Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmg~n- 1

 †kªwY‡Z D`vniY, e³e¨ †`qvi mgq A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRKfv‡e `ye©j cwievi †_‡K
Avmv wk¶v_©x‡`i AwfÁZv, aviYvi cÖwZdjb ivLv|
 Avw`evmx, DcRvZxq wk¶v_©x‡`i D”PviYMZ, fvlvMZ mgm¨vi K_v g‡b ivLv|
 G ai‡bi wk¶v_©x‡`i AcÖKvk¨ I ¯úk©KvZi welq cÖKv‡k¨ mK‡ji mvg‡b Zz‡j bv
aiv|
 G ai‡bi wk¶v_©x ‡Kvb ai‡bi ˆel‡g¨i ¯^xKvi hv‡Z bv nq †m e¨vcv‡i hZœkxj
nIqv|

D‡j- L¨, Zv‡`i hw` cÖKv‡k¨ wPwýZ Kiv nq †Kvb †Kvb ‡¶‡Î Zviv ˆel‡g¨i ¯^xKvi n‡Z
cv‡ib|

wk¶‡Ki mhZœ cÖqv‡mB †Kej myweav ewÂZ wk¶v_©xiv µ‡g µ‡g Ab¨ wk¶v_©x‡`i gZ
weKwkZ n‡Z cv‡i|

247
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 7 Awa‡ekb- 2

mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wk¶Y c×wZ

f~wgKv

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…Z mvgvwRK Ae¯’vq gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi †kªwYK¶ cVb-cvVb Kvh©µg

cwiPvjbv Kiv AZ¨šÍ Kómva¨ e¨vcvi| DcKi‡Yi ¯^íZv, wk¶v_©x msL¨vi AvwaK¨, cÖPwjZ
g~j¨vqb c×wZi `ye©jZv me wgwj‡q wk¶v_©xi cÖK…Z wkLb cwigvc Kiv h‡_ó kªgmva¨|
wk¶K‡K ZvB cÖwZw`bKvi cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vK‡Z nq|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 nv‡Z Kj‡g Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g G †KŠk‡ji cÖ‡qvM `¶Zv e„w× Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `‡j Ges †Rvovq KvR Kivi †KŠkj AvqË¡ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mg`‡j/mZx_©‡`i mv‡_ wk¶‡Yi †KŠkj¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM wewa m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AMÖmi I AbMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡`i wkL‡b we¯Z…Z Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mgq e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mgq e¨e¯’vcbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©- K: weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv (÷vwW †m›Uv‡iª AbywôZ n‡e)

ÔÔwe`¨vj‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kivi †¶‡Î wk¶K-Awffve‡Ki f~wgKvÕÕ m¤úwK©Z

weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Abyôv‡bi KvR I `vwqZ¡ cÖwk¶K wewfbœ `‡ji g‡a¨ fvM K‡i w`‡eb
†hgb- weZK©, e¨e¯’vcbv, Abyôvbm~Px cÖYqb, Abyôvb Dc¯’vcb, Dc¯’vcK, Av‡jvPK,
cÖwZ‡e`K, wePviK, cyi¯‹vi µq, cyi¯‹vi weZiY BZ¨vw`|
Gevi mswkøó `j¸‡jvi mg‡eZ cÖ‡Póvq QÙ weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Abyôvb Ki‡eb|
djveZ©b MÖnY Ki‡eb|
evwo wd‡i G‡m Avcbviv mK‡j mn‡hvwMZvg~jK c×wZ msµvšÍ cvV¨vskwU co‡eb|

248
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmg~n- 1

ce©- L: Ab¨vb¨ †KŠkj

cÖwk¶‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ Avcbviv mKj cÖwk¶Yv_©x 5/6 wU `‡j fvM n‡eb|
cÖwk¶K Avcbv‡`i †Rvovq I `‡j wk¶‡Yi Ab¨vb¨ †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß e³„Zv w`‡eb|
Avcbviv `‡j wkL‡bi †KŠkj¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv c~e©K, †cvóvi †ccv‡i †KŠkjmg~‡ni ZvwjKv
cÖYqb Ki‡eb|
†cv÷v‡i †jLvi ci Zv `jxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|
g‡b ivL‡eb evwo wd‡i `‡j I †Rvovq wkL‡bi Ab¨vb¨ †KŠkj g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i cvV
Ki‡eb|

ce©Ñ M
Avcwb evwo‡Z e‡m mg`‡j/mZx_© wk¶‡Yi Dci wjwLZ cvV¨vskwU co‡eb|
Dc¯’vwcZ welqe¯‘ Avcbv‡`i mnKg©x‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
m¤¢e n‡j mZx_©‡`i Av‡jvPbv Abyôvb K‡i djveZ©b MÖnY Ki‡eb|
djveZ©b MÖnY †k‡l evwo wd‡i Wvqix‡Z wbR¯^ gšÍe¨ wj‡L ivL‡eb|

c©Ñ N
Gici Avcwb we¯Z…Z Kvh©µ‡gi SzuwK en‡b m¶g wk¶v_©x m¤úwK©Z cvV¨vskwU co‡eb|
cvV †k‡l evwoi Kv‡Ri LvZvq mvivsk wjLyb|

ce©Ñ O
÷vwW †m›Uv‡i cÖwk¶K Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Avcbviv 5/6 wU `‡j fvM n‡eb|
Gici 45 wgwb‡Ui (Aóg †kªwYi evsjv I mgvR wel‡qi) GKwU cv‡Vi mgq e¨e¯’vcbvi
iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb Ki‡eb|
iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb †k‡l Zvi g~j Ask †kªwY‡Z `‡ji c‡¶ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb `j‡bZv|
c‡i cÖwk¶K mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ G wel‡q GKwU msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb
Ges Avcbviv evwo wd‡i wM‡q cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a GKvwaKevi cvV¨vsk¸‡jv co‡eb|

wkLb g~j¨vqb
mZx_©‡`i mn‡hvwMZvq wkLb, †Rvovq KvR, mZx_©‡`i mv‡_ wkLb, AMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡`i
wkLb I mgq e¨e¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv ˆZwi Ki‡eb|

KvR
cvV¨vsk¸‡jv GKvwaKevi evox‡Z e‡m co‡eb|

249
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

g~j wkLbxq welq

mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb c×wZ (Co-operative Learning)
Aswk`vix‡Z¡i wfwˇZ wbw`©ó j¶¨ ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ GK mv‡_ KvR Kiv‡K mn‡hvwMZv ejv
nq| mn‡hvwMZvg~jK Kv‡R wjß e¨w³e„›` Ggb dj jv‡fi Avkv K‡i hv wb‡R‡`i I `‡ji
mKj m`‡m¨i Rb¨ mgvb DcKvix| mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©xiv wk¶K
KZ©„K Avw`ó/wb‡`wk©Z n‡q †QvU †QvU `‡j GK †hv‡M Ggbfv‡e KvR K‡i hv‡Z Zv‡`i I
Ab¨‡`i wkLb m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q DcbxZ nq| wk¶‡Ki c‡¶ KvRwU cwiPvjbv Kiv mnR|
†kªwY‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i wk¶K †QvU †QvU `‡j wef³ K‡ib| AZtci wb‡`©wkZ/wbw`©ó KvRwU
`‡ji mKj m`m¨ ey‡S mdjfv‡e mym¤úbœ Kiv Aewa mK‡j wg‡j KvRwU K‡i|
mn‡hvwMZvgyjK cÖ‡Póvq AskMÖnYKvix `‡ji mKj m`‡m¨i mg‡eZ cÖ‡Póv mgfv‡e
mK‡ji Rb¨ DcKvix n‡q _v‡K| (welqwU GBiƒc: †Zvgvi mvd‡j¨ AvgviI jvf Avgvi
mvd‡j¨ †ZvgviI jvf) G‡Z `‡ji mKj m`m¨ GKB iKg fv‡M¨i Askx`vi nq| †hb
GLv‡b mK‡j GK‡Î Wy‡e hvIqv ev muvZvi KvUvi g‡Zv| GB cÖwµqvq GK R‡bi Kg©
m¤úv`b wb‡Ri I Ab¨ mnKg©x‡`i cÖ‡Póvi dj wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq| A_©vr g~j fvewU
n‡jv ÔÔ†Zvgvi mn‡hvwMZv e¨wZ‡i‡K Avgiv KvRwU m¤úv`‡b A¶gÕÕ| `‡ji †Kvb m`m¨
hw` K…wZ‡Z¡i Rb¨ ¯^xK…wZ cvq Z‡e mK‡j Me©‡eva K‡i Ges G K…wZZ¡ mKj‡K mgfv‡e
DÏxcbv †hvMvq| mn‡hvMxZvg~jK wkL‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ j‡¶¨ †cŠQv‡bvi
Rb¨ BwZevPK wbf©iZvi m„wó nq| Zviv Ggb aviYv †cvlY K‡i †h, `‡ji Ab¨ m`m¨iv
hw` wkL†bi j‡¶¨ †cŠuQv‡Z m¶g nq ZLbB †Kej ZvivI wkL‡bi j‡¶¨ †cuŠQv‡Z m¶g
n‡e|
D`vniY¯^iƒc D‡jøL Kiv hvq Ôcwi‡ek msi¶YÕ-Gi Dci hw` GKwU gvwë wgwWqv
Dc¯’vcbv ˆZix Ki‡Z nq †mLv‡b e¨w³i cÖ‡Póvi mv‡_ MÖy‡ci Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i Ávb,
`¶Zv, ¶gZv I Ae`v‡bi mgš^q cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| †Kbbv GKwU D”Pgv‡bi †cÖvMÖvg ˆZix
Kivi g‡Zv Z_¨, `¶Zv, ¶gZv BZ¨vw` `‡ji GKRb m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ mvaviYZ _v‡Kbv|
Kv‡RB Gme †¶‡Î cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq mK‡j wg‡j †kLvB mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wk¶Y|
we`¨vj‡q GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †KŠkj
 wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡`i 4/5wU `‡j wef³ Ki‡eb|
 AZtci cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji Rb¨ KiYxq e›Ub K‡i †`‡eb|
 cÖ‡Z¨K `j Zv‡`i wbR¯^ cÖ‡Póvq Zv‡`i Rb¨ wba©vwiZ AskwU m¤úbœ Ki‡e|
 `‡ji mK‡j KvR †k‡l cy‡iv KvRwU cÖ`k©b Ki‡e ev wk¶‡Ki gZvgZ msMÖn Ki‡e|

Kv‡Ri D`vniY:
 †`qvj cwÎKv ˆZwi|
 weZK© Av‡qvRb|

250
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmg~n- 1

 weÁvb cÖ`k©bxi e¨e¯’v|

 †Kvb RbwcÖq wel‡qi Dci GKwU †jLv ˆZwi Kiv ev RvZxq iPbv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †hvM¨
mncvVx‡K AskMÖn‡Y me©vZ¥K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|

`‡j I †Rvovq wkL‡bi Ab¨vb¨ †KŠkj

wk¶v_©x‡`i my¯’ GKwU gvbwmK Pvwn`v n‡”Q `je×Zvi Pvwn`v| eqtmwÜKv‡ji Ab¨vb¨
Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ `je×Zvi Pvwn`v Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wnmv‡e g‡bvweÁvbxiv wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
wk¶v_©x‡`i GB gvbwmK Pvwn`v‡†K wk¶K hw` †kªwYK‡¶ mv_©Kfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib
Z‡e wkLb Avb›``vqK, Dc‡fvM¨ I djcÖm~ n‡e| GiB mg_©‡b AvaywbK wk¶v`vb
†KŠkj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Rvovq KvR, `jxq Kv‡Ri ¸iyZ¡ mgwaK| mv_©K fv‡e GB †KŠkj
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wk¶K wbgœiƒc e¨e¯’vw` MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

 †kªwYi KvR GKKfv‡e Ac©Y bv K‡i †Rvovq †Rvovq ev `jxq wfwˇZ cÖ`vb|
 `j MV‡b Rb¥ ZvwiL, µwgK msL¨vi †Rvo †e‡Rvo, bv‡gi Av`¨v¶i, kL BZ¨vw`
e¨envi Kiv|
 GKB mg‡q GKvwaK `jxq KvR e›U‡bi †¶‡Î jUvixi e¨e¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 `‡ji GKRb‡K †bZv wbe©vP‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv Ges ch©vqµ‡g mKj‡K `j †bZv wbe©vwPZ
Kivi Rb¨ Drmvn †`qv|
 `‡ji mKj m`m¨-‡K mgvbfv‡e mwµq ivLvi Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v `vwqZ¡ e›U‡bi
e¨e¯’v Kiv|
 `jxq KvR I †Rvovq KvR hv‡Z mv_©Kfv‡e wk¶v_©xiv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ mnvqZv
cÖ`vb I KvR Z`viK Kiv|
 Dc¯’vcbv, cÖ‡kœvˇi ch©vqµ‡g `‡ji mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv|
 fvj Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ †`qv, Drmvn †`qv|
 AskMÖnY ev Kvh©dj m‡šÍvlRbK bv n‡j †bwZevPK gšÍe¨ bv Kiv|
 e¨w³ we‡kl‡K cÖvavb¨ bv †`qv|
 wcwQ‡q cov, myweav ewÂZ wk¶v_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv|
 `‡j I †Rvovq Ac‡ii gZvgZ †K ¸iyZ¡ †`qvi Rb¨ mKj wk¶v_©x‡K Drmvn †`qv|
 cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK KvR cÖ`vb I weRqx‡`i cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb Kiv|

251
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

mg`‡j/mZx_© wk¶Y
†kªwYi cvV`vb Kvh©µg‡K MwZkxj, mv_©K I Kvh©Ki Kivi †¶‡Î wk¶K wk¶v_©xi
wg_w¯Œqvi cvkvcvwk wk¶v_©x wg_w¯Œqv welqwUI ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡”Q|
wk¶v_©x‡`i cvi¯úwiK wµqv, cÖwZwµqv, AwfÁZv wewbgq wkLb‡K AwaKZi djcÖm~ I
Kvh©Ki K‡i| G‡¶‡Î wk¶vwe` Vygotsky Gi ÔSocial Constructivism’ ZË¡wU
cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ †hLv‡b †kªwY‡K GKwU mgvR Ges wk¶v_©x‡`i †mB mgv‡Ri m`m¨ Ges
wk¶K-†K Knowledgeable other wnmv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †kªwY‡Z MZvbyMwZK Ávb
weZiYKvix I mÂviYKvixi `vwq‡Z¡i cwie‡Z© wk¶K‡K Ávb iƒcvšÍ‡i mnvqZvKvix
Knowledgeable other wnmv‡e f~wgKv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| m¤ú~Y© Ávb eq¯‹ †_‡K

wkïi Kv‡Q mÂvwiZ Kivi cwie‡Z© wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡`i †kªwYiƒc mgv‡Ri AwfÁ mZx_©‡`i
mnvqZvq Áv‡bi iƒcvšÍi K‡i| wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ bvbv †KŠk‡j hZ‡ekx Ávb
AwfÁZv/aviYv wewbg‡qi cwiw¯’wZ wk¶K m„wó Ki‡eb wkLbI ZZ‡ekx A_©en, ¯’vqx I
Avb›``vqK n‡e|

G‡¶‡Î AMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡K mZx_©‡`i wkL‡b †kªwY‡Z †bZ…Z¡g~jK Ae¯’v‡b e¨envi Kivi
cÖvPxb fviZxq ixwZ ÔÔc†ov m`©vi cÖ_vÕÕ D‡jøL†hvM¨| GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶K †kªwY cvVbvq
AMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡K Zvi mZx_©‡`i wkL‡bi Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Zb| eZ©gv‡bI GB c×wZ
Avgv‡`i wk¶v e¨e¯’vq wKQyUv n‡jI Pvjy Av‡Q| mZx_© wk¶v_©x‡`i wk¶‡Ki mn‡hvMx
wnmv‡e †kªwY‡Z Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi GB cÖwµqvB mZx_© wk¶Y|

†KŠkj
 wk¶K ÔRvbv †_‡K ARvbvÕ GB ixwZ‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i AwfÁZv¸‡jv‡K Luy‡R †ei Kivi
Rb¨ m‡Pó _vK‡eb|
 welq mswkøó cyiv‡bv AwfÁZv¸‡jv iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g bZzb aviYvi mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡eb|
 AwfÁ I AMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡`i AwfÁZv†K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_©x‡`i
wkLb‡K djcÖmy Ki‡eb|
 wk¶v_©x-wk¶v_©x wg_w¯Œqvi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i Ávb m‡e©v”P mxgvq †cŠuQv‡bvi
†Póv Ki‡eb|

252
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmg~n- 1

we¯Z…Z Kvh©µ‡gi SzuwK en‡b m¶g wk¶v_©x

we`¨vj‡q mvaviYfv‡e wgkª ¶gZv m¤úbœ wk¶v_©x‡`i Dcw¯’wZ ‡`Lv hvq| †kªwYi
wk¶v_©x‡`i mvwe©K weKvk, Ávb, AwfÁZvi wePv‡i: AMÖmi, gvSvix, wcwQ‡q cov GB wZb
fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| wk¶K mvaviYfv‡e cvV cwiKíbv Kivi mgq wØZxq fvM, hviv
msL¨vMwió †mB wk¶v_©x‡`i (A_©vr ga¨g ey×v¼ m¤úbœ) w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡LB Zv K‡ib| wZwb
†kªwY‡Z cÖkœ Kiv, D`vniY †`qv, KvR †`qv, e¨vL¨v, we‡k- lY, DcKiY cÖ`k©b, g~j¨vqb
BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î mvavi‡Yi cvi½gZv I cvi`wk©Zvi welqwU‡KB mvaviYfv‡e we‡e‡Pbvq
iv‡Lb| GB cÖwµqvq mvaviY wk¶v_©x‡`i wkLb Pvwn`v, cÖ‡qvRb nq‡Zv wg‡U| wKš‘ †kªwYi
AMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡`i wkLb Pvwn`v, cÖ‡qvRb G‡Z cy‡ivcywi wg‡U bv| †kªwYi Giƒc Kvh©µg
Zv‡`i AvKl©Y bv K‡i cÖvqk weKl©Y K‡i| †Kbbv welq¸‡jv AwaKvsk †¶‡Î BwZg‡a¨
Zv‡`i Rvbv e‡j bZzb K‡i g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z AvMÖn †`Lvq bv|
wk¶v_©xi m¶gZv hw` P¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgywL bv nq Z‡e byZb Áv‡bi Rb¨ Zvi g‡a¨ Pvwn`v
†cÖlYvi m„wó I nq bv| bZzb Áv‡bi Rb¨ AviI Rvbvi Rb¨ hw` †cÖlYv, AvMÖnB ˆZix bv
nq Z‡e Zvi weKvk I kø_ nq| AMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡`i G Pvwn`vi K_v we‡ePbvq †i‡L
wk¶K‡K †kªwYi mvaviY Kvh©µ‡gi cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i Rb¨I wKQy Kg©cš’v wba©viY Ki‡Z
nq|
wk¶v_©xi cvi½gZvi hw` †kªwY‡Z g~j¨vqb nq, hw` Zv cÖKvwkZ nq I ¯^xK…wZ cvq Z‡eB
Zvi g‡a¨ AviI †kLv I Rvbvi Rb¨ †cªlYvi m„wó nq| Zv‡`i c~e© AwfÁZv, Rvbv I
cvi½gZvi ¯—i we‡ePbv K‡i Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb, †kªwYi Kv‡R weRwoZ Kivi c_ I c×wZ
wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| wk¶‡Ki mhZœ cÖqv‡m AMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡`i †gav, †hvM¨Zv‡K D”PZi
¯—‡i DbœxZ Kiv m¤¢e|

†KŠkj

 wk¶K-†K †kªwY‡Z mvaviY Z_¨, DcvË Dc¯’vc‡bi cvkvcvwk D”PZi Z_¨ DcvË
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- eB‡qi Z‡_¨i evB‡iI me©‡kl Z_¨, DcvË, ZË¡
Dc¯’vcb Kiv|
 cÖkœ Kivi mgq D”PZi ch©v‡qi cÖkœ Kiv|
 D›gy³ cÖkœ Kiv|
 †kªwYi KvR, evoxi KvR †`qvi mgq AMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡`i (m¤¢e n‡j) A‡c¶vK…Z KwVb
mgm¨v †`qv|
 †kªwYi Kv‡R ev mZx_© wk¶‡Y AMÖmi wk¶v_©x‡`i Kv‡R jvMv‡bv|

wVK GKBfv‡e wk¶K‡K †kªwYK‡¶i wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖwZI mRvM `„wó ivL‡Z nq|

253
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

mgq e¨e¯’vcbv

GKRb wk¶‡Ki Rb¨ mgq e¨e¯’vcbv mdj I mv_©K cvV`v‡bi c~e© kZ©| mgq e¨e¯’vcbv
†kªwY e¨e¯’vcbvi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| me Kv‡Ri gZ cÖwZw`‡bi welqwfwËK
cvV`v‡bi mgq mywbw`©ó| wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wk¶K
avivevwnKfv‡e †h Kvh©µg¸‡jv MÖnb Ki‡eb Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi mgq we¯Z…wZ m¤ú‡K© c~e©v‡ý
wk¶K wb‡R‡K cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb| †kªwY‡Z wk¶K-wk¶v_©x I wk¶v_©x-wk¶v_©x wg_w¯‹qvi
gva¨‡g wkL‡bi KvRwU m¤úbœ nq| GB Rb¨ wk¶K wbgœiƒc KvR ¸‡jv m¤úv`b K‡ib:

 Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb|
 †kªwYi Kv‡R wk¶v_©x‡`i weRwoZ Kiv|
 ms‡kølY Kiv|

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