLyb
Ges cieZ©x wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m Ab¨ mncvVx‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
KvR- 3
a wk¶v_©x eÜz, GmGmwm cix¶vq evsjv‡`‡ki cjøx AÂ‡ji we`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_©x‡ì AwaK
nv‡i AK…ZKvh© nIqvi KviY¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiyb Ges †m¸‡jv Avcbvi evwoi Kv‡Ri LvZvq
wjLyb|
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ce©- M: gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi êwkó¨

 wcÖq wk¶v_©x, wbw`©ó ev RwUj †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡b e¨w³‡K ev `j‡K Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv K‡i
mgm¨vi mgvavb Luy‡R †ei Kivi GKwU Kvh©Ki cÖwµqv n‡jv gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ|
KvR- 1
a wk¶v_©x eÜz, gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi Aek¨B wKQy êwkó¨ Av‡Q| GB êwkó¨¸‡jv Kx n‡Z
cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© eBwU eÜ K‡i 5 wgwbU fveyb, Gevi Avcbvi wPšÍv Kiv êwkó¨¸‡jvi
GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiyb Ges g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mv‡_ wgwj‡q wbb|
ce©- N: gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj


wcÖq wk¶v_©x, Avmyb, Gevi Avgiv gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi cÖ‡qvM †KŠk‡ji GKwU µgweb¨vm
ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi
 wbw`©ó mgm¨v‡K K‡qKwU As‡k fvM Kiv|
 `j MVb Kiv|
 `‡ji mevi gZvgZ cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e|
 mgm¨v msµvš¿ wPšÍvfvebv K‡i `‡ji wm×všÍv †cv÷vi †ccv‡i †jLv (m¤¢e n‡j)|
 mevB‡K wbR¯^ gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 `‡ji wPwýZ mgvavb m¤^wjZ †cv÷vi †ccvi Ab¨ `‡ji mv‡_ wewbgq Kiv|
 `jxqfv‡e mevi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv|
 cÖwZwU `‡ji wjwLZ gZvg‡Zi mv‡_ Ab¨ `‡ji wbR¯^ gZvgZ mshy³ ev we‡qvRb
Kiv|
 gZvg‡Zi Rb¨ wbw`©ó mgq wba©viY Kiv|
 GKRb mywbwðZfv‡e GKB Awa‡ek‡b GKevi gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| mevi
gZvgZ †kl bv n‡j GKRb‡K wØZxqevi my‡hvM bv †Ìqv|
 gZvgZ ÎywUc~Y© n‡jI KvD‡K Awfhy³ I wZi¯‹vi Kiv hv‡e bv|
 ms‡kvwaZ gZvgZmn cÖvß †cv÷vi †ccvi `‡ji c¶ †_‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv|
 m‡e©vcwi mw¤§wjZfv‡e welq¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i GKK wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv|
mgm¨vi aib Abyhvqx KL‡bv e¨w³MZ Ges KLbI `jxqfv‡e GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
74
KvR- 1
a wk¶v_©x eÜz, gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶v_©x‡ì †KvwPs †m›Uv‡ii Dci wbf©ikxjZvi K‡qKwU
KviY wPwýZ Kiyb|
m¤¢ve¨ DË‡ii cÖwZ Bw½Z
GB mgm¨vwU Avgv‡ì RvwZMZ êwkó¨ bó K‡i w`‡”Q e‡j Avcbviv mevB †gvUvgywU
KviY¸‡jv mn‡RB wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†hgb:
 cix¶v c×wZi djvdj ïay mdjZv wbf©i nIqvq mKj gv-evev G‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z
Pvb| cÖK…Z wkL‡bi †P‡q cix¶vi dj mgv‡R AwaK gh©v`v `vbKvix|
 gv-evevi e¨¯ÍZvi Kvi‡Y wbR mšÍvb‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z AcviM nIqv|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì †KvwPs †m›Uv‡i Avb‡Z cvi‡j welq wk¶‡Ki GKwU evowZ Av‡qi my‡hvM
m„wó nq| `yg©~‡jï evRv‡i we`¨vj‡qi wk¶‡Ki †eZb mvsmvwiK LiP †gUv‡bvi Kv‡R
h‡_ó bv nIqvq evowZ Av‡qi c_ †ei Kivi cÖ‡PóvI GKwU KviY|
KvR- 2
a gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M cix¶vq bKj cÖeYZv `~i Kivi K‡qKwU Dcvq GKwU PvU©
†ccv‡i wjLyb|
75
g~j wkLbxq welq
gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ

†kªwY cvV`v‡b gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì
K‡qKwU †QvU `‡j fvM K‡i Zv‡ì mvg‡b †Kvb wbw`©ó mgm¨v Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
Zv‡ì‡K mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z ejv nq| G c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©xiv cÖ‡Z¨‡K
Zv‡ì gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM cvq| cvi¯úwiK Mfxi wPšÍvi gva¨‡g RwUj mgm¨v mgvav‡b
GwU GKwU DrK…ó Kvh©Ki c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z AskMÖnYKvix‡ì g‡a¨ AwfÁZvi eyw×gËvi
wewbgq N‡U e‡j mgm¨vi myôz mgvavb m¤¢e nq| GB c×wZ wk¶v_©x‡ì m„Rbkxj wPš—vq
D×z× K‡i Ges gy³ wPšÍvi †¶Î m¤cÖmvwiZ nq| cvi¯úwiK gZ wewbgq NUvq ci¯ú‡ii
AwfÁZv wewbg‡qi my‡hvM m„wó nq| ZvQvov G‡Z cÖvYešÍ Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM m„wó nq Ges
AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Av‡jvPbv djcÖm~ nq| d‡j mgm¨vwUi myôz mgvavb †ewi‡q Av‡m|
wk¶K I wk¶v_©xi BwZevPK m¤ú‡K©i ¸iZ¡

 we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZ wk¶v_©x‡ì AvMÖn e„w× cvq|
 covïbvi cÖwZ AvMÖn I †cÖlYv m„wó nq|
 we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì S‡i cov n«vm cvq|
 gyL¯’ we`¨vi Dci wbf©ikxjZv K‡g hvq|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì mvgvwRK ¸Yvewji weKvk N‡U|
 †kªwYK‡¶ wg_w¯Œqv (Interction) †ewk nq e‡j welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© aviYv my¯úó nq|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì djvdj fvj n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 K‡g©v‡`¨vMx n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
 wkL‡bi cÖwZ BwZevPK `„wófw½ M‡o D‡V|
 wk¶K-wk¶v_©x Df‡qB Av¯’vkxj Ges kª×vkxj n‡q D‡Vb|
 wk¶vi ¸YMZgvb e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi êwkó¨

 G‡Z gy³ wPšÍv Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K|
 cvi¯úwiK wPšÍv GKB †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z wb‡q Avmv m¤¢e nq|
 gZvg‡Zi wfbœZv `~i nq|
 mgm¨vi Avï mgvavb m¤¢e nq|
 wewfbœgyLx RwUjZvi wbimb nq|
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 Kvh©Ki djvdj †ewi‡q Av‡m|

 mn‡R cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
 GKB mg‡q †MvUv †kªwY‡Z cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e nq|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì mwµqZvi Dci †Rvi †`qv nq|
gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj

 wbw`©ó mgm¨v‡K K‡qKwU As‡k fvM Kiv|
 `j MVb Kiv|
 `‡ji mevi gZvgZ¸‡jv cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e|
 mgm¨v msµvš— wPš—vfvebv K‡i `‡ji wm×všÍ †cv÷vi †ccv‡i †jLv|
 mevB‡K wbR¯^ gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 `‡ji wPwýZ mgvavb m¤^wjZ †cv÷vi †ccvi Ab¨ `‡ji mv‡_ wewbgq Kiv|
 `jxqfv‡e mevi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖwZwU `‡ji wjwLZ gZvg‡Zi mv‡_ Ab¨ `‡ji wbR¯^ gZvgZ mshy³ ev we‡qvRb
Kiv|
 gZvg‡Zi Rb¨ wbw`©ó mgq wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
 GKRb mywbwðZfv‡e GKB Awa‡ek‡b GKevi gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| mevi
gZvgZ †kl bv n‡j GKRb‡K wØZxqevi my‡hvM †Ìqv hv‡e bv|
 gZvgZ ÎywUc~Y© n‡jI KvD‡K Awfhy³ I wZi¯‹vi Kiv hv‡e bv|
 ms‡kvwaZ gZvgZmn cÖvß †cv÷vi †ccvi `‡ji c¶ †_‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv|
 m‡e©vcwi mw¤§wjZfv‡e welq¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i GKK wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡Z n‡e|
 mgm¨vi aib Abyhvqx KL‡bv e¨w³MZ Ges KLbI `jxqfv‡e GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
n‡e|
 wewfbœ `‡ji Rb¨ c„_K mgm¨v wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
g~j¨vqb
 1. gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`K¸‡jvi eY©bv w`b|
2. gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZi êwkó¨¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiyb| †Kvb êwkó¨wU me©vwaK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© e‡j
Avcwb g‡b K‡ib? e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
3. †kªwYK‡¶ BwZevPK wk¶v_©x-wk¶K m¤úK© Dbœq‡b wk¶K Kx Kx f~wgKv MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡ib Zv wPwýZ Kiyb|
4. BwZevPK wk¶v_©x-wk¶K m¤ú‡K©i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`K¸‡jv kbv³ Kiyb|
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5. gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ Avcwb Kxfv‡e
Avcbvi wk¶v_©x‡ì Dci cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb?
6. gv_v LvUv‡bvi c×wZi cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- L
KvR- 1
wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv ev Dcvq:
 eÜzmyjf AvPiY|
 mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve|
 nvwmLywk _vKv|
 mwµq ivLv|
 `jxq Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì cwiev‡ii †LuvR Lei †bIqv|
 Kv‡iv cÖwZ c¶cvwZZ¡ bv Kiv|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì †mœn Kiv|
 cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve ˆZwi Kiv BZ¨vw`|
KvR- 2
†kªwYK‡¶ BwZevPK wk¶v_©x m¤úK© Dbœq‡b wk¶‡Ki f~wgKv
 †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Ri ¯^vaxbZv †Ìqv|
 Zv‡ì gZvgZ‡K ¸iyZ¡ †Ìqv|
 †kªwYK‡¶ wkLb-†kLv‡bvi cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv|
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewji cÖwZwU c‡e©i avivevwnKZv ivLv|
 mKj wk¶v_©xi bvg Rvbv Ges Zv‡ì bvg a‡i WvKv|
 wk¶vµ‡gi D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K wba©vwiZ wkLbdj AR©‡b mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
 wk¶v_©xi cvwievwiK †LuvR-Lei †bIqv|
 we‡kl‡Mvôxfy³ Ges `ye©j wk¶v_©x‡ì cÖwZ we‡klfv‡e bRi †Ìqv|
 mKj wk¶v_©xi cÖwZ Avš—wiKZv, mngwg©Zv I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve cÖ`k©b Kiv|
78
 mswk- ó welqe¯‘i mv‡_ wgj †i‡L wkLb mvgMÖx wbe©vPb Kiv|

 wk¶v_©x‡ì mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †Rvov I `jxq KvR Ges wg_w¯Œqvi
(Interaction) eë¯’v Kiv|
 †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì †Rvov I `jxq Kv‡Ri mgq mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
 fv‡jv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖksmv Kiv|
 Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv|
KvR- 3
m¤¢ve¨ DË‡ii cÖwZ Bw½Z
GmGmwm cix¶vq evsjv‡`‡ki cjøx AÂ‡ji we`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_©x‡ì AwaK nv‡i AK…ZKvh©
nIqvi KviY:
 AwaKvsk Awffve‡Ki Dchy³ wk¶v bv _vKv|

 cvwievwiK A_©vfv‡ei Kvi‡Y †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ nIqv|
 we`¨vj‡qi wk¶‡Ki AwaKvsk †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq welq m¤ú„³ AvaywbK Ávb bv _vKv|
 kni Ges MÖvgvÂ‡ji we`¨vjqwfwËK cÖK…Z wk¶vi gv‡bi weivU ZviZg¨ weivR Kiv|
 wk¶v_©xi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb c×wZ AweiZ, avivevwnK bv n‡q ïaygvÎ P~ovšÍ cix¶v
wbf©i nIqv BZ¨vw`|
ce©- M
KvR- 1
wb‡R Kiyb|
ce©- N
KvR- 1
c~‡e© cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
KvR- 2
wb‡R Kiyb|
79
djveZ©b (Feedback)
f~wgKv
AvaywbK wk¶v`vb c×wZ‡Z wk¶K I wk¶v_©x Df‡qi AvPiY Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z djveZ©‡bi
f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| mvaviYfv‡e djveZ©b‡K †ckvMZ Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½
Dbœq‡bi GKwU †KŠkj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| djveZ©b n‡”Q †Kvb m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri
gvb m¤ú‡K© Ab¨ e¨w³i civgk© cÖ`vb hvi d‡j cieZ©x mg‡q KvRwUi gvb Dbœqb Kiv
m¤¢e nq| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gI wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii djveZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©|
KviY wk¶‡Ki welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi `ye©j w`K¸‡jv djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g ms‡kvab Kiv m¤¢e
nq| Zvi mncvVx I wk¶K‡ì mywPwš—Z gZvgZ I civgk© Zv‡K GKv‡R mvnvh¨ K‡i|
Av‡jvP¨ Awa‡ek‡b 4wU c‡e© h_vµ‡g djveZ©‡bi msÁv I ¸iyZ¡, djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi
†KŠkj, Rb †nib Gi djveZ©b g‡Wj, djveZ©‡bi MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv Kivi †KŠkj
m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 djveZ©‡bi msÁv I ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Rb †ni‡bi djveZ©b g‡WjwU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 djveZ©‡bi MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv Kivi †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©- K: wdWe¨vK ev djveZ©b ‡KŠkj

 wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©x, wkLb-wk¶Y Kvh©µ‡g djveZ©b
AZ¨š— Kvh©Kix f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| djveZ©b Øviv
†Kvb Kv‡Ri gvb Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e nq| djveZ©‡b
wewfbœ R‡bi gZvgZ I civgk© GKwÎZ nq|
cieZ©x‡Z G¸‡jvi ev¯—evq‡bi gva¨‡g welqwU
Av‡iv AvKl©Yxq nq KviY c~e©eZ©x ch©vq n‡Z Kg
¸iyZ¡c~Y© wRwbm ev` †Ìqv nq| d‡j welqwU ÎywUgy³
I ü`qMÖvnx nq| mw¤§wjZ †Póvi gva¨‡g mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi †Póv Pvjv‡bv nq e‡j meai‡bi mgm¨vi
mwVKfv‡e mgvavb m¤¢e nq Ges Zv mevi Kv‡Q
mgvbfv‡e M„nxZ nq| bvbvR‡bi wPšÍv I †PZbvi
80
cÖwZdjb NUvq| d‡j welqwU mevi Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq n‡q I‡V Ges G wb‡q mgv‡jvPbv
Kivi AeKvk _v‡K bv| G‡Z mevB mywPwš—Zfv‡e Zv‡ì wbR¯^ gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM
cvIqvq wb‡R‡ì Kv‡Ri cÖwZ wb‡Riv Av¯’vkxj n‡q I‡V Ges mevB mevi gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ
kª×vkxj _v‡K|
†Km÷vwW

ewki nvmvb wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡j‡Ri GKRb wk¶K| weGW Gi cvV`vb Abykxj‡bi mgq
wZwb Zuvi wk¶v_©x‡ì K¬vm ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib| wZwb Zv‡ì cvV`v‡bi mej I `ye©j w`K¸‡jv
wPwýZ K‡ib Ges G m¤ú‡K© Zuvi gšÍe¨ Zv‡ì Wvqix‡Z wj‡L †bevi civgk© †`b| K¬vm
†k‡l wk¶v_©xiv Zuvi Kv‡Q G‡j cvV`v‡bi `ye©j w`‡Ki Kxfv‡e DbœwZ Kiv hvq †m m¤ú‡K©
MVbg~jK civgk© ‡`b| wZwb Zv‡ì cieZ©x K¬v‡mi cvV cwiKíbv ms‡kvab K‡i ‡`b Ges
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© civgk© ‡`b| Gfv‡e wk¶v_©xiv Zuvi MVbg~jK civg‡k©i
gva¨‡g Zv‡ì fyj-ÎywU¸‡jv ms‡kvab K‡i wb‡R‡ì wk¶Y `¶Zvi DbœwZ NUv‡Z cv‡ib|
wk¶v_©xeÜziv, Dc‡iv³ †Km÷vwWwU c‡o Avcwb djveZ©b m¤ú‡K© †h aviYv †c‡jb Zv

 Avcbvi †kªwYi LvZvq wjLyb|
wk¶v_©xeÜz, Avcwb Gevi eBwU eÜ K‡i djveZ©b m¤ú‡K© 2 wgwbU wPšÍv Kiyb Ges
 djveZ©‡bi GKwU msÁv wb‡Ri gZ K‡i ˆZwi Kiyb Ges msÁvwU wb‡Pi Lvwj RvqMvq
wjLyb|
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djveZ©‡bi ¸iyZ¡
 wcÖq cÖwk¶vY_©xeÜz, djveZ©b Kx †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv †c‡q‡Qb| Avmyb, GLb djveZ©‡bi
¸iyZ¡ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi| djveZ©‡b cvV`v‡bi `ye©j welq¸‡jv civg‡k©i wfwË‡Z evi evi
cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g mej K‡i †Zvjv m¤¢e nq| A_©vr G‡Z cvV`v‡bi `ye©j w`K¸‡jv `~i
Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gi d‡j wk¶v_©x‡ì mvg‡b cvV¨ welqe¯‘¸‡jv cwi®‹vi nq| djveZ©‡bi
gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ wk¶v_©x‡ì mvg‡b my¯úó, mywbw`©ó I †evaMg¨ nq| d‡j wk¶v_©x welqe¯‘
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z m¶g nq| wk¶v_©xi g‡a¨ `„p wek¦vm, AvMÖn I AvZ¥cÖZ¨‡qi m„wó nq Ges
†Kvb fyj aviYv _vK‡j Zvi Aemvb N‡U| G Kvi‡Y djveZ©‡bi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg Ges
Ab¯^xKvh©|
81
KvR- 1
wk¶v_©xeÜz, GKRb weGW cÖwk¶Yv_©xi cvV`vb Abykxj‡b djveZ©b Kx f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i
a Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiyb|
ce©- L: djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi †KŠkj

wk¶v_©xeÜz, djveZ©b GgbB GKwU Kvh©Ki ‡KŠkj hv cVb-cvV‡bi `ye©j w`K¸‡jv `~i K‡i
 Ges mwVK Ávb Avni‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| evi evi ms‡kva‡bi d‡j welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi
DrKl©Zv N‡U Ges wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq nq| G‡Z gyL‡¯’i Af¨vm `~i nq Ges
wk¶v_©x mvejxjfv‡e welqe¯‘ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i| eÜziv, djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨
KZ¸‡jv †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| Avmyb, GLb Avgiv †KŠkj¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv
ˆZwi Kwi|
 djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi †¶‡Î mswkøó‡ì Kvh©Ki f~wgKv _vK‡e Ges Zviv cÖZ¨¶fv‡e
G‡¶‡Î D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡eb|
 mswkøó wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ djveZ©b m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK g‡bvfve M‡o †Zvjvq ewjô
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb|
 ch©‡ew¶Z cix¶K‡K ch©‡e¶Kiv cÖwk¶K wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡eb|
 djveZ©‡bi †¶‡Î ch©‡e¶K‡ì f~wgKv GKK ev `jMZfv‡e n‡Z cvi‡e|
 GKB wel‡q djveZ©b †Ìqvi Rb¨ Ab¨ GKRb mZx_© mn‡hvMx ch©‡e¶K ev Peer
observer wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡eb|
 djveZ©b cÖ`v‡b ch©‡e¶K‡ì Drmvn DÏxcbv e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
82
KvR- 1
wcÖq wk¶v_©x, g‡b Kiyb, Avcwb GKRb cÖwk¶Yv_©xi wk¶Y ch©‡e¶Y K‡i‡Qb| GKRb
a
ch©‡e¶K wn‡m‡e Avcwb cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki wk¶Y `¶Zv Dbœq‡b Kx Kx †KŠkj MÖnY
Ki‡eb Zv wb‡Pi Lvwj As‡k wjLyb|
ce©- M: Rb †ni‡bi djveZ©b g‡Wj

 Rb †ni‡bi djveZ©b g‡Wj cvV`vb Abykxjb Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ LyeB Kvh©Kix f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i| G c×wZ‡Z cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv wb‡R‡ì cv‡Vi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z cv‡Vi
fyj-ÎywU¸‡jv ïa‡i Av‡iv DbœZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| K‡j‡Ri wewfbœ wk¶v Kvh©µg Ges Abykxjb
cvV`vb PjvKvjxb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ `¶Zvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †ni‡bi djveZ©b g‡Wj
eëüZ nq| (wPÎ 2-1 `ªóe¨)
 GB g‡W‡j we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb wk¶K/mn‡hvMx wk¶K, cÖwk¶K, cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K,

mZx_© mnKg©x ch©‡e¶‡Ki f~wgKvq _vK‡eb|
 GB g‡W‡j cÖwZwU ¯Íi GKwU wb‡`©wkZ µg AbymiY K‡i|
83
wPÎ 2-1: Rb †ni‡bi djveZ©b g‡Wj
cÖ_gZ:
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ civgk©
wk¶K ch©‡e¶K Dbœq‡bi AwZwi³

Abym„Z n‡e
Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi AeZviYv
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡e Ki‡eb
wk¶K ch©‡e¶K
¯^xK…Z bxwZgvjv
wØZxqZ:
BwZevPK welq
wk¶K ch©‡e¶K cv‡Vi AwZwi³

Abym„Z n‡e
cv‡Vi BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv w`K¸‡jv D‡j- L Ki‡eb
D‡j- L Ki‡eb
cvV`v‡bi c~‡e© KiYxq

1. cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K Ges ch©‡e¶K GK‡Î e‡m Av‡jvPbv K‡i djveZ©‡bi kZ© ev
wbY©vqK wba©viY K‡i †b‡eb|
2. wbe©vwPZ wbY©vqK¸‡jv mywbw`©ó †ckvMZ `¶Zvi mv‡_ mswkøó n‡Z n‡e Ges cvV`v‡bi
mgq Zv ch©‡e¶Y Kiv n‡e|
cvV`v‡bi mgq KiYxq

 cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki cvV`vb †kl Kivi ci cÖwk¶K I ch©‡e¶K Zvi cv‡Vi fyj-
Î“wU¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i †bvU LvZvq wj‡L iv‡Lb|
 Zviv cv‡Vi mej w`K Ges `ye©j w`K¸‡jvI †bvU K‡i iv‡Lb Ges wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
†KŠkj m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ wj‡L iv‡Lb|
84
cvV`v‡bi ci KiYxq
 cvV †k‡l cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K, cÖwk¶K/ch©‡e¶K Ges mZx_© cÖwk¶Yv_©xiv Av‡jvPbvq
em‡eb|
 c~‡e© wba©vwiZ wbY©vq‡Ki wfwË‡Z cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K I ch©‡e¶K Zvi djveZ©b †ck
Ki‡eb Ges cv‡Vi fyj-ÎywU Zz‡j ai‡eb|
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K wbY©vq‡Ki wfwË‡Z Zvi wk¶Y m¤ú‡K© Abyaveb K‡ib Ges Kxfv‡e
wk¶‡Yi Av‡iv Dbœqb Kiv hvq Zv ej‡eb|
 ch©‡e¶K cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡K wkLb-‡kLv‡bv `¶Zvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ BwZevPK djveZ©b
†`‡eb|
 ch©‡e¶K cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki wk¶Y Kvh©µ‡gi Dci MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K ch©‡e¶‡Ki civgk© Abymv‡i cieZ©x wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg Dbœq‡b
m¤§Z n‡eb|
Gfv‡e cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K Zvi cv‡Vi mej w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges fyj-ÎywU
ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| hvi d‡j cieZ©x‡Z wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg my›ìfv‡e
cwiPvwjZ nq|
KvR- 1
 GKRb cÖwk¶K wn‡m‡e GKRb cÖwk¶Yv_©xi K¬vm ch©‡e¶Y Kivi †¶‡Î Avcbvi KiYxq
welq¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiyb|
 ce©- N: djveZ©‡bi MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv Kivi †KŠkj

wk¶v_©xeÜz, djveZ©‡bi MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv Kivi wKQy †KŠkj Av‡Q| Pjyb Avgiv GLb
†mw`‡K Av‡jvKcvZ Kwi|
 djveZ©b cÖ`vb m¤ú‡K© mswkøó‡ì g‡a¨ †Lvjv‡gjv Av‡jvPbvi aviYv I Aby‡cÖiYv m„wó
Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Av‡jvP¨ welqe¯‘ mvejxj I cÖvÄj fvlvq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mswkøó‡ì Drmvn cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
 wk¶‡Ki †Kvb welq¸‡jvi DbœwZ Ki‡Z n‡e Zv D`vniY w`‡q my›ìfv‡e eywS‡q ej‡Z
n‡e| †hgb- †ev‡W© †jLv †QvU n‡q‡Q d‡j wk¶v_©xiv wcQb †_‡K †`L‡Z cvqwb|
 BwZevPK Kv‡R AskMÖnYKvix wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Ri gv‡bi cÖksmv Ki‡Z n‡e|
85
 cieZ©x cv‡Vi DbœwZi Rb¨ K‡qKwU welq wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

 cvV DbœwZi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb †KŠkj Aej¤^‡bi Dcvq LuyR‡Z n‡e|
 ch©‡e¶K I wk¶v_©x‡ì mw¤§wjZfv‡e ev¯ÍegyLx Kvh©cÖYvjx MÖn‡Y AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡Z
n‡e|
 gšÍe¨ mnR, my¯úó, mywbw`©ó I MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|
KvR- 1
 djveZ©‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ch©‡e¶Y †PKwjó ˆZwi Kiyb|
KvR- 2
a wcÖq wk¶v_©x, we`¨vj‡q 7g †kªwY‡Z Avcwb †h wel‡q cvV`vb K‡ib †m wel‡q 15 wgwb‡Ui
Dc‡hvMx GKwU cvV cwiKíbv cÖ¯‘Z Kiyb Ges †mwU †kªwY Dc‡hvMx n‡q‡Q wK bv †m
m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi wUDUi I mncvVx‡ì djveZ©b wbb|
86
g~j wkLbxq welq
djveZ©b
AvaywbK wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g djveZ©b GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †KŠkj ev cÖwµqv| G cÖwµqvq
wk¶v_©x‡K Zuvi wk¶Y m¤ú‡K© mvnvh¨Kvix civgk© †Ìqv nq| †kªwYK‡¶ GKRb
cÖwk¶Yv_©x cvV`vb Kivi ci Zvi cv‡Vi mej I `ye©j w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv Ges
cieZ©x‡Z `ye©j w`K¸‡jv `~i Kivi civgk© †Ìqv Ges G Av‡jv‡K cv‡Vi Dbœqb Kiv‡K
djveZ©b ev wdWe¨vK e‡j| djveZ©b ev wdWe¨vK n‡”Q †Kvb m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri Dci Ab¨
e¨w³i civgk© ev gZvgZ| GUv‡K djveZ©b e‡j †h‡nZz gšÍe¨ Av‡m Kv‡Ri Dci wfwË
K‡i| wKfv‡e KvRwU Av‡iv fv‡jv Kiv hvq ‡m m¤ú‡K© djveZ©b ev wdWe¨vK †bIqv †h‡Z
cv‡i| wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri Dci wb‡RI djveZ©b ev wdWe¨vK †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i| GUv‡K
cÖwZdjb ev Reflection e‡j|
G †KŠkj AYywk¶Y Kvh©µ‡g †ewk eëüZ nq| G Kvh©µg n‡”Q `¶ZvwfwËK cÖwk¶Y
†KŠkj| cvV`v‡bi `¶Zv¸‡jv Gi gva¨‡g PP©v Kiv nq| G‡Z wk¶‡Ki cvV`vb
ch©‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKRb ev `yRb AwfÁ ch©‡e¶K ivLv nq| cvV`v‡bi c~‡e©B wk¶K †Kvb
†Kvb `¶Zv †`Lv n‡e Zv cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡K Rvwb‡q †`b| Zvici wk¶K H `¶Zv¸‡jvi w`‡K
j¶ †i‡L cvV`vb K‡ib| ch©‡e¶K cvV`v‡bi fyj-ÎywU¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡ib Ges †m¸‡jv
Wv‡qix‡Z wj‡L iv‡Lb| cvV`v‡bi ci ch©‡e¶K cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki fyj-ÎywU¸‡jv awi‡q
†`b Ges wKfv‡e †m¸‡jv `~i Kiv hv‡e †m m¤ú‡K© civgk© †`b| Gici cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K
†m civgk©gZ Avevi cvV`vb K‡ib| ch©‡e¶K cybivq fyj-ÎywU¸‡jv kbv³ K‡ib Ges
cvV`v‡bi ci wk¶K‡K Zv Rvwb‡q †`b| Z‡e wØZxq ev‡i fy‡ji msL¨v A‡bK n«vm cvq|
Gfv‡e Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶K cvV`v‡bi cÖZ¨vwkZ `¶Zv¸‡jv AvqË¡ K‡i| GUvB
djveZ©b ‡KŠkj|
wk¶K cÖwk¶Y Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask nj cvV`vb Abykxjb| cvV`vb Abykxjb
PjvKvjxb mg‡q cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K‡ì cvV`v‡bi mgq Zvi mncvVx, ¯‹z‡ji mn‡hvMx
wk¶K ev welq wk¶K A_ev K‡j‡Ri wk¶K ch©‡e¶‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| cvV`v‡bi
mgq Zviv cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki cvV`v‡bi fyj-ÎywU¸‡jv †bvU K‡i iv‡Lb Ges cvV`vb
†k‡l cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K‡K †m¸‡jv Rvwb‡q †`b| Zviv fvj cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© †`b| †m civgk© Abyhvqx cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K cieZ©x cvV`v‡bi Rb¨
cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡ib| GUvI djveZ©b ev wdWe¨vK †KŠkj|
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g djveZ©b AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡b mvgvb¨ n‡jI wKQy
`ye©j w`K _vK‡Z cv‡i| †m¸‡jv nq‡Zv wk¶‡Ki †PvL Gwo‡q hvq ev wb‡Ri fyj-ÎywU wb‡R
†ei Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| G‡¶‡Î Ab¨ e¨w³ ev mZx_© mnKg©x ev cÖwk¶‡Ki mywPwš—Z gZvgZ
I civg‡k©i d‡j `ye©j w`K¸‡jv ms‡kvab Kiv m¤¢e nq| D³ gZvg‡Zi Dci wfwË K‡i
Dc¯’vcbKvix wk¶K †kªwYK‡¶ welqe¯‘wU Av‡iv my›ìfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
87
djveZ©‡bi wbqgvewj
 ch©‡e¶K Ges ch©‡e¶YK…Z wk¶K GK‡Î e‡m Av‡jvPbv K‡i cvV`v‡bi c~‡e©
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 †h me `¶Zv wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv|
 ch©‡e¶K Ges cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K wg‡j cÖvK djveZ©‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡ib †hLv‡b
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 ch©‡e¶K cvV`vb Pjvi mg‡q Kxfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡eb Ges †iKW© ivL‡eb GRb¨
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 ch©‡e¶‡Yi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq †bvU ivL‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b cv‡Vi mej I `ye©j w`K¸‡jvi
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 cvV PjvKvjxb mg‡q †Kvb gšÍe¨ Kiv hv‡e bv KviY G‡Z cv‡Vi mvejxjZv e¨vnZ
n‡e|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì w`‡K evi evi ZvKv‡bv hv‡e bv|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ †Kvb iKg weiw³ m„wó Kiv hv‡e bv|
 cvV`vb †k‡l c~e© wba©vwiZ wbY©vqK Abymv‡i wk¶K I cÖwk¶K GKmv‡_ e‡m MVbg~jK
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 wk¶K g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ch©‡e¶‡Ki K_v ïb‡eb| Zv‡K †Kvb euvav †`‡eb bv|
 ch©‡e¶KI †Kvb euvav bv w`‡q ‰a‡h©ï mv‡_ cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki e³e¨ ïb‡eb|
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki Kg cvi`wk©Zvi Rb¨ KL‡bvB Zvi e¨w³‡Z¡ AvNvZ jv‡M Ggb
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 gš—e¨¸‡jv wjwLZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z wk¶v_©xiv fyj-ÎywU¸‡jv ms‡kvab Ki‡Z
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 wk¶‡Yi mej I `ye©j w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 wk¶K Zvi wb‡Ri fyj Î“wU¸‡jv kbv³ K‡i †m¸‡jv ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq Ges cÖwk¶Yv_©x wb‡Ri KiYxq wVK
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 h_vh_ djveZ©b mywbw`©ó mg‡q cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡K mywbw`©ó j‡¶¨ †cuŠQv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 wk¶Y m¤úwK©Z †h †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri Dbœqb NUv‡Z cv‡ib|
 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv †KŠkj cwieZ©b I cwiea©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
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3. djveZ©b cÖ`v‡b ch©‡e¶K‡ì Drmvn DÏxcbv m„wó‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. hv‡K ch©‡e¶Y Kiv n‡e Zv‡K ch©‡e¶YK…Z wk¶K wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡e|
5. Abykxjbx cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î Ab¨ GKRb mncvVxi Peer observer wn‡m‡e KvR
Ki‡eb|
ce©- M
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wb‡R Kiyb|
ce©- N
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wb‡R Kiyb|
KvR- 2
wb‡R Kiyb|
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wk¶Y-wkL‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K †evSv I Zv‡ì

mv‡_ wg_w¯Œqv Kivi Rb¨ f~wgKvwfbq †KŠkj
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 GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi-
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 A‡bï f~wgKvq Awfbq Ki‡Z nq|
 f~wgKvwfb‡q ev¯Íe Ae¯’v‡K mnR mijfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
 ev¯Íe‡¶‡Î Kxfv‡e wb‡R‡K Lvc LvB‡q †bIqv hvq Zv Dcjwä Kiv hvq|
 Awf‡bZvi f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡Z nq|
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wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©x, Dc‡ii ü`qMÖvnx eY©bvwU co–b| wk¶K hw` †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì
a m„Rbkw³i weKvkÕÕ welqe¯‘ e¨vL¨v Kivi Kv‡R GB eY©bvwU cvV K‡ib Zvn‡j wZwb Kx
ai‡bi K‡_vcK_b, †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ cÖKvk I kvixwiK A½fw½i eënvi Ki‡eb Zv wb‡q
wPš—v Ki“b Ges Avcbvi gZvgZ Avcbvi †kªwYi LvZvq wjLyb| cieZ©x wUD‡Uvwiqvj
K¬v‡m Avcbvi wUDU‡ii civgk© wbb|
ce©- O: †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK A½fw½


wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©x, m¤¢vl‡Y †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK A½fw½ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| GK
RvqMvq ÷¨vPzi gZ ùvwo‡q †_‡K K_v ejv (AvIov‡bv) KL‡bv wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨
96
nq bv| mwVK Awfe¨w³i gva¨‡g hw` welqe¯‘‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q †mwU
wPËvKl©K nq Ges Zviv AwaK g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i welqwU †evSvi †Póv K‡i| ev¯Íe
†cÖ¶vcU Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡j wk¶v_©x‡ì ¯§„wZ‡Z †mwU ¯’vqx Qv‡ci m„wó K‡i Ges Zviv
wb‡Riv GwUi cybive„wË Ki‡Z m¶g nq| wk¶‡Ki mwVK A½fw½ ev kvixwiK Awfe¨w³
wk¶v_©x‡ì welqe¯‘i †cÖ¶vcU eyS‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j wk¶‡Ki cÖwZ Zvi
g‡bvwb‡ek †K›`ªxf~Z nq| wk¶‡Ki Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK A½fw½ wk¶v_©x‡ì wk¶‡Ki
cÖwZ ïay AvMÖnxB K‡i †Zv‡j bv eis Zv‡ì †ckvi cÖwZ kª×v‡eva m„wó K‡i| Ggb wK
`„wófw½i cwieZ©b N‡U Ges mr I wbôvevb mybvMwiK n‡Z gvbwmKfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z K‡i|
cÖwk¶Yv_©xeÜz, Avmyb GLb Avgiv †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶‡Ki †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK

 A½fw½ Kxfv‡e eënvi Kiv DwPZ Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi
 †gŠwLK fvlv gvwR©Z I my›ì n‡Z n‡e|
 †gŠwLKfv‡e K_v ejvi mgq KÚ¯î I D”PviY my›ì I my¯úó n‡Z n‡e|
 cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ mim I wPËvKl©K M‡íi gZ my›ì K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 †Kvb e¯‘ ev NUbv‡K imv‡jv fvlvq gvwR©Zfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e bv n‡j Zv
wk¶v_©x‡ì wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv|
 Mí ejv, KweZv Ave„wË, †Kvb NUbv f~wgKvwfb‡qi mgq kvixwiK A½fw½i eënvi
mwVKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e Zvn‡j wk¶v_©x‡ì wkL‡b AvMÖn m„wó n‡e|
 gy‡Li K_v ¯úó I cÖvÄj n‡Z n‡e, Zvn‡j g‡bi K_vI Aeva n‡e| G‡Z wkL‡b
†cÖlYv m„wó n‡e|
 wk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶ GKRb fv‡jv Awf‡bZvi f~wgKvq Awfbq Ki‡Z nq, GK_v
Zv‡ì memgq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
KvR- 1
a cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, wb‡Pi AskwU co–b Ges GLv‡b †g‡qi Revbx‡Z †g‡q‡ì wk¶vi cÖwZ
wbi¶i evev Kx ai‡bi `„p g‡bvej e¨³ Ki‡e Zvi †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ Abykxjb Kiyb|
wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m mncvVx‡ì mv‡_ NUbvwU Awfbq Kiyb Ges †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ I
kvixwiK A½fw½ eënv‡ii Dci wUDUi Ges Ab¨vb¨ mncvVx‡ì wdWe¨vK wbb|
cieZ©x‡Z wdWe¨vK Abyhvqx e¨w³MZ Kjv‡KŠkj Dbœqb Kiyb|
97
f~wgKvwfbq
Avgvi evev PvPviv wZb fvB wQ‡jb, Zuv‡ì †QvU †i‡L `v`v `vw` gviv hvb| Zuviv †ewk
†jLvcov Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| wKš‘ Avgvi evev ej‡Zb, ÔÔAvgv‡ì gv, evev Avgv‡ì †QvU
†i‡L gviv hvIqv‡Z †jLvcov wkL‡Z cvwiwb| Avgvi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì Avwg †jLvcov
Kiv‡bvi †Póv Kie, evwK Avj- vni B”Qv|ÕÕ
Avwg hLb ¯‹z‡j coZvg ZLb ¯‹zj (gvngy` Kv›`v †evW© ¯‹zj) wQj Avgv‡ì evwoi DËi
w`‡K b`xi cv‡oi KvQvKvwQ| Avwg wbgœ cÖvBgvix‡Z e„wË cix¶v w`‡q cvk K‡iwQjvg|
evbvixcov †h‡q cix¶v w`qvwQjvg| (1925-1930 mv‡ji eY©bv)
 bvixi wk¶v I Rxeb, †nv‡mb, g, c„: 35, 37
98
g~j wkLbxq welq
wk¶Y-wkL‡b wk¶‡Yi e¨w³MZ †KŠkj

wk¶KZv †ckvq wk¶K‡K ïay welqe¯‘i ZvwË¡K Ávb AR©b Ki‡jB nq bv, wk¶v_©xi
wkLb‡K djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡Z nq| G Rb¨ Zv‡K †kªwYK‡¶i h_vh_ cwi‡ek
ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| Zv‡K wewfbœ e¨w³MZ Kjv‡KŠkj iß Ki‡Z nq Ges †kªwYK‡¶ Zv cÖ‡qvM
K‡i wk¶v_©xi wkLb‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡Z nq|
e¨w³MZ Kjv‡KŠkj
 cv‡Vi m~Pbv  †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ I fw½
 fvlvMZ w`K (mevB fvj AvQ)  `„óvšÍ ev D`vniY †Ìqv
 Ice-Breaking †Ljv  Kvwnbx ejv
 m¤¢vlY †KŠkj  KweZvi `yB PiY Ave„wË Kiv BZ¨vw`
 f~wgKvwfbq
e¨w³MZ Kjv‡KŠk‡ji ¸iyZ¡

 e¨w³MZ Kjv‡KŠkj †kªwY wk¶‡Y Dchy³ cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i|
 wk¶v_©x‡K wkL‡b DØy× K‡i|
 e¨w³MZ Kjv‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g welqe¯‘‡K wk¶v_©xi wbKU mnR K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv
hvq|
 wk¶K e¨w³MZ Kjv‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì AvMÖn, g‡bv‡hvM I †cÖlYv m„wó‡Z
mnvqZv K‡ib|
 Kvh©Kifv‡e cvV`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 cvV`vb djcÖm~ nq|
wk¶‡Y wk¶‡Ki f~wgKvwfb‡qi cwiPq I ¸iyZ¡

wk¶‡Ki e¨w³MZ Kjv‡KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ f~wgKvwfbq Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †KŠkj|
f~wgKvwfbq
f~wgKvwfbq n‡jv Ab¨ GKR‡bi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i †Kvb welqe¯‘ ev NUbv‡K ûeû
Dc¯’vcb Kiv| GB †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g ev¯—e Rxe‡bi cwi‡ek cwiw¯’wZ‡K †kªwYK‡¶
Kvh©Kifv‡e dzwU‡q †Zvjv hvq|
99
f~wgKvwfb‡qi êwkó¨
 f~wgKvwfb‡q PwiÎ I Ae¯’v‡K GK‡Î Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
 A‡bï f~wgKvq Awfbq Ki‡Z nq|
 f~wgKvwfb‡q ev¯—e Ae¯’v‡K mnR mijfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
 ev¯—e‡¶‡Î Kxfv‡e wb‡R‡K Lvc LvB‡q †bIqv hvq Zv Dcjwä Kiv hvq|
 Awf‡bZvi f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡Z nq|
 K…wÎgZv ewR©Z cwi‡e‡k f~wgKvwfb‡q wk¶v_©xiv ev¯Íe Ae¯’vq wk¶v jvf K‡i|
 Awfb‡q m¤¢vlY I evPbfw½ `¶Zvi Dbœqb N‡U|
f~wgKvwfb‡qi ¸iyZ¡
 wk¶v_©x‡ì Awfbq Kiv‡bvi gva¨‡g †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewji weKvk N‡U|
 wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg Avb›``vqK I AvKl©Yxq n‡q D‡V|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì cv‡Vi AvMÖn I †cÖlYv m„wó K‡i|
 fvlvMZ weKvk N‡U|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì Kíbv kw³ e„w× cvq|
 cv‡Vi GK‡N‡qgx `~i K‡i|
 cvV`v‡bi mdjZv AR©b K‡i|
 wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g Kvh©KvwiZv e„w× cvq|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡bv‡hvM e„w× K‡i|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb ¯’vqx nq|
 ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi m„wó K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ K‡i|
 wk¶K-wk¶v_©x I wk¶v_©x-wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ BwZevPK m¤úK© M‡o I‡V|
f~wgKvwfb‡qi cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj

 msw¶ß e³‡eï gva¨‡g cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ ev NUbv wk¶v_©x‡ì mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡eb| G‡Z
wk¶v_©xiv welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv cv‡e|
 wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì †Rvovq ev `j MVb K‡i cÖwZ †Rvov ev `‡ji m`m¨‡ì GK GKwU
PwiÎ fvM K‡i †`‡eb|
100
 wk¶v_©xiv †Rvovq ev `jxqfv‡e wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ H Pwi‡Îi f~wgKv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

Ki‡eb Ges †evSvi †Póv Ki‡eb|
 wk¶K cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji m`m¨‡ì hvi hvi PwiÎ wb‡q fve‡Z ej‡eb|
 Gevi welqe¯‘i wba©vwiZ As‡ki PwiÎ¸‡jv Awfb‡qi ev msjv‡ci gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡e| (msjv‡ci †¶‡Î `‡ji c¶ †_‡K G‡KK Rb G‡KKwU msjvc ej‡e|)
wk¶‡Ki m¤¢vlY †KŠkj

m¤¢vlY †KŠk‡j wk¶v_©x n‡”Q MÖvnK I wk¶K n‡”Qb `vZv| wk¶KZv n‡”Q wk‡íi mv‡_
Zzjbxq| wk¶KZv †ckvq m¤¢vlY GKwU Zvrch©c~Y© Dcv`vb| wk¶v`v‡b GwU cÖv_wgK avc
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| m¤¢vlY hZ gayi nq welqe¯‘ MÖn‡Y wk¶v_©x ZZ AvMÖnx nq| wk¶‡Ki
m¤¢vl‡Y wk¶v_©xi †MvUv `„wófw½i cwieZ©b N‡U| wk¶‡Ki wk¶v`v‡bi mdjZvi wmsnfvM
m¤¢vl‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i| m¤¢vlY wk¶v_©xi gb‡K AvK…ó K‡i Ges Ab¨gb®‹Zv `~i K‡i|
†mBmv‡_ wk¶v_©xi Rxeb‡eva‡K DÏxß K‡i Ges Rvbvi ¯ú„nv‡K kvwYZ K‡i| D”PviY I
evPbfw½ wk¶v_©xi gb‡K AvK…ó K‡i| Zv‡K wk¶vq g‡bv‡hvMx I DØy× K‡i|
wk¶‡Y wk¶‡Ki e¨w³MZ †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK fw½

wk¶‡Y wk¶‡Ki e¨w³MZ Kjv‡KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK A½fw½ cÖKvk
GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †KŠkj| cvV`v‡bi mgq wk¶‡Ki ejvi fw½ I kvixwiK A½fw½i Dci
cvV¨ welqwUi †evaMg¨Zv wbf©i K‡i| ZvB wk¶K‡K Aek¨B cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq gvwR©Z
I AvKl©Yxq †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK A½fw½ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| wk¶‡Ki †gŠwLK
I kvixwiK A½fw½i eënvi n‡e
 †gŠwLK fvlv gvwR©Z I my›ì n‡Z n‡e|

 †gŠwLKfv‡e K_v ejvi mgq KÚ¯î I D”PviY my›ì I my¯úó n‡Z n‡e|
 cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ mim I wPËvKl©K M‡íi gZ my›ì K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 †Kvb e¯‘ ev NUbv‡K imv‡jv fvlvq gvwR©Zfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e bv n‡j Zv
wk¶v_©x‡ì wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv|
 Mí ejv, KweZv Ave„wË, †Kvb NUbv f~wgKvwfb‡qi mgq kvixwiK A½fw½i eënvi
mwVKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e Zvn‡j wk¶v_©x‡ì wkL‡b AvMÖn m„wó n‡e|
 gy‡Li K_v ¯úó I cÖvÄj n‡Z n‡e, Zvn‡j g‡bi K_vI Aeva n‡e| G‡Z wkL‡b
†cÖlYv m„wó n‡e|
 wk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶ GKRb fv‡jv Awf‡bZvi f~wgKvq Awfbq Ki‡Z nq GK_v Zv‡ì
memgq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
101
g~j¨vqb

1. GKRb wk¶‡Ki Rb¨ e¨w³MZ Kjv‡KŠkj †Kb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?
Avcbvi g‡Zi ¯^c‡¶ hyw³ w`b|
2. GKRb wk¶K Kx Kx e¨w³MZ Kjv‡KŠkj MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib? e¨w³MZ
Kjv‡KŠk‡ji AbymiY Ki‡j cvV`vb djcÖm~ nq- K_vwU wK mwVK e‡j Avcwb g‡b
K‡ib? hyw³ w`b|
3. f~wgKvwfbq ej‡Z Kx ey‡Sb? f~wgKvwfb‡qi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiyb|
4. GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e †kªwYK‡¶ Kxfv‡e f~wgKvwfbq †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb?
Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
5. m¤¢vlY †KŠkj Kx? m¤¢vlY †KŠk‡ji êwkó¨¸‡jv kbv³ Kiyb|
6. †kªwYK‡¶ Kxfv‡e Avcwb m¤¢vlY †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡eb Zv e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
7. †kªwYK‡¶ mvaviYZ Kx Kx m¤¢vlY †KŠkj eënvi Kiv nq Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi
Ki“b|
8. f~wgKvwfbq †KŠkj GKwU Kvh©Ki †KŠkj- e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
9. †kªwYK‡¶ GKRb wk¶‡Ki †gŠwLK Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK A½fw½ eënv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wjwce× Kiyb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- L
KvR- 1
 wk¶v_©x‡ì Awfbq Kiv‡bvi gva¨‡g †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewji weKvk N‡U|
 wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg Avb›``vqK I AvKl©Yxq n‡q D‡V|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì cv‡Vi AvMÖn I †cÖlYv m„wó K‡i|
 fvlvMZ weKvk N‡U|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì Kíbvkw³ e„w× cvq|
 cv‡Vi GK‡N‡qgx `~i K‡i|
 cvV`v‡bi mdjZv AR©b K‡i|
 wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w× cvq|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡bv‡hvM e„w× K‡i|
102
 wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb ¯’vqx nq|

 ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi m„wó K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ K‡i|
 wk¶K-wk¶v_©x I wk¶v_©x-wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ BwZevPK m¤úK© M‡o I‡V|
ce©- M
KvR- 1
 ï‡f”Qv wewbgq
 May I come in Sir.
 mvjvg wewbgq Kiv|
 Please.
 abëv`/Thank you BZ¨vw`|
KvR- 2
ce©- M Gi cvV eY©bv Ask co–b, †`L‡eb †jLv i‡q‡Q ÔÔwk¶‡Ki m¤¢vl‡Y wk¶v_©xi †MvUv
`„wófw½i cwieZ©b N‡U| ---m¤¢vlY wk¶v_©xi g‡bv‡hvM AvK…ó K‡i Ges Ab¨gb¯‹Zv `~i
K‡i|ÕÕ
KvR- 3
 G‡Z wk¶v_©xiv my›ì I gvwR©Z eënvi AR©b K‡i|
 wk¶‡Ki cÖwZ kª×v‡eva RvMÖZ nq|
 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg MwZgqZv jvf K‡i|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì cvV`v‡b Av‡iv AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j|
 cvV`v‡b mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv mnR nq|
 wk¶K‡ì †ckvMZ `¶Zv I gvb e„w× cvq|
 wk¶v_©xiv djcÖm~ wkLbdj AR©‡b Drmvnx nq|
ce©- N
KvR- 1
†h‡nZz eY©bvwUi gva¨‡g ÔÔwk¶v_©xi m„Rbxkw³i weKvkÕÕ welqe¯‘i cÖwZdjb NUv‡Z n‡e
myZivs wk¶‡Ki KÚ¯^‡i bvUKxqZv _vK‡Z n‡e| KÚ¯^‡ii IVv-bvgv n‡e, †gŠwLK
Awfe¨w³‡Z NUbvi fqvenZv (cv KvUv hvIqv), PvwiwÎK `„pZv (cÖPÛ AvZ¥wek¦vmx mvwgb
Avevi Ny‡i ùvwo‡q‡Q) BZ¨vw`|
103
†kvbvi `¶Zv Abykxjb I cix¶vKiY
f~wgKv
fvlv Rxebavi‡Yi GKwU AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb| wbR¯^ Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ gvbyl
fvlv eënvi K‡i| fvlv Qvov cvi®úwiK †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb m¤¢e bq| fvlv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GKwU wkï Rb¥MÖn‡Yi ci Zvi µg weKvkgvb Rxe‡b ¯^vfvweK
wbq‡g fvlv AvqË¡ K‡i| †m Rb¨ Zvi Abykxjb ev wk¶‡Yi †Kvb ìKvi nq bv| †m †h
cÖwµqvq fvlvi `¶Zv AR©b K‡i Zv n‡jv AbyKiY I AbymiY| G cÖwµqv‡K fvlv AR©b
e‡j| G `¶Zv wkï cÖ_g fvlvi †¶‡Î AR©b K‡i| wKš‘ wØZxq fvlvi †¶‡Î Zv‡K
AbyKiY, Abymi‡Yi m‡½ cybive„wË I Abykxjb Pvjv‡Z nq| G cÖwµqv‡K fvlv wk¶Y
(Language Learning) e‡j| fvlv AR©b I fvlv wk¶Y Df‡qiB j¶¨ cvi¯úwiK
Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb|
Av‡jvP¨ Awa‡ek‡b PviwU c‡e© Avgiv †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b fvlvi †hvM¨Zv I `¶Zv,
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b †kvbvi `¶Zvi ¸iyZ¡, †kvbvi `¶Zv AR©‡bi Dcvq Ges †kvbvi `¶Zv
Dbœq‡b cix¶vKi‡Yi Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
D‡Ïk¨
 †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b fvlvi †hvM¨Zv I `¶Zv AR©‡bi †kªwYweb¨vm Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶v I †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b †kvbvi `¶Zvi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †kvbvi `¶Zv AR©‡bi Dcvqmg~n wPwýZ Ges e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †kvbvi `¶Zv Dbœq‡b cix¶vKi‡Yi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©- K: fvlvi †hvM¨Zv I `¶Zv AR©b


KvR- 1
cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, fvlv Kv‡K e‡j †m m¤ú‡K© wbðqB Avcbv‡ì mevi Kg‡ewk aviYv Av‡Q|
fvlv wK Ges KqwU `¶Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq Zv Avcbv‡ì wb‡Ri LvZvq wjLyb|
wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©x, Avgiv †`wL †h, cvwievwiK Rxe‡b ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g wkïi AvMgb Ges

104
fvlvi weKvk N‡U| wkï R‡b¥i ci Ae‡PZbfv‡eB fvlv AvqË¡ K‡i| AvqË¡KiY I
AbymiY Gi ga¨ w`‡q wkïi GB AR©b evo‡Z _v‡K| GwU fvlv AvqË¡ Kivi cÖ_g ¯Íi|
wØZxq ¯Í‡i fvlv †kLvi †¶‡Î wkï‡K m‡PZbfv‡e AbyKiY I Abymi‡Yi m‡½ cybive„wË I
Abykxjb Pj‡Z _v‡K| GB cÖwµqv‡K fvlv wk¶Y e‡j| fvlv AR©b I fvlv wk¶Y Df‡qi
j¶¨ cvi¯úwiK Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb|
wk¶v_©xeÜz, fvlvi AR©‡bi PviwU `¶Zv n‡”Q: (1) †kvbv, (2) ejv, (3) cov I (4)
†jLv| GB PviwU `¶Zvi g‡a¨ †h †Kvb `yBwU `¶Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g GKvwaK fvlv
†hvM¨Zv AR©b m¤¢e| †hgb
 †kvbv I ejv
 †kvbv I cov
 ejv I †jLv
 cov I †jLv
†kvbv I ejv ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| mvaviYZ: ‡KD e‡j Avi †KD †kv‡b| e‡j eySv‡Z nq
Avi ï‡b eyS‡Z nq| Kv‡RB ejv Avi †kvbvi Kv‡R e³e¨ A_©c~Y© nIqv ìKvi|
ce©- L: wk¶v I †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b †kvbvi `¶Zvi ¸iyZ¡


cÖwk¶Yv_©xeÜz, fvlvi PviwU `¶Zvi g‡a¨ †jLv I ejvi ga¨ w`‡q e¨w³ wb‡R‡K cÖKvk
K‡i| ZvB Gme `¶Zv‡K Awfe¨w³g~jK (Expressive) `¶Zv e‡j| †kvbv I cov G
`ywU `¶Zv‡K aviYvg~jK (Receptive) `¶Zv ejv nq|
†kvbv aviYvg~jK `¶Zv ZvB GwU Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î me‡P‡q †ewk
eëüZ nq| GKRb gvbyl Zvi fvlv eënv‡ii †¶‡Î covi Zzjbvq †kvbvq wZb¸Y †ewk
mgq e¨q K‡ib|
wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©x, †kªwYK‡¶ †kvbv AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| wk¶v_©xiv hw` wk¶‡Ki e³e¨,
Av‡jvPbv, wb‡`©k ¯úófv‡e ïb‡Z bv cvq Zvn‡j Zvi c‡¶ cv‡V mwVK fv‡e AskMÖnY
Kiv I wk¶‡Ki e³e¨ AvqË¡ Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
fvlvi AMÖhvÎv ïiy n‡q‡Q †kvbvi gva¨‡g| †kªwYK‡¶i Kvh©vejxi gva¨‡g †Kvb wKQy Rvb‡Z
n‡j Av‡M Avgv‡ì ïb‡Z nq| mwVKfv‡e ‡kvbvi Ici mwVKfv‡e ejvi ¶gZv wbf©ikxj|
fvlvi PviwU `¶Zvi g‡a¨ †kvbv me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ges me©vwaK eëüZ| Kv‡iv K_v
mwVKfv‡e †kvbv Ges ï‡b †evSvi Rb¨ PP©v I Abykxjb GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| †kvbv ejv I
†jLv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
105
KvR- 1
a cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, Avcwb GLb eBwU eÜ Kiyb Ges wb‡R‡K Aóg †kªwYi GKRb wk¶v_©x
wn‡m‡e Kíbv K‡i GKRb wk¶v_©xi Rb¨ †kªwYK‡¶ †kvbvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`K¸‡jvi GKwU PvU©
cÖ¯‘Z Kiyb| Gici wUDUi/cÖwk¶‡Ki ZË¡veav‡b Ab¨me mncvVxi Pv‡U©i e³e¨ †kvbvi
eë¯’v Kiyb|
ce©- M: †kvbvi `¶Zv AR©‡bi Dcvq (10 wgwbU)
KvR- 1
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, ce© K I L †_‡K Avcbviv fvlv Kx I fvlvi AR©‡bi PviwU `¶Zv Ges
GB PviwU `¶Zvi g‡a¨ †kvbv †Kb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †m m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Qb| GLb ‡kªYxK‡¶ Kxfv‡e
†kvbvi `¶Zv AR©b Kiv hvq ‡m m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv K‡i K‡qKwU c‡q›U Avcbvi ‡kªYxi LvZvq
wjLyb|
KvR- 2
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, Avcbvi LvZvq †jLv c‡h›U¸‡jvi mv‡_ wb‡Pi QKwU wgwj‡q wbb| Gevi
QKwU LvZvq Zz‡j wb‡q Avcbvi g‡Z `¶Zv AR©‡bi Dcvq¸‡jvi ¸iyZ¡ Abymv‡i b¤î w`b
Ges Gi ¯^c‡¶ hyw³ wjLyb|
`¶Zv AR©‡bi Dcvq µwgK bs hyw³
kÖywZwjwc
cÖ‡kœvËi
weZK© Abykxjb
ï× D”PviY Abykxjb
MíKvwnbx †kvbv‡bv
mviYx cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
weKí KvR
GB KvRwU Avcbviv `jMZfv‡e (6 R‡bi `j) f~wgKvwfb‡qi gva¨‡gI Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 Q‡K Dwj- wLZ QqwU Kv‡Ri cÖwZwU GKRb m`m¨‡K wPwýZ Ki‡e|
 cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR¯^ hyw³ Abyhvqx wb‡Ri µwgK b¤î wba©viY Kiyb|
 µwgK bs Abymv‡i Avcbvi wjwLZ hyw³ c‡o †kvbvb|
106
ce©- N: †kvbvi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB

 wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, †kvbvi djvdj ev Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv AZ¨šÍ KwVb| Kv‡iv
e³„Zv ïb‡Z Kvb †c‡Z _vK‡jB ev GK `„wó‡Z †P‡q _vK‡jB †kvbv Kvh©Ki nq bv|
mvaviYfv‡e †kvbvi Kvh©KvwiZv Rvb‡Z n‡j wk¶v_©xi wbgœwjwLZ AvPiY¸‡jvi cÖKvk NU‡Q
wK bv Ges NU‡j KZUzKz NU‡Q Zvi Dci Kvh©KvwiZvi gvÎv wbf©i K‡i|
 g‡bv‡hvMmnKv‡i I GKvMÖwP‡Ë †kvbv|

 Av‡jvPbv, msjvc, bvUK, e³„Zvi g~jfve Abyaveb Kiv|
 e³vi e³e¨ ï‡b ey‡S Avb›` jvf Kiv I Zv Awfe¨w³i gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv|
 Qov I KweZv cvVc~e©K g~j e³e¨ Dc‡fvM Kiv|
 kÖyZ welq AvZ¥xKiY Ges Zv cÖKv‡k ¯^KxqZv cÖ`k©b Kiv|
cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, wb‡Pi msw¶ß eY©bvwU GKevi cÖ‡Z¨‡K g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co–b|
a
wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi TQI-SEP KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ ÔÔê‡`wkK cÖwk¶YÕÕ †cÖvMÖv‡g AskMÖnYc~e©K
cÖZ¨veZ©bKvix wk¶K-cÖwk¶K‡ì wi‡cv‡U©i Dci wfwË K‡i TQI-SEP †h “Feedback
based Assessment” Report ˆZwi K‡i‡Q (Sept ‘09) Zvi mvivsk n‡Z GKwU Aby‡”Q`
Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
This report has been prepared on the statements of the participants in six
programs. From an analysis it is evident that the Programs on language
teaching and Mathematics provided considerably newer ideas than other
p[rograms. The program on Science teaching also provided with ideas
that can give some new dimensions to science teaching. Other three
programs can be considered to have followed same methodologies and
depth of treatment could not be supported well from the statements.
Gici `jMZfv‡e GKRb‡K mi‡e co‡Z ejyb| Ab¨ mK‡j g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ï‡b
wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY Kiyb|
1. cwiPvjbvKvix cÖwZôv‡bi bvg wK?
2. †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvg wK?
3. wi‡cvU©wU wK‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i ˆZwi Kiv n‡h‡Q?
4. wi‡cvU©wUi wk‡ivbvg wK?
5. KqwU †cÖvMÖvg-Gi AskMÖnYKvix‡ì gšÍe¨ i‡q‡Q G‡Z?
6. †Kvb `j bZzb Z_¨ w`‡Z cv‡iwb?
107
g~j wkLbxq welq
fvlv
fvlv ej‡Z GKwU †QvU ev eo Rb‡Mvôxi fve Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kivi gva¨g ev †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
evnb‡K eySvq|
Avgiv †`wL †h, cvwievwiK Rxe‡b ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g wkïi AvMgb Ges fvlvi weKvk N‡U|
wkï R‡b¥i ci Ae‡PZbfv‡eB fvlv AvqË¡ K‡i| AvqË¡KiY I AbymiY Gi ga¨ w`‡q
wkïi GB AR©b evo‡Z _v‡K| GwU fvlv AvqË¡ Kivi cÖ_g ¯Íi| wØZxqZ: fvlv †kLvi
†¶‡Î wkï‡K m‡PZbfv‡e AbyKiY I Abymi‡Yi m‡½ cybive„wË I Abykxjb Ki‡Z nq|
GB cÖwµqv‡K fvlv wk¶Y e‡j| fvlv AR©b I fvlv wk¶Y Df‡qi j¶¨ cvi¯úwiK
Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb|
 fvlvi †hvM¨Zv I `¶Zv AR©b
K) †kvbv
L) ejv
M) cov
N) †jLv
 fvlvi PviwU `¶Zvi g‡a¨ †h †Kvb `yBwU `¶Zv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g GKvwaK fvlv
†hvM¨Zv AR©b m¤¢e| †hgb
(K) †kvbv I ejv
(L) †kvbv I cov
(M) ejv I †jLv
(N) cov I †jLv
†kvbv I ejv ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| mvaviYZ: GKRb e‡j Avi Abïv †kv‡b| e‡j †evSv‡Z
nq Avi ï‡b eyS‡Z nq| Kv‡RB ejv Avi †kvbvi Kv‡R e³e¨ A_©c~Y© nIqv ìKvi|
cVb-cvVb cÖwµqvwU Av‡m †jLvi iƒcwU Avmvi c‡i| wk¶v_©x hw` mwVKfv‡e ïb‡Z bv cvq
Z‡e Zvi c‡¶ cvV Abyaveb Kiv Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi †Ìqv m¤¢e bq|
wk¶v I †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b †kvbvi `¶Zvi ¸iyZ¡

fvlvi PviwU `¶Zvi g‡a¨ †jLv I ejvi ga¨ w`‡q e¨w³ wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i| ZvB Gme
`¶Zv‡K Awfe¨w³g~jK (Expressive) `¶Zv e‡j| †kvbv I cov G `ywU `¶Zv‡K
aviYvg~jK (Receptive) `¶Zv ejv nq|
108
†kvbv aviYvg~jK `¶Zv ZvB GwU Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î me‡P‡q †ewk
eëüZ nq| GKRb gvbyl Zvi fvlv eënv‡ii †¶‡Î covi Zzjbvq †kvbvq wZb¸Y †ewk
mgq e¨q K‡ib|
†kªwYK‡¶ †kvbv AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| wk¶v_©xiv hw` wk¶‡Ki e³e¨, Av‡jvPbv, wb‡`©k
¯úófv‡e ïb‡Z bv cvq Zvn‡j Zvi c‡¶ cv‡V mwVK fv‡e AskMÖnY Kiv I wk¶‡Ki
e³e¨ AvqË¡ Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
fvlvi AMÖhvÎv ïiy n‡q‡Q †kvbvi gva¨‡g| †Kvb wKQy Rvb‡Z n‡j Av‡M Avgv‡ì ïb‡Z
nq| mwVKfv‡e ‡kvbvi Ici mwVKfv‡e ejvi ¶gZv wbf©ikxj| fvlvi PviwU `¶Zvi g‡a¨
†kvbv me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ges me©vwaK eëüZ| Kv‡iv K_v mwVKfv‡e †kvbv Ges ï‡b
†evSvi Rb¨ PP©v I Abykxjb GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| †kvbv ejv I †jLv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
†kvbv Avm‡j KZ¸‡jv kvwiixK I gvbwmK cÖwµqvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| kixi IR‡bi
cvi¯úwiK wµqvi ga¨ w`‡qB †kvbvi KvRwU m¤úbœ nq| G‡¶‡Î MÖnY I wPšÍb GB `yÕwU
cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ mgš^q N‡U| hv ïwb Zv MÖnY Kwi bv A_©vr GwU ïayB †kvbv| Avevi hLb Zv
eywS I wePvi Kwi ZLb gvbm cÖwµqv mPj nq| †evSv I wePvi Kivi c‡i Av‡m Abyaveb
I Dcjwä| cieZ©xKv‡j hv †kvbv nq Zv ûeû cÖKvk Ki‡j ZLb Zv‡K mvaviY cybive„wË
e‡j| Avi hLb †kvbv welq‡K Avgiv wb‡Ri gZ K‡i ewj ZLb Zv‡K wPšÍvgyjK ev
we‡k- lYag©x e‡j|
†kvbvi ¸iyZ¡ Acwinvh©

 †Kvb wKQy Rvbv Ges Rvbv‡bvi Awfe¨w³ cÖKvk|
 †gŠwLK wb‡`©k AbymiY Kiv|
 †Kvb NUbv‡K avivevwnKfv‡e g‡b ivLv|
 ï‡b aŸwbi wfbœZvq A_© I cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z cviv|
 †kªwYi e³e¨ Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY Kiv|
 †Kvb NUbv ev welqe¯‘i g~jfve Rvbv|
 cÖvmw½K I AcÖvmw½K wel‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv|
 wbR¯^ Awfe¨w³ cÖKvk Kiv|
 ¯§„wZ‡Z aviY I msi¶Y Kiv|
109
†kvbvi `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi Dcvq

wk¶v_©x‡ì †kvbvi `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wKQy cÖ‡qvRbxq Abykxjb Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
 kÖ“wZwjwc Abykxjb
we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì †kvbvi Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ kÖywZwjwc AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki| Gi gva¨‡g
wk¶v_©xiv wk¶‡Ki e³e¨ ï‡b mwVKfv‡e wjL‡Z cvi‡Q wK bv Zv cix¶v Kiv hvq|
 Mí Kvwnbx †kvbv‡bv
wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì Mí, Kvwnbx †kvbv‡eb Ges cieZ©x ch©v‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì GKB Mí, Kvwnbx
†kvbv‡Z ej‡eb| Zv‡ì ejv †_‡K †evSv hv‡e Zviv wk¶‡Ki K_v gb w`‡q ï‡b‡Q wK bv|
 ï× D”PviY Abykxjb
wk¶K ï× D”Pvi‡Y GKwU cvV c‡o †kvbv‡eb| c‡i wk¶v_©x‡K H cvVwU co‡Z ej‡j ‡m
KZUv h_vh_ D”Pvi‡Y cvV Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv †_‡K ï× D”PviY KZLvwb †m Abykxjb Kij
Zvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †evSv hv‡e †kvbvi e¨vcv‡i †m KZUv g‡bv‡hvMx wQj|
 weZK© Abykxjb
we`¨vj‡q cÖwZ mßv‡n GKw`b K‡i weZK© Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvR‡bi ga¨ w`‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì
†kvbvi Abykxjb Kiv‡bv m¤¢e|
 cÖ‡kœvËi
†kªwYK‡¶ wk¶K hv cov‡eb Zv †kªwY‡Z Dcw¯’Z mKj wk¶v_©x kyb‡Z †c‡i‡Q wK bv Zv
hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ cwVZ welq †_‡K †QvU †QvU cÖkœ Ki‡eb| Gi †_‡K †evSv hv‡e
wk¶v_©xiv cv‡V KZUzKz g‡bv‡hvMx wQj| Gfv‡e cÖ‡kœvË‡ii gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì †kvbvi
`¶Zvi Dbœqb NUv‡bv m¤¢e|
 †kvbv I mviYx cÖ¯‘Z Kiv (Listen and Complete Table)
†Kvb Mí ev NUbv †kvbv‡bv Ges g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ï‡b Z_¨ Q‡K Z_¨ w`‡q c~Y© Kiv|
†kvbvi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB

†kvbvi djvdj ev Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv AZ¨šÍ KwVb| Kv‡iv e³„Zv ïb‡Z Kvb †c‡Z
_vK‡jB ev GK `„wó‡Z †P‡q _vK‡jB †kvbv Kvh©Ki nq bv| mvaviYfv‡e †kvbvi
Kvh©KvwiZv Rvb‡Z n‡j wk¶v_©xi wbgœwjwLZ AvPiY¸‡jvi cÖKvk NU‡Q wK bv Ges NU‡j
KZUzKz NU‡Q Zvi Dci Kvh©KvwiZvi ZxeªZv wbf©i K‡i|
 g‡bv‡hvM I GKvMÖwP‡Ë †kvbv|

 Av‡jvPbv, msjvc, bvUK, e³„Zvi g~jfve Abyaveb Kiv|
110
 e³vi e³e¨ ï‡b Avb›` jvf Kiv|

 Qov I KweZv Dc‡fvM Kiv|
 kÖZ
y welq AvZ¥xKiY Ges Zv cÖKv‡k ¯^KxqZv cÖ`k©b Kiv|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi

ce©- K
KvR- 1
fvlv: fvlv ej‡Z GKwU †QvU ev eo Rb‡Mvôxi fve Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kivi gva¨g ev †gŠwLK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi evnb‡K eySvq|
 fvlv PviwU `¶Zvi gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq| †hgb
K) †kvbv
L) ejv
M) cov
N) †jLv
ce©- L
KvR- 1
cv_©K¨ wbY©q
Rvbv
g~jfve Rvbv
DcjwäKiY
wbe©vPb MÖnY ‡kvbvi `¶Zvi
eR©b ¸iyZ¡
g‡b ivLv
wbR¯^ Awfe¨w³
wb‡`©k AbymiY
cÖKvk
111
ce©- M
KvR- 1
 kÖ“wZwjwc
 cÖ‡kœvËi
 weZK© Abykxjb
 Mí Kvwnbx †kvbv‡bv
 †kvbv I mviYx cÖ¯‘Z Kiv (Listen and complete a table)
 ï× D”PviY Abykxjb
KvR- 2
`¶Zv AR©‡bi Dcvq µwgK bs hyw³
kÖywZwjwc 1 †kvbv I †jLvi †hvM¨Zv
cÖ‡kœvËi 3 †kvbv I ejvi †hvM¨Zv
weZK© Abykxjb 2 †kvbv I ejvi †hvM¨Zv
ï× D”PviY Abykxjb 4 †kvbv I ejvi †hvM¨Zv
MíKvwnbx †kvbv‡bv 5 †kvbv I ejvi †hvM¨Zv
mviYx cÖ¯‘Z Kiv 6 †kvbv I †jLvi †hvM¨Zv
ce©- N
KvR- 1
wb‡R Kiæb
g~j¨vqb

1. fvlv Kx? KqwU `¶Zvi gva¨‡g fvlvi †hvM¨Zv AR©b m¤¢e nq?
2. †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b fvlvi ¸iyZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
3. fvlvi `¶Zv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †kvbv †Kb ¸iyZ¡c~Y©? e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
4. GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì †kvbvi `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Kxfv‡e
Abykxjb Kiv‡eb?
5. †kvbvi `¶Zv Dbœq‡b cix¶vKi‡Yi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB Kiyb|
112
KÚ¯î: D”PMÖvg, ¯î, †Rvi cÖ`vb, weiwZ eënvi I Abykxjb
f~wgKv
wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq wk¶KB cÖavb| †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶‡Yi mgq wk¶KB n‡q I‡Vb
wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡bv‡hv‡Mi †K›`ªwe›`y| wk¶v_©xiv wk¶K‡KB AbyKiY I AbymiY K‡ib|
†kªwYK‡¶ wk¶K †hfv‡e covb, †hfv‡e K_v e‡jb, cieZ©x‡Z wk¶v_©xiv †mfv‡e cvVvf¨vm
M‡o ‡Zv‡j| ZvB wk¶K‡K mwVK wbq‡g cvV`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| cvV`v‡b wk¶‡Ki KÚ¯^‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxq IVvbvgv, ms‡KZ, Bw½Z BZ¨vw` DÏxcK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| DÏxc‡Ki êwPÎ¨
cwVZ welq‡K wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zv‡j| ZvB wk¶K‡K KÚ¯^‡ii myôz
eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb welq cov‡bvi mgq †Kv_vq †Rvi w`‡Z n‡e, DuPz¯^‡i ej‡Z
n‡e, weiwZ w`‡Z n‡e †m wel‡q wk¶K‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e Ges G¸‡jvi Abykxjb
Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j Zuvi cvV`vb wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq I cÖvYeš— n‡e| Av‡jvP¨
Awa‡ek‡b 4wU c‡e© h_vµ‡g Dc¯’vc‡b KÚ¯^‡ii ¸iyZ¡, KweZv Ave„wË I cÖeÜ Dc¯’vc‡bi
gva¨‡g D”P MÖvg, ¯î, †Rvi cÖ`vb I weiwZ eënv‡ii mej I `ye©j w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv,
KÚ¯^‡ii `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Abykxjb I AwR©Z `¶Zv¸‡j †kªwYK‡¶ mdjfv‡e cÖ‡qvM
Kiv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 Dc¯’vc‡b KÚ¯^‡ii ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 KweZv Ave„wË I cÖeÜ Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g D”PMÖvg, ¯î, †Rvi cÖ`vb, weiwZ eënv‡ii
mej I `ye©j w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 KÚ¯^‡ii `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Abykxjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AwR©Z `¶Zv¸‡jv †kªwYK‡¶ mdjfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©- K: Dc¯’vc‡b KÚ¯^‡ii ¸iyZ¡

 wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©x, †kªYxK‡¶ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi GKwU Kvh©Ki gva¨g n‡jv KÚ¯î| wk¶Y-
wkLb cÖwµqvq wk¶‡Ki KÚ¯î Lye ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| wk¶‡Ki KÚ¯î wk¶‡Ki GKwU g~jëvb
m¤ú`| hvi KÚ¯î my›ì wk¶v_©xiv Zvi e³e¨ g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †kv‡b| †h wk¶‡Ki K‡Úi
†¯‹j DVvbvgv K‡i, KLbI †Rv‡i Avevi KLbI Av‡¯Í K_v ej‡Z cv‡ib A_ev e³‡e¨
h_vh_ weiwZ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib wk¶v_©xiv Zuvi e³e¨ `xN©¶Y g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †kv‡b|
113
KvR- 1
 cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, wk¶K wn‡m‡e wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g KÚ¯^‡ii ¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K© 5 wgwbU
wPšÍv Kiyb Ges c~e©eZ©x Aby‡”Q‡` hv eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi m¤ú~iK wKQy †ei K‡i Zv
Avcbvi evwoi Kv‡Ri LvZvq wjLyb|
ce©- L: KweZv Ave„wË I cÖeÜ Dc¯’vcb


cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, Avgiv ce©-K †_‡K KÚ¯^‡ii ¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| Avmyb GLb Avgiv
KÚ¯î eënv‡ii K‡qKwU `¶Zv m¤ú‡K© Rvwb| wk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶ cÖ‡qvR‡b Gi GKwU
ev meKwU eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 D”PMÖvg
aŸwb eënv‡ii DbœZ ch©vq ev D”Pvi‡Yi m‡e©v”P gvÎv‡K D”PMÖvg e‡j|
 ¯î (Tone)
cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜziv, mvaviYZ †Kvb aŸwb‡K h_vh_ my‡i D”PviY Kiv‡K ¯î e‡j| †hgb-
¯îeY©, A, Av|
 †Rvi cÖ`vb
hLb †Kvb kã D”Pvi‡Yi mgq we‡kl †Kvb eY© D”Pvi‡Y †Rvi w`‡Z nq Zv n‡jv †Rvi
cÖ`vb|
 weiwZ (weivg)
K_v ejvi mgq cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Avgiv GKUvbv K_v e‡j, gv‡S gv‡S _vwg| K_v ejvi mgq
GB _vgvB n‡jv weiwZ| ev‡K¨ eëüZ k‡ãi ev c‡ì myi †evSv‡Z gv‡S gv‡S _vgv‡K
weiwZ e‡j|
114
KvR- 1
cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, wUD‡Uvwiqvj Awa‡ekb n‡j `j MVb K‡i K‡qKR‡b GKwU K‡i c¨viv ev
N‡i e‡m covi †¶‡Î GKvB wb‡Pi KweZvwU Ave„wË Ki“b|
`yg©i
myKvš— fÆvPvh©
wngvjq †_‡K my›ìeb, nVvr evsjv‡`k

†Ku‡c †Ku‡c I‡V cÙvi D”Q¡v‡m,
†m †Kvjvn‡ji iy×¯^‡ii Avwg cvB D‡Ïk|
R‡j I gvwU‡Z fvO‡bi †eM Av‡m|
nVvr wbixn gvwU‡Z KLb

Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q m‡PZbZvi avb,
MZ AvKv‡ji g„Zz¨‡K gy‡Q
Avevi G‡m‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvY|
nq avb bq cÖvY G k‡ã

mviv †`k w`kvnviv,
GKevi g‡i fy‡j †M‡Q AvR
g„Zzï fq Zviv|
mvevm, evsjv‡`k, G c„w_ex
AevK ZvwK‡q iq;
R¡‡i-cy‡o-g‡i QviLvi
Zey gv_v †bvqvevi bq|
Gevi †jv‡Ki N‡i N‡i hv‡e

†mvbvwj bq‡Kv, i‡³ iwOb avb
†`L‡e mK‡j †mLv‡b R¡j‡Q
`vD `vD K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvY|
cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, Avcwb Avcbvi mZx_©‡ì Ave„wËi mej I `ye©j w`K¸‡jv Wvqwi‡Z wPwýZ
a Kiyb| Ab¨ mncvVx‡ì mv‡_ Ave„wË Abykxj‡bi gvb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiyb Ges kbv³ Kiyb
†Kv_vq D”PMÖvg, ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv, †Rvi cÖ`vb Kiv ev weiwZ w`‡j KweZvwUi A_©, ¸iyZ¡,
Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v ¯úó dz‡U DV‡e|
115
KvR- 2
a wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©x, `j MVb K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji GKRb K‡i wb‡gœv³ cÖeÜwU cvV Kiyb Ges
Abïv wbR LvZvq cÖ‡Z¨K mncvVxi cv‡Vi mejZv, `ye©jZv wPwýZ Kiyb| Gi wfwË‡Z
fwel¨‡Z Avcbviv mK‡j wb‡Ri cv‡Vi Dbœqb Kiyb|
cvix
Abœ`vk¼i ivq
divwm‡ì cvix bMixi bv‡g c„w_exmy× †jvK gvqvcyixi ¯^cœ †`‡L| Avie¨ iRbxi evM`v`
Avi K_vmvwn‡Zï cvix Df‡qi mš^‡Ü ejv P‡j, ÔA‡a©K bMix Zzwg A‡a©K KíbvÕ|
c„w_exi BwZnv‡m cvixi Zzjbv †bB| `yB nvRvi ermi Zvi eqm Zey Pzj Zvi cvKj bv|
KZevi Zv‡K †K›`ª K‡i w`wM¦Rqx mvgªvR¨ we¯Z…Z nj, KZevi Zvi c‡_ c‡_ mvg¨ ˆgÎx
¯^vaxbZvi i³M½v QyUj, KZ Z¨vMx I KZ †fvMx, KZ Ávbx I KZ Kg©x, KZ imÁ, KZ
`ytmvnmx wec- ‡e I m„wó‡Z, ¯^vaxbZvq I †cÖ‡g Zv‡K Agi gvb‡ei AgiveZx Ki‡jb;
mvwn‡Z¨, wPÎKjvq, fv¯‹‡h©, bvU¨Kjvq, myMwÜwk‡í, cwi”Q`Kjvq, ¯’vcZ¨ I ev¯‘Kjvq †m
mf¨ RM‡Zi kx‡l© DVj| cvixB †Zv AvaywbK mf¨Zvi mwZ¨Kv‡ii ivRavbx AMÖmi‡ì
Zvcm¨v¯’j, AbymviK‡ì Zx_©| Gi GKwU Øvi cÖwZ †`‡ki KvÂbevb‡ì Rb¨ †Lvjv, Ab¨
ØviwU cÖwZ †`‡ki wbtm¤^j wkíx, fveyK we`¨v_©x‡ì Rb¨ gy³| GKw`K †_‡K †`L‡Z cvix
iƒc‡cvRxebx, Ab¨w`K †_‡K †`L‡Z †M‡j cvix Abœc~Y©v, me©‡`‡ki cjvZK‡ì Avkªq`vÎx,
Zvi RvwZwe‡Øl †bB, †m †cvj, iyk, iygvwbqv‡KI kª‡gi wewbg‡q Abœ †`q, wb‡MÖv‡KI
†k¦Z‡mbvi bvqK K‡i Ges bvbv †`‡ki †h AmsL¨ we`¨v_©x†Z Zvi cÖv½b f‡i †M‡Q Zv‡ì
KZ we`¨v_©x‡K †m we`¨vi m‡½ RxweKvI †hvMvq|
c„w_exi Ab¨ †Kvb bMi †`L‡Z c„w_exi GZ †`‡ki GZ Uz¨wi÷ Av‡m bv| cvix †`L‡Z
cÖwZ ermi †h Kq j¶ we‡`kx Av‡m, Zv‡ì c‡bi Avbv Av‡gwiKvb I Bs‡iR|
Av‡gwiKvb‡ì †Pv‡L cvixB n‡”Q BD‡iv‡ci ivRavbx, Avi BD‡iv‡ci †Pv‡L cvix n‡”Q
jÛb, wf‡qbv, evwj©b, g‡¯‹vi †P‡qI AvšÍ©R©vwZK| AvqZb I †jvKmsL¨vq cvix jÛ‡bi
cÖvq A‡a©K|
116
ce©- M: KÚ¯^‡ii `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Abykxjb

a cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, ce©- L †Z Avcbviv mK‡j G‡K A‡bï †h `ye©j w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb
†m w`K¸‡jvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Abykxjb Kiyb Ges †Kv_vq D”PMÖvg, ¯î, †Rvi cÖ`vb Ges
weiwZ w`‡Z nq †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wUDU‡ii weÁ civgk© wbb| †Kvb welq eyS‡Z mgm¨v n‡j
Avcbvi wUDU‡ii mv‡_ Avjvc Kiyb|
KvR- 1
a
cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, mncvVx‡ì mv‡_ Av‡Mi ev Ab¨ †Kvb A_ev cÖeÜ cv‡Vi Ave„wË Abykxjb
Kiyb Ges G‡K A‡bï `ye©j w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiyb| Kxfv‡e `ye©j w`K¸‡jv `~i K‡i Dbœqb
NUv‡bv hvq †m e¨vcv‡i G‡K Ab¨‡K civgk© w`b I mnvqZv Kiyb| cÖ‡qvR‡b wUDU‡ii
mvnvh¨ I civgk© wbb|
ce©- N: AwR©Z `¶Zv¸‡jv †kªwYK‡¶ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Abykxjb


cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, ce© K, L I M †_‡K Avcwb wk¶K wn‡m‡e †kªwYK‡¶ KÚ¯^‡ii ¸iyZ¡ I
KÚ¯î eënv‡ii `¶Zv m¤ú‡K© ‡R‡b‡Qb| Avmyb, GLb Avgiv GB `¶Zv¸‡jv †kªwYK‡¶
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ †Kvb †Kvb w`‡Ki Abykxjb cÖ‡qvRb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi-
 wk¶K †kªwYK‡¶ e¨vL¨v, eY©bv, aviv eY©bv, wb‡`©kbv AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|
 Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq wk¶K DuPz ¯^‡i, my¯úó D”Pvi‡Y K_v ej‡eb hv‡Z †kªwYi mK‡jB
Zuvi K_v ïb‡Z Ges eyS‡Z cv‡i|
 wk¶K †kªwYK‡¶ Zvovûov K‡i K_v ej‡eb bv| wZwb h_vm¤¢e my‡ijv Mjvq ax‡i ax‡i
cÖ‡qvR‡b Av‡eM mnKv‡i K_v ej‡eb|
 wk¶K hw` KÚ¯^‡ii DVvbvgvi gva¨‡g K_v e‡jb Zvn‡j wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q Zv
GK‡N‡q g‡b n‡e bv|
 †h‡nZz fv‡ei evnb fvlv ZvB wk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶ Dchy³ kã Pqb I ï× D”Pvi‡Y
welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡b m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|
 ¯înxb Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wk¶K A½fw½ I gyLfw½ eënvi K‡i welq e¯‘‡K
cÖvYeš— I AvKl©Yxq Ki‡eb|
 wk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶ welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq kã D”Pvi‡Yi MwZ, weivg, bvUKxqZv,
cv‡Vi jq, †Kvb k‡ã †Rvi †Ìqv, †KvbUvq nvjKv Pvc †Ìqv, KÚ¯î Dc‡i DVv‡bv,
wb‡P bvgv‡bvi gZ †KŠkj¸‡jv eënvi Kivi w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶K hLb welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb ZLb weiwZ wP‡ýi ¯’v‡b K_v ejvi mgq wRnŸv
wekªvg †`‡eb|
117
 wk¶K †jLv, K_v ejv, cvV ev Ave„wË Kivi mgq GK wbtk¦v‡m †m¸‡jv bv K‡i gv‡S
gv‡S wKQyUv weiwZ wb‡eb| bv n‡j ev‡Kï fve wVKgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡e bv|
 gvby‡li K‡Ú gvB‡Ki gZ kã evov‡bv I Kgv‡bv hvq| k¦vmbvjx‡Z, Mjvq, gy‡L, bv‡K
Ggb KZ¸‡jv Zš¿x Av‡Q †h¸‡jv †Ku‡c kã‡K av‡c av‡c Av‡iv evwo‡q †Zv‡j|
wk¶K‡K G¸‡jv AvqË¡ Kivi Rb¨ wbqwgZ Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶K wbqwgZ evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb, evsjv‡`‡k †eZvi, wewewm, f‡qm Ae Av‡gwiKv
BZ¨vw` MYgva¨‡gi msev`, Av‡jvPbv, UK‡kv †`Lvi †Póv Ki‡eb I ïb‡eb Ges mv‡_
mv‡_ GKB kã ev evK¨ D”Pvi‡Y AbyKiY I AbymiY †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wb‡Ri
Dc¯’vcb †KŠk‡ji Dbœq‡b me mgq m‡Pó _vK‡eb|
cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk©
cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, Avcwb wewfbœ †kªwYi evsjv eB‡qi wewfbœ KweZv I cÖeÜ c‡o wbqwgZ
Abykxjb Ki‡eb Ges Dc‡iv³ `¶Zv¸‡jv AvqË¡ Ki‡Z m‡Pó _vKzb| cÖwZw`b Avcbvi
KZUzKz DbœwZ n‡jv Zv Avcbvi Wv‡qwi‡Z wjL‡eb Ges wKQyw`b ci LvwbKUv evowZ mgq
†ei K‡i mncvVxiv wg‡j GKwU Awa‡ek‡b KweZv, cÖeÜ Ave„wËg~jK cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki AMÖMwZ
ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| g‡b ivL‡eb, †h‡nZz Avgv‡ì A‡bK wk¶KB ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b
AvÂwjK fvlvq K_v e‡jb ZvB †kªwYK‡¶ K_v ejvi mgq K_v †mfv‡e D”PvwiZ nIqvi
m¤¢vebv _v‡K| †mR‡b¨ wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Abykxjbc~e©K GB Abykxj‡b Dwj- wLZ `¶Zv¸‡jv
Dbœqb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
118
g~j wkLbxq welq
KÚ¯î: D”PMÖvg, ¯î, †Rvi cÖ`vb, weiwZi eënvi I Abykxjb

 wk¶K †kªwYK‡¶ e¨vL¨v, eY©bv, aviv eY©bv, wb‡`©kbv AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|
 Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq wk¶K DuPz ¯^‡i, my¯úó D”Pvi‡Y K_v ej‡eb hv‡Z †kªwYi mK‡jB
Zuvi K_v ïb‡Z Ges eyS‡Z cv‡i|
 wk¶K †kªwYK‡¶ Zvovûov K‡i K_v ej‡eb bv| wZwb h_vm¤¢e my‡ijv Mjvq ax‡i ax‡i
Av‡eM mnKv‡i K_v ej‡eb|
 wk¶K hw` KÚ¯^‡ii DVvbvgvi gva¨‡g K_v e‡jb Zvn‡j wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q Zv
GK‡N‡q g‡b n‡e bv|
 †h‡nZz fv‡ei evnb fvlv ZvB wk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶ Dchy³ kã Pqb I ï× D”Pvi‡Y
welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡b m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|
 ¯înxb Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wk¶K A½fw½ I gyLfw½ eënvi K‡i welq e¯‘‡K
cÖvYeš— I AvKl©Yxq Ki‡eb|
 wk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶ welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq kã D”Pvi‡Yi MwZ, weivg, bvUKxqZv,
cv‡Vi jq, †Kvb k‡ã †Rvi †Ìqv, †KvbUvq nvjKv Pvc †Ìqv, KÚ¯î Dc‡i DVv‡bv,
wb‡P bvgv‡bvi gZ †KŠkj¸‡jv eënvi Kivi w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶K hLb welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb ZLb weiwZ wP‡ýi ¯’v‡b K_v ejvi mgq
wRf‡K wekªvg †`‡eb|
 wk¶K †jLv, K_v ejv, cvV ev Ave„wË Kivi mgq GK wbtk¦v‡m †m¸‡jv bv K‡i gv‡S
gv‡S wKQyUv weiwZ wb‡eb| bv n‡j ev‡Kï fve wVKgZ cÖKvwkZ n‡e bv|
 gvby‡li K‡Ú gvB‡Ki gZ kã evov‡bv I Kgv‡bv hvq| k¦vmbvjx‡Z, Mjvq, gy‡L, bv‡K
Ggb KZ¸‡jv Zš¿x Av‡Q †h¸‡jv †Ku‡c kã‡K av‡c av‡c Av‡iv evwo‡q †Zv‡j|
wk¶K‡K G m¤ú‡K© wbqwgZ Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶K wbqwgZ evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb, evsjv‡`k †eZvi, wewewm, f‡qm Ae Av‡gwiKv
BZ¨vw` MYgva¨‡gi msev`, Av‡jvPbv, UK‡kv wbqwgZ †`L‡eb I ïb‡eb Ges G¸‡jvi
AbyKiY I Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri Dc¯’vcb †KŠk‡ji Dbœq‡b me mgq m‡Pó
_vK‡eb|
119
 KÚ¯î
KÚ †_‡K wb:m„Z aŸwb ev AvIqvR‡K g~jZ: KÚ¯î e‡j|
 D”PMÖvg
aŸwb eënv‡ii DbœZ ch©vq n‡jv D”PMÖvg ev D”Pvi‡Yi m‡e©v”P gvÎv‡K D”PMÖvg e‡j|
 ¯î (Tone)
mvaviYZ †Kvb aŸwb‡K h_vh_ my‡i D”PviY Kiv‡K ¯î e‡j| †hgb- ¯îeY©, A, Av|
 †Rvi cÖ`vb
hLb †Kvb kã D”Pvi‡Yi mgq we‡kl †Kvb eY© D”Pvi‡Y †Rvi w`‡Z nq Zv n‡jv †Rvi
cÖ`vb|
 weiwZ (weivg)
K_v ejvi mgq cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Avgiv GKUvbv K_v ej‡Z cvwi bv, gv‡S gv‡S _vwg| K_v
ejvi mgq cÖK…Z A_© e¨³ Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b GB _vgvB n‡jv weiwZ| ev‡K¨ eëüZ k‡ãi
ev c‡ì myi †evSv‡Z gv‡S gv‡S _vgv‡K weiwZ e‡j|
Dc¯’vc‡b KÚ¯^‡ii ¸iyZ¡

 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wk¶‡Ki welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖavb evnb n‡jv KÚ¯î|
 wk¶‡Ki my›ì KÚ¯î wk¶v_©xi wkL‡b AvMÖn evovq|
 wk¶‡Ki KÚ¯î †kªwYi AvqZb Dc‡hvMx n‡e|
 wk¶‡Ki KÚ¯î wk¶v_©x‡K welqe¯‘ mn‡R AvqË¡ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 †kªwY‡Z welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq wk¶‡Ki kã D”Pvi‡Yi MwZ, weivg, †Rvi cÖ`vb
wk¶v_©xi wkL‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
 KÚ¯^‡ii êwPÎ¨ Avb‡j welqe¯‘ wk¶v_©xi mvg‡b Av‡iv cÖvYešÍ I AvKl©Yxqfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb Kiv m¤¢e|
120
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
KvR- 1
 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wk¶‡Ki welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖavb kZ©n‡jv KÚ¯î|
 wk¶‡Ki my›ì KÚ¯î wk¶v_©xi wkL‡b AvMÖn evovq|
 wk¶‡Ki KÚ¯î †kªwY AvqZb Dc‡hvMx D”PMÖvg, ga¨MÖvg ev wbgœMÖv‡gi n‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶‡Ki KÚ¯î wk¶v_©x‡K welqe¯‘ mn‡R AvqË¡ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 †kªwY‡Z welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq wk¶‡Ki kã D”Pvi‡Yi MwZ, weivg, †Rvi cÖ`vb
wk¶v_©xi wkL‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
 KÚ¯^‡ii êwPÎ¨ Avb‡j welqe¯‘ wk¶v_©xi mvg‡b Av‡iv cÖvYešÍ I AvKl©Yxq n‡q
I‡V|
ce©- L
KvR- 2
mshy³ cÖeÜ AskwU weMZ kZvãx‡Z
†jLv| ZLb ev½vjxi Kv‡Q d«v‡Ýi
ivRavbx c¨vwim (divmxiv Zv‡ì fvlvq
D”PviY K‡i cvix) wQj ¯^‡cœi kni|
‡m mgq B›Uvi‡bU wQj bv, †Uwjwfkb
wQj bv| ZvB Zvi eY©bv †hb cvVK‡K
PgrK…Z K‡i †mfv‡e kã Pqb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| myZivs wk¶‡Ki D”Pvi‡Yi
mgq GKwU KvíwbK ¯^‡cœi gvqvex wPÎ
ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| KÚ¯^‡i Av‡eM
_vK‡e| †R‡b ivLyb AvRI c¨vwim
†`L‡Z AmsL¨ Uzwi÷ Av‡m|
2009 mv‡ji Uzwi÷ cwie„Z cvix (ev c¨vwim)
ce©- M
KvR- 1
m¤¢ve¨ K‡qKwU `ye©jZv wbgœiƒc n‡Z cv‡i
ÔÔA‡a©K bMix Zzwg A‡a©K KíbvÕÕ D”Pvi‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡eM bv _vKv|

ÔÔ†m †cvj, iyk, iygvwbqv‡KI kª‡gi wewbg‡q Abœ †`qÕÕ D”Pvi‡Y mgvRZvwš¿K †`kmg~n
n‡Z cvwj‡q Avmv kªwgK‡ì †eu‡P _vKvi hy×‡K ¯úó Kiv|
121
g~j¨vqb
 1. KÚ¯î Kv‡K e‡j? Dc¯’vc‡b KÚ¯^‡ii ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
2. GKRb wk¶‡Ki Rb¨ my›ì KÚ¯î I evPbfw½ †Kb ¸iyZ¡c~Y©?
3. KweZv Ave„wË I cÖeÜ cv‡Vi mgq †Kvb †Kvb `¶Zv¸‡jv AR©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb e‡j
Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?
4. GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e †kªwYK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì KÚ¯^‡ii `¶Zv AR©b Kiv‡bvi Rb¨
Kxfv‡e Abykxjb Kiv‡eb?
5. GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcwb †kªwYK‡¶ KÚ¯^‡ii AwR©Z `¶Zv¸‡jv Kxfv‡e cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡eb?
122
PK‡evW© eënv‡ii `¶Zv
f~wgKv
evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k| G †`‡ki we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z wk¶v DcKiY wn‡m‡e
PK‡evW© me‡P‡q †ewk eëüZ nq| Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK AvaywbK DcKiY eënv‡ii ciI
PK‡evW© GL‡bv GKwU AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki I cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY| wk¶K wn‡m‡e mdjZv †c‡Z
n‡j PK‡ev‡W©i h_vh_ eënvi m¤ú‡K© wk¶K‡K Aek¨B Rvb‡Z n‡e Ges †m †gvZv‡eK
Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡jvP¨ Awa‡ek‡b 5wU c‡e© wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g PK‡ev‡W©i
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, PK‡evW© h_vh_ eënv‡ii wbqgvewj, PK‡ev‡W© Kv‡Ri cwiKíbv I web¨v‡mi
iƒc‡iLv I PK‡ev‡W©i Kvh©Ki eënvi m¤úwK©Z †jLvi `¶Zv DbœZi ch©v‡q Avbqb
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g PK‡ev‡W©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq PK‡evW© h_vh_ eënv‡ii wbqgvewj/†KŠkj wPwýZ
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 PK‡ev‡W© Kv‡Ri cwiKíbv I web¨v‡mi iƒc‡iLv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 PK‡ev‡W©i Kvh©Ki eënvi m¤úwK©Z †jLvi `¶Zv DbœZi ch©v‡q Avbqb Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
ce©- K: wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g PK‡ev‡W©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, eBwU eÜ K‡i GKwU †kªwYK¶ Kíbv Kiyb †hLv‡b GKRb wk¶K wk¶Y-
a wkLb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb| GKRb wk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶ Kx Kx KvR Ki‡Z nq †m
m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi †kªwYi LvZvq wjLyb|
123
cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g PK‡ev‡W©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| PK‡evW© GKwU

 AwZ mnR wKš‘ AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© DcKiY| wk¶K wn‡m‡e mdjZv †c‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡ì
Aek¨B PK‡ev‡W©i myôz eënvi wkL‡Z n‡e Ges †kªwYK‡¶ PK‡ev‡W©i h_vh_ eënvi
Ki‡Z n‡e| †kªwYK‡¶ ïay e³„Zv w`‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì †Kvb welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv
†`qv hvq bv| †h AskUzKz RwUj †mwU †ev‡W© Gu‡K ev wj‡L, e¨vL¨v K‡i eySv‡j wk¶v_©xiv
Zv mn‡R AvqË¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i| djcÖm~ I Kvh©Ki wk¶Y †evW© eënvi Qvov m¤¢e bq|
PK‡evW© GKwU mnRjf¨ DcKiY| wKš‘ mnRjf¨ e‡jB Gi eënvi †hb‡Zb fv‡e Kiv
hv‡e bv| Gi eënvi m¤ú‡K© weÁvbm¤§Z `„wófw½ Av‡Q| wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcbv‡K
PK‡evW© eënv‡i Aek¨B m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
KvR- 2
 wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©x, †kªwYK‡¶ GKRb wk¶‡Ki PK‡evW© eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K©
K‡qKwU c‡q›U Avcbvi LvZvq wjLyb|
ce©- L: wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq PK‡ev‡W©i h_vh_ eënvi

†KŠkj
cÖwk¶Yv_©xeÜz, Avcbviv †KD †KD nq‡Zv wk¶K wn‡m‡e †Kvb we`¨vj‡qi Kg©iZ Av‡Qb,
 †KD †KD cÖwk¶Y MÖnY Kivi c‡i wk¶K wn‡m‡e †Kvb we`¨vj‡q †hvM`vb Ki‡eb| Avevi
mK‡jB wk¶v Rxe‡b wk¶v_©x wn‡m‡e †kªwYK‡¶ †evW© eënvi K‡i‡Qb| ZvB †evW© m¤ú‡K©
cÖv_wgK aviYv Avgv‡ì meviB Av‡Q| wKš‘ †evW© eënv‡ii †¶‡ÎI †h †KŠkj Aej¤^b
Ki‡Z nq †m m¤ú‡K© A‡b‡KB nq‡Zv m‡PZb bb| †h‡nZz Gic‡i Avcbv‡ì we`¨vj‡q
cvV`vb Abykxjb (TP) Gi Rb¨ †h‡Z n‡e ZvB Avcbv‡ì GLb PK‡ev‡W©i Kvh©Ki
eënv‡ii †KŠkj¸‡jv AvqË¡ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m G¸‡jv Abykxjb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
Avmyb, GLb Avgiv PK‡ev‡W©i h_vh_ eënv‡ii †KŠkj¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi|
 †evW© me mgq cwi®‹vi K‡i †jLv ïiy Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e c~‡e©i wel‡qi wk¶K †kªwYK¶
Z¨vM Kivi c~‡e© †evW© gy‡Q cwi¯‹vi K‡i †i‡L hvb|
 †MvUv †MvUv A¶‡i wjL‡Z nq †hb Zv †kªwYi †kl Ae¯’vb †_‡KI ¯úó †`Lv hvq|
 gv‡S gv‡S †kªwYi wcQ‡b wM‡q †jLv ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z nq| Zvn‡j †evSv m¤¢e n‡e †h,
me wk¶v_©x mn‡R †jLv eyS‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv|
 †ev‡W©i †jLv wk¶v_©xiv KLb LvZvq wjL‡e Zvi wb‡`©k cwi®‹vifv‡e w`‡Z nq|
 hLb mKj wk¶v_©x LvZvq wj‡L ZLb †evW© †gvQvi Av‡M j¶¨ Ki‡Z nq †h mevi †jLv
†kl n‡q‡Q wK bv| cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvov w`‡Z n‡e|
124
 †ev‡W©i †Kvb As‡k Kx †jLv n‡e Zv Av‡M wVK K‡i ‡mfv‡e cÖwZwbqZ wjL‡j wk¶v_©x
wk¶‡Ki †jLvi ÷vBj m¤ú‡K© AeMZ _vK‡e|
 †ev‡W© †jLvi mgq wk¶v_©x‡ì w`‡K wcQb wd‡i bv ùvwo‡q cvk wd‡i ùvov‡Z n‡e †hb
wk¶v_©x †evW© †`L‡Z cv‡i Ges wk¶KI †hb wk¶v_©xi Kvh©Kjvc †`L‡Z cv‡ib|
 †ev‡W© †jLvi mgq gy‡L ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask¸‡jv D”PviY Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì gv‡S gv‡S †ev‡W© †jLvi Rb¨ WvK‡Z n‡e|
 Qwe, wPÎ, dgy©jv, mgxKiY †jLvi mgq ï×Zvi w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
 †kªwYK¶ Z¨vM Kivi Av‡M PK‡evW© gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡e|
KvR- 1
 wk¶v_©xe„›`, wb‡Pi †Km÷vwW co–b| GLv‡b wk¶K PK‡evW© eënv‡i wKQy fyj K‡i‡Qb|
‡Km÷vwWwU g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i c‡o Zuvi fyj-ÎywUmg~n wPwýZ Kiyb Ges Kxfv‡e PK‡ev‡W©i
DËg eënvi Kiv hvq Zv Avcbvi LvZvq wjLyb| KvR †kl K‡i Avcbvi cv‡k emv
mncvVxi mv‡_ LvZv e`j K‡i †`Lyb †K KqwU fyj wPwýZ Ki‡Qb| wUDUi ce© †k‡l
GKRb‡K G¸‡jv †ev‡W© wjL‡Z ej‡Z cv‡ib|
†Km÷vwW
em‡šÍi my›ì mKv‡j †ivKmvbv g¨vWvg †kªwYK‡¶ cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb| wZwb †h †kªwYK‡¶ cÖ‡ek
Ki‡jb †mwU wQj Aóg †kªwY Ges welq wQj Bs‡iwR| wZwb K¬v‡m G‡m cov‡bv ïiy
Ki‡jb| PK‡evW© MZKv‡ji evsjv wel‡qi wKQy Z_Ï †jLv wQj| wZwb †evW© cwi®‹vi bv
K‡i Wvbw`K †_‡K †ev‡W©i evKx As‡k K‡qKwU gvÎ kã eo eo K‡i wjL‡jb| wZwb
‡ev‡W©i mvg‡b ùvwo‡q †evW© Avovj K‡i wjL‡Z jvM‡jb| gy‡L †Kvb kã D”PviY Ki‡jb
bv| kã¸‡jv eo eo K‡i †jLvi d‡j †ev‡W© Avi †Kvb RvqMv _vKj bv| ZvB wZwb
cÖ_gwU gy‡Q w`‡jb wKš‘ wk¶v_©xiv mevB wjL‡Z cvi‡jv bv| GKRb wk¶v_©x GKwU KwVb
k‡ãi A_© wR‡Ám Ki‡j PK‡ev‡W©i Dc‡i Wvbw`‡K †hLv‡b welq I ZvwiL †jLv A‡Q Zvi
wb‡P ‡ivLmvbv g¨vWvg wjL‡jb| †k‡l wZwb LyeB †QvU K‡i wj‡L evwoi KvR w`‡jb Ges
†kªwYK¶ Z¨vM Kivi mgq †evW© cwi®‹vi bv K‡iB we`vq wb‡jb|
ce©- M: PK‡ev‡W© Kv‡Ri cwiKíbv I web¨vm


cÖwk¶vY_©xeÜz, ce©-L †Z Avcbviv PK‡ev‡W©i Kvh©Ki eënv‡ii †KŠkj¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv
†c‡q‡Qb Ges `jMZ KvRwU wbðqB my›ìfv‡e m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| H ZvwjKvq †Ìqv
†KŠkj¸‡jvi me KqwU bv m¤¢e n‡jI 2/1 wU wbðqB wUDUi Awa‡ek‡b Avcbv‡ì Øviv
Abykxjb Kiv‡eb|
Zvn‡j Avmyb Avgiv ce©-M †Z cÖ‡ek Kwi| G c‡e© Avcbv‡ì mvg‡b PK‡ev‡W©i myweb¨šÍ
125
web¨v‡mi iƒc‡iLv ‡kLvi Kv‡R GKwU cvVUxKv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
Av‡jvPbvi wk‡ivbvg - cwievi welq- mgvR weÁvb

we‡kl Ask †kªwY- 7g
wk¶v_©x msL¨v- 35
ZvwiL: 01-01-12
cwiev‡ii cÖkœ: Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv 
MVb I  cwievi Kxfv‡e MwVZ nq?  ‡Rvov KvR
cÖKvi‡f`  cwievi Kq cÖKvi?  `jxq KvR
 KvR- 1: cwiev‡ii wewfbœ †kªwYwefvM  `jxq Av‡jvPbv
e¨vL¨v Ki|  Dc¯’vcb
 KvR- 2: cwiev‡ii Kvh©vewji ZvwjKv
ˆZwi Ki|
cwievi DËi: evwoi KvR:
cwievi: mgvR ¯^xK…Z weevn eÜ‡bi  AvaywbK cwiev‡ii
gva¨‡g hLb GKRb cyiyl I GKRb gwnjv †kªwYweb¨vm e¨vL¨v
†hŠ_fv‡e emevm Kivi AwaKvi jvf K‡i, Ki|
ZLb cwievi MwVZ nq|
cÖKvi‡f`: weevn ai‡bi wfwË‡Z
K) GKcZ¥xK
L) eûcZœxK
AwffveK‡Z¡i gvcKvwV Abyhvqx
K) gvZ…cÖavb
L) wcZ…cÖavb
AvaywbK cwievi
K) GKK
L) †hŠ_
cwiev‡ii Kvh©vewj:
 ˆRweK KvR
 wk¶vg~jK KvR
 A_©‰bwZK KvR
 ivR‰bwZK KvR
 gb¯ÍvwË¡K KvR
 we‡bv`bg~jK KvR
 ag©xq KvR
 mvgvRxwKKiY
126
KvR- 1
a cÖwk¶Yv_©xeÜz, g‡b Kiyb Avcbvi GK mncvVx cvV`vb Abykxj‡bi wb‡gœv³fv‡e †ev‡W©
wj‡L‡Qb| wbðq eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb GLv‡b cv‡Vi web¨vm h_vh_ nq bvB| PK‡evW©wUi Kv‡Ri
wb‡gœv³ web¨vmwU ï× K‡i wb‡Ri LvZvq wjLyb|
DËi:  welq- mgvR weÁvb KvR- 1: cÖ‡Z¨K

cwiev‡ii MVb:  †kªwY- 7g †kªwYwefvM e¨vL¨v Ki|
mgvR ¯^xK…Z weevn  wk¶v_©x msL¨v- 35
eÜ‡bi gva¨‡g hLb  ZvwiL: 01-01-2012
GKRb cyiyl I GKRb
gwnjv †hŠ_fv‡e emevm  cÖkœ: KvR- 2: cwiev‡ii
Kivi AwaKvi jvf K‡i,  cwievi Kxfv‡e MwVZ Kvh©vewji ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|
ZLb cwievi MwVZ nq| nq?
cwiev‡ii cÖKvi‡f`:  cwiev‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
weevn ai‡bi wfwË‡Z Av‡jvPbv Ki| `jxq KvR
K) GKcZ¥xK cwievi Dc¯’vcb
L) eûcZœxK cwievi  wk‡ivbvg: cwievi cwiev‡ii Qwe
AwffveK‡Z¡i gvcKvwV cÖKvi‡f`
Abyhvqx  Kvh©vewj: cwievi
K) gvZ…cÖavb cwievi  †RweK KvR
L) wcZ„cÖavb cwievi  wk¶vg~jK KvR Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv:
AvaywbK cwievi   A_©‰bwZK KvR  †Rvovq KvR
K) GKK cwievi  ivR‰bwZK KvR  `jxq KvR
L) †hŠ_ cwievi  gb¯—vwË¡K KvR  `jxq Av‡jvPbv
 we‡bv`bg~jK KvR  Dc¯’vcb
 ag©xq KvR
evwoi KvR: cwiev‡ii  mvgvwRKxKiY
Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki|
ce©- N: PK‡ev‡W©i Kvh©Ki eënvi m¤úwK©Z †jLvi `¶Zv Abykxjb


cÖwk¶Yv_©xeÜy, PK‡ev‡W©i eënv‡ii †¶‡Î wZb ai‡bi `¶Zv AR©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G¸‡jv
n‡jv: (K) nv‡Zi †jLvi Kv‡Ri ‡evaMg¨Zv, (L) †ev‡W©i Kv‡Ri cwi”QbœZv I (M) †ev‡W©
†jLvi Kv‡Ri h‡_vchy³Zv| A_©vr †ev‡W© Ggbfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e †hUv mevB eyS‡Z cv‡i
Ges mK‡ji Kv‡Q †evaMg¨ nq| Ggb `yi~n K‡i †jLv hv‡e bv †hUv wb‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨
weåvwšÍ m„wó nq| †ev‡W©i KvR n‡e cwi”Qbœ, SKS‡K, †Kvb KvUvKvwU _vK‡e bv| †ev‡W©
avivevwnK fv‡e welqwU wjL‡Z n‡e Ges c‡q›U AvKv‡i wjL‡Z n‡e| we¯ÍvwiZ †jLvi
127
ìKvi †bB| A_©vr †ev‡W©i KvR n‡e †evaMg¨, cwi”Qbœ Ges msw¶ß|
KvR- 1
a cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜz, eBwU eÜ K‡i GKwU †kªwYK¶ Kíbv Kiyb| g‡b Kiyb, Avcwb mßg
†kªwY‡Z cvV`vb Ki‡Qb| PK‡ev‡W© Avcbvi nv‡Zi †jLv hv‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q †evaMg¨
nq †m Rb¨ Kx †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡eb?
KvR- 2
a cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜziv, gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii †h †Kvb †kªwYi †h †Kvb wel‡qi GKwU cvVUxKv ˆZwi
Kiyb| GB cvVUxKvi Dci wfwË K‡i PK‡ev‡W© †jLvi `¶Zv¸‡jv wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m
Abykxjb Ki‡eb a‡i wb‡q cvVUxKv Aej¤^‡b KqwU `¶Zv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wjLyb| Gici
Avcbvi cv‡ki mncvVxi mv‡_ KvR wewbgq K‡i DË‡ii Dchy³Zv hvPvB Kiyb|
128
g~j wkLbxq welq
PK†evW© eënv‡ii `¶Zv
PK‡evW©
PK‡evW© GKwU myjf A_P Kvh©Ki Ges me©vwaK eëüZ wk¶v DcKiY| evsjv‡`k GKwU
`wi`ª Ges Rbeûj †`k| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z mKj cÖKv‡ii wk¶v DcKiY
Lye †ewk eënvi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| PK‡evW© †h‡nZz `v‡g mvkªqx, mn‡R cvIqv hvq Ges
`xN©¯’vqx ZvB wk¶v DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ GwU me‡P‡q †ewk eëüZ nq| PK‡evW© GKwU
AZ¨š— Kvh©Ki Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY| wk¶K †kªwYK‡¶ PK‡ev‡W©i gva¨‡g welqe¯‘
wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j wk¶v_©xiv ‡`L‡Z cvq e‡j mn‡R welqe¯‘wU MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i Ges Zv‡ì wkLb ¯’vqx nq| gy‡L e‡j †hUv †evSv‡bv hvq bv PK‡ev‡W© wj‡L ev Gu‡K
Lye mn‡R †mUv †evSv‡bv m¤¢e nq|
wk¶Y-wkL‡b PK‡ev‡W©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

 PK‡evW© GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I mnRjf¨ DcKiY|
 wk¶Y-wkL‡b wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©‡Yi GKwU Ab¨Zg wk¶v DcKiY PK‡evW©|
 GwU GKwU `xN©¯’vqx DcKiY Ges GKwU †evW© `xN©w`b eënvi Kiv hvq|
 `xN©¯’vqx e‡j G‡Z LiP Kg jv‡M|
 PK‡ev‡W© wk¶v_©x‡ì AskMÖn‡Y Zv‡ì mwµq K‡i †Zvjv hvq|
 PK‡evW© eënv‡ii gva¨‡g AwaK msL¨K wk¶v_©xi K¬v‡m Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
 wk¶v_©xiv mwVK wkL‡bi w`K wb‡`©kbv PK‡evW© eënv‡ii gva¨‡g AvqË¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 wk¶‡Ki wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kivi †¶‡Î PK‡evW© eënviB g~jwfwË|
PK‡evW© eënv‡ii †KŠkj/wbqgvewj

 cÖ‡qvR‡b ‡evW© cwi®‹vi K‡i †jLv ïiy Ki‡Z nq|
 †MvUv †MvUv A¶‡i wjL‡Z nq †hb Zv †kªwYi †kl Ae¯’vb †_‡KI ¯úó †`Lv hvq|
 gv‡S gv‡S †kªwYi wcQ‡b wM‡q †jLv ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z nq|
 †ev‡W©i †jLv wk¶v_©xiv KLb LvZvq wjL‡e †gŠwLKfv‡e Zvi wb‡`©k cwi®‹vifv‡e w`‡Z
nq|
129
 hLb mKj wk¶v_©x LvZvq wj‡L ZLb †evW© †gvQvi Av‡M j¶¨ Ki‡Z nq †h mevi †jLv
†kl n‡q‡Q wK bv|
 †ev‡W©i †Kvb As‡k Kx †jLv n‡e Zv Av‡M wVK K‡i ‡mfv‡e wk¶v_©x‡ì wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z
n‡e|
 †ev‡W© †jLvi mgq wk¶v_©x‡ì w`‡K wcQb wd‡i bv ùvwo‡q cvk wd‡i ùvov‡Z n‡e †hb
wk¶v_©x †evW© †`L‡Z cv‡i Ges wk¶KI wk¶v_©xi Kvh©Kjvc †`L‡Z cv‡ib|
 †ev‡W© †jLvi mgq gy‡L welqe¯‘ D”PviY Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì gv‡S gv‡S †ev‡W© †jLvi Rb¨ WvK‡Z n‡e|
 Qwe, wPÎ, dgy©jv, mgxKiY †jLvi mgq AvKvi I ï×Zvi w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
 †kªwYK¶ Z¨vM Kivi Av‡M PK‡evW© gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡e|
PK‡ev‡W© nv‡Zi †jLvi `¶Zv Dbœqb

nv‡Zi †jLvi †evaMg¨Zv
 cÖwZwU jvB‡b Wvej †¯úm eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖwZwU A¶i Ab¨wU †_‡K c„_K n‡e|
 gvwR©b †iLv ev` †i‡L †jLv ïiy Ki‡Z n‡e|
 `ywU A¶i Ges k‡ãi g‡a¨ ch©vß duvKv _vK‡e|
 A¶‡ii AvKvi Ggb n‡e †hb †kªwYi me©‡kl Ae¯’vb †_‡KI cov hvq|
 mKj eo A¶i Ges †QvU A¶i †jLvi AvKvi mgvb n‡e|
PK‡ev‡W©i Kv‡R cwi”QbœZv

 †ev‡W©i mv‡_ mgvšÍivjfv‡e mKj kã ev evK¨ wjL‡Z n‡e|
 †jLvi mKj mvwii g‡a¨ ch©vß duvKv w`‡Z n‡e|
 †Kvb cÖKvi NlvgvRv Kiv hv‡e bv|
 ïay cÖm½ mswkøó welq †ev‡W© wjL‡Z n‡e|
 Qwe, wPÎ, dgy©jvi †¶‡Î cwi”Qbœfv‡e AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
PK †ev‡W© †jLvi Kv‡Ri h‡_vchy³Zv

 c‡q›U Dc¯’vc‡b avivevwnKZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
 c‡q›U mnR I msw¶ß n‡e|
130
 ìKvwi c‡q›U Gi wb‡P `vM w`‡Z n‡e|

 iwOb PK eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
 cvV mswkøó QK AuvKv‡bv hv‡e|
 QK n‡e cwiwgZ AvKv‡ii|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
KvR- 1
 cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg †ev‡W© wjL‡Z nq|
 c~e©Ávb hvPvB Ki‡Z nq|
 g~j welqe¯‘i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask †ev‡W© wjL‡Z nq|
 †ev‡W©i Kv‡R wk¶v_©x‡ì AskMÖnY Kiv‡Z nq|
 mvivsk ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq|
 g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z nq|
 †ev‡W© evwoi KvR wj‡L w`‡Z nq|
KvR- 2
 wk¶K‡K me mgq †ev‡W©i evg w`K †_‡K wjL‡Z n‡e|
 †ev‡W© †jLvi mgq Ggbfv‡e ùvov‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì w`‡K †Lqvj ivLv hvq|
 mivmwi †ev‡W©i w`‡K gyL K‡i ùvwo‡q †jLv hv‡e bv|
 †ev‡W©i G‡Kev‡i Ici †_‡K wjL‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶K †ev‡W© †jLvi mgq gy‡LI Zv D”PviY Ki‡eb Ges wk¶v_©xiv LvZvq Zz‡j wb‡”Q
wK bv †mw`‡K bRi ivL‡eb|
ce©- L
KvR- 1
m¤¢ve¨ ZvwjKv wbgœiƒc n‡Z cv‡i
1. ÔÔwZwb K¬v‡m G‡m cov‡bv ïiy Ki‡jb|ÕÕ †Kv‡bv c~e© cv‡Vi g~j¨vqb, cvV †NvlYv
Ki‡jb bv|
2. ÔÔwZwb †evW© cwi®‹vi bv K‡i Wvbw`K †_‡K †ev‡W©i evKx As‡k K‡qKwU gvÎ kã eo
eo K‡i wjL‡jb BZ¨vw`|
ce©- M
KvR - 1
Bw½Z: DËi cwiwPwZ, evwoi KvR mewKQyB G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e †jLv n‡q‡Q|
131
ce©- N
KvR- 1
 cÖwZwU jvB‡b Wvej †¯úm eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖwZwU A¶i Ab¨wU †_‡K c„_K n‡e|
 gvwR©b †iLv ev` †i‡L †jLv ïiy Ki‡Z n‡e|
 `ywU A¶i Ges k‡ãi g‡a¨ ch©vß duvKv _vK‡e|
 A¶‡ii AvKvi Ggb n‡e †hb †kªwYi me©‡kl Ae¯’vb †_‡KI cov hvq|
 mKj eo A¶i Ges †QvU A¶i †jLvi AvKvi mgvb n‡e|
KvR- 2
wb‡R Ki“b|
g~j¨vqb
 1. wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g PK‡ev‡W©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wjwce× Kiyb|
2. GKRb wk¶K wn‡m‡e PK‡evW© eënv‡ii †KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
3. PK‡evW© GKwU myjf I `xN©¯’vqx DcKiY- e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
4. PK‡evW© eënv‡ii †¶‡Î †Kvb †Kvb w`‡Ki cÖwZ wk¶‡Ki m‡PZb nIqv DwPZ-
we‡kølY Kiyb|
5. g‡b Kiæb, Avcwb GKRb wk¶K, †kªwYK‡¶ PK‡ev‡W©i Kvh©Ki eënvi m¤úwK©Z
†jLvi `¶Zv¸‡jv Kxfv‡e Abykxjb Ki‡eb?
6. †kªwYK‡¶ PK‡evW© eënv‡ii †¶‡Î GKRb wk¶K‡K Kx Kx `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z nq?
132

Unit 02

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Unit 02

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