RbmsL¨v, gvbem¤ú` I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb BDwbU

Population, Human Resource & Self-employment 4

f~wgKv
evsjv‡`k Z…Zxq we‡k¦i GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k| eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡ki †jvKmsL¨v cÖvq 16 †KvwU| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv
G‡Zv ÿz`ª †`‡k GZ RbmsL¨v welqwU LyeB Avk¼vRbK| AwZ RbmsL¨vi Pv‡c G‡`‡k nvRv‡iv mgm¨vi m„wó n‡”Q|
ZvB RbmsL¨v mgm¨v G‡`‡ki GK b¤^i RvZxq mgm¨v| Z‡e GB RbmsL¨v‡K Rbm¤ú‡` iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g A_©vr
gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g Kvh©Kifv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡j †eKviZ¡ `~i n‡e Ges †`k Dbœ Z n‡e|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 8 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 4.1: RbmsL¨vi cwigvc I NbZ¡
cvV 4.2: RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY I cÖfve
cvV 4.3: RbmsL¨v ZË¡
cvV 4.4: evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi KvVv‡gvMZ we‡kø lY
cvV 4.5: evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Kvh©µg
cvV 4.6: gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb
cvV 4.7: †eKviZ¡ I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’ vb
 A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ

cvV 4.1 RbmsL¨vi cwigvc I NbZ¡

Population Measurement and Density

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_© xiv-
 RbmsL¨v cwigv‡ci avibv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RbmsL¨v NbZ¡ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

RbmsL¨vi cwigvc:
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœ q‡bi Rb¨ RbmsL¨vi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| we‡kl K‡i `ÿ Rbkw³, †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡bi GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| Rbmvavi‡Yi KvwiMwi Ávb, Kv‡Ri D‡Ï¨M, g‡bvej, †`kvZœ‡evaK, ivR‰bwZK
w¯’wZkxjZv, Dbœqb †PZbv, †`‡ki cÖ vK…wZK m¤ú`, Avw_©K ÿgZv I hvwš¿K mnvqZv, †m mv‡_ GKwU myôz Ges
ev¯ÍegyLx A_©‰bwZK Kg©cwiKíbv _vK‡j †`‡ki AMÖMwZ wbwðZ Kiv hvq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`k cÖ vK…wZK m¤ú‡`
mg„× n‡jI ch©vß RbmsL¨vi Afv‡e mwÂZ m¤ú`‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi RbmsL¨v †ewk n‡j †m
†ÿ‡ÎI Dbœqb nq evavMÖ ¯Í| G Kvi‡Y Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ m¤ú` I RbmsL¨v m¤ú‡K© wKQz cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
†hgb- AÂjwU‡Z †h msL¨K †jvK evm K‡i Zb¥‡a¨ KZ Rb cyiæl, KZ Rb bvix, Zv‡`i eqm KvVv‡gv Kx,
cÖwZeQi KZ Rb Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡Q, KZRb gviv hv‡”Q, BZ¨vw`| ZvQvov Zv‡`i mvgvwRK , A_©‰bwZK, GgbwK
kvixwiK Ae¯’ v wKiƒc| Z_¨mg~n wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z msMÖn Kiv nq| G c×wZ¸‡jv n‡”Q-
1. Av`g ïgvwi,
2. Avek¨Kxq ZvwjKvfzw³,
3. bgybv Rwic|

†Kv‡bv †`‡k KZ Rb †jvK evm K‡i Zv Rvbvi mivmwi Dcvq n‡”Q cÖ wZwU †jvK‡K MYbv Kiv| Av`gïgvwi
c×wZ‡Z †jvK MYbvi mgq cÖK… Zc‡ÿ ZvB Kiv nq Ges mv‡_ DcwiD³ Z_¨mg~nI msMÖn Kiv nq| cÖwZ 10 eQi
AšÍi GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q Av`gïgvwi AbywôZ nq| me©cÖ_g evsjv‡`‡k 1974 mv‡j, Zvici 1981, 1991 , 2001
Ges 2011 mv‡j Av`gïgvwi AbywôZ n‡q‡Q| cÖwZw`bB wKQz wkï Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡Q Avevi wKQz †jvK gviv hv‡”Q|
†`k ev †Kv‡bv GjvKv †_‡K A‡b‡K nq‡Zv evB‡i P‡j hv‡”Q, A‡b‡K Avevi evB‡i †_‡K †mLv‡b Avm‡Q| Gme
ZvwjKvfz³Ki‡Yi gva¨‡gB `yB Av`gïgvwii ga¨eZx© mg‡qi RbmsL¨v m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| Av`gïgvwi Ges
ZvwjKvfzw³KiY LyeB e¨qmv‡cÿ| ZvB AvRKvj bgybv Rwic c×wZI e¨envi Kiv nq| bgybv Rwi‡c †`‡ki
RbmsL¨v m¤ú‡K© GKwU cÖv_wgK aviYv cvIqv hvq, Z‡e wKQzUv fz‡ji m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GjvKv evQvB Kivi mgq Zv
†hb cÖw ZwbwaZ¡Kvix nq †m m¤ú‡K© mZK© _vK‡j G fy‡ji cwigvY Kgv‡bv hvq|

RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡:
†Kvb †`‡ki †fŠMwjK mxgvbvi g‡a¨ mvaviYZ cÖ wZeM©gvB‡j hZRb gvbyl emevm K‡i Zv‡K RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ ejv
nq| NbZ¡ K_vwU cig Ges Av‡cwÿK Dfq A‡_© e¨envi Kiv nq| cig A‡_© RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ ej‡Z †Kvb †`‡k
cÖwZ eM©gvB‡j RbmsL¨vi e›Ub‡K ey Svq|
†Kvb †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨v‡K †gvU AvqZb Øviv fvM Ki‡j RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ cvIqv hvq| A_©vr RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡
GKwU †`‡ki †gvU AvqZ‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z †gvU RbmsL¨vi AbycvZ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| RbmsL¨vi Nb‡Z¡i †ÿ‡Î †`‡ki

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-113

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg
AšÍM©Z mgZj f~wg, cvnvox GjvKv, b`x, Lvj I mgy`ª ZxieZx© AÂj, giæf~wg, ebf~ wg, Rjvf~wg cÖf…wZ ¯’v‡b
mgvbfv‡e gvbyl emevm Ki‡Q e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ wbY©‡qi m~Î wb¤œiƒct
TP †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨v
RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡, DP = TA = †`‡ki †gvU AvqZb

†`‡ki †gvU AvqZb w¯’i _vKv Ae¯’vq A_ev wbw`©ó †fŠ‡MvwjK AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq RbmsL¨v †ewk n‡j RbmsL¨vi
NbZ¡ †ewk nq; wecixZ Ae¯’ vq RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ Kg nq| mvaviYZ f~-cÖK…wZ, Rjevqy, gvwU, †`‡ki AvqZb,
Rb¥nvi, A_©‰bwZK m¤ú`, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w ×i ¯Íi, Rxeb hvÎvi c×wZ, hvZvqvZ e¨e¯’ v,
wk‡ívbœqb cÖf…w Z wewfbœ cÖ vK…wZK I gvbexq Dcv`v‡bi Dci RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ wbf©i K‡i| ¯’vb‡f‡` GB
Dcv`vb¸‡jv ¯^ Zš¿ nq e‡j RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡I wfbœ wfbœ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ †Kvb we‡kl GjvKvq
RbmsL¨vi †K›`ª xfe‡bi gvÎv cÖK vk K‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wkÿv_©xiv RbmsL¨v I RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ wKfv‡e cwigvc Ki‡Z nq Zv wkL‡eb|

mvims‡¶c
 A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ RbmsL¨vi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK| cÖwZ eM©gvB‡j KZRb gvbyl emevm K‡i Zv‡K
RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ ejv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.1

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| evsjv‡`‡k KZmv‡j me©cÖ_g Av`gïgvix nq?
K) 1981 L) 1991 M) 1974 N) 1972
2| evsjv‡`‡k me©‡kl Av`gïgvix nq KZ mv‡j?
K) 2001 L) 2011 M) 2005 N) 2015
3| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v KZ?
K) 15 †KvwU 50 jÿ L) 15 †KvwU 10 jÿ M) 16 †KvwU N) 16 †KvwU 10 jÿ

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-114

 A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ

cvV 4.2 RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY I cÖfve

Causes of Increase in Population and Impact

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_© xiv-
 evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v e„ w×i KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RbmsL¨vi e„w×i cÖfve we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY :

evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v `ªæZ evo‡Q| GB RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY¸wj wb‡¤œ †`Iqv n‡jv-
(K) cÖvK…wZK KviYmg~n-
1. Rjevqyi cÖfve: evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy Dò I bvwZkx‡Zvò| G Rjevqy‡Z cyiæl I gwnjviv Aí eq‡mB †hŠeb
cÖvß nq Ges cÖRb‡b mÿg nq| ZvQvov eÜzfvevcbœ AvenvIqv _vKvq kxZcÖavb †`‡ki †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq
evsjv‡`‡ki †g‡q‡`i cÖR bb ÿgZv †ewk _v‡K|

2. †fŠMwjK Ae¯’vb: evsjv‡`k †gŠmywg A‡j Aew¯’ Z De©i cwjgvwU mg„× †`k| GLv‡b Aí cwikÖ‡g AwaK dmj
Drcv`b Kiv hvq weavq mvaviY gvby‡li RxebhvÎv Avivg`vqK I ¯^í e¨qeûj| cÖPzi e„wócvZ, gvwUi De©iZv,
mgZj f~-cÖK…wZ DZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y mycÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB G‡`k D”P cÖRbbmg„× †`k| †fŠMwjK w`K †_‡K myweavRbK
Ae¯’v‡b _vKvq G‡`‡k cÖRbbkxjZv µgvMZ e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

(L) mvgvwRK mvs¯‹…wZK I agx©q KviYmg~n-

1. Rb¥ wbqš¿Y Kvh©µ‡gi ÎæwU-wePy¨wZ: evsjv‡`‡k Rb¥ wbqš¿b Kvh©µ‡gi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi ÎæwU-wePy¨wZ
cwijwÿZ nq| A`ÿ, `vwqZ¡Á vbnxb cÖkvmb, Kg©KZv© I Kg©Pvix w`‡q cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©m~Px cwiPvjbv Kiv nq
weavq Kvh©µ‡gi mvd‡j¨i nvi AZ¨šÍ Kg| G Qvov MÖ vgxY mgv‡R agx©q †Mvovgxi Kvi‡Y cwievi-cwiKíbv
gvVKgx©iv A‡bK cwiev‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| AwkwÿZ _vKvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK cwiev‡i KZ© ve¨w³ AwZ mšÍv‡bi
Kzdj eyS‡Z Aÿg _v‡Kb Ges Zv‡K †mUv ey Sv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡j †ewkifvM mgqB D‡ëv cÖwZwµqv †`Lv hvq| G
ai‡bi cwiev‡ii gwnjviv N‡ii evwn‡i hvIqvi †Kvb my‡hvM cvqbv Ges Rb¥wbqš¿Y DcKiY e¨envi Kivi Rb¨
†Kvb AbygwZ cvq bv| Gfv‡e Dchy³ wkÿvi Afv‡e Ges mvgvwRK evavi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k cÖRbb nvi µgvMZ
e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

2. eû weevn: evsjv‡`‡k we‡kl K‡i `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jv‡Z eû weevn Kivi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| eûweevn‡Z GK
cyiæ‡li Ji‡m A‡bK mšÍvb Rb¥ †bIqvq cÖRbb e„w× cvq| 1980 mv‡j myjZvb Avn‡g` Fertility levels and
Differentials in Bangladesh: A Macro –level analysis bvgK GK M‡elYvc‡Î D‡jøL K‡ib, Òeû weevn cÖ_v
GKB cwiev‡i A‡bK ¯¿xi mgv‡ek NUvq e‡j cÖ‡Z¨K ¯¿x cÖw Z‡hvMxZvg~jK g‡be„wË wb‡q H cwiev‡i AwaK mšÍvb
Rb¥`v‡b m‡Pó nq|Ó

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-115

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg
3. ¯^í wkÿvi nvi: evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi GK e„nr Ask wbiÿi| Ggb wK mgMÖ RbmsL¨vi A‡a©K Ask GLYI
¯^vÿi Ávb m¤úbœ bq| GB wecyj cwigvY AwkwÿZ gvbyl bvbv Kzms¯‹v‡i Ave× | Zviv cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ
I agx©q Abykvm‡bi cÖw Z AbyM Z †_‡K Rb¥ wbqš¿‡bi cÖwZ Abxnv †eva K‡i| Avevi AwkwÿZ gwnjviv agx©q
Abykvm‡bi Kvi‡Y GK iKg M„ne›`x _vK‡Z eva¨ nq| cwiev‡i Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb Ges gZvg‡Zi †Zgb †Kvb ¸iæZ¡
†bB| mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡b cyiælivB g~j Z cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Gme Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k cÖ Rbb nvi ¯^ vfvweKfv‡eB
AZ¨šÍ D”P nq|

4. Amy¯’ we‡bv`b: evsjv‡`k gymwjg †`k n‡jI AvB‡bi duvK †dvKi w`‡q G‡`‡k wewfbœfv‡e Amy ¯’ we‡bv`b
e¨e¯’v mgv‡Ri i‡›`ª i‡›`ª Qwo‡q co‡Q| my¯’ we‡bv`b e¨e¯’vi Afv‡e gvby l Amy ¯’ we‡bv`‡bi w`‡K Sz‡K co‡Q|
dj¯^iƒc AwaK mšÍv‡bi Rb¥ nq I cÖRbb nvi e„w × cvq|

5. wPË we‡bv`‡bi Afve: evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j ms¯‹…w Z PP©v I wPË we‡bv`‡bi †Kvb Avay wbK my‡hvM myweav †bB|
we‡bv`b, †eov‡bv, kwcs BZ¨vw` meB kni †Kw›`ªK n‡q _v‡K| MÖv‡gi Rbmvavi‡bi c‡ÿ me©`v kn‡i wM‡q wPË
we‡bv`‡bi myweav jvf Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j `wi`ª Rbmvavi‡bi Rb¨ ¯¿x m½ jvfB wPË we‡bv`‡bi cÖa vb Dcvq
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| hvi d‡j MÖ vgv‡j cÖRb‡bi nvi DaŸ©gyLx nq|

6. gb¯ÍvwË¡K KviY: evsjv‡`‡k weevwnZ cÖw ZwU gwnjvB mšÍv‡bi gv n‡Z Pvq Ges †Q‡j mšÍvb Zv‡`i GKvšÍ Kvg¨|
Zviv Rb¥ wbqš¿‡bi mKj e¨e¯’vi cÖw Z Abxnv cÖKvk K‡i| Zv‡`i aviYv H¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡j Zviv Amy¯’ n‡q
hv‡e| GgbwK Zviv mvgwqKfv‡e mšÍvb Drcv`b eÜ ivL‡ZI AvMÖnx bq| Zviv g‡b K‡i †h, mvgwqKfv‡e mšÍvb
Drcv`b eÜ ivL‡j Zviv wPiZ‡i mšÍvb Drcv`b ÿgZv nvwi‡q †dj‡e| Zv‡`i G mKj åvšÍ g‡bvfv‡ei Kvi‡Y
Rb¥nvi e„w× cvq|

7. Lv`¨vf¨vm: evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY RbMY Lv`¨ MÖn‡bi †ÿ‡Î fvZ, AvUv, Avjy, wPov, gywo BZ¨vw` †k^ Zmvi RvZxq
Lv`¨ †ewk MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| `vwi‡`ª¨i Kvi‡Y gvQ, gvsm, wWg, `ya, BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv †cÖvwUb I Avwgl RvZxq Lv`¨ Kg
MÖnY K‡i| Ggb A‡bK cwievi Av‡Q hviv ïay eQ‡i GKevi †Kvievbxi C‡`i mgq gvsm LvIqvi my‡hvM cvq|
†k^Zmvi RvZxq Lv`¨ gvby‡li cÖRbb nvi e„w× K‡i| d‡j evsjv‡`‡k mvaviY cvwievi¸‡jv‡Z Rb¥nvi e„w × cvq|

8. `vwi`ª¨: evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœ qbkxj †`k Ges G‡`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl `vwi`ª¨ mxgvi wb‡P emevm K‡i| Avw_©K
¯^”QjZvi Rb¨ A‡bK cyiælB Aí eq‡m weevn K‡i Ges †eKvi‡Z¡i Kvi‡b N‡iB Ae¯’vb K‡i| G¸‡jv cÖRb‡bi
D”P nv‡ii Rb¨ `vqx cÖa vb KviY|

9. wkï cÖ wZcvj‡b ¯^í e¨q: evsjv‡`‡k AwaKvsk gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gvb AZ¨šÍ wb¤œ| `wi`ª I AwkwÿZ cwiev‡i
wkï jvjb cvj‡bi e¨qfvi AZ¨šÍ Kg nq| G ai‡bi cwiev‡i `vwi`ª I AÁZvi Kvi‡Y wkï‡`i Lye GKUv cywóKi
Lvevi †`Iqv nq bv| wkï‡`i fvj Kvc‡oi cÖ‡ qvRb‡KI Gwo‡q hvIqv nq| wkïiv wkÿvi †Kvb my‡hvM cvq bv|
Zv‡`i‡K Aí eqm †_‡KB Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wb‡qvwRZ Kiv nq| d‡j wkï‡`i cÖwZcvj‡b cwiev‡ii e¨q AZ¨šÍ Kg nq
Ges Zv‡`i‡K †evSv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv bv K‡i AwaK Av‡qi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq| Gfv‡e wkï cÖw Zcvj‡bi
e¨qfvi ¯^í nIqvq cÖRbb nvi e„w× cvq|

10. D”P wkï g„Zz¨nvi: evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨, Acy wó, †ivMe¨vwa, A¯^ v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y cÖw Z eQi cÖPzi wkï
AKv‡j g„Zz¨eib K‡i| GB g„Zz¨nvi RbMY‡K AwaK mšÍvb MÖn‡b DrmvwnZ K‡i| we‡kl K‡i AwkwÿZ RbMY wkï
g„Zz¨i Kvi‡Y Kg mšÍvb Rb¥`vb‡K fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ SuywK g‡b K‡i| GRb¨ AwkwÿZ cwievi¸‡jv AwaK mšÍv‡bi Rb¥

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-116

 A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
†`q †hb `yÕGKwU wkïi g„Zz¨ n‡jI evwKiv †eu‡P _v‡K| Gfv‡e AwaK wkï g„Zz¨nvi D”P cÖRbb nv‡ii mnvqK
Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

11. D”P RxebhvÎv m¤ú‡K© cÖZ¨vkvnxbZv: evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY wb¤œ A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’ vi Kvi‡Y fwel¨Z A‡cÿv
eZ©gv‡bi mv‡_ †ewk m¤úwK©Z _v‡K| AwaKvsk mvaviY gvbyl m„wóKZ©vi Dci fimv †i‡L Rxeb wbe©vn K‡i| Zviv
me wKQz‡KB m„w÷KZ©vi weavb wn‡m‡e †g‡b †bq| GgbwK cÖwZ eQi mšÍvb Rb¥ w`‡q Zviv GUv‡KI m„wóKZ© vi B”Qv
wn‡m‡e Pvwc‡q †`q| Zviv Rv‡b bv Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi wK AatcZb n‡”Q| AwaK mšÍvb cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡`i †Kvb
`ytL †bB| G Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k cÖRbb nvi µgvMZ e„w× †c‡qB Pj‡Q|

12. cvwievwiK eÜb: evsjv‡`‡k k³ cvwievwiK eÜb D”P Rb¥nv‡ii Ab¨Zg KviY| G‡`‡k ZvjvKcÖ vß gwnjv‡`i
msL¨v Lye †ewk bq| Avevi weev‡ni ci ¯¿x †Q‡o †KD mvaviYZ `~‡i †h‡Z Pvq bv| d‡j ¯^ vgxi Aby cw¯’w Zi nviI
Kg| gwnjv‡`i mšÍvb aviYKvjxb mg‡q ¯^vgx Kv‡Q _vKvq mšÍvb Rb¥`vb †ewk nq|

13. wkívqb I knivq‡bi axi MwZ: evsjv‡`‡k knivq‡bi gvÎv Av‡cwÿKfv‡e †ek wb¤œgv‡bi| †gvU RbmsL¨vi
10% kn‡i evm K‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ GK Z…ZxqvskB n‡jv AwkwÿZ I ¯^í wkwÿZ| kn‡ii DcK‡Ú M‡o D‡V‡Q kZ
kZ ew¯Í| Gme ew¯Í‡Z emevmKix ¯^ í Av‡qi gvbylRb g‡b K‡i AwZwi³ mšÍvb Rb¥ w`‡j AwaK Avq n‡e hv
Zv‡`i `vwi`ª `~i Ki‡e| wKš‘ nq Zvi wecixZ| d‡j cÖR bb mgm¨v cÖK U AvKvi avib K‡i|

14. `ªæZ mšÍvb Rb¥`vb cÖeYZv: evjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva Ggb †h weev‡ni ci †Kvb cwiev‡i mšÍvb Rb¥v`v‡b
wej¤^ n‡j ¯¿ x‡K mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡b Aÿg e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GB Kvi‡Y AwkwÿZ Ges GgbwK wkwÿZ bvix‡`i
g‡a¨ weev‡ni ci h_vkxNª cÖ_g I wØZxq mšÍvb Rb¥v`v‡bi cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| cÖ_g I wØZxq mšÍvb hw` Kb¨v
wkï nq Z‡e GRb¨ gwnjv‡`i‡KB †`vlv‡ivc Kiv nq Ges †Q‡j mšÍv‡bi Avkvq evievi mšÍvb Rb¥`vb Pj‡ZB
_v‡K| mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi GB cÖeYZv wbwðZfv‡eB cÖRbb nvi e„w× Ki‡Q ejv hvq|

15. Aí eq‡m weevn: evsjv‡`‡ki AvenvIqv Ges wewfbœ mvgvwRK I agx©q Kvi‡Y †g‡qiv Aí eq‡mB †hŠeb cÖvß
nq Ges Zv‡`i cÖRbb kw³ m„wó nq| G‡`‡ki †g‡q‡`i weev‡ni Rb¨ Dchy³ eqm 17-18 eQi| kZKiv 95 Rb
†g‡qi eqm wÎk nIqvi Av‡MB we‡q n‡q hvq| GKevi we‡q n‡q †M‡j weevn we‡”Q`, ZvjvK, `xN©¯’vqx Amy&¯’Zv
Ges g„Zz¨ e¨ZxZ ¯^vgx-¯¿ x GK‡ÎB emevm K‡i| weev‡ni ci AwaKvsk gwnjvB N‡iB evm K‡i Ges mšÍvb
Rb¥`v‡bi wPšÍv K‡i| Gfv‡e cÖRbb nvi e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|

(M) A_©‰bwZK KviYmg~n

1. A_©‰bwZK A¯^”QjZv I †eKviZ¡: evsjv‡`‡k D”P cÖRb‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY A_©‰bwZK A¯^”QjZv I †eKviZ¡|
G‡`‡ki AwaKvsk Kg©ÿg gvbyl `wi`ª I †eKvi‡Z¡i Awfkv‡c RR©wiZ| Zv‡`i †Kvb A_©‡bwZK wbivcËv †bB|
RbweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, Poverty and fecundity go together| A_©vr `vwi`ª I cÖRbb ÿgZv GK‡Î AMÖmi nq|
ZvQvov K…wl cÖa vb A_©bxwZ, gwnjv‡`i ¯^ í Kg©ms¯’vb, K…wl I †gŠmygx wk‡í †eKvi Rb‡Mvôxi Kg© wew”Qbœ Zv
BZ¨vw`I AwaK cÖRbb nv‡ii mnvqK Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
2. K…wl cÖavb A_©bxwZ: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖa vb †ckv K…wl| †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 80 kZvsk gvbyl cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e
K…wli mv‡_ mswkøó| G †ckvi Rb¨ cÖvwšÍK kÖgkw³ ¯^vMwZK I mbvZb ai‡bi| ZvB K…lK cwiev‡i AwaK mšÍvb
gv‡bB K…wlKv‡R AwaK kÖwg‡Ki e¨envi| Zviv †Q‡j mšÍvb Kvgbv K‡i cÖR bb nvi e„w× K‡i _v‡K|AwaK †Q‡j
mšÍvb n‡j Zviv evwni †_‡K kÖwgK bv wb‡q cwiev‡ii m`m¨ w`‡qB K…w l KvR cwiPvjbv K‡i| G‡Z LiP K‡g hvq

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Ges K…wl †_‡K jvfevb nIqv hvq| GRb¨ R‡b¥i ci †Q‡j n‡j Zviv Djøvm cÖKvk K‡i| G‡Z m½Z Kvi‡YB
cÖRbb nvi e„w× cvq|
3. †Q‡j mšÍvb‡`i A_©‰bwZK g~j¨: A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY A‡j we‡klK‡i `wi`ª cwiev‡i †Q‡j
mšÍv‡bi Pvwn`v †ewk _v‡K| `wi`ª cwiev‡i †Q‡j mšÍvb‡K fwel¨r wbivcËv Ges A_© DcvR©‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e
we‡klfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GRb¨ G‡Ki ci GK Kb¨v mšÍvb Rb¥ wb‡jI wcZvgvZv cyÎ mšÍv‡bi Avkvq cÖRbb
nvi e„w× K‡iB P‡j| RbweÁvbx Mead Cain Ges Samuel S. Lieberman Zv‡`i ÒDevelopment policy and
the projects of Fertility Decline in Bangladesh” bvgK GKwU M‡elYvc‡Î ‡`wL‡q‡Qb †h, evsj‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j
cyÎ mšÍvb‡K fwel¨Z Avw_©K wbivcËvi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GB g‡bvfve‡K D”P Rb¥nv‡ii Ab¨Zg
cÖavb KviY ejv nq|
4. gwnjv‡`i ¯^ í Kg©ms¯’vb my‡hvM: wewfbœ Rixc Ges M‡elYv †_‡K cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, cwiev‡ii evwn‡i
gwnjv‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM †`qv n‡j cÖRbb nvi Avkvbyiæc n« vm cvq| evsjv‡`‡k bvix wkÿvi nvi AZ¨šÍ Kg|
Avi wkwÿZ n‡jI cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ Ges agx©q Abykvm‡bi Kvi‡Y Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’ v Kiv hvq bv|
1992 mv‡j Dr. M.A Mabub cwiPvwjZ Bangladesh’s Population Problem and Programme Dynamics
bvgK GK M‡elYv Rixc †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, wkÿv Ges cÖwkÿ‡Yi nvi hvB †nvK bv †Kb, †h me gwnjv M„n¯’vjx
K‡g© wbhy³ _v‡K Zv‡`i cÖR bb nvi evwn‡i Kvh©iZ gwnjv‡`i cÖRbb nv‡ii Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk nq| evsjv‡`‡k
Av_©-mvgvwRK Ges agx©q Kvi‡Y gwnjv‡`i cwiev‡ii evwn‡i Kv‡Ri my‡hvM Lye Kg _v‡K| d‡j Zv‡`i cÖRbb nvi
D”P nq|
5. wb¤œ RxebhvÎvi gvb: evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk RbM‡Yi wb¤œ RxebhvÎvi gvb µgvMZfv‡e RbmsL¨v e„ w× K‡i
P‡j‡Q| wb¤œ Rxeb hvÎv †_‡K DËi‡Yi Dcvq wn‡m‡e Zviv AwaK cyÎ mšÍvb Kvgbv K‡i| GRb¨ `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx
Rb¥wbqš¿‡Y AvMÖnx bq| Zviv mšÍvb msL¨v e„wׇK we‡kl K‡i cyÎ mšÍvb e„wׇK AwaK Av‡qi c_ e‡j we‡ePbv
K‡i| GRb¨ cÖwZ eQi Zviv mšÍvb Rb¥`vb K‡i Ges †Q‡j mšÍvb GKUz eo n‡jB Zv‡`i‡K †Kvb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ
K‡i| Zv‡`i G g‡bvfv‡ei d‡j cÖRbb nvi e„w× cvq|
6. A_©‰bwZK AwbðqZv: evsjv‡`‡k AwZwi³ mšÍvb‡K A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K fwel¨Z wbivcËvi wfwË we‡ePbv
Kiv nq| A_©‰bwZK AwbðqZvi Kvi‡Y `wi`ª †kÖwYi gvby l mšÍvb msL¨v e„w ׇZ DrmvwnZ nq| KviY `wi`ª cwiev‡ii
DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ m`m¨‡`i kÖg e¨ZxZ Ab¨‡Kvb A_©‰bwZK m¤ú` †bB| ZvB Zviv AwZwi³ mšÍv‡bi fwel¨Z kÖg‡K
AwZwi³ DcvR©‡bi Drm e‡j g‡b K‡i| GRb¨ Zviv AwaK mšÍvb R¤œ`v‡b Drmvnx nq Ges cÖRbb nvi e„w× K‡i
P‡j|

RbmsL¨v e„w×i cÖfve

GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †m †`‡ki Rb‡Mvôx GKwU ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© m¤ú`| evsjv‡`‡kI Giƒc nIqv DwPZ
wQj| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e RbmsL¨v G‡`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU Avc‡` cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨v e„w × evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb
cÖwµqvi g~‡j AvNvZ nvbvq ivóªxqfv‡e GwU‡K GK b¤^i RvZxq mgm¨v e‡j wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i
1,48,393 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi AvqZb wewkó †`‡k eZ©g v‡b (2002) mv‡j cÖ vq 13.12 †KvwU †jv‡Ki emevm wQj|
GZ †ewk †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ ‡`‡k ch©vß cwigvY wkí KviLvbv I e¨emv evwYR¨ mn A_©bxwZi weKvk
N‡Uwb| GQvov GLv‡b cÖvß cÖ vK…wZK I LwbR m¤ú‡`i cwigvYI Lye mxwgZ| RbmsL¨v 1.48 kZvsk nv‡i e„w×
Ae¨vnZ _vK‡j cieZx© 32 eQ‡ii Kg mg‡q RbmsL¨v eZ©gv‡bi wظ‡Y cwiYZ n‡e| Giƒc Ae¯’v RvwZi Rb¨
wbtm‡›`‡n D‡ØMRbK| evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb Rb‡Mvôx‡K wb¤œ wjwLZ `„wó fw½‡Z we‡ePbv Ki‡j wbwØ©avq GwU GKwU
RwUj mgm¨v e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq|

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1. Lv‡`¨i Dci Pvc m„wó: †`‡ki †gvU Lv`¨ Dcv`vb Øviv 13.12 †KvwU †jv‡Ki Abœms¯’ vb Kiv GKwU KwVb welq|
Lv`¨ gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v| miKvi Lv`¨ NvUwZi †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ we‡`k †_‡K Lv`¨ Avg`vbx K‡i _v‡K|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ †`‡k ‡ewk Lv`¨ djv‡bvi Rb¨ miKvwifv‡e Kg©m~wP nv‡Z †bqv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z Drcv`b wKQz Uv e„w× †c‡jI
RbmsL¨v e„w×i Zzjbvq Zvi cwigvY GL‡bv AcÖ Zzj| ewa©Z RbmsL¨v Lv‡`¨i Dci fvM emv‡bvi d‡j Lv`¨ e›U‡bi
nvi µ‡g K‡g Avm‡Q| ZvB Pvwn`vi NvUwZ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ M‡o cÖ vq 20 †_‡K 25jvL Ub Lv`¨ we‡`k n‡Z Avg`vwb
Kiv nq|
2. g~jab MVb: Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ g~jab Acwinvh©| evsjv‡`‡k AwaKvsk †jv‡Ki Av‡qi Zzjbvq e¨q †ewk| ZvB
Avgv‡`i m‡qi cwigvYI Kg| 2001-02 mv‡j Gi cwigvY wQj 22.43%| †`‡ki e¨vsK exgvmn Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K
cÖwZôv‡b m‡qi Rb¨ †h cwigvY UvKv msMÖn Kiv nq Zv Pvwn`vi Zzj bvq mvgvb¨| G Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i wewb‡qvM e„w×
m¤¢e n‡”Q bv|
3. K…wl Rwgi Dci Pvc: evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 62.3 Rb †jvK mivmwi K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| `ªæZ
RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y †gvU Avev`x Rwgi Dci cÖPÛ Pvc m„w÷ n‡q‡Q| MÖv‡g K…wl e¨ZxZ weKí Kg©ms¯’v‡bi mxwgZ
e¨e¯’vqB ewa©Z hye mgv‡Ri AwaKvskB K…wl Rwg‡Z fxo Rgv‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| G‡Z †`‡ki ÿz`ª ÿz`ª K…wl †RvZmg~n
w`b w`b †QvU †_‡K Av‡iv †QvU n‡”Q|
4. f~wgnx‡bi msL¨v e„w×: †`‡k Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖmvi bv NUvq AwaKvsk cwiev‡i †eKv‡ii msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q| †eu‡P
_vKvi Rb¨ G mKj †eKvi †jvK Zv‡`i mvgvb¨ mnvq m¤ú` wewµ K‡i ax‡i ax‡i f~wgnxb `wi`ª †jv‡K cwiYZ nq|
5. †eKvi mgm¨v: Avgv‡`i A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‡gv †Zgb gReyZ bq| miKvix Ges †emiKvix D‡`¨v‡Mi d‡j
mvgvb¨ wKQz Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †ÿÎ m„wó n‡jI Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq Zv Kg| cÖwZ eQi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask wK‡kvi ZiæY‡`i
KvZv‡i mvwgj n‡q kÖggw³ wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nq| G Rb¨B †eKv‡ii cwigvY w`‡b w`‡b e„w× ‡c‡q P‡j‡Q|
6. e›Ub: gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`vi DcKiY e›U‡b gv_vwcQz nvi GZB Kg _v‡K †h, hv Øviv wb¤œ Zg Pvwn`v c~iY nq
bv| †m Kvi‡YB gvbyl Acywó, AÜZ¡ I bvb RwUj †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq| miKvix cÖ‡Póvq †ivM wbivg‡qi Rb¨ wKQz wKQz
e¨e¯’v †bqv n‡jI Zv cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq ch© vß bq|
7. ewa©Z Rb‡Mvôxi fib †cvlY: cÖwZ eQi evsjv‡`‡k †h nv‡i RbmsL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q Zvi fiY‡cvl‡Yi Rb¨
¯^vfvweK Pvwn`vi †P‡q AwZwi³ 3jÿ 50 nvRvi Ub Lv`¨, 2jÿ 81 nvRvi evmM„n Ges 7 jÿ 50 nvRvi †jv‡Ki
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb | †`‡k wkÿvi nvi e„w×i Rb¨ ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi †jLvcovi e¨e¯’v Kiv DwPZ| Zv Qvov
AviI cÖvq 7 jÿ 36 nvRvi ¯‹zjMvgx QvÎ-QvÎxi Rb¨ 23 nvRvi cÖv_wgK Ges gva¨wgK ¯‹zj cÖ‡qvRb| 2003 mvj
ch©šÍ we`¨gvb myweavw` G ewa© Z cÖ‡ qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg wQj|
8. wbf©ikxjZvi nvi e„w×: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Kg©ÿg †jv‡Ki msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q| agx©q KviY QvovI mvgvwRK,
eqm I †ivMRwbZ Kvi‡Y †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi e„nËg As‡ki Dbœqb Kv‡R h_vh_ f~wgKv †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
†`‡k GKwU myôz A_©b xwZ M‡o †Zvjvi c‡_ GwUI GKwU AšÍivq| GK wnmv‡e †`Lvhvq gvÎ 6.3 †KvwU cyiæl I
bvix KvR K‡i, Avi 7.09 †KvwU †cvl¨ e‡m e‡m Lvq| GB Kgx© msL¨vi g‡a¨ 1 †KvwU 50 jÿ Kgx© kn‡i Ges 4
†KvwU 80jÿ Kgx© MÖv‡g evm K‡i|
9. wkí Dbœq‡b evav: †`k‡K wk‡í mg„× Kivi Rb¨ wecyj cwigvY cyuwRi cÖ‡qvRb| cyuwR MV‡bi Rb¨ mÂq I
wewb‡qvM ci®ú‡ii m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| Avgv‡`i †`‡k mgm¨v A‡bK| gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`vi †ewki fvM Ac~ Y© ivLv
†M‡jI Lv`¨ Pvwn`v‡K ZvrÿwbK fv‡e c~iY Ki‡Z nq| eZ©gv‡b K…wl Drcv`b Øviv †gvU Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v
c~iY m¤¢e bq| ZvB miKvi‡K cÖwZ eQi we‡`k †_‡K bM` g~‡j¨ A_ev F‡Yi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z nq|

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G‡Z miKv‡ii nv‡Z bM` A_© mÂq n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB Dbœqb‡K MwZgq I we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi Rb¨ wkí KviLvbvi
cÖmvi NUv‡bv m¤¢ e nq bv|
10. mvgvwRK mgm¨v e„w×i cÖeYZv: gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vB mvgvwRK Rxe‡b Aciva e„ w×i g~j KviY| hye
mgv‡Ri PvKzix, Avw_©K Am”QjZv I we`¨v wkÿvi Ac~Y© Zv †_‡KB Aciva cÖeYZv Rb¥ †bq| G RvZxq Aeÿq
†iv‡ai wel‡q miKvi Ges mgvRcwZ‡`i me mgqB cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡Z nq| Zviv AMÖ MwZi †P‡q mgv‡Ri Aciva
wbevi‡Y wb‡qvwRZ e‡jB †`‡ki Dbœqb KvR AviI wcwQ‡q hv‡”Q|
11. bZzb emwZ ¯’vcb: RbmsL¨v e„ w×i Kvi‡Y †`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’ vb¸‡jv‡Z RbmsL¨vi Pvc e„w× cv‡”Q| G‡Z K…wl
f~wg webó n‡q Lv`¨ Drcv`b n«vm Ges Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨vi m„wó n‡”Q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wkÿv_©xiv RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY m¤ú‡K© Ges Gi cÖfve m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡eb|

mvims‡¶c
 evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w×i mgm¨v GKwU RvZxq A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v| RbmsL¨v e„w×i Rb¨ eû mvgvwRK,
ag©xq I A_©‰bwZK KviY i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.2

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| Geography of Hunger eBwU Kvi †jLv?
K) D. Castro L) J.S. Miu M) Aristotle N) Nelson Mendela
2| evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi KZ fvM kn‡i evm K‡i?
K) 20 fvM L) 15 fvM M) 25 fvM N) 10 fvM
3| evsjv‡`‡k M‡o cÖwZ eQi wK cwigvY Lv`¨ Avg`vbx Ki‡Z nq?
K) 15-20 jÿ †g.Ub L) 20-25 jÿ †g.Ub M) 30-35 jÿ †g.Ub N) 10-15 jÿ †g.Ub

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cvV 4.3 RbmsL¨v ZË¡

Population Theory

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_© xiv-
 g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v ZË¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K RbmsL¨v I Drcv`‡bi cwigv‡ci g‡a¨ m¤úK© †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v ZË¡

RbmsL¨vi me©vwaK cwiwPZ ZË¡ nj- g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v ZË¡| 1798 wLª÷v‡ã Bs‡iR ag©hvRK I cÖL¨vZ
A_©bxwZwe` Ugvm ievU© g¨vj_vm (Thoma Robert Malthus) Zuvi “Essay on the principles of Population” bvgK
eB‡q RbmsL¨v m¤^‡Ü GKwU ZË¡ cÖP vi K‡ib| ZË¡wU Zvi bvg Abymv‡i Òg¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v ZË¡ wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ|

g¨vj_v‡mi g‡Z, gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Zi Rb¨ Lv`¨ AZ¨vek¨K n‡jI Zv RbmsL¨v evovi Zzjbvq Kg nv‡i ev‡o| Zvui
g‡Z gvby‡li AwZ-cÖRbb ÿgZvi Rb¨ RbmsL¨v `ªy Z ev‡o Ges Zvi Ici †Kvb wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc bv Ki‡j cÖwZ
cuwPk eQ‡i GKwU †`‡ki RbmsL¨v wظY nq| wKš‘ Rwgi ‡hvMvb mxwgZ Ges †mLv‡b µgn«vmgvb Drcv`b wewa
ZvovZvwo Kvh©Ki nq e‡j Lv‡`¨vrcv`b RbmsL¨vi †P‡q A‡bK ax‡i ev‡o|

Zuvi g‡Z, RbmsL¨v ev‡o R¨vwgwZK cÖMwZ‡Z, †hgb, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 BZ¨vw` ¸Y‡bi wbq‡g e„w×cÖ vß msL¨vi
avivq Ges Lv‡`¨vrcv`b ev‡o MvwYwZK cÖMwZ‡Z, †hgb, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 BZ¨vw` †hv‡Mi wbq‡g e„w×cÖ vß msL¨vi
avivq| MvwYwZK cÖMwZi Zzjbvq R¨vwgwZK cÖMwZ `ªæZ ev‡o e‡j RbmsL¨v Lv‡`¨vrcv`‡bi †P‡q †ewk nv‡i ev‡o|
G `yB Amg kw³i wµqvi aviv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡j Ggb GK mgq Av‡m hLb †`‡ki RbmsL¨v I Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨
fvimvg¨ bó nq| G Ae¯’vq †`‡k Lv`¨ NvUwZ ev Lv`¨ mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| G cwiw¯’wZ‡K Rbvwa‡K¨i jÿY wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ Kiv nq|

g¨vj_v‡mi g‡Z, `yB Dcv‡q RbmsL¨v e„w× †iva K‡i Lv`¨ I RbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ eRvq ivLv hvq;
h_v- (K) cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’ v (L) cÖ vK…wZK wb‡iva |

(K) cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v: wej‡¤^ weevn, weevwnZ Rxe‡b mshg, cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a †KŠgvh© Aej¤^b BZ¨vw`
Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi ˆbwZK wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’ v‡K cÖw Z‡iva e¨e¯’v ejv nq| G e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g Rb¥nvi Kwg‡q RbmsL¨v e„w×i
Ici cÖfve we¯Í vi Kiv hvq|

(L) cÖvK…w ZK wb‡iva: AwZwi³ `vwi`ª¨, Acywó, A¯^ v¯’¨Ki †ckv, AZ¨vwaK cwikÖg, ˆbmwM©K cÖwZK~j Zv, gnvgvix,
`ywf©ÿ, hy×weMÖn cÖf…w Z wech©‡qi gva¨‡g AwZwi³ RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y n‡j cÖvK…w ZK wb‡iva Kvh©Ki nq Ges GK
mg‡q RbmsL¨v I Lv‡`¨i †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ ¯’vwcZ nq|

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g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v ZË¡wU Ôg¨vj_vmxq PµÕ- Gi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
cv‡k RbmsL¨v m¤úK© xZ †h g¨vj_vmxq Pµ †`qv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z
†`Lv hvq, cÖ_‡g Lv`¨ I RbmsL¨vi g‡a¨
fvimvg¨ eRvq _v‡K| wKš‘ RbmsL¨v Lv‡`¨vrcv`‡bi †P‡q †ewk RbmsL¨v AwaK
wbqš¿‡Yi
nv‡i e„w× cvIqvq AwP‡iB G fvimvg¨ webó nq; RbmsL¨v
cÖvK…wZK
d‡j RbvwaK¨ †`Lv †`q| wb‡iv‡ai
Kvh©KwiZv g¨vj_vmx
G Ae¯’vq Avevi cÖvK…w ZK wb‡iva Kvh©Kix nq Ges evowZ q Pµ
RbmsL¨v‡K wbwðý K‡i RbmsL¨v I Lv‡`¨vrcv`‡bi g‡a¨
fvimvg¨ Ae¯’ v wdwi‡q Av‡b| RbmsL¨v I Lv‡`¨i g‡a¨
fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v
g¨vj_v‡mi g‡Z, cÖvK…wZK wbqš¿‡Yi Øviv RbmsL¨v I
Lv‡`¨vrcv`‡bi g‡a¨ †h fvimvg¨ ¯’vwcZ nq Zv wbZvšÍB ÿY¯’vqx|
Awbqwš¿Zfv‡e RbmsL¨v evo‡Z _vK‡j evi evi G †e`vbv`vqK
NUbvi cybive„wË NU‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wZwb RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡bi Rb¨
cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’vi Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| wPÎ: RbmsL¨vi g¨vj_vmxq Pµ |

g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i mgv‡jvPbv:

g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v ZË¡wU cieZx©Kv‡j K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbvi m¤§yLxb nq| G Z‡Ë¡i cÖ avb mgv‡jvPbv¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc:
1| wg_¨v fwel¨ØvYx: g¨vj_vm †hiƒc Avk¼v K‡iwQ‡jb, g¨vj_vm- cieZx©K v‡j cwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡Z RbmsL¨v ZZ
`ªæZ ev‡owb| ˆelwqK mg„w× AR©‡bi `iyb RxebhvÎvi gvb Av‡Mi †P‡q Dbœ Z nIqvq RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi A‡bK
K‡g hvq|
2| RbmsL¨v R¨vwgwZK cÖMwZ‡Z ev‡o bv: g¨vj_v‡mi g‡Z, RbmsL¨v ev‡o R¨vwgwZK cÖMwZ‡Z| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b
DbœZ RxebhvÎvq Af¨¯Í gvby‡li g‡a¨ Rb¥ - kvm‡bi cÖeYZv _vKvq RbmsL¨v axi MwZ‡Z ev‡o|
3| Lv‡`¨vrcv`b MvwYwZK cÖMwZi †P‡q `ªæZ ev‡o: AvaywbKKv‡j DbœZ cÖhyw³ Ges AvaywbK K„wl - DcKiY¸‡jv
e¨env‡ii d‡j Lv‡`¨vrcv`b `ª æZ ev‡o| d‡j RbmsL¨v I Lv‡`¨vrcv`‡bi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ mn‡R bó nq bv|
4| RbmsL¨v‡K mvgwMÖK m¤ú‡`i mv‡_ Zzj bv Kiv nqwb: g¨vj_vm †Kej Lv‡`¨vrcv`‡bi welq we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb,
RbmsL¨vi mv‡_ †`‡ki †gvU m¤ú‡`i Zzjbv K‡ibwb| cÖK… Zc‡ÿ e„‡Ubmn K‡qKwU wk‡ívbœZ †`k Zv‡`i wkíRvZ
`ª‡e¨i wewbg‡q we‡`k †_‡K Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb K‡i Lv`¨ mgm¨v `~i K‡i|
5| RbmsL¨v e„w× me mgqB Lvivc bq: g¨vj_vm RbmsL¨v e„w×i ïay fqven w`KwUB we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb, fvj w`KwU
m¤ú‡K© wZwb fv‡ebwb| RbmsL¨v evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ kÖ‡gi †hvMvbI ev‡o|
6| RbmsL¨v bq eis m¤ú‡`i Amg e›UbB mgm¨v: RbmsL¨v e„w× me mgqB mgm¨v m„wó K‡i bv| RbmsL¨v evovi
mv‡_ mv‡_ kÖ‡gi `ÿZv e„ w× I m¤ú‡`i b¨vqm½Z e›Ub e¨e¯’ v Kvh©Ki Ki‡j RbvwaK¨RwbZ mgm¨v Gov‡bv hvq|
7| RbmsL¨vi ¸bMZ w`K D‡cwÿZ: g¨vj_vm RbmsL¨vi †Kej cwigvbMZ w`K we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb; ¸YMZ w`K
MÖvn¨ K‡ibwb| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, GKwU wbw`©ó RbmsL¨v hw` wkwÿZ, Kg©V, D‡`¨vMx Ges Drcv`bÿg nq, Z‡e Zv †`‡ki
Rb¨ †evSv bv n‡q m¤ú` wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
8| g„Zz¨nvi n«v‡mi d‡jB RbmsL¨v †ewk n‡q c‡o: wPwKrmv weÁv‡b Afvebxq DbœwZ A‡bK gvivZ¥K †ivM wbqš¿Y
K‡i gvbe Rxeb `xN©Zi K‡i‡Q| ZvB RbmsL¨v evovi GKgvÎ KviY Rb¥vnvi e„w× bq eis g„Zz¨nvi KgvI Gi
Ab¨Zg KviY|
cwi‡k‡l bvbv mgv‡jvPbv m‡Ë¡I ejv hvq, DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z bv n‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœq bkxj †`‡k Rb¥ I
g„Zz¨i D”Pnvi, AgvbweK `vwi`ª¨, ¯^vfvweK wb¤œ RxebhvÎvi gvb, wecyj Lv`¨ NvUwZ, gnvgvwii cybive„wË, eb¨v,
R‡jv”Q¡vm Avgv‡`i‡K g¨vj_vmev‡`i mZ¨Zv ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q| Rywjqvb nvKm&wj G AwfgZ e¨³ K‡ib †h,
g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v ZË¡ m¤ú~Y© AåvšÍ I e¨wZµgwenxb e‡j cÖg vwYZ bv n‡jI g~jZ GwU †h mZ¨ Zv eZ©gv‡b
¯^xK…Z|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-122

 A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ

Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ZË¡:

wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K Aa¨vcK GWDBb K¨vbvb, Kvi mvÛvm©, WvjUb, iweb&m cÖgyL AvaywbK A_©bxwZwe`
g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i GKwU weKí ZË¡ cÖPvi K‡ib| GwU Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ZË¡ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G ZË¡ Abyhvqx
†Kvb †`‡k GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q †h RbmsL¨v eZ©gvb _vK‡j RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQz `ªe¨ I †mevi cwigvY ev cÖK…Z Avq
me©vwaK nq, Zv‡K Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v e‡j| A_©bxwZwe` WvjUb e‡jb, ÒKvg¨ RbmsL¨v nj Zv hv me©vwaK gv_vwcQz
Avq cÖ`vb K‡i|Ó
Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ZË¡ Abymv‡i †Kvb †`‡ki cÖ vK…wZK m¤ú`‡K Dchy³ fv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU we‡kl
RbmsL¨vi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G‡KB Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v e‡j| hw` †Kvb †`‡ki cÖK…Z RbmsL¨v Kvg¨ RbmsL¨vi †P‡q Kg
nq Zv‡K wb¤œ RbmsL¨v e‡j| RbmsL¨vi G AvqZb cÖvß m¤ú‡`i c~Y© e¨env‡ii Rb¨ AcÖZzj nq Ges G Ae¯’vq
kÖgwefvM I we‡klxKi‡Yi myweav¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq bv| ZvB, cÖK…Z Avq me© vwaK nq bv| G
Ae¯’vq RbmsL¨v evovi d‡j kÖ‡gi †hvMvb ev‡o| kÖgwefvM I Drcv`‡bi DbœZ Kjv‡KŠk‡ji e¨envi N‡U Ges
cÖvK…w ZK m¤ú‡`i m‡e© v”P e¨envi m¤¢e nq| Gi d‡j Drcv`b I gv_vwcQz cÖK… Z Avq ev‡o| Ae‡k‡l †`‡ki
RbmsL¨v †e‡o Zv Kvg¨ AvqZ‡bi †P‡q †ewk n‡j RbmsL¨vi Zzjbvq Drcv`b I m¤ú` Kg nv‡i ev‡o| d‡j
gv_vwcQz Avq µgk K‡g hvq| G ch© v‡qi RbmsL¨v‡K AwZwi³ RbmsL¨v ejv nq|
ZvB †`Lv hvq, wb¤œ A_ev AwaK RbmsL¨v †KvbwUB evÂbxq bq| †Kej RbmsL¨vi †h AvqZ‡b gv_vwcQz cªK… Z Avq
me©vwaK nq, ZvB nj Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v| ¯^fveZB Kvg¨ msL¨v †Kvb w¯’i ev wbw`©ó msL¨v bq, eis GwU cwieZ©bkxj|
†`‡ki cÖ vK…wZK m¤ú`, cuy wR, Drcv`b c×wZ, msMVb BZ¨vw` cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ G msL¨vi wbqZ cwieZ©b N‡U|
Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ZË¡‡K wb‡Pi †iLvwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨I †evSv‡bv hvq:

Q
wP‡Î OX-A‡ÿ RbmsL¨v Ges OY-A‡ÿ gv_vwcQz
cÖK…Z Avq wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q|
RQP - nj gv_vwcQz cÖK…Z Avq †iLv|
wPÎ †_‡K †evSv hvq, RbmsL¨vi AvqZb k~b¨ (0)
gv_vwcQz cÖK…Z Avq

†_‡K †e‡o OM- ¯Í‡i †cŠQv ch©šÍ gv_vwcQz cÖK…Z Avq

µgvš^‡q evo‡Z _v‡K| OM- ¯Í‡i RbmsL¨vi R P
gv_vwcQz cÖK… Z Avq me© vwaK n‡q QM- †Z `uvovq|
myZivs OM RbmsL¨vB nj Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v| OM-Gi c‡i Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v
RbmsL¨v AviI evo‡j gv_vwcQz Avq K‡g hvq| RbmsL¨vi O M X
AvqZb OM -Gi †P‡q Kg n‡j wb¤œ RbmsL¨v Ges †ewk n‡j
AwaK RbmsL¨v †evSvq| wPÎ- RbmsL¨vi AvqZb
Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v wbY©‡qi my² gvcKvwV †bB| Z‡e wb‡¤œ v³ welq¸‡jv Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î wePvi Kiv nqÑ
1| c~Y© Kg©ms¯’vb;
2| me©vwaK Avq I Dbœ Z RxebhvÎv;
3| AvaywbK my‡hvM-myweav †fvM Ki‡Z mÿg;
4| m¤ú‡`i mبenv‡ii Dc‡hvMx BZ¨vw`|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-123

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg
Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i mgv‡jvPbv:
Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ZË¡wU ÎæwUgy³ bq| wb‡P ZË¡wUi ÎæwU¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1| Kvg¨ msL¨v wbY©q AmyweavRbK: ZË¡w U Øviv †Kvb †`‡ki Kvg¨ RbmsL¨vi AvqZb wba©viY Kiv cÖ vq Am¤¢e|
KviY, †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, g~jab, KvwiMwi Ávb, Drcv`b cÖf…w Zi me©`vB cwieZ©b NUvq Kvg¨ RbmsL¨vi
AvqZbI me©`v cwiewZ© Z nq|
2| †gŠwjK Z‡Ë¡i Afve: Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡ RbmsL¨v m¤ú‡K© †Kvb ZË¡g~jK aviYv cvIqv hvq bv| ZË¡w U‡Z
†Kvb †`‡ki RbmsL¨v evov ev Kgvi cÖeYZv, KviY I djvdj, Rb¥ I g„Zz¨i nvi Kgv cÖf…wZ m¤^‡Ü †Kvb Av‡jvPbv
¯’vb cvqwb|
3| ev¯Íe Ae¯’ v we‡køl‡Y Amg_©: G Z‡Ë¡ RbmsL¨vi AvqZ‡bi Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨v MVb I
`ÿZv, Zvi mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Zvrch© BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Ici †Kvb Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nqwb|
4| gv_vwcQz Av‡qi mwVK cwigvc Am¤¢e: †Kvb †`‡k gv_vwcQz Av‡qi cwieZ© b cwigvc Kiv †ek KwVb| KviY,
gv_vwcQz Av‡qi DcvË cÖ vqB fzj, weåvwšÍKi Ges Awbf©i‡hvM¨ nq|

Dcmsnvi: wKQz †`vl-ÎæwU _vKv m‡Ë¡I Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ZË¡wU m¤ú~Y© A‡K‡Rv ev g~j¨nxb n‡q c‡owb| ZË¡wU
Avgv‡`i‡K g¨vj_vmxq Z‡Ë¡i nZvkvev`x cÖ fve †_‡K gy³ K‡i‡Q| hw` µgea©g vb RbmsL¨vi mv‡_ Drcv`b e„ w×I
Pj‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j RbmsL¨v e„ wׇZ AvZw¼Z nIqvi †Kvb KviY †bB|

Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v:

evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡ hvR¨Zv Gi AbywgwZmg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY
Kiv n‡jv|
1. †gvU RbmsL¨v Ges †gvU Kg©ÿg RbmsL¨vi w¯’i AbycvZ:
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v µgvMZ e„w× †c‡jI †gvU RbmsL¨v Ges †gvU Kg©ÿg RbmsL¨vi Aby cvZ w¯’i Ae¯’vq
i‡q‡Q| Kvib G‡`‡k cÖw ZeQi RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Kg©ÿg RbmsL¨vI mgvb nv‡i e„w× cvq| Z‡e GB
e„w×i nvi memgq GK iKg _v‡K bv| eZ©gv‡b K…w lLv‡Z Mo Drcv`b e„ w× cvIqvq K…wl kÖwg‡Ki Mo AvqI µgk
evo‡Q| Gw`K †_‡K ejv hvq Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ZË¡ evsjv‡`‡k AvswkKfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|

2. AcwieZ©b xq g~jab Ges Drcv`b †KŠkj:

evsj‡`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w×i cvkvcvwk g~jab Ges Drcv`b‡ÿ‡Î cÖhyw³MZ cwieZ© b n‡”Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq,
wkí Ges K…wl Lv‡Z AvaywbK cÖhy w³i e¨envi| K…wl †ÿ‡Î Avay wbK cÖhyw³i e¨envi Kivq Drcv`b c~‡e©i Zzjbvq
A‡bK e„w× ‡c‡q‡Q| GKB K_v wkí †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡ hvR¨| ZvB Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i GB Aby wgwZwU evsjv‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î
cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|

3. µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewa:

evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ cÖ vK…wZK LvZ †hgb K…wl, grm¨, Lwb BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z µgn«vmgvb cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b wewai h_v_© Zv
cwijwÿZ nq| cÖvK…wZK LvZ †_‡K hZB †gvU Drcv`b e„w× Kiv nq cÖvwšÍK Drcv`b ZZB Kg‡Z _v‡K| GK mgq
Kg‡Z Kg‡Z Zv FYvZœKI n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ejv hvq, Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i GB AbywgwZwU evsj‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î
cÖ‡hvR¨|

4. Kg©ÿg RbmsL¨vi w¯’i kÖg N›Uv:

evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w× †c‡jI kÖg N›Uvi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| A_©vr GKRb e¨w³ RbmsL¨v e„ w×i c~‡e© †h
cwigvb kÖg N›Uv e¨q Ki‡Zv, RbmsL¨v e„w× cvevi c‡iI †mB GKB cwigvb kÖg N›Uv e¨q K‡i| D`vniY wn‡m‡e

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-124

 A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
evsjv‡`‡ki miKvix Awd‡mi mgqm~Pxi D‡jøL Kiv hvq| hv mKvj bqUv †_‡K cuuvPUv ch©šÍ Kvh©Ki| G‡ÿ‡Î
RbmsL¨v e„w× †c‡jI miKvix Axd‡mi mgqm~Pxi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|

5. w¯’i cÖvK…w ZK m¤ú`:

evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZwbqZ cÖ vK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Rb¨ AbymÜvb Pj‡Q| GKmgq G‡`‡k M¨vmI Avwe®‹…Z wQj bv| A_P GLb
M¨vm, Kqjv, †Zj Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m¤ú`| wewfbœ AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g wbZ¨ bZzb cÖvK…w ZK m¤ú‡`i
†LvR cvIqv hv‡”Q| Gw`K †_‡KI Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i G AbywgwZwU evsjv‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î G‡Kev‡iB cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|

evsjv‡`‡ki cªK…wZK m¤ú`, RxehvÎvi gvb, Avay wbK cÖhyw³i e¨envi, Kg©ms¯’vb, RbM‡bi Kg©¯ú„nv, Avqy®‹vj,
BZ¨vw` welq we‡ePbv Ki‡j ejv hvq evsjv‡`‡k B‡Zvg‡a¨B Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v AwZµg K‡i †d‡j‡Q| G‡`‡k GLb
weivR Ki‡Q AwZ RbmsL¨v| Gw`K †_‡K ejv hvq, Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ZË¡w U evsjv‡`‡k AvswkKfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wkÿv_©xiv g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v ZË¡wU co‡eb I wjL‡eb| Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ g¨vj_v‡mi ZË¡w Ui
Zzjbv Ki‡eb|

mvims‡¶c
 g¨vj_v‡mi g‡Z, GKwU †`‡k Awbqwš¿Zfv‡e RbmsL¨v e„w × †c‡j cÖ wZ 25 eQ‡i H †`‡ki RbmsL¨v
wظb n‡e|
 RbmsL¨v ev‡o R¨vwgwZK cÖMwZ‡Z Avi Lv‡`¨vrcv`b ev‡o MvwYwZK cÖMwZ‡Z|
 evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v Kvg¨ e¨q AwZµg K‡i GLb AwZ RbmsL¨vq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.3

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v ZË¡wU KZ mv‡j cÖK vwkZ nq?
K) 1795 L) 1790 M) 1798 N) 1898
2| †KvbwU MvwYwZK cÖMwZ?
K) 1,3,5,8 L) 1,2,3,4 M) 1,2,4,8 N) 2,4,6,8
3| †KvbwU R¨vwgwZK cÖMwZ?
K) 1,2,3,4 L) 2,4,6,8 M) 1,2,4,8 N) 1,3,5,8
4| Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ †Kvb bvgwU m¤úK©h³
y ?
K) g¨vj_vm L) GWvg ¯§x_ M) WvjUb N) wc¸|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-125

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 4.4 evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi KvVv‡gvMZ we‡kølY

Structural Analysis of Population in Bangladesh

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_© xiv-
 evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v cwiw¯’wZi mvwe©K Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

†h †Kvb †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi KvVv‡gvMZ wefvRb †`‡ki mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Gi
g‡a¨ `ÿ-A`ÿ, ag©, wkÿv, eqm, wj½ wbf©ikx‡ji msL¨v, †eKvi, gvB‡MÖkb, f~wgnxb, b`xfv½b GiKg bvbvb
†kÖwY‡Z RbM‡Yi wefvRb i‡q‡Q| Gm‡ei mgš^q I ÿz`ª cÖ‡PóvB †`‡ki mvgwóK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| wb‡P
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi KvVv‡gvMZ wefvRb D‡jø L Kiv nj:
1. †`‡ki †fŠMwjK Abycv‡Z: evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb 1,47,570 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| G ¯^í AvqZ‡bi f~L‡Û RbmsL¨v
A‡bK †ewk| wewfbœ Drm n‡Z cÖvß Z_¨g‡Z RbmsL¨vi AvKvi cÖvq 16.10 †KvwU D‡jøL _vK‡jI evsjv‡`k
A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv 2013 Abyhvqx 2012-13 mv‡ji mvgwqK cÖv°wjZ RbmsL¨vi cwigvY 15 †KvwU 36 jvL
†`Lv‡bv Av‡Q| wn‡me hvB †nvK bv †Kb, †h †Kv‡bv we‡ePbvq G cwigvY RbmsL¨v †QvU AvqZ‡bi evsjv‡`‡ki
Rb¨ Aek¨B †ewk|
2. RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ : †jvKmsL¨vi NbZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| 2014 mv‡j G msL¨v cÖw Z eM© wK‡jvwgUv‡i 1,036
Rb e‡j D‡jøL Av‡Q| kni A‡j bvMwiK myweav †ewk Ges DbœZ †jLvcovi ZvwM‡` MÖv‡gi †jvKRb knigyLx
n‡q‡Q| †h Kvi‡Y kn‡ii RbmsL¨v w`b w`b e„w × cv‡”Q Ges RbNbZ¡I e„w × cv‡”Q|
3. MÖvg I kn‡ii RbmsL¨v eÈb: evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK¸‡jv Dc‡Rjv GLb †cŠimfv‡Z DbœxZ n‡q‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨
m„wó n‡q‡Q 11wU wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb| Avevi e¨emvwqK we‡ePbvq, wkíbMix, e›`i, ch© Ub wKsev wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi
myev‡` A‡bK¸‡jv ¯’vb‡K †cŠimfvq Dbœ xZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †ewk bvMwiK myweav cÖ vwßi Rb¨ MÖv‡gi mÿg e¨w³iv
GLb kni AwfgyLx| G Kvi‡YB kn‡i emevmKvixi msL¨v weMZ `k‡Ki Zzjbvq A‡bK e„w× ‡c‡q‡Q| 2012
mv‡ji wn‡m‡e kn‡i cÖvq 28 kZvsk †jvK evm K‡i hv w`b w`b AviI e„w× cv‡”Q|
4. cyiæl I bvixi AbycvZ: RbmsL¨v we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq eZ©gvb mgq ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k cyiæ‡li †P‡q bvixi msL¨v
wKQzUv Kg| 2014 mv‡ji cÖvß Z_¨g‡Z cyiæl I bvixi AbycvZ 103:100 e‡j D‡jøL Av‡Q| c~e©eZx© eQ‡i
Abycv‡Zi G nvi 105:100 wQj|
5. eqm Abycv‡Z RbmsL¨v: 2011 mv‡j cwiPvwjZ Av`gïgvixi wi‡cvU© g‡Z 0-14 eQi eqmx RbmsL¨v 34.7
kZvsk| 15-59 eQi eqmx RbmsL¨v, hv Drcv`b Kv‡R m¤ú„³ _v‡K, Gi msL¨v 57.9 kZvsk| 60 eQ‡ii
†ewk eqmx RbmsL¨v 7.4 kZvsk|
6. †ckvwfwËK RbmsL¨vi e›Ub: evsjv‡`‡k †gvU RbmsL¨vi †ewkifvM K…wl Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ| kÖgkw³ Rwic
Abyhvqx 15 eQ‡ii D‡aŸ© Kg©ÿg e¨w³‡`i cÖ vq 45.1 kZvsk †jvK K…wl Lv‡Zi wewfbœ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ|
Ab¨vb¨ †ckvi g‡a¨ evwYR¨, †nv‡Uj I †i÷z‡i›U Lv‡Z 17.50 kZvsk, g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis Lv‡Z 13.35 kZvsk,
cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM 8.47 kZvsk, wbg©vY Lv‡Z 4.79 kZvsk, ¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv I RbcÖkvmb Lv‡Z 4.24, cY¨ I
e¨vw³MZ †mevLv‡Z 6.26 kZvsk| RbmsL¨vi GB †ckv wfwËK eÈb A_©b xwZ‡K mPj ivLvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ|
7. ag©wfwËK e›Ub: evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ a‡g© wek^vmx †jvKRb kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e emevm K‡i| RbmsL¨vi †ewk Ask
gymwjg n‡jI Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ cÖ‡ Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki i‡q‡Q fw³kÖ×v| AvbygvwbK 89 kZvsk gvbyl gymwjg, 10
fv‡Mi KvQvKvwQ wn›`y Ges evwK 1 kZvsk †eŠ×, wLªóvb I Ab¨vb¨ a‡g© wek^ vmx|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-126

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8. wkwÿ‡Zi nvi: ¯^vÿi Rvbv †jv‡Ki msL¨v evo‡j RvwZ‡K wkwÿZ ejv hvq bv| GKRb †jvK mgvR‡K Rvb‡e
wPb‡e, mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡e, A‡b¨i DcKv‡i m‡Pó n‡e GmKj `vwqZ¡‡eva hvi g‡a¨ _v‡K
Zv‡KB wkwÿZ ejv hvq| Ab¨ †h welqwU _vKv `iKvi Zv n‡jv `ÿZv e„w×| †jLvcov, cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw` GKRb
†jvK‡K `ÿ K‡i Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| g~jZ Giƒc `ÿ †jvK ØvivB A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ nq| miKvwi wnmveg‡Z
evsjv‡`‡k wkwÿ‡Zi nvi 71 kZvsk ejv n‡jI A_©bxwZi PvwjKvkw³ wn‡m‡e `ÿ †jv‡Ki msL¨v Zvi †P‡q
A‡bK Kg| Ab¨ Av‡iKwU wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq †gvU wkwÿ‡Zi g‡a¨ 75 fvMB n‡”Q mvaviY wkÿvq wkwÿZ|
KvwiMwi Ávb mg„× †jvKRb ˆZwi‡Z evsjv‡`k GLbI jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
9. Mo Avqy®‹vj: c„ w_exe¨vcx wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi Dbœw Z N‡U‡Q| gvbyl ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Lv`¨ I my‡cq cvwb cvb Kivi d‡j
Mo Avqy c~‡e©i Zzjbvq †e‡o †M‡Q| †`‡k 2014 mv‡j gvby‡li Mo Avqy cÖ vq 70.7 eQ‡ii gv‡S DVv-bvgv
Ki‡Q| †e‡o hv‡”Q eq®‹ †jv‡Ki msL¨v|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq evsjv‡`‡ki RbKvVv‡gvi we‡kølY K‡i Avgiv ¯úóZ †`L‡Z cvB †h, †`‡ki AvqZ‡bi
Zzjbvq RbmsL¨vi Pvc Ges cwigvY A‡bK †ewk| A_©bxwZ‡Z aviYv Kivi g‡Zv G msL¨v‡K †h‡Kv‡bv wePv‡i
AwZwi³ ejv n‡e| eM©gvBj cªwZ †h cwigvY †jvK emevm K‡i Zvi fiY-‡cvlY wK K‡i Kiv hv‡e Zv ivóªxq
cÖkvmb‡K `ywðšÍvq †d‡j w`‡q‡Q| me‡P‡q eo welq n‡”Q wkÿvi nvi e„w×i cÖeYZv †`Lv †M‡jI wek^gv‡bi wkÿv
cÖ`vb †_‡K †`k A‡bK wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| RbmsL¨vi e›Ub hvB †nvK bv †Kb wek^gv‡bi K‡i Rbkw³ ˆZwi Kiv bv
†M‡j AwP‡iB A_©bxwZi Rb¨ wec` e‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wkÿv_©xiv RbmsL¨vi wewfbœ eÈb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb|

mvims‡¶c
 evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v KvVv‡gv g~jZ AvqZb, NbZ¡, eqm, †ckv, ag©, wkÿv cÖ f…wZ wewfbœ gvb`‡Û eÈb
wb‡`©k K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.4

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb KZ eM©wK‡jvwgUvi?
K) 144570 eM© wKwg L) 143570 eM© wKwg M) 147570 eM© wKwg N) 148570 eM© wKwg
2| 2014 mv‡ji Z_¨ g‡Z evsjv‡`‡k bvix-cyiæl AbycvZ KZ wQj?
K) 100:105 L) 103:100 M) 100:104 N) 100:102
3| 2014 mv‡ji Z_¨ g‡Z cÖw Z eM© wK‡jvwgUv‡i KZRb emevm K‡i?
K) 1000 Rb L) 1030 Rb M) 1036 Rb N) 1050 Rb|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-127

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cvV 4.5 evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Kvh©µg

Population Control Programme in Bangladesh

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_© xiv-
 evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ai‡bi RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Kg©m~Px mg~‡ni weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb mgm¨v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nj RbmsL¨v mgm¨v| RbmsL¨vi cÖe„ w×i nvi n« vm Kivi Rb¨
miKvi wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ c`‡ÿc I Kg©m~Px MÖnY K‡i‡Q| ch©vqµ‡g GB Kg©m~Px I c`‡ÿc¸‡jvi cwieZ© b,
cwiea©b I m¤úªmviYI Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB Kg©m~Px¸‡jv mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zvq wgwkÖ Z| wb‡¤œ wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡g miKv‡ii
f~wgKv g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡jv|
1. cÖkvmwbK I mvsMVwbK e¨e¯’v: miKvi gvV ch©v‡q ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíbv Kvh©µg cwi`k©‡bi bxwZgvjv
Rvix K‡i‡Q| GB bxwZgvjvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv gv I wkïi ¯^v¯’¨ †mev Kvh©µg wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨
RvZxq, †Rjv I _vbv ch©v‡q KwgwU MVb Kiv, ¯^ v¯’¨ I RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Kvh©µ‡gi Z`viwK I cwi`k©‡bi Rb¨
mywbw`©ó mgqmxgv †Nvlbv, cÖw Z‡e`b †ck Kiv, BZ¨vw`|
RbmsL¨v wbqš¿b Kvh©µg mgMÖ †`ke¨vcx cwiPvwjZ GKwU cÖwµqv| G cÖ wµqvq miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvM,
Awa`ßi I gš¿bvjq mswkøó Zv‡K| G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb mgš^q cwijwÿZ nq bv| mgš^qnxbZvi Kvi‡Y Kvh©µ‡gi
wbqš¿b e¨e¯’vq wek„•Ljv †`Lv hvq| GB wek„•Ljv RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ AvMÖn m„wó Ki‡Z e¨_© nq|

2. gvV ch©v‡q †mev `vb Kg©m~Px: miKvi gvVch©v‡q weevwnZ `¤úwZ‡`i cwievi cwiKíbv c×wZ †cŠ‡Q †`qvi
j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jv ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi Kj¨vY Awa`߇ii wbqš¿‡b wZwik
nvRvi gvVKgx©i GK mywekvj †bUIqvK©| GB †bUIqv‡K© AšÍf~©³ gwnjv‡`i cÖwkÿb †`qv n‡”Q †hb Zviv evwo
evwo wM‡q weevwnZ gwnjv‡`i Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb K‡i Ges Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ Lvevi ewo mieivn
K‡i|
ev¯Í‡e GB Kgx©evwnbx N‡i N‡i Rb¥wbqš¿Y †mev †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z h‡_ó mÿg nqwb| †`‡ki e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx GB
†bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb †mev cvqwb| hv wKQz cvIqv ‡M‡Q Zv AZ¨šÍ AwbqwgZ I AKvh©Ki| GK Rix‡c †`Lv †M‡Q,
MÖv‡gi weevwnZ gwnjviv Qq gvm wK GK eQ‡i K`vwPr GKRb gwnjv cwievi cwiKíbv gvV Kgx©i mvÿvZ cvb| GB
gvV Kgx©iv wewfbœ mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i Dci Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ mwVKfv‡e cvj‡b e¨_© nb| G mgm¨v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q
AbybœZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, Dchy³ cÖ wkÿ‡Yi Afve, wbqwgZ Z`viwK bv Kiv, BZ¨vw`|

3. Rb¥wbqš¿Y DcKi‡Yi weZiY c×wZ: evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxb GjvKvq RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cwievi cwiKíbv mvgMÖ x
mnRjf¨ Ki‡Z miKvi _vbv I BDwbqb ¯^ v¯’¨ †K›`ª †_‡K webvg~‡j¨ G¸‡jv weZiY Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnb K‡i‡Q|
GQvov _vbv ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª †_‡K ¯’vqx eܨvKiY c×wZi †mev cÖ`vb Kiv n‡”Q| ¯^v¯’¨ Dc‡K›`ª¸wj †_‡K
Rb¥wbqš¿Y DcKiY e¨enviKvix gwnjv‡`i‡K I.U.D c×wZ cÖ`vb Kiv mn ch©vqµwgK Rb¥wbqš¿Y †mev cÖ`vb
Kiv n‡”Q|
miKv‡ii Dc‡iv³ Kvh©µg g~j¨vqb Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †`‡ki cÖvq 10% _vbvq Ges 40% BDwbq‡b †Kvb
¯^v¯’¨‡K›`ªB †bB| d‡j GB GjvKvi RbMY miKv‡ii Dc‡iv³ Kvh©µ‡gi myweav wb‡Z m¤ú~Y© iƒ‡c e¨_© nq| GQvov

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-128

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Wv³vi‡`i Kg©‡ÿ‡Î Ae¯’ vb bv Kiv| GQvov cÖ‡qvRbxq Jla I Rb¥wbqš¿Y DcKi‡YiI NvUwZ †`Lv hvq|

4. gvV ch©v‡q `vwqZ¡ e›Ub: gvV ch©v‡q GKRb Kgx© KZUzKz KvR Ki‡e Zv wba© viY K‡i †`qv AZ¨šÍ Riæix|GRb¨
_vbv I BDwbqb ch© v‡q gvV Kg©x‡`i Kv‡Ri jÿ¨gvÎv wba© viY K‡i †`qv nq| Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ wfbœZv Avbvi j‡ÿ¨
I AwfÁZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ ¯^ v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíbv Kgx©‡`i †hŠ_ `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î GKRb
¯^v¯’¨Kgx© wbR `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kivi cvkvcvwk Rb¥wbqš¿b msµvšÍ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| GKBfv‡e GKRb cwievi
cwiKíbv Kgx© wb‡R‡`i Kv‡Ri AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e ¯^ v¯’¨ msµvšÍ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|

5. Avw_©K cÖ‡Yv`bv e¨e¯’ v: _vbv I BDwbqb ch©v‡q Kgx©‡`i g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri cÖ wZ Drmvn m„wó Ki‡Z cÖ‡bv`bv wn‡m‡e
Avw_©K cyi¯‹vi cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| cyi®‹v‡ii aiY Kgx© Ges Wv³vi †f‡` wfbœ nq| _vbv I BDwbqb
ch©v‡qi GKRb Kgx© cwievi cwiKíbv Kvh©µ‡g Zvi jÿ¨gvÎv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡j cyi®‹vi wn‡m‡e bM` A_©
cÖ`vb Kivi e¨e¯’v †bqv nq| Avevi, GKRb Wv³vi ¯’vqx eܨvKiY Ges I.U.D c×wZi †ÿ‡Î Zvi jÿ¨gvÎv
AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡j cyi®‹vi wn‡m‡e Zv‡K †`‡k we‡`‡k wewfbœ cÖwkÿ‡b cvVv‡bvi e¨ve¯’ v Kiv nq| GQvov
†hme cyiæl I gwnjv ¯’ vqx eܨvKiY c×wZ MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i‡KI wewfbœ cyi®‹vi cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wkÿv_©xiv evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Kvh©µ‡gi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb Ges wKfv‡e Zv ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq
†mB m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡eb|

mvims‡¶c
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cwic~Y©|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.5

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
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K) 40000 L) 50000 M) 20000 N) 30000
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K) B›Uvi‡bU †mev L) Rb¥ wbqš¿Y †mev M) wkÿv †mev N) hvÎx †mev|

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cvV 4.6 gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb

Human Resource Development

D‡Ïk¨
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 evsjv‡`‡ki gvbem¤ú‡`i eZ©gvb wPÎ Zz‡j ai‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡ki gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b M„nxZ Kg©m~Pxi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

gvbem¤ú` Dbœ qb
gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi A_©: Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î wb‡qvwRZ gvby‡li Kg©KzkjZv A_©vr Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gv‡bi Ici Drcvw`Z
`ªe¨ I †mevi gvb Ges cwigvY wbf©i K‡i| Drcv`‡b RwoZ e¨w³e‡M©i Kg©KzkjZv †ewk A_© vr Zviv `ÿ n‡j
Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mevi gvb Dbœq b I cwigvY †ewk nq; Gi wecixZ NU‡j `ªe¨ I †mevi gvb wbPz Ges Drcv`‡bi
cwigvY Kg nq| myZivs ¸Y I gv‡bi w`K †_‡K mg„× Ges †ewk cwigvY `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b Ki‡Z `ÿ Kgx©
gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Avi †ewk msL¨K G ai‡bi `ÿ Kgx© gvby l MovB nj gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb|
e¯‘Z Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ‡ÿ‡Î gvby‡ li Kg©`ÿZv myôz fv‡e e¨env‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ gvby‡li AšÍwb©wnZ wewfbœ
Kg©¸Y DbœZ I weKwkZ K‡i †Zvjv‡KB gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb e‡j| wek`fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, gvbyl¨ m¤úª`v‡qi
e¨w³MZ, mvgvwRK , A_©‰bwZK Ges ivR‰bwZK myß m¤¢ vebv¸‡jvi Dbœq b I weKvk NwU‡q GKw`‡K Zv‡`i‡K wewfbœ
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dchy³ Kiv Ges Ab¨w`‡K, Zv‡`i RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqbB nj gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb| G cÖwµqvq mgv‡R
emevmiZ mKj gvby‡li m¤¢ vebv, Ávb I KvR Kivi DrKl©Zv Ae¨vnZfv‡e ev‡o Ges Zviv `ÿ n‡q I‡V|
A_©bxwZwe` †R. wW. †mw_ e‡j, Ôgvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb hw` mvgwMÖK Dbœqb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq Zvn‡j Zv gvby‡ li
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bZzb mvg_©¨ m„wóI †evSvq|

gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n: †hme my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb K‡i gvbe m¤ú‡`i Dbœqb NUv‡bv hvq †m¸‡jvB nj
gvbe m¤ú` Dbœ q‡bi Dcv`vb| Gme my‡hvM-myweavi g‡a¨ wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, AvkÖq, `~lYgy³ cwi‡ek, AvBb I k„•Ljv
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Dcv`v‡bi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †hgb-
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(2) e¯¿ ,
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(4) ¯^v¯’¨ myweav,
(5) wkÿv,
(6) MY ms‡hvM gva¨g,
(7) kw³‡fvM Ges
(8) cwienb|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-130

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DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡k gvbem¤ú‡`i cÖK…wZ: c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki gvbe m¤ú‡`i cÖK… wZ GKiƒc bq|
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Z_¨ gvbe m¤ú‡`I gvb wba©viY K‡i| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z we‡kl K‡i cwðg BD‡ivc I DËi Av‡gwiKvi †`kmg~n,
A‡÷ªwjqv, Rvcvb cÖ f…wZ †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi ¸YMZ gvb A‡bK DPz A_© vr Gme †`‡ki gvbe m¤ú` DbœZ ev `ÿ|
Ab¨ w`‡K †ewkifvM Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi ¸YMZ gvb AZ¨šÍ wbPz| †Muvovwg I Kyms¯‹vi,
wbiÿiZv, Lv`¨vfve, Acywó, ¯^v¯’¨nxbZv cÖ f…wZ Kvi‡Y Gme †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi ¸bMZ gvb AZ¨šÍ wbPz A_©vr Gme
†`‡ki gvbe m¤ú` Aby bœZ ev A`ÿ|
evsjv‡`‡k gvbe m¤ú‡`i ˆewkó¨ mg~n:
evsjv‡`‡ki gvbe m¤ú` D”Pgvb m¤úbœ bq| A_©bxwZwe`MY GKwU †`‡ki RbM‡Yi wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, evm¯’vb,
RxebhvÎvi gvb BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i gvbe Dbœqb m~PK wbY©q K‡i‡Qb| Gme m~PK Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki
gvbe m¤ú‡`i Ae¯’v cÖ wZ‡ekx ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jvi ZzjbvqI fvj bq| D‡jøL¨ †h, 1994 mv‡j evsjv‡`k, fviZ I
cvwK¯Ív‡bi HDI (Human Development Index) wQj h_vµ‡g 0.309, 0.382 Ges 0.393| wb‡¤œ evsjv‡`‡ki
gvbe m¤ú‡`i eZ©gvb Ae¯’ vi (ˆewkó¨) GKwU wPÎ Zz‡j aiv nj|
RvwZMZ ˆewkó¨: RvwZMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci kÖwg‡Ki Kg©KzkjZv I Kg©`ÿZv wbf©i K‡i| Rvg©vwbi bvrmx
`j Zvi †bZv wnUjvi I Giƒc aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Zb| RvwZMZfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki me A‡ji gvbyl myVvg †`n I
AwgZ kw³i AwaKvix bq| †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i RvwZMZ e¨eav‡bi Kvi‡Y kÖgkw³i g‡a¨ wfbœ Zv i‡q‡Q|
cÖK…wZ I AvenvIqv: kxZcÖa vb †`‡ki gvbyl MÖx®§cÖavb †`‡ki gvby‡li Zzjbvq AwaK cwikÖgx nq| KviY
kxZcÖavb †`‡k `xN©K vjxb cwikÖ‡gI kix‡i K¬vwšÍ Av‡m bv| evsjv‡`‡ki Dò I Av`©ª Rjevqy‡Z GK Uvbv AwaK
mgq KvR Kiv hvq bv| Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B K‡g© K¬vwšÍ Av‡m| d‡j cÖK…wZ I AvenvIqvi cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y kÖgkw³i
g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
DbœZ Avw_©K mvg_©¨Zv I ˆbwZK PwiÎ: DbœZ ˆbwZK Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix gvbyl Kv‡Ri cÖw Z wbôvevb nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li g‡a¨ Avw_©K mvg_©¨Zv Av‡Q Ges Kg©wbôvi GKvšÍ Afve i‡q‡Q| K‡Vvi Z`viwK Qvov KvR
Av`vq Kiv KwVb| d‡j gRywii mv‡_ Z`viwK LiP hy³ nIqvq G‡`‡k kÖg e¨qeûj n‡q c‡o|
`vwi`ª¨: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ vq 44% †jvK `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i| Gme `vwi`ª¨ Rb‡Mvôxi Drcv`b ÿgZv
Kg| ZvQvov `wi`ªZvi Kvi‡YB Kg©`ÿZv e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY Kg©`ÿZv e„ w×i Rb¨ e¨q wbe©vn Ki‡Z nq|
mylg wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve: evsjv‡`‡ki kÖwgK m¤úª`vq AwkwÿZ| wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afv‡e G‡`‡ki
kÖwgK‡`i wPšÍv I gbbkw³ weKwkZ nq bv| ZvB G‡`i Drcv`b ÿgZv Kg I gvbe m¤ú` AbybœZ|
wPwKrmv I ¯^v¯’¨: my¯^v‡¯’¨i AwaKvix kÖ wg‡Ki `ÿZv †ewk nq| wKš‘ `vwi‡`ªi Kvi‡Y Dchy³ Lv`¨, wPwKrmv
I Ab¨vb¨ ¯^v¯’¨‡mevi Afv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki kÖwgK‡`i AwaKvskB iæMœ ¯^ v¯’¨, `ye©j kixi KvVv‡gv, fMœ ¯^v¯’¨ I `ye©j
gb-gvbwmKZv| d‡j Zv‡`i Kg©ÿgZv I Drcv`b ÿgZv Kg|
evmM„n I emevm: evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk kÖwgK KviLvbvi wbKUeZx© ew¯Í GjvKvq wb‡Riv †RvU †e‡a †QvU
†QvU Lycwi‡Z cwievi-cwiRb wb‡q GK‡Î Mv`vMvw` n‡q evm K‡i| d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ bvbv †iv‡Mi cÖv`yf©ve †`Lv
†`q I Zv‡`i Kg©ÿgZv n«vm cvq| d‡j AbybœZ Avevm‡bi Kvi‡Y gvbe Dbœ qb m¤¢e n‡”Q bv|
wb¤œ gv_vwcQz Avq: evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQz Avq AZ¨šÍ Kg| evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb gv_vwcQz Avq gvÎ
1,358.8 Wjvi (WB 2016)| cÿvšÍ‡i , Rvcv‡bi eZ©gvb gv_vwcQz Avq 39,640 Wjvi| GgbwK Avgv‡`i
cÖwZ‡ekx fviZ I cvwK¯’v‡bi gv_vwcQz Avq A‡bK †ewk| wb¤œ gv_vwcQz Av‡qi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i gvbe m¤ú`
wb¤œgv‡bi|
Avqy¯‹vj: gvby‡li Kg©ÿg RxebKvj Zvi Avqy®‹v‡ji Dci wbf©iK‡i| hvi Avqy ¯‹vj hZ †ewk, Zvi Kg©ÿg
RxebKvjI ZZ †ewk| evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Mo Avqy®‹vj 71.6 eQi (GwcÖj, 2017)| cÿvšÍ‡i, Rvcv‡bi gvby‡ li
Mo Avqy®‹vj 85 eQi| evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi wb¤œ Avqy®‹vj G‡`‡ki AybœZ gvbe m¤ú‡`iI Bw½Z enb K‡i|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-131

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg
RxebhvÎvi gvb: evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li RxehvÎvi gvb AZ¨šÍ wb¤œ| A‡bK mgq Zviv Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ I Lvevi ch©vß cwigv‡Y †fvM K‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Zv‡`i Kg©`ÿZv AvRxeb wb¤œ ch© v‡qB †_‡K
hvq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki gvbe m¤ú` GLbI AbybœZ| A_©‰bwZK Dbœ q‡bi MwZ
Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i‡K †h †Kv‡bv g~‡j¨ gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡ qvRbxq e¨e¯’ v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| gvbe
m¤ú` Dbœqb e¨ZxZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq b m¤¢e bq|

gvbe m¤ú` evsjv‡`‡k gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡b M„nxZ Kg©m~Pxi weeiY wb‡¤œ cÖ`vb Kiv nj|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wkÿv_©xiv gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi msÁv, Dcv`vb Ges evsjv‡`‡ki gvbe m¤ú‡`i eZ©gvb Ae¯’ v m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡eb|

mvims‡¶c
 gvby‡li Kg©`ÿZv myôzfv‡e e¨env‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Zvi AšÍwb©wnZ wewfbœ Kg©¸Y DbœZ I weKwkZ K‡i
†ZvjvB gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq b|
 evsjv‡`‡k gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î eû cðvrc`Zv I cÖ wZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.6

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| A_©bxwZwe` wgiWvj gvbe m¤ú‡`i KqwU Dcv`v‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb?
K) 10wU L) 8wU M) 6wU N) 7wU
2| evsjv‡`‡k KZ fvM †jvK `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P emevm K‡i?
K) 40 fvM L) 44 fvM M) 50 fvM N) 20 fvM
3| evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li eZ©gvb gv_vwcQz Mo AvqÑ
K) 1610 Wjvi L) 1600 Wjvi M) 1350 Wjvi N) 1550 Wjvi
4| evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li eZ©gvb Mo Avqy®‹vj KZ eQi?
K) 67 eQi L) 65 eQi M) 71.6 eQi N) 68.5 eQi|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-132

 A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ

cvV 4.7 †eKviZ¡ I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb

Unemployment and Self-employment

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_© xiv-
 †eKvi‡Z¡i wewfbœ aiY m¤ú‡K© aviYv wb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ KiYxq welqmg~n we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

†eKviZ¡ Ges Gi aiY

Kg©ÿg †jvK cÖPwjZ gRywi‡Z KvR Ki‡Z B”QzK _vKv m‡Ë¡I KvR bv cvIqvi Ae¯’v‡K †eKviZ¡ ejv nq|
A_©bxwZ‡Z †eKviZ¡ ej‡Z Awb”QvK… Z †eKviZ¡ ev Kg©nxbZv‡K †evSvq| Aek¨ gvbwmK ev kvixwiK AÿgZvi Rb¨
hviv KvR Ki‡Z Aÿg Ges cÖPwjZ gRywi‡Z KvR Ki‡Z Awb”QzK Zv‡`i‡K †eKv‡ii g‡a¨ aiv nq bv| Aa¨vcK.
G. wm. wc¸ e‡jb Ô‡m Ae¯’v‡K †eKviZ¡ ejv nq hLb Kg©ÿg e¨w³iv cÖPwjZ gRywi‡Z Kv‡R B”QyK _vKv m‡Ë¡I
‡hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx KvR cvq bvÕ| †eKviZ¡ bvbv ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P wewfbœ ai‡bi †eKvi‡Z¡i weeiY †`qv njt
1| †gŠmygx †eKviZ¡ : †gŠmygxMZ Kvi‡Y eQ‡ii wbw`©ó mgq a‡i kÖwgK‡`i g‡a¨ †h Kg©nxbZv †`Lv †`q Zv‡K
†gŠmygx ev FZzM Z †eKviZ¡ e‡j| †hgb, evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡ÿÎ, wPwbKj, cvUKj, M„n wbg©vY cÖ f…wZ‡Z eQ‡ii †h
mg‡q KvR _v‡K bv †m mg‡q K‡g©i Afv‡e †mLvbKvi kÖwgKiv †eKvi Rxeb hvcb K‡i| G ai‡bi †eKviZ¡B nj
†gŠmygx †eKviZ¡| evsjv‡`‡ki gZ K…wlcÖ avb †`‡k G ai‡bi Kg©nxbZv cÖK U|
2| msNvZRwbZ †eKviZ¡ : kÖwgK‡`i MwZkxjZvi Afve, KvuPvgv‡ji mvgwqK NvUwZ, hš¿cvwZ I KjKâvi
weKjZv, AvKw¯§K `yN©Ubv cÖ f…wZ Kvi‡Y †h mvgwqK Kg©nxbZv m„wó nq Zv‡K msNvZ RwbZ †eKviZ¡ e‡j|
A_©bxwZ‡Z †h ‡Kvb mg‡q Ggb †eKviZ¡ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
3| KvwiMwi †eKviZ¡ : wkí‡ÿ‡Î bZzb Kjv-†KŠkj Ges hš¿cvwZ e¨env‡ii d‡j cyivZb kÖwgK‡`i c‡ÿ
A‡bK mgq KvR Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j Zviv †eKvi n‡q c‡o| Gi~c †eKviZ¡‡K KvwiMwi †eKviZ¡ e‡j|
4| AwbqwgZ †eKviZ¡ : †Kvb †Kvb †ckvq kÖwg‡Ki Kv‡Ri Pvwn`v we‡klfv‡e AwbqwgZ nIqvq Giƒc †eKviZ¡
†`Lv hvq| e›`iKgx© I evsjv‡`‡ki MÖ vgxY c~ Z© Kg©m~Px‡Z wb‡qvwRZ kÖwg‡Ki †ÿ‡Î AwbqwgZ †eKviZ¡ †`Lv †`q|
5| evwYR¨PµRwbZ †eKviZ¡ : evwYR¨P‡µi AveZ©‡b e¨emv-evwYR¨ I Drcv`b‡ÿ‡Î KLbI †ZRxfve Avevi
KLbI g›`vfve m„wó nq| A_©‰bwZK g›`vi mgq Drcv`b n«vm cvq| d‡j kÖ‡gi Pvwn`v K‡g hvq| Gi d‡j †h kÖg-
‡eKviZ¡ †`Lv †`q Zv‡K evwYR¨PµRwbZ †eKviZ¡ e‡j|
6| QÙ‡ekx ev cÖ”Qbœ †eKviZ¡ : hLb †Kvb Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡ qvR‡bi AwZwi³ kÖwgK wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K ZLb H
DØ„Ë kÖwgK‡`i‡K QÙv‡ekx ev cÖ”Qbœ †eKvi e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î Drcv`b cÖYvwj AcwiewZ© Z †i‡L G AwZwi³ msL¨K
kÖwgK‡K mwi‡q wb‡j Drcv`b n« vm cvq bv| evsjv‡`‡k K…wl‡ÿ‡Î Rbvwa‡K¨i Pvc _vKvq Gi~c †eKviZ¡ we`¨vgvb|
AvaywbK we‡k^ †eKviZ¡ GKwU eûj Av‡jvwPZ welq| DbœZ ev Dbœqbkxj †h †Kvb †`‡kB G mgm¨v eZ©gvb|
Z‡e K…wlcÖavb I Rbeûj †`k¸‡jv‡Z G mgm¨v cÖKU| evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi mgm¨v GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-133

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi aviYv
wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’vb Kiv‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb e‡j| AviI GKUz ¯úó K‡i ejv hvq †h, wbR¯^ A_ev FY Kiv ¯^í
m¤ú`, wbR¯^ wPšÍv, Ávb, eyw×gËv I `ÿZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q b~¨bZg SzuwK wb‡q AvZ¥cÖ‡Póvq RxweKv AR©‡bi
e¨e¯’v‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’ vb ejv nq| hLb †Kv‡bv e¨w³ †mev`v‡bi wewbg‡q ev e¨emvi gva¨‡g A_© DcvR©b Ges
RxweKv wbe© vn K‡i Zv‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’ vb e‡j| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbKvix e¨w³ wb‡R‡K †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv e¨emv‡qi Kv‡R
wb‡qvwRZ K‡i| GKRb M„wnbx N‡i e‡m nuvm-gyiwM, Rvj eybb, †cvkvK ˆZwi cÖf…wZ KvR K‡i AwZwi³ Av‡qi
e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i| f~wgnxb, weËnxb, wkwÿZ, Aa©wkwÿZ †eKvi hye mgvR ¯^í cÖwkÿY wb‡q AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b
wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡Z cv‡i | Zviv wbR D‡`¨v‡M †QvULv‡Uv gv‡Qi Lvgvi, Miæ-QvM‡ji Lvgvi, d‡ji Pvl, ‡gŠgvwQ Pvl,
dzj Pvl, mewR Lvgvi I bvbv cÖK vi e„wËg~jK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’ vb wb‡RivB Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Kv‡R
†Zgb †Kv‡bv g~jab cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb D‡`¨vM, `yw U Kg©V nvZ, ¯^í cÖwkÿY I cÖej AvZ¥wek¦vm|

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
evsjv‡`k cÖvq 16 †KvwU gvby h‡li †`k| kZKiv cÖvq 75 fvM †jvK MÖv‡g emevm K‡i| Zv‡`i †hgb-‡bB
†jLvcov, †Zgb †bB Kg©ms¯’ v‡bi my‡hvM| ZvB Kg©ms¯’ v‡bi mÜv‡b gvbyl cÖwZwbqZ kn‡i wfo Rgv‡”Q| kn‡i
evo‡Q RbmsL¨vi Pvc| †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi GK-Z…ZxqvskB n‡”Q hyeK-hyeZx| Gi g‡a¨ cÖvq `yB †KvwU hyeK-
hyeZx †eKvi| A_P hyeK-hyeZxivB n‡”Q †`k I RvwZi cÖvYkw³ Ges mKj Kg©Kv‡Ði g~j PvwjKvkw³ I fwel¨‡Zi
KY©avi| AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`‡ki †eKvi hye mgv‡Ri wPÎ ïay D‡ØMRbK bq, fq¼iI e‡U| G fq¼i cwiw¯’w Z‡Z
mgv‡R ïay †h nZvkv evo‡Q Zv bq, eis bvbvwea cvk^© cÖw Zwµqv ØvivI gvby l AvµvšÍ n‡”Q| wewNœZ n‡”Q kvwšÍ-
k„•Ljv, ˆbwZKZv I wbivcËv, evo‡Q Aw¯’iZv I mvgvwRK Aciva| ZvB wkwÿZ, Aa©wkwÿZ I AwkwÿZ hye kw³‡K
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ði m‡½ m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mymsMwVZ D‡`¨vM| e„wËg~jK I
†ckvMZ cÖwkÿY cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g hyeK‡`i wewfbœ e„wˇZ `ÿ K‡i AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi DØy× K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb
Av_©mvgvwRK †cÖÿ vc‡U AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’ vb Qvov Avgv‡`i e¨vcK †eKviZ¡ †gvKvwejvq Avi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv MZ¨šÍi †bB|
ivóªxq ch© v‡q AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’ v‡bi cÖw Z m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| hye mgv‡Ri AvMÖn m„wó Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨
mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi e¨e¯’v M‡o Zzj‡Z cvi‡j †`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨vB ïay wbimbB n‡e bv eis mvgvwRK Aciva,
wek„•Ljv I wbivcËvnxbZv †_‡K †`k‡K eu vPv‡bv hv‡e|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cÖ vß AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ¸iæZ¡ wb‡P ms‡ÿ‡c Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
(K) †eKviZ¡ `~ixKiY|
(L) cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq b, Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× I `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY|
(M) AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’ v‡bi gva¨‡g knig~Lx Rb‡¯ªvZ wbqš¿Y Ges MÖvgxY A_©b xwZ I mgv‡Ri fvimvg¨ iÿv|
(N) Rbkw³ mبenv‡ii gva¨‡g †`‡ki Dbœqb|
(O) †`k †cÖ‡g hye mgvR‡K DØy× Kiv Ges †¯^”Qvg~jK Kv‡R DrmvwnZ K‡i|

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †ÿÎ
evsjv‡`k GKwU `wi`ª cxwoZ Rbeûj †`k| †`‡k †h nv‡i †eKv‡ii msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q, Zvi †P‡q A‡bK Kg nv‡I
PvKwii my‡hvM evo‡Q| †`‡ki e„nËg hye mgvR PvKwii wcQ‡b avIqv bv K‡i AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK
fv‡e ¯^vej¤^ x n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ hye mgvR‡K DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi ¸iæ`vwqZ¡ Awc© Z n‡q‡Q hye I
µxovgš¿bvj‡qi Aaxb hye Dbœqb Awa`ßi, evsjv‡`k ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’ v cÖ f…wZi Ici| G Awa`ßi I ms¯’v
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi KZ¸‡jv †UªW wPwýZ K‡i‡Q Ges cÖwkÿY I FY Kg©m~Px Pvjy K‡i‡Q| wb‡P AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’ v‡bi
†ÿθ‡jv D‡jøLKiv n‡jv:
1. nuvmgyiwM cvjb, 2. Mevw`cï cvjb I QvMj cvjb 3. grm¨ Pvl, 4. mewR I dj evMvb ˆZwi, 5. dz‡ji Pvl,
6. bvm©vwi/ebvqb, 7. †gŠgvwQ Pvl, 9. euvk I †e‡Zi KvR, 10. n¯Íwkí, KzwUi wkí, g„rwkí, 11. †mjvB/†cvkvK
ˆZwi, 12. AvPvi/R¨vg/†Rwj cÖ¯‘ZKiY, 13. eøK I eywUK wcÖ ›U, 14. kvwo I †cvkvK bKkv, 15. Kvco/Pvgovi
e¨vM ˆZwi 16. cïLv`¨ cÖ¯‘ZKiY, 17. cvwU eybb, 18. bKwkKvu_v, 19. I‡qjwWs, 20. DbœZgv‡bi gvwUi Pzjv

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-134

 A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ
ˆZwi, 21. B‡jw±ªK Iq¨vwis, 22. wiKkv, mvB‡j, †gvUi mvB‡Kj I Mvwo †givgZ, 23. Dj †evbv, 24.
†iwd«Rv‡iUi A¨vÛ GqviKwÛkb †givgZ, 25. †iwWI, wUwf, wfwmAvi, †gvevBj †mU wfwmwW †givgZ, 26.
Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡ikb I †givgZ, 27. MÖvgxY m¨vwbUvwi j¨vwUªb ˆZwi, 28. ievi Pvl, 29. cv¤ú Pvjbv, 30. Mvwo
Pvjbv, 31. mv¤ªwZK gv‡m eûj Av‡jvwPZ PuvcvBbeveMÄ †Rjvi wkeMÄ Dc‡Rjvq eiB Mv‡Q jvÿv †cvKvi Pvl|
G †cvKvi Z¡‡Ki wb‡P Rgv‡bv MÖwš’ †_‡K AvVv‡jv im µgvš^‡q k³ n‡q jvÿv ˆZwi nq| hv Kv‡Vi AvmevecÎ
evwY©k, wewfbœ iK‡gi †cB›U, Pvgvovi is BZ¨vw` Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| jvÿv Pv‡li welqwU AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’ v‡bi Rb¨
GKwU bZzb †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| miKvwi Ges Gb.wR.I ch©v‡q AviI bZzb bZzb †Uª W AšÍf³ ~© Kiv Ges †m
m¤^‡Ü cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wP MÖn‡Yi wPšÍvfvebv Kiv n‡”Q|

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ KiYxq

evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv †QvU A_P AZ¨šÍ Rbeûj †`‡k Kg©ms¯’ v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó mnR bq| †`‡k PvKwii m~‡hvM mxwgZ|
miKvwi Lv‡Z B”Qv Ki‡jB Kg©ms¯’vb e„ w× Kiv hvq bv| †`‡k wkívq‡bi nvi m‡šÍvlRbK bq| miKvi KZ…©K M„nxZ
Dbœqb Kg©m~Px¸‡jv G wecyj msL¨K †eKvi hyeK‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| d‡j †eKvi‡`i msL¨v w`b w`b
†e‡oB P‡j‡Q|
1. †eKvi‡`i wkÿv w`‡Z n‡e †h‡Kvb KvRB †QvU ev AcgvbRbK bq|
2. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dc‡hvMx †ÿθ‡jv‡K wPwýZ K‡i Zv‡`i‡K mKj †Uª‡W AcÖ vwZôvwbK I ev¯ÍegyLx
cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. ¯‹zj, K‡jR †_‡K wQU‡K cov QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ wewfbœ †Uª‡W cÖw kÿY cÖ`vb Ges AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’ v‡b DØy×
Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. e„wËg~jK wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi QvÎQvÎxiv hv‡Z `yªZ I h_vh_fv‡e ÿz`ª e¨emv‡q D‡`¨vM wb‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨
Dc‡`k ev c_wb‡`©k w`‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq FY`v‡bi e¨e¯’ v Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. me©¯Í‡ii wkÿv‡K Kg©g~Lx Kivi Ici †Rvi w`‡Z n‡e| cvV¨m~Px‡ZI e„wËg~jK I KvwiMwi wkÿvi Ici
we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ v‡ivc Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. cjøx A‡j ¯’vbxq m¤ú` I cÖ‡qvR‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i K…wl I wk‡íi Ici e„wËg~jK wkÿvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z
n‡e|
7. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ hye e¨vsK cÖ wZôv K‡i e¨vsK †_‡K mnR k‡Z© F‡bi e¨e¯’ v Ki‡Z n‡e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
wkÿv_©xiv †eKviZ¡ †_‡K †ei n‡q wKfv‡e AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’ vb Ki‡Z cv‡i G wel‡q A‡bK iKg Ávb AR©b
Ki‡eb|

mvims‡¶c
 evsjv‡`k GKwU RbmsL¨v eûj †`k nIqvq GLv‡b †eKvi mgm¨v cÖKU| †eKviZ¡ jvN‡e AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’ vb
AZ¨šÍ Riæix| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ e¨e¯’v miKvi nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.7

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| QÙ †eKviZ¡ wK?
K) cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q AwZwi³ kÖwgK L) A`ÿ †ckvRxex
M) `ye©j †eKvi kÖwgK N) cÖhyw³ Ávbnxb kÖwgK

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-135

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg
2| evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv_vq jvÿv Pvl Kiv n‡”Q?
K) PuvcvBbeveMÄ L) Lyjbv M) Kzwgjøv N) w`bvRcyi|

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. “X” †`‡k wkÿvi nvi Kg _vK‡jI †`kwUi RbMY my‡L-kvwšÍ‡ Z evm Ki‡Zv| †`kwU GK mgq m¤ú‡` ficyi
wQj| wKš‘ mg‡qi weeZ©‡b †`kwU eZ©gv‡b RbM‡bi Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z wngwkg Lv‡”Q| d‡j wewfbœ
mvgvwRK mgm¨v †hgb- Pzwi, WvKvwZ, wQbZvB BZ¨vw` †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| †`kwU‡Z wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ cÖvK…w ZK
`y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j A‡bK ÿqÿwZ nq|
K| RbmsL¨vi Nb‡Z¡i m~ÎwU wK?
L| AwZwi³ RbmsL¨v wKfv‡e wb¤œ RxebhvÎvi gvb Gi KviY wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i?
M| DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v Z‡Ë¡i mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q wK? †Kb?
N| “X” †`‡ki eZ©gvb cwiw¯’w Z n‡Z DËi‡Yi Dcvq¸‡jv wK n‡Z cv‡i|

2. Kwig D”P wkwÿZ nIqvi ciI †`‡k †Kvb PvKzix †hvMvi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| KviY †`‡k PvKzi xi msL¨vi †P‡q
A‡bK †ewk PvKzix cÖv_© x| †m mvaviY wkÿvq D”P wkÿv MÖnY K‡i‡Q| PvKzix bv †c‡q wbR MÖv‡g GKwU QvM‡ji
Lvgvi M‡o †Zv‡jb| GLb Zvi Lvgvi GKwU jvfRbK cÖwZôvb| wZwb eZ©gv‡b wb‡R AvZ¥wbf©ikxj Ges
cwievi‡KI Avw_©K mnvqZv Ki‡Z mg_©|
K| Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ZË¡wU Kx?
L| AwaK RbmsL¨v evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ avb mgm¨v e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M| Kwi‡gi Kg©ms¯’vb Kx cÖK…wZiÑ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N| eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki wkwÿZ †eKvi hyeK‡`i KiYxq wK?

DËigvjv
cvV 4.1: 1| M 2| M 3| M
cvV 4.2: 1| K 2| N 3| L
cvV 4.3: 1| M 2| K 3| M 4| M
cvV 4.4: 1| M 2| L 3| M
cvV 4.5: 1| N 2| L
cvV 4.6: 1| L 2| L 3| K
cvV 4.7: 1| K 2| K

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-136