evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZœZvwË¡K HwZn¨ gnv¯’vbM‡oi Rb-cÖZœZË¡ : AvwacZ¨ev`x cÖZœZË¡

PP©vi ch©v‡jvPbvg~jK we‡k−lY

gvmD` Bgivb, mnKvix Aa¨vcK, cÖZœZË¡ wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq, mvfvi, XvKv|

1
AvR‡Ki f~-fvM Ôevsjv‡`kÕ ivóª wn‡m‡e wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q 1971 mv‡j| Dcwb‡e‡ki Awbevh© djvdj
AvR‡Ki RvwZ-ivóª Ôevsjv‡`kÕ| GLv‡b cÖvwZôvwbK cÖZœZ‡Ë¡i PP©v weªwUk-fvi‡Zi cwiP‡qi mgq
†_‡K, hv ÔcvwK¯—vwbÕ†Z cwiewZ©Z n‡qwQj 1971 mv‡ji c~e© ch©š—| GB cwiPq‡K eR©b K‡i DËi
Jcwb‡ewkK RvwZ-ivóª Ôevsjv‡`kÕ eZ©gv‡bi iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i‡Q| GK_v ejvi gva¨‡g GUv ¯úó
Ki‡Z Pvw”Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k BwZnvm Ges cÖZœZË¡ PP©vi BwZnvm evsjv‡`k bvgK iv‡óªi RvZxqZvev`x
cwiP‡qi mv‡_ ¯^vaxbZv DËiKv‡j †j‡Þ †M‡jI g~jMZfv‡e A_©vr ÁvbMZ cvUvZb Bs‡iR‡`i ms¯‹…Z
PP©vi wewfbœ cÖK‡íi (†hgb, Rv`yNi, GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU, Av‡K©IjwRK¨vj mv‡f© Ad BwÛqv, e‡i›`ª
M‡elYv cwil`, e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` BZ¨vw`) gva¨‡g †hfv‡e wbwg©Z n‡qwQj Zvi †_‡K GKPzjI
wew”Qbœ nqwb| eis KvVv‡gv‡K wVK †i‡L A‡bK †ewk AvMÖnx n‡q c‡o‡Q ÔgymjgvbÕ cÖZ¨qwU‡K ¸i“Z¡
†`qvi gva¨‡g GK bZzb †hŠwMK cwiPq wbg©v‡Yi cÖ‡Póvq|

†i‡bmuvi Awbevh© Drcv`b Av‡jvKgqZv Ñ BD‡ivc Áv‡bi RM‡Z hyw³i aviYv‡K g~jMZ Ae¯’vb †`q,
me©‡¶‡Î ˆeÁvwbK wbqš¿Yev` cÖwZôv nq, wewfbœ cÖvwZôvwbK ÁvbKv‡Êi weKvk, cÖMwZ I †mKz¨jvi
aviYvi we‡k−lY ïaygvÎ BD‡iv‡c bq, BD‡iv‡ci evB‡ii wewfbœ mgv‡Ri mgvR I ms¯‹…wZi wPš—v-
†PZbvi MÖnY eR©b m¤úwK©Z GKwU RwUj Avš—tm¤ú‡K©i djvdj| †h-mKj k‡Z©i Aax‡b ÔwbRÕ†K I
ÔAciÕ†K msi¶Y I Dc¯’vcb Kivi aviYv wbwg©Z n‡qwQj †mme k‡Z©i g‡a¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© nj cwðg I
ev`evwKi Amg †gvKvwejv (†`Lyb Avn‡g` I †PŠayix 2003)| Jcwb‡ewkK m¤úÖmviY Ggb
cwiw¯’wZmg~n ˆZwi K‡iwQj hv‡Z BD‡ivcxq b„weÁvb, cÖZœZË¡, cÖMwZi aviYv, e¨w³ev`, weeZ©bev`
BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv ïay BD‡iv‡ci A_©‰bwZK I mvgªvR¨ev`x m¤úÖmvi‡Yi ˆeaZv cÖ`v‡bi GKwU
Ávb‡Kvlxq `wjj wnmv‡e Kvh©Ki nqwb eis ÔBD‡ivcxq wbRÕ I ÔAciZ¡Õ wbg©v‡Yi GKwU cÖKí ev¯—
evq‡bi cwimi wnmv‡e BwZnvm †jLvi cÖK‡íi Aax‡b wewfbœ cÖwZôvb (†hgb, Rv`yNi, GwkqvwUK
†mvmvBwU, Av‡K©IjwRK¨vj mv‡f© Ad BwÛqv BZ¨vw`) weKwkZ nq, cÖwZwôZ nq Ges iv‡óªi Awe‡”Q`¨
As‡k cwiYZ nq| Jcwb‡ewkK ¶gZv wba©vwiZ BD‡ivcxq mgvRZvwË¡K g‡Wj‡K e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g
wewfbœ mg‡q wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’vq I Ae¯’v‡b ivóª, RvwZ, bi eY©, a‡g©i aviYvmg~‡ni cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q
BwZnvm I cÖZœZË¡PP©v AvR‡Ki iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i‡Q|

wewfbœ M‡elKM‡Yi (KvjxcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1315 e½vã, ivLvj `vm e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1915, i‡gk P›`ª
gRyg`vi 1948, wbnviÄb ivq 1949, Avãyj Kwig 1977, †Mvjvg †nv‡mb mwjg (AvKeiDÏxb
Abyw`Z) 1974, myLgq gy‡Lvcva¨vq 1988, G.†K.Gg. kvnbvIqvR 2004, †Mvjvg gywk©` cÖgyL) cÖvPxb
hyM †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq ch©š— M‡elYvi Drm mÜv‡bi †¶‡Î ¯úófv‡e D‡V G‡m‡Q †h-KqUv Dcv`v‡bi
bvg ZvÕnj, wjwc, gy`ªv, ¯’vcZ¨, Pvi“ I Kvi“wkí, wewea cÖZœwb`k©‡bi g‡a¨ g„rcvÎ, ¸wUKv, AjsKvi
cÖf„wZ Ges mvwnwZ¨K Dcv`vb| GLv‡b m‰e©efv‡e Gwo‡q hvIqv n‡q‡Q cÖZœe¯‘ msjMœ ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi
G‡Rw݇K| cÖZœ‡¶Î I ¯’vbxq gvby‡li G‡RwÝi gv‡S †h ÔwµqvÕ i‡q‡Q Zv‡K weÁvbwfwËK AvaywbKev`x
e¯‘wbf©i ÁvbZ‡Ë¡i †`vnvB w`‡q Gwo‡q hvIqv n‡q‡Q Ges DËi Jcwb‡ewkK cÖZœZË¡ I BwZnvm PP©vq
¯’vbxq mwµq G‡R‡›Ui Abycw¯’wZ wbqg n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| BD‡b‡¯‹vi Av‡qvR‡b 2004-G cÖvwZôvwbK
cÖZœZË¡ I BwZnvmwe`‡`i mie Dcw¯’wZ‡Z GKwU Avš—R©vwZK †mwgbv‡i ¯’vcwZ¨K wb`k©b ¶wZMÖ¯—
nIqvi KviY wn‡m‡e cÖvhyw³K Áv‡bi Afv‡ei K_v ejvi cvkvcvwk †`wk I we‡`wk we‡klÁMY ¯’vbxq
Rbmvavi‡Yi ÔHwZn¨Õ m¤ú‡K© ÔAmP‡ZbZvÕi K_v Zz‡j a‡ib (Avn‡g` 2004, Avjg 2004, eªy‡qj I
wMj 2004)| cÖZœ‡¶Î‡K †K›`ª K‡i emevmiZ RbmvaviY cÖZœ¯’vb Z_v BwZnvm I HwZn¨ wel‡q
ÔAm‡PZbÕÑ Zvi GKwU mivmwi gš—e¨ †`L‡Z cvB BD‡b‡¯‹v †_‡K cÖKvwkZ GKwU eB‡qi gyLe‡Ü|
GLv‡b †jLK Øq (Avn‡g` I †PŠayix 2005) e‡jb, Òevsjv‡`‡ki GKwU mg„× ¯’vcwZ¨K HwZn¨ Av‡Q|
wKš‘ `yfvM©¨µ‡g GB f~L‡Êi RbMY Lye †ewk m‡PZb bq GUvi e¨vcv‡iÓ|

¯’vbxq RbmvaviY‡K eZ©gv‡bi AvwacZ¨ev`x cÖZœZvwË¡K PP©vi cÖvwZôvwbK M‡elKMY Gfv‡e ÔAm‡PZbÕ
ejvi gva¨‡g mvimËvMZfv‡eB MuvBqv, Awkw¶Z, BwZnvm wegyL cÖf„wZ †kÖYxwefvR‡bi wewfbœ
kãgvjvi mgwš^Z cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g g~jZ ÔAciZ¡Õ wbg©v‡Yi cÖKí‡K MwZkxj iv‡Lb| G ai‡bi
G‡RwÝi aviYv‡K †evSvi †¶‡Î Avmv` (1993)-Gi civgk©K…Z mv‡â± I G‡R›U Gi g‡a¨ aviYvMZ †h
cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Zv‡K ¯§i‡Y †i‡LB eyS‡Z n‡e| †mb I Ab¨vb¨ (2006 : 75) Avmv‡`i AvaywbK Ges
D`vi‰bwZK aviYvi ¯^-wbwg©Z, ¯^-kvwmZ I mve©‡fŠg gvbe mv‡â± I G‡R›U wb‡q wµwUK-Gi we‡k−lY
Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i (†mb I Ab¨vb¨ 2006 : 75) g‡Z, ÒAvmv` g‡b Kwi‡q †`b, AvaywbKZv †_‡K
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi Av‡ivcY, mwbœ‡ek Ges FY MÖnY Acwðgv mgv‡R bZzb wµqv nIqvi m¤¢vebv ˆZwi K‡i|
ÔGKwU †¶Î †_‡K Ab¨wU‡Z hLb GKwU cÖKí Abyw`Z nqÕ Avmv‡`i e³e¨ nj, ÔGKRb G‡R›U †_‡K
Ab¨R‡b, ¶gZvi fvl¨ Drcvw`Z nqÕÓ (1993 : 13)| wZwb GKB mv‡_ GKwU welq D‡j−L K‡ib,
Òfvlv KZ©…K †h wµqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv MwVZ nq Zv cwðgv I Acwðgv mgv‡Ri Askx`vwiZ¡‡K DˇivËi e„w×
K‡i| Ges Z_vwcI, ¶gZv I ek¨Zvi mywbw`©ó KvVv‡gv Av‡Q|Ó AwaKš‘ Avmv` Aby‡hvM K‡ib, kÖ‡gi
cwikxwjZ fvM DˇivËi e„w× cv‡”Q Ges AvaywbK cuywRev‡`i †fv³v ms¯‹…wZ e¨w³i ¯^-kvmb‡K Kg
†ck K‡i Ges Zvi m¤¢ve¨ZvI Kg (1993 : 13)| Avmv‡`i †gavex we‡k−lY Ôm‡PZbZvÕ wb‡q hvi mv‡_
mv‡â± I G‡R‡›Ui D`vi e¨w³K `„wófw½ mvimËvK…Z, hv Avgv‡K AviI AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j| mv‡â± I
G‡R›U-Gi g‡a¨ GKwU aviYvMZ cv_©K¨ ˆZwi nq| Avmv` †Póv K‡ib †h, m‡PZbZv GKwU Awawe`¨vMZ
aviYv hv mvimËvMZfv‡e G‡RwÝi w`K †_‡K ¯^-wbwg©Z mv‡â±| Avmv‡`i cÖ¯—ve, A¨v±‡ii m‡PZbZv
†hŠw³Kfv‡e ¯^vaxb| wZwb e‡jb, GKB ZvwË¡K wek¦‡K AbymiY bv Kiv Ges m‡e©vcwi GK‡Î Ry‡o †`qv
wVK n‡e bv|Ó

cÖZœZ‡Ë¡i AwacwZkxj aviYv Ges M‡elYv c×wZ (cÖPwjZ aviv‡K Bw½Z Kiv n‡”Q) w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki
wewfbœ ms¯‹…wZ‡Z M‡o IVv BwZnv‡mi aviYv‡K †evSv I e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e Kx? ivóªxq cÖavb avivi evB‡i
wecyj Rbgvby‡li i‡q‡Q BwZnvm I AZxZ m¤ú‡K© wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi fvebv I g~j¨‡eva| we‡klZ
evOvwj Qvov Ab¨vb¨ cÖvq cÂvk ev Z‡ZvwaK Rb‡Mvôxi i‡q‡Q BwZnvm I AZxZ m¤úwK©Z wbR¯^
†evSvcov hv AvwacZ¨ev`x ÔevOvwjÕi aviYv †_‡K G‡Kev‡iB wfbœ| GKvi‡Y AvwacZ¨ev`x-evOvwj-
cÖZœZvwË¡K Ávb w`‡q AevOvwj RvwZ‡Mvôx Ges cÖvš—xq Rbgvby‡li BwZnvm I AZxZ m¤úwK©Z fvebv
†evSv m¤¢e Kx? GKvi‡Y GB Ávb AevOvwj RvwZ‡Mvôx Ges cÖvš—xq Rbgvby‡li Rb¨ Av‡ivwcZ Ges
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ `xN©Kvjxb AwfÁZvq M‡o IVv Ávb-e¨e¯’v aŸsmmvabKvix wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z PvB|
GKB m‡½ AvwacZ¨ev`x GB Ávb I ¶gZv †_‡K cwiPvwjZ wewfbœ cÖZœZvwË¡K Kvh©µg AevOvwj
RvwZ‡Mvôx Ges cÖvš—xq Rbgvby‡li mvs¯‹w… ZK e¨e¯’vi †hŠw³K we‡k−l‡Yi bvbv gvwÎK m¤¢vebv‡K i“×
K‡iÑ mgiƒc, GK‰iwLK, µgweKvkgbv, w¯’i, Rb-wew”Qbœ ms¯‹…wZ wn‡m‡e Dcwb‡ek KZ©…K GK RbwcÖq
Ávb Drcv`b K‡i|

evsjv‡`k cÖZœZË¡ Awa`߇ii Aax‡b ¯^vaxbZv DËi GB `xN© mg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j cÖZœZvwË¡K
Lbb KvR cwiPvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| me‡P‡q `xN© mgq a‡i Ae¨vnZfv‡e †h A‡j Lbb n‡”Q Zv njÑ
gnv¯’vbMo| GLv‡b Awa`ßi wb‡R‡`i we‡klÁ w`‡q bvbvfv‡e bvbv RvqMvq hLb Lywk Lbb K‡i‡Qb|
Gici hy³ nq d«vÝ miKvi| Zv‡`i mv‡_ GKwU Pzw³i Aax‡b Awa`ßi Ges d«vÝ miKv‡ii we‡klÁMY
Lbb KvR ïi“ K‡ib| G Lb‡bi eqmI cvi K‡i w`‡q‡Q cÖvq GK hyM| Avgvi eZ©gvb M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨
nj cÖZœ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vbKvix RbmvaviY H ¯’v‡bi AZxZ BwZnv‡mi mv‡_ wb‡R‡K Kxfv‡e hy³ K‡i Zv
†evSvi †Póv Kiv| †mLv‡b †h AZxZ BwZnvm Rvbvi gnvcÖKí Kvh©Ki Av‡Q †mwUi m‡½ wb‡R‡K
Kxfv‡e kbv³ K‡i? GQvov AZxZ m¤ú‡K© Zvi aviYv Ges Lbb Kv‡R LbbKvixMY‡K (we‡kl K‡i
we‡`wk) Kxfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡ib? GKwU A‡j cÖZœZvwË¡K Rwic †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Lb‡bi g‡Zv RwUj KvR
msNwUZ nq wKš‘ Avðh© welq njÑ †m A‡j emevmKvix ¯’vbxq Rbmvavi‡Yi †Kv‡bv ai‡bi AskMÖnY
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Abycw¯’Z| `xN©w`‡bi cÖZœZvwË¡K PP©vq Avgiv AZ¨š— mZK©Zvi mv‡_ j¶ KwiÑ Rb-wew”Qbœ
cÖZœZË¡ PP©v| ¯’vbxq RbmvaviY‡K Awkw¶Z, Am‡PZb, ee©i cÖfw„ Z ARynvZ Zz‡j cÖZœ¯’v‡bi
¶wZmvabKvix wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| ÒAwkw¶Z-Am‡PZb gvby‡li Kv‡Q GB cÖZœe¯‘i Kxev g~j¨
Av‡Q?Ó Gme cÖkœ Zz‡j Zv‡`i `~‡i mwi‡q ivLv nq| wbæe‡M©i gvbyl‡K `~‡i †V‡j w`‡q BwZnvm Rvbvi
GB PP©v‡K wewfbœ †jLK AvwacZ¨ev`x Jcwb‡ewkK cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i wewfbœ †jLvq D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb
(†`Lyb †hgb, Avibì 1993; PµeZ©x 1993; ¸û-VvKziZv 2004; †¯‹vU 1999; †gUK¨vd 1997; cÖKvk
1999, ¸û 1982; miKvi 1997; †fb Wvi fvi 2003; PµeZ©x 1997; †mb I Ab¨vb¨ 2004)|
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b †h (AvwacZ¨ev`x) cÖvwZôvwbK cÖZœZvwË¡K PP©v Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q †mB M‡elYv mv‡â± I
G‡Rw݇K †Kvb ai‡bi ÁvbZvwË¡K KvVv‡gvi Ici `uvwo‡q g~j¨vqb Ki‡Q Zv †evSvI eZ©gvb M‡elYvi
Av‡iKwU D‡Ïk¨|

2
AZ¨š— g~j¨evb †h cÖZœ¯’vb I cÖZœe¯‘i K_v `xN©w`b a‡i Avgv‡`i g‡Zv AvaywbK wk¶vq wkw¶Z AvaywbK
gvby‡liv (!) e‡j Avm‡Qb, †m me cÖZœe¯‘ I cÖZœ¯v’ bmgyn †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e †ndvRZ (aŸsm ev
cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖZœ¯’v‡bi cybM©V‡bi gva¨‡g) Ki‡Qb ¯’vbxq RbmvaviY| G welqwU‡K KLbB
¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z Pvb bv cÖZœZvwË¡K Lb‡bi `Êgy‡Êi KZ©vÑ miKvwi cÖZœZË¡ Awa`ßi| ¯’vbxq‡`i †Kv‡bvfv‡e
†Kv‡bv wKQy bv Rvwb‡q Zv‡`iB evwoi cv‡k cÖwZ‡ekx‡K K‡qKwU miKvwi †bvwUm e‡j cywjwk e¨e¯’vq
D‡”Q` K‡i wKQy AcwiwPZ gvbyl wb‡R‡`i‡K miKvwi †jvK cwiP‡q w`we¨ †LuvovLuwy o ïi“ K‡i †`q|
GKmgq †LuvovLuywo †kl n‡j Avevi P‡jI hvq| wKš‘ Zvi ev Zv‡`i evwoi cv‡k Kx n‡”Q Zv †m ev Zviv
Rvb‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi AvM evwo‡q hw` Rvb‡Z Pvq, Z‡e Avevi wb‡Ri evwowU Rei`Lj nIqvi
Dcµg nq bvggvÎ miKvwi g~‡j¨| GB f‡q ZU¯’ n‡Z n‡Z iv‡Zi Avuav‡i mKj ai‡bi c~iY BU ev
cÖZœ-wb`k©b gy‡Q w`‡Z †Póv K‡ib wb‡Ri AvwObv †_‡K| G ai‡bi g‡bvfve wb‡q w`bvwZcvZ Ki‡Z
n‡”Q| Ges KLb Avevi evc-`v`vi GKgvÎ wf‡UwU nvZQvov n‡q hvq GB f‡q f‡q cvi K‡i w`‡Z nq
cÖwZwU w`b| gnv¯’vbMo I cvnvocy‡ii Rbmvavi‡Yi mv‡_ gvV K‡g©i wfwˇZ GB f‡qi ms¯‹w… Zi
welqwU Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ|

1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k cÖZœZvwË¡K Awa`ßi cÖwZwôZ nq| ZLb †_‡KB GB Awa`ßi Jcwb‡ewkK mg‡q
M‡o IVv cÖZœZvwË¡K aib Ges Kvh©µg‡K †Kv‡bv cÖkœ I cwieZ©b QvovB PP©v K‡i Avm‡Q| miKvwi GB
cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-

1. AbymÜvb, 2. DrLbb, 3. msi¶Y I cybivbqb, 4. wbivcËv cÖf„wZ| GB Kvh©µg¸‡jv webv evavq

cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q cÖZœZvwË¡K AvBb| cÖZœZvwË¡K Awa`ßi †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j cÖZœZvwË¡K
AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g AZxZKv‡j wbwg©Z ¯’vc‡Z¨i Ae‡kl (Db¥y³ A_ev gvwUi bx‡P PvcvK…Z) Luy‡R †ei
K‡i Ges -

1. myi¶vi K_v e‡j miKvwi GKwU †bvwUm Uvwb‡q †`q hvi gva¨‡g †NvlYv Kiv nq †h GwU
miKvwi m¤úwË Ges GLv‡b emevm Kiv, ag© PP©v Kiv ev G ¯’vb †_‡K †Kv‡bv wRwbm AcmviY
Kiv AvBbZ `Êbxq Aciva|
2. Ggb †Kv‡bv ¯’vc‡Z¨ gvbylR‡bi emwZ _vK‡j Zv‡`i‡K D‡”Q` Kivi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
3. DrLb‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †eva Ki‡j DrLbb K‡i cÖvß wb`k©bmg~n ¯’vbxq gvby‡li AbygwZ QvovB
¯’vbxq ev RvZxq Rv`yN‡i wb‡q Av‡m Ges Abyiƒc GKwU mvBb‡evW© D³ ¯’v‡b Uvwb‡q †`q|
4. Db¥y³ KvVv‡gv ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡”Q e‡j †eva Ki‡j fe‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi ms¯‹vi K‡iÑ hv‡K msi¶Y
I c~Yivbqb ejv nq|
 5. AZxZ gvby‡li wb`k©bhy³ ¯’vb i¶v, Gi †mŠ›`h© e„w× I ch©Ub myweav e„w× I cÖ‡qvRb †eva
Ki‡j D³ ¯’v‡bi Pvicv‡k emevmiZ gvby‡li f~wg `Lj K‡i Zv‡`i‡K DØv¯‘ K‡i †`qv nq|

GB mg¯— KvRK‡g©i †Kv‡bv †¶‡ÎB ¯’vbxq gvby‡li gZvgZ, g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½ M„nxZ nq bv| d‡j
GKwU A‡j `xN©w`b a‡i emevmiZ gvby‡li ÔAwaKviÕ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq bv H ¯’v‡bi AZxZ
¯’vcZ¨| Zv‡`i Ávb I `„wófw½ †_‡K Zv‡`i A‡ji AZxZ ¯’vcZ¨‡K eyS‡Z PvIqv nq bv eis RvZxq
m¤úwË, †nwi‡UR, mvs¯‹w… ZK m¤ú` cÖf„wZi †`vnvB w`‡q H ¯’v‡b Ggb ai‡bi KvRKg© Kiv nq hvi
gva¨‡g H ¯’v‡b hw` `xN©w`b a‡i ¯’vbxq gvbyl †Kv‡bv ¯’vc‡Z¨ ag© ev mvs¯‹…wZK AvPi‡Yi PP©v K‡i Avm‡Z
_v‡K Z‡e Zv e¨vnZ nq Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î Zviv DØv¯‘ n‡q c‡o| AZxZ wb`k©b hv Zv‡`i Kv‡Q
ag©xq Ges mvs¯‹…wZK w`K †_‡K ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Zvi Ici Zv‡`i AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ nq bv| Zv‡`i AbygwZ Qvov
Ges Zv‡`i AÁv‡Z GB ¯’v‡bi AZxZ wb`k©bmg~n †cÖw¶Zwenxb Ae¯’vq cÖ`k©bxi Rb¨ Rv`yNimg~‡n wb‡q
Avmv nq| evsjv‡`k cÖZœZvwË¡K Awa`ßi GB ch©š— 256wU ¯’vb ev ¯’vcZ¨ GKBiKgfv‡e wbqš¿‡Y G‡b‡Q
Ges GB mg¯— ¯’vb †_‡K AbymÜvb I DrLb‡bi gva¨‡g cÖZœe¯‘ bvgK AZxZ wb`k©b Kzw¶MZ K‡i‡Q|
GB ai‡bi Kvh©µg GLbI Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q Ges cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q GB welqwU †Kv‡bv fv‡eB Ab¨vq
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq bv eis AZxZ BwZnvm D×v‡ii gnvb D‡`¨vM wn‡m‡e cÖkswmZ nq|

3
cÖZœZvwË¡K AbymÜvb I RvwZZvwË¡KZ Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g gnv¯’vbM‡ii gvRvi GjvKvi Pvicv‡k Ggb wKQy
cÖZœ¯’vb wbe©vPb Kwi hvi Pvicv‡k gvbe emwZ i‡q‡Q| GB mg¯— ¯’v‡bi Pvicv‡ki emevmiZ gvby‡li
wewfbœ ai‡bi m¤ú‡K© †evSvi †Póv Kiv nq| Zviv GB ¯’vbmg~n‡K wK wn‡m‡e kbv³ K‡i, GB ¯’v‡bi
mv‡_ Zv‡`i ag©xq I mvs¯‹w… ZK m¤ú‡K©i aib Kx, G¸‡jv‡K Zviv Kxfv‡e msi¶Y ev aŸsm K‡i, GB
¯’vbmg~‡ni AZxZ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i e³e¨mg~n Kx, G¸‡jv Zviv Kxfv‡e †k‡L I †kLvq A_©vr euvwP‡q iv‡L
cÖf„wZ welq‡K †evSv I bw_fy³ Kivi †Póv Kiv nq| M‡elYv PjvKvjxb mg‡q Zv‡`i †PZbv I
`„wófw½ cÖwZ m¤§vb I ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ePbvq †i‡L wb‡Ri AvwacZ¨ev`x g‡bvfve I AvPiY‡K
hZLvwb m¤¢e Kwg‡q Avbvi †Póv Kiv nq| Zv‡`i Rb¨ ¶wZKi ev gvbywlKfv‡e K‡ói KviY n‡Z cv‡i
Ñ Ggb ai‡bi KvR †_‡K weiZ _vKvi †Póv Kiv nq|

BwZnv‡m G_‡bvMÖvwdK A‡bK M‡elYv n‡q‡Q; hv ÔAvaywbKZvÕ I ÔAvaywbKxKiY cÖK‡íi mv‡_ m¤ú„³
Ges Gi cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡ÎI ZË¡MZfv‡e bZzb bZzb cÖ‡qvMixwZ I cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q (Avmv`
1993, wK¬‡dvW© I gvK©vm 1986, `vm I †cvj 2004, ¸ßv I dvi¸mvb 1997, †mb I Ab¨vb¨ 2006)|
G welqwU‡K ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q Avwg GKwU ZË¡MZ Z_¨ AbymiY Kwi Ges Zvici mvb‡RK (1998: 198) cÖ`Ë
G_‡bvMÖvwdi mgv‡jvPbv I MvBW jvBb AbymiY Kwi| GKB mv‡_ cv_© P¨vUvwR© (1998 : 64) Av›UwbI
MÖvgwki ÒwcÖRb †bvUeyKm&Ó-Gi The Philosophy of Praxis Gi ÔmvaviY †evaÕ (common sense)
Gi we‡k−l‡Yi Av‡jv‡K †h wbgœe‡M©i †PZbv‡K †evSvi †KŠkj e¨envi K‡i‡Qb Zv AbymiY Kiv
n‡q‡Q|

GB †cÖ¶vc‡U Ic‡i D‡j−wLZ welqmg~n hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ Avwg e¸ov †Rjvi gnv¯’vbM‡ii gvRvi I `y‡M©i
g‡a¨i `y‡Uv MÖvg hv DËi cvov I `w¶Y cvov bv‡g cwiwPZ (†hLv‡b `xN©w`b a‡i evsjv‡`k cÖZœZvwË¡K
Awa`ßi Ges evsjv‡`k cÖZœZvwË¡K Awa`ßi I divwm cÖZœZvwË¡K `j †hŠ_fv‡e cÖZœZvwË¡K DrLbb
Pvwj‡q Avm‡Q) †mLv‡b Rwic KvR cwiPvjbv Kwi| Rwic KvR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Avgv‡K mn‡hvMxZv
K‡i cÖZœZË¡ wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi, XvKv-Gi 33 AveZ©‡bi wk¶v_©xMY|
 gnv¯’vbM‡oi wmUv‡Wj GjvKB n‡jv gnv¯’vbMo GjvKvi we¯—…Z gvbwPÎ|
RwicK…Z `y‡Uv MÖvg|

4
evsjv‡`‡k BwZnvm I cÖZœZ‡Ë¡i AvwacZ¨ev`x aviYv g‡Z AZxZKv‡j wbwg©Z ¯’vcZ¨mg~n (Db¥y³ A_ev
gvwUi bx‡P PvcvK…Z) H Kv‡ji BwZnvm‡K aviYv K‡i Ges DrLb‡bi gva¨‡g H ¯’vcZ¨mg~n Db¥y³ K‡i
Ges D³¯’v‡b cÖvß wb`k©bmgyn e¨vL¨v K‡i H Kv‡ji BwZnvm Rvbv ev D×vi Kiv m¤¢e| G Kvi‡Y
cÖZœZvwË¡KMb Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g Ggb DuPz wXwe m`„k ¯’vb [hv‡K cÖZœZvwË¡KMb cÖZœ‡¶Î (Site) wn‡m‡e
AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib] Luy‡R †ei K‡ib Ges Gi †fZi †Kv‡bv ¯’vcZ¨ Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Ki‡j Zv DrLbb K‡i
†ei K‡ib| DrLb‡bi gva¨‡g †hme wb`k©b cvb Zv msMÖn K‡i ¯’vbxq ev RvZxq Rv`yN‡i ¯’vbvš—wiZ
K‡ib| G¸‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i Zviv wm×v‡š— Av‡mb GB ¯’v‡b Kviv evm Ki‡Zb Ges Zv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ Kx?
GBfv‡e AZxZ BwZnvm Rvbvi †h Ávb Zv‡K cÖZœZË¡ ejv n‡q _v‡K hvi DrcwË cwðg BD‡iv‡c
Av‡jvKcÖvwß DËi wkí wbf©i mgv‡R| Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb, Ávb‡K wek¦e¨vcx we¯—vi I cÖwZôvi wewfbœ
gva¨g cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g Zv Dcwb‡ewkZ †`k¸‡jv‡ZI cÖwZwôZ nq Ges Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb I ¶gZv
cÖwZôvi ÁvbMZ wfwË ˆZwi Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Dcwb‡ewkZ AÂj I gvby‡li BwZnvm wbg©v‡Yi nvwZqvi
wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| GB cÖwµqvq Jcwb‡ewkK fvi‡Z cÖZœZË¡ bvgK kv¯¿wUi D™¢e I weKvk| A_©vr
DrcwË e¨envi I c×wZMZ fv‡eB GB ÁvbwU cwðgv Ges HwZnvwmKfv‡eB Gi e¨envwiK w`K n‡jv
Acwð‡gi Ici cwð‡gi ¶gZvi cÖ‡qvM I cÖwZôv, Acwð‡gi mgvR I BwZnvm‡K Amf¨, ee©i, D™¢U
wnmv‡e wbg©vY I cwi‡ekb Kiv| Dcwb‡ek DËi AvaywbK RvwZ-iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg wfwË nj Gi RvwZMZ
HK¨| GB RvwZMZ H‡K¨i HwZnvwmK ˆeaZv ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb RvwZi GKwU mymf¨ I HK¨e×
AZxZ ms¯‹…wZi wbg©vY| Jcwb‡ewkK ¶gZv KvVv‡gv‡Z †e‡o IVv cÖZœZË¡ kv¯¿wU AvaywbK RvwZ-iv‡óªi
GB we‡kl j¶¨ AR©‡bi gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| mgv‡jvPKMY G‡K AvaywbK RvwZ-iv‡óªi
AvaywbKvqb cÖK‡íi Ask g‡b K‡ib hvi AvIZvq GKwU iv‡óªi mKj RvwZ, ag©, eY©, wj‡½i gvby‡li
AZxZ BwZnvm‡K mgiƒc K‡i †Zvjv nq Ges G‡K H iv‡óªi AwacwZkxj RvwZ, ag©, eY©, wj‡½i
AZxZ wn‡m‡e wbg©vY I cwi‡ekb Kiv nq| GKvi‡Y mv¤úÖwZK mg‡q cÖkœ D‡V‡Q GB cwðgv AwacwZkxj
Ávb w`‡q Acwð‡gi mgvR, BwZnvm I gvbyl‡K †evSv m¤¢e wKbv Ges RvZxqZvev`x cÖZœZË¡ I BwZnvm
PP©vi KvVv‡gvI mgv‡jvPbvi gy‡LvgywL n‡q‡Q| mgvRweÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kv‡¯¿i g‡Zv cÖZœZ‡Ë¡i wewfbœ
Nivbv‡ZI GB cÖkœ DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q Ges Gi wecix‡Z ¯^v‡`wkK Ges AvÂwjK Ávb‡K †evSvi †Póv Kiv
Ges Gi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó A‡ji AZxZ I BwZnvm‡K c~Yg©~j¨vqb Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| DËi
Dcwb‡ewkK cÖZœZË¡, DËi cÖwµqvev`x cÖZœZË¡, e¨vL¨vb cÖZœZË¡, wj½xq cÖZœZË¡ mn AviI wKQy
cÖZœZvwË¡K Nivbv GB ai‡bi wPš—v‡K mvg‡b wb‡q G‡m‡Q| Giv AvwacZ¨ev`x cÖZœZ‡Ë¡i wewfbœ aviYv I
Kvh©µ‡gi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb| †Kbbv Zv‡`i g‡Z GB ai‡bi Kvh©µg ¯’vbxq gvby‡li Áv‡bi wecixZ
Ges Zv‡`i Rxeb e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ ¶wZKi| GB AvwacZ¨ev`x Ávb I Kvh©µg GKwU cÖZœ¯’v‡b ev Gi
Pvicv‡k emevmiZ gvby‡li g‡a¨ `xN©w`‡bi PP©vq M‡o IVv Ávb‡K H cÖZœ¯’v‡bi BwZnvm wbg©v‡Yi
Dc‡hvMx e‡j g‡b K‡i bv eis G‡K gbMov Mí, A‡hŠw³K, A‰eÁvwbK, Kzms¯‹vi wn‡m‡e wbg©vY I
cwi‡ekb K‡i| AwacwZkxj GB Ávb I Kvh©µg ¯’vbxq ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †n‡Rgwb ˆZwi K‡i cwieZ©b NUvq
Ges wewfbœfv‡e ¯’vbxq cwi‡ek I cÖwZ‡e‡ki ¶wZ mvab K‡i|

5
eZ©gvb ch©v‡jvPbv Zz‡j aievi c~‡e© GKwU welq D‡j−L Kiv `iKvi †h, GKB ai‡bi cÖ‡kœvËi wfwËK
M‡elYv Avgiv cwiPvjbv K‡iwQjvg †mvgcyi gnvwenvi, cvnvocy‡i (†mb I Ab¨vb¨ 2006 : 71-99)|
Z‡e M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj wfbœ| Rbmvavi‡Yi mv‡_ K‡_vcK_‡bi wVK cÖ_‡gB cwiPq c‡e©
gnv¯’vbM‡oi `y‡M©i †fZ‡i cvnvocy‡ii gZ GKB AwfÁZvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡q‡Q| GLv‡bi
Rbmvavi‡YiI fq I m‡›`‡ni `„wó wb‡q cÖkœ wQjÑ †Zvgiv Kviv? Avgiv hLb ejjvg †h Avgiv
Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖZœZË¡ wefvM †_‡K G‡mwQ| Zviv cÖ_‡g eyS‡Z cv‡iwb| GZUzKz ey‡S‡Z
†c‡iwQj †h wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_©x| wKš‘ †Kvb wel‡q cowQ Ges GLv‡b Kx Ki‡Z G‡mwQ Zv eyS‡Z
cv‡iwb cÖ_‡g| hLb Avgiv GUv eySjvg †h Zviv Avgv‡`i cov‡kvbvi welq‡K eySv‡Z e¨_© nw”Q ZLb
cÖZœZË¡ Awa`߇ii Awdm I Rv`yNi‡K †`wL‡q ejjvg Gme welq wb‡q Avgiv M‡elYv Kwi| ZLb Zviv
eyS‡Z cvij Avgiv ÔAv‡K©IjwRÕ Kwi| GUv †evSvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡`i kixix-fvlvq GK AviôZv G‡m
fi Kij| Avgvi AevK jvMj †h, Zviv GKwU evsjv kã A_©vr ÔcÖZœZË¡Õ kãwU‡K wPb‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
wKš‘ wVKB GKwU we‡`wk kã‡K †ek fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡Z cvi‡Q| Z‡e kãwUi mv‡_ Ry‡o Av‡Q GK f‡qi
ms¯‹…wZ| Zvi Kv‡Q ÔAv‡K©IjwRÕi A_© ïaygvÎ wb‡`©vl cÖZœe¯‘ wb‡q M‡elYv bq, †LuvovLuywo bq| Gi
mv‡_ hy³ `xN©w`‡bi wf‡U-Rwg nviv‡bvi †e`bv I nvwi‡q †djvi fq| Zv‡`i †bvsiv cv‡q Rv`yN‡ii
†fZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †`qv nq bv| GgbwK GLv‡b Awa`ßi Kx Ki‡Q, Kx Luy‡o cv‡”Q, †Kv_vq wb‡q
hv‡”Q, G¸‡jvi cwiPq Kx BZ¨vKvi bvbv cÖ‡kœi †Kv‡bv Reve Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †bB| Zviv `~i †_‡K
Awa`߇ii `viIqv‡bi Zvov †L‡Z †L‡Z GK ai‡bi wbR¯^ e¨vL¨vb ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb|

Avgv‡`i nv‡Z †iKW©vi I LvZv Kjg †`‡L Zuv‡`i GZw`bKvi AwfÁvi Ici wbf©i K‡i fve‡Z
jvM‡jb Avgiv m¤¢eZ Zv‡`i ïgvwi Ki‡Z G‡mwQ hv‡Z Awa`ßi Rvb‡Z cv‡i KZRb gvbyl G GjvKvq
evm K‡ib Ges hvi wfwˇZ Zv‡`i G Rwg †_‡K D‡”Q` Kiv n‡e| MZ †`i hyM a‡i GLvbKvi gvbyl
†`‡L Avm‡Q wKQy mv`v Pvgovi gvbyl m¤ú~Y© GjvKvi Qwe Zzj‡Q, wfwWI Ki‡Q, wewfbœ ai‡bi mv‡f©
c×wZ e¨envi K‡i Rwg gvc‡Q| Gi mwVK DËi ev KviY Awa`ßi KLbB ¯’vbxq‡`i Kv‡Q Rvbv‡Z
cÖ‡qvRb‡eva K‡iwb| ¯’vbxqiv miKvwi Awdmvi‡`i Kv‡Q wR‡Ám Ki‡ZI fq cvq| GLvbKvi †ek
K‡qKRb gyi“weŸ ch©v‡qi cÖwZwbwa GKwÎZ n‡q cÖ_‡g Avgv‡`i Kv‡R euvav w`‡Z PvB‡jb Ges Ab¨‡`i
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi mv¶vrKvi w`‡Z wb‡la Ki‡jb| GgZve¯’vq GLvbKvi wKQy MÖvgevmx `xN©w`b a‡i
Awa`ßi I †d«Â wU‡gi mv‡_ KvR Kivi myev‡` welqwU‡K wKQyUv eyS‡Z cv‡ib| Zv‡`i mn‡hvwMZvq
†kl ch©š— Avgiv Zv‡`i †evSv‡Z m¶g njvg †h, Avgiv evsjv‡`k cÖZœZË¡ Awa`߇ii cÖwZwbwa bB|
Ges Avgiv Zv‡`i RwgRgv `Lj Ki‡ZI Avwmwb| Ae‡k‡l, Zviv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Av¯’v ¯’vcb Ki‡Z bv
cvi‡jI Avgv‡`i KvRwU Ki‡Z euvav †`bwb| Z‡e Zv‡`i AvoôZv I fq Zv‡`i †`qv Z‡_¨i gv‡SI
we¯—…Z cÖfveK wn‡m‡e wµqviZ Av‡Q|
GLv‡b GKwU welq D‡j−L bv Ki‡jB bq †h, Avgv‡`i ¯^íKvjxb Rwic †Kv‡bvfv‡eB ¯’vbxq
Rbmvavi‡Yi Av¯’vfvRb nIqvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ cÖvwßi myweav‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| GLv‡b GKwU
AwfÁZvi K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, †d«Â wU‡gi GKRb AwZ RbwcÖq DrLbbKvix m¨vfwib (MZ K‡qK
eQi a‡i KvR †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ wb‡q‡Qb), GLv‡b wkï‡`i wewfbœ evsjv M‡íi eB we‡b cqmvq co‡Z
w`‡Zb| gvbyl GUv‡K cÖ_‡g fv‡jvfv‡e †`L‡jI eZ©gv‡b Zuviv Rvb‡Z †c‡o‡Q Zv‡`i Rwg 2008
mv‡ji g‡a¨ `Lj n‡q hv‡e ZvB Zviv m¨vfwib-Gi eB cv‡Vi Kg©m~wP‡KI m‡›`‡ni †Pv‡L †`L‡Qb|
Zviv g‡b K‡ib, GUv Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ †bqvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i‡K D‡”Q` Kivi GKwU †KŠkj|

Ic‡ii D‡j−wLZ Aš—e©Z©x Ø›Ømg~n‡K eyS‡Z n‡j MÖvgwki ÔmvaviY †evaÕ Z‡Ë¡i Aax‡b †h m~Î cÖKvk
K‡ib Zvi KvQ †_‡K wbgœe‡M©i †PZbv‡K †evSv †h‡Z cv‡i, ÒGB cÖwZdjb GwU Bw½Z K‡i †h
Av‡jvP¨ mvgvwRK †MvôxwUi [eû RbmsL¨vwewkó GKwU wbgœeM©xq †Mvôx] åƒYvKv‡i n‡jI, c„w_ex m¤^‡Ü
wbR¯^ aviYv _vK‡Z cv‡i; †m aviYv cÖKvwkZ nq Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q, Z‡e NUbvP‡µ Ges PwK‡ZÑA_©vr,
hLb †MvôxwU GKwU msMwVZ mgwó wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wKš‘ †mB GKB †Mvôx AvZ¥mgc©Y I ÁvbMZ
AaxbZvi Kvi‡Y Ab¨ GKwU aviYv‡KI MÖnY K‡i, hv Zv‡`i wb‡Ri bq, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Mvôx †_‡K avi
Kiv; Zviv †mB aviYvwU‡K †gŠwLKfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i Ges wek¦vm K‡i †h Zviv †mUv †g‡b P‡j‡Q, KviY
ÔmvaviY mg‡qÕ Zviv aviYvwU‡KB †g‡b P‡jÑA_©vr hLb Zv‡`i Kvh©Kjvc ¯^vaxb Ges ¯^kvwmZ bq,
AvZ¥mgc©Y I AaxbZvg~jKÓ [cv_© P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi (1998 : 64) †jLv †_‡K M„nxZ]|

Rwic cwiPvjbvKvjxb eqm, †ckv, wk¶v I gvwmK Avq †Kw›`ªK †h DcvË cvB Zv wb‡æ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g
†`Lv‡bv nj| Gi gva¨‡g hv‡`i Ici Rwic cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU we¯—vwiZ wPÎ cvIqv hv‡e|

†Uwej 1. eq‡mi wfwˇZ ¯^v¶vrcÖ`vbKvixi Ae¯’vb

eqm msL¨v (%)

10-20 17 18.27
20-30 30 32.25
30-40 16 17.20
40-50 13 13.97
50-60 9 9.67
60+ 8 8.60
†gvU 93

†Uwej 2. †ckvi wfwˇZ ¯^v¶vrcÖ`vbKvixi Ae¯’vb

†ckv msL¨v (%)

K…wl 24 25.806
e¨emv 22 23.66
PvKzwi 5 5.37
QvÎ 12 12.90
Ab¨vb¨ 13 13.97
M„wnYx 17 18.27
†gvU 93

†Uwej 3. wk¶vi wfwˇZ ¯^v¶vrcÖ`vbKvixi Ae¯’vb

 wk¶v msL¨v (%)
cÖv_wgK 44 46.24
gva¨wgK 9 9.68
D”P gva¨wgK 9 9.68
¯^v¶i 10 10.75
wbi¶i 22 23.33
†gvU 93

†Uwej 4. gvwmK Av‡qi wfwˇZ ¯^v¶vrcÖ`vbKvixi Ae¯’vb

gvwmK Avq msL¨v (%)

500-1000 7 7.53
1000-2000 16 17.20
2000-3000 22 23.66
3000-4000 9 9.68
4000-8000 13 13.98
bvB 26 27.96
†gvU 93

†Uwej 5. RbkÖ“wZi Ici Av¯’vi cÖ‡kœi wfwˇZ ¯^v¶vrcÖ`vbKvixi Ae¯’vb

RbkÖ“wZ msL¨v (%)

wek¦vm K‡i 70 76.40
wek¦vm K‡i bv 6 16.85
gZvgZ †`qwb 17 6.741
†gvU 93

eZ©gv‡bi gvbyl †h¯’v‡b evm Ki‡Qb †m¯’v‡bi cÖZwœ b`k©‡Yi mv‡_ wb‡R‡K m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
KviY †m †Zv gymjgvb Avi cÖvß wb`k©b nj Ab¨ a‡g©i| gnv¯’vbM‡oi †fZ‡ii MÖv‡g †gvU 93 R‡bi
mv‡_ K_v e‡j Rvb‡Z cvwi M‡oi †fZ‡ii wZb MÖv‡g †Kv‡bv Ab¨ ag©vjw¤^‡`i evm †bB| wKš‘ GLv‡b
hv wKQy †ei n‡q Avm‡Q Zv †Zv Ab¨ ag©vjw¤^‡`i| cÖwZwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cÖZœ¯’v‡bB GKUz j¶¨ Ki‡j
†`L‡Z cvB| †Kv‡bv GK gymwjg gnvb Ava¨vwZ¥K cyi“‡li Kvi‡Y GLv‡b gymwjg‡`i †Mvov cËb nq| Gi
Av‡M †h wn›`y kvmK wQ‡jb wZwb eiveiB AZ¨vPvix wQ‡jb e‡j aviYv cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| cÖwZwU ¯’v‡b
GKwU K‡i †jvK Kvwnwb _v‡K †hLv‡b gymwjg mvaK cyi“l KZ©…K wn›`y ivRv wba‡bi Mí cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
†hgb cvnvocyi (†mb I Ab¨vb¨ 2004)| mv¶vrKvi cÖ`vbKvix‡`i g‡a¨ kZKiv 75.27 Rb wb‡R‡K
gymwjg kvm‡Ki c‡¶i †jvK e‡j fv‡eb KviY wn‡m‡e wZwb Rb¥m~‡Î wb‡R‡K gymwjg e‡j D‡j−L
K‡ib| kZKiv 6.45 Rb Rb¥m~‡Î gymjgvb nIqvi ciI cÖPwjZ RbkÖ“wZ‡K wek¦vm K‡ib bv| Avi
kZKiv 18.28 Rb †Kv‡bv ai‡bi gZvgZ cÖ`vb †_‡K weiZ _v‡Kb| Z‡e kZKiv 89.25 Rb
gnv¯’v‡bi gvbyl wb‡R‡K hyMhyM a‡i ¯’vbxq wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡ib|

†mb (2002) Gi g‡Z, evsjv‡`k cÖZœZË¡ I BwZnvmZ‡Ë¡i †cÖ¶vc‡U †mKz¨jvi wiwjwRIb,

RvZxqZvev` I AZxZ wb‡q RbwcÖq aviYvi Avš—‡hvMv‡hvM mgm¨vRbK| AvaywbKZvi aviYvi Ici wfwË
K‡i RvZxqZvev`x aviYv g~jZ †iwcÖ‡R‡›Ukb| †mKz¨jvwiRg RvwZ-iv‡óª Ggb GK ag© e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e
Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b cvewjK cwimi †_‡K wehy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges e¨w³MZ wel‡q cwiYZ Ki‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm wPš—v I cÖZœZ‡Ë¡I Avgiv GKB wPÎ †`L‡Z cvB hv Ic‡i AvwacZ¨ev`x cÖZœZË¡
PP©vq we¯—…Zfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Awdwmqvj e¨vL¨v‡ZI GKB wPÎ †`L‡Z cvB| GLv‡b
AZx‡Zi wewfbœ Dcv`vbmn AZxZ‡K eZ©gvb Rb‡Mvôxi RvZxqZvev`x aviYvq widzwR‡Z cwiYZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, †mKz¨jvwiRg-we‡ivax RvZxqZvev`x gvbwmKZvi MwR‡q
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cÖZœZvwË¡K I BwZnvmwe`MY A‡bK cÖZœZvwË¡K ¯’vcbv‡K Ae¨_© †mKz¨jvi AZx‡Zi D`vniY wn‡m‡e Zz‡j
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†h, gymwjg mngwg©Zvi ag©xq D‡Ï‡k¨ gvRviwU `y‡M©i evB‡i ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvRvi GjvKvi cv‡kB
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Awa`ßi KLbB mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj gvbyl wn‡m‡e GB wk¶‡Ki Z_v †Kv‡bv wk¶K‡`i mv‡_
gZwewbg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb‡eva K‡i bv| GB wk¶‡Ki Aax‡b G A‡ji mKj wkï fwel¨‡Zi bvMwiK n‡q
M‡o IVvi cÖv_wgK cvV MÖnY K‡i| wZwb hw` G ai‡bi g‡bvfve †cvlY K‡ib Z‡e fwel¨‡Zi bvMwiK
†Kvb c‡_ nuvU‡Q?

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cÖ‡kœ mK‡jB cÖ_‡g weåvš— n‡q c‡i| G weåvwš— AvR‡Ki bq Ñ `xN© w`‡bi| Kwig (2007 : 5)
RvZxqZvev‡`i GK‚j-IK‚j Av‡jvPbvi cÖ_‡gB D‡j−L K‡ib, ÒRvZxqZvev` weg~Z©, †`k-Kvj EaŸ©
cÖZ¨q bq †Kv‡bv| BwZnv‡mi mywbw`©ó f~wg‡Z Gi †kKo-evKo Muv_v| RvwZ †hgb P~ovš—fv‡e w¯’wZkxj,
Awš—g we‡k−l‡Y gxgvswmZ †Kv‡bv cÖZ¨q bq, Gi wbg©vY-wewbg©vY †hgb m¤¢e ïay BwZnv‡mi eûgvwÎK
fvOPz‡ii ga¨ w`‡qB, RvZxqZvev`I †Zgwb myw¯’Z APjvqZb bq wKQy| RvwZ Avi RvZxqZvev‡`i
mxgv‡iLv evievi cv‡ë hvq, Gi Aš—‡i-evB‡i evievi cvjv-e`‡ji AwfNvZ G‡m av°v †`qÓ| RvwZ
welqK weåvwš— wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi †¶‡Î cv_© P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi (1999 : 221) gZ AvwgI ew¼g P›`ª
P‡Ævcva¨vq Gi KgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›` Dcb¨v‡mi †Kv‡U©i wRÁvmv c‡e©i wKQy Ask Zz‡j aijvgÑ

DKxj ZLb wRÁvmv Kwi‡jb, ÒZzwg wK RvwZÓ?

Kgjv: Avwg wK GKUv RvwZ?
DKxj: Zzwg †Kvb& RvZxq|
Kgjv: wn›`y RvZxq|
DKxj: Avt! †Kvb& eY©?
Kgjv: †NviZi K…òeY©|
DKxj: `~i †nvK QvB| Ggb mv¶xI Av‡b! ewj †Zvgvi RvZ Av‡Q?
Kgjv: gv‡i †K?
nvwKg †`wL‡jb, DKx‡ji K_vq nB‡e bv| ewj‡jb, ÒeªvþY, Kvq¯’, ˆKeZ©, wn›`yi bvbv cÖKvi
RvwZ Av‡Q Rvb ZÑZzwg †Kvb& RvwZi wfZi?Ó
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PµeË©xÑBnv‡ZI †h DKxj ey‡Sb bvB †h, Avwg eªvþY, Bnv Avwg wK cÖKv‡i Rvwbe?
nvwKg wjwL‡jb, ÒRvwZ eªvþY|Ó

evsjvq RvwZ k‡ãi bvbv gvÎvi e¨envi‡K j¶ K‡i GKwU A-Dcwb‡ewkZ PwiÎ wn‡m‡e ew¼g P›`ª
P‡Ævcva¨vq KgjvKvš—‡K Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| RvwZi A_© LuyR‡Z wM‡q P‡Ævcva¨vq (1999 : 221) wewfbœ
evsjv Awfav‡b cuvP †_‡K Qq ai‡bi RvwZi A_© Luy‡R †c‡q‡Qb| G¸‡jv nj, ag© wbf©i RvwZ, cÖvYx
wbf©i RvwZ, ˆewkó¨ wbf©i RvwZ, esk wbf©i RvwZ cÖf„wZ| G¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUB Avevi m¤úÖ`vq wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ nq| †mb (2000 : 348) RvwZ, mgvR I m¤úÖ`v‡qi bvbvgyLx wPwýZKiY wefv‡Mi K_v Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb| Gme RwUjZvi Kvi‡Y RvwZi A_© A‡bK †ewk ivR‰bwZK| Avi ZvB ÔAvcwb †Kvb RvwZi?
GUv Kxfv‡e wbiƒcY K‡ib?ÕÑ cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e Av‡m bvbv DËi| Zvi †fZi ag©‡K †K›`ª K‡i wb‡R‡K
†MvÎf~³ Kivi cÖ‡Póv| Gi KviY ivR‰bwZK| Gi †cÖ¶vcU A‡bK Av‡M †_‡K ˆZwi n‡jIÑ 1947-
Gi wØ-RvwZZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K †`k fvM gvbyl‡K Pigfv‡e weåvš— K‡i †`q| RvwZ-iv‡óªi D™¢‡ei ga¨
w`‡q wbwg©Z nq RvZxqZvi GK bqv †Pnviv| Avevi 1971 Gi gva¨‡g wbwg©Z nq Av‡iK †Pnvivi| Zv
nj- evOvwj gymjgvb RvZxqZvev`| gvbyl wb‡R‡K Av‡iK RvZxqZvev`x ivRbxwZi ga¨ w`‡q Avwe®‹vi
K‡i wb‡R‡K| RvwZ-iv‡óªi G GK RwUj mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK mgm¨v|

RvwZ cÖ‡kœi Dˇi †h wPwýZKiY cwiwPwZ cvB Zv GKwU cwimsL¨v‡bi gva¨‡g Zz‡j aiv nj-

†Uwej 5. RvwZ cÖ‡kœ ¯^v¶vrcÖ`vbKvixi Ae¯’vb

RvZ msL¨v (%)

ag© wfwËK 70 75.27
eskwfwËK 18 19.35
evOvwj 5 5.38
evsjv‡`wk †KD e‡jwb

Dcwb‡ek DËi RvwZ-iv‡óªi gvbyl wb‡R‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Qb KgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›`i gZ| A_©vr gymwjg
e‡j, †KD †cvÏvi, cvigvwbK, †KDev evOvwj e‡j| gvÎ GKRb RvwZ cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡q‡Q AZ¨š—
wfbœfv‡e| Zv nj wbæiƒc:

†gv. mvgQyj nK (eqm- 45; †ckv- K…wlKvR; wk¶v- 5g †kÖwY) e‡jb:

• Avgvi Avw` esk wQj wn›`y| myjZvb Beªvwng ej&Lx Avm‡j Zvi wbKU Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i
gymjgvb nq| GwU Avwg eskvbyµwgKfv‡e †R‡b AvmwQ|

hviv wb‡R‡`i gymwjg wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb Zviv mK‡jB wci mv‡ne Ges wn›`y mgªv‡Ui g‡a¨ hy‡×i
KvwnwbwU wek¦vm K‡ib| Av‡MB D‡j−L K‡iwQ kZKiv 6.45 Rb RbkÖ“wZwU wek¦vm K‡ib bv| Avi
Dcwb‡ek DËi GKwU RvwZ-iv‡óª RvwZi aviYv wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q †h ivR‰bwZK †cÖ¶vc‡Ui Ici `uvwo‡q
†mLvb †_‡K eZ©gv‡bi ÔAvaywbKÕ gvby‡li cÖZœe¯‘ I cÖZœ¯’vb †_‡K wehy³ †eva KivB Kx ¯^vfvweK bq?

¯’vbxq RbmvaviY †_‡K Kx fqvfqfv‡e GKwU KvR wehy³ n‡q NU‡Z cv‡i Zvi GKwU cÖvgvY¨ `wjj ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i bx‡Pi gš—e¨¸‡jv‡K| Lbb KvR I we‡`wk LbbKvix‡`i m¤ú‡K© †ek wKQy gš—e¨ GLv‡b Zz‡j
aiv njÑ

†gv. dvi“K †nv‡mb (eqm: 23; †ckv: K…wlKvR; wk¶v: D”P gva¨wgK) e‡jb:
• d«vÝ I †Kvwiqvbiv KvR K‡i| Zviv G‡m gvwU †LuvovLuywo K‡i| Zviv gvwU Luy‡o g~wZ©
†ei Ki‡Z Pvq|
• we‡`wkiv g~wZ© †ei K‡i we‡`‡k wewµ K‡i †`q| ZvB we‡`wkiv KvR Ki“K GUv cQ›`
Kwi bv|
 w`jviv LvZzb (eqm: 32; †ckv: M„wnYx; wk¶v: 1g †kÖwY) e‡jb:
• wLª÷vbiv GLv‡b Av‡m| Zviv gvwU †LuvovLuywo K‡i| wewfbœ g~wZ©, †mvbv †ei K‡i|
• fv‡jvjv‡Mbv GBme| KviY gv‡S gv‡S evwo Ni †Q‡o w`‡Z nq|

†gv. kvn&Rvnvb Avjx (eqm: 19; †ckv: QvÎ; wk¶v: D”P gva¨wgK) e‡jb:
• Rvwb| Zviv †Kvwiqv I d«vÝ †_‡K Av‡m| gvwU †LuvovLuwy o K‡i| wewfbœ g~wZ©, AZx‡Zi
¯§„wZ †ei Ki‡Z Pvq|
• Avgvi gZvgZ Avi Kx eje? Zviv †Kv‡bv g~wZ© ev UvKv-cqmv †c‡j wb‡Riv wb‡q
−y Zvi|
hvq| G‡Z ¯’vbxq‡`i †Kv‡bv jvf nq bv| g‡b nq †Rvo hvi gyjK

i‡R`v Av³vi (eqm: 21; †ckv: M„wnYx; wk¶v: 6ô †kÖwY) e‡jb:

• nu¨v| cÖwZ eQi we‡`k †_‡K †jvK Av‡m| Giv †Kvwiqvb, Pxbv, d«vÝ †_‡K Av‡m|
Zviv gvwU †LuvovLuywo K‡i g~wZ© †ei K‡i| wKQyw`b Av‡M 1 †KwR †mvbv cvq|

wd‡ivR Avjg (eqm: 23; †ckv: e¨emv; wk¶v: 5g †kÖwY) e‡jb:

• Giv n‡”Q Av‡gwiKvi wLª÷vb| gvwU Luy‡o Luy‡o `vwg `vwg wRwbm¸jv wb‡q hvq| Zviv
miKv‡ii mv‡_ K›Uªv± K‡i RvqMv †bq|
• gZvgZ Avgvi Lye GKUv fv‡jv bv| Avgv‡`i `vwg wRwbm¸jv we‡`‡k wb‡q hv‡”Q|
G¸‡jv hw` Avgv‡`i evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKRb KiZ Zvn‡j †`‡ki DbœwZ nZ|

†LuvovLuywo m¤^‡Ü G ai‡bi gZvgZB w`‡q‡Q †ewki fvM GjvKvevmx| Z‡e `yÕGKRb Zv‡`i fvjjvMv I
cQ‡›`i K_v e‡j‡Qb| wKš‘ GKUz †ewk mgq K_v ej‡jB Rvbv †Mj Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB cÖwZeQi we‡`wk
`jwUi mv‡_ Lbb-kÖwgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib| MZ GK hy‡MiI †ewk mgq a‡i d«vÝ wUg GLv‡b KvR
Kivi ciI ¯’vbxq gvbyl fv‡jvfv‡e Rv‡bb bv Zviv g~jZ †Kvb †`‡ki| d«v‡Ýi cvkvcvwk Zviv
†Kvwiqvi bvg evievi D”PviY K‡ib| Z‡e GLb ch©š— Rvbv g‡Z G A‡j †Kv‡bv †Kvwiqvb wUg KvR
K‡iwb|

†ewki fvM gvbylB Rv‡b bv GLv‡b †LuvovLuywoi g~j D‡Ïk¨Uv Kx? GLv‡b Kx †LuvRv n‡”Q? Zviv mevB
g‡b K‡i GLv‡b nq †mvbv bv nq g~wZ© LuyR‡Q| Ges GLv‡b cÖvß †Kv‡bv cÖZœe¯‘B ¯’vbxq Rv`yN‡i cÖ`k©bxi
e¨e¯’v Kiv nqwb| ZvB mevB g‡b K‡i GLb ch©š— A‡bK g~j¨evb `ªe¨vw` cvIqv †M‡Q hv we‡`‡k wb‡q
hvIqv n‡q‡Q A_ev wewµ K‡i †`qv n‡q‡Q| GQvov A‡b‡KiB K_v †_‡K Rvbv hvq, †h‡nZz GLv‡b
evsjv‡`k-d«vÝ †hŠ_ Lbb Pj‡Q ZvB hv wKQy cvIqv hv‡e Zv `y †`k fvM K‡i †b‡e|

ÔmiKvi wK Avcbv‡`i m‡½ †Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvM K‡i‡Q?ÕÑ G cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e mevB GKwUB DËi
w`‡q‡QbÑ ÔÔbvÕÕ| miKvi Zv‡`i mv‡_ KLbB †hvMv‡hvM K‡i bv| ïaygvÎ †fv‡Ui mgq †fvU PvB‡Z
Av‡m| Z‡e GB Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g j¶¨ Kiv †M‡Q †h, GLv‡b c`gh©v`v, wj½, Avw_©K Ae¯’v, wk¶vMZ
†hvM¨Zv Øviv wbR¯^ aviYv¸‡jv Kg-†ewk cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q| we‡klZ RbkÖ“wZ‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb Kg
eqmx †Q‡j †g‡q, bvix Ges Awkw¶Ziv| GB Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g wkw¶Z I Awkw¶Z Dfq ai‡bi gvby‡li
mv‡_B gZ wewbgq Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|

¯’vbxq RbmvaviY‡K wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi Dˇi Luy‡R cvB G‡jv‡g‡jv, ¯^we‡ivax, weåvš—, fvmvfvmv wKQy
†ev‡ai Ici wbf©i K‡i wb‡R‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z| hv MÖvgwki fvlvq, ÔAwbwðZ, ci¯úiwe‡ivax Ges
eûiƒcx GK aviYÕ| P‡Ævcva¨vq (1998 : 64) Ø›Øg~jK H‡K¨i †h e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib Zvi mv‡_ Avwg
GKgZ †cvlY Kwi| Avi Zv nj, ÒGwU MwVZ Ges cwiewZ©Z nq GK HwZnvwmK cÖwµqvi †fZi w`‡q, hv
cÖfvekvjx I Aa¯—b †kÖwY¸wj‡K GK cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ wb‡q Av‡m| mvaviY †eva ZvB `yB
cÖwZc¶ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ GK we‡ivagq HK¨ : Gi GKwU nj ¯^kvwmZ Dcv`vb, hv wbgœeM©xq †Kv‡bv
†Mvôxi gvbyl‡`i mvaviY †eva‡K e¨³ K‡i, †h †Mvôx Zv‡`i e¨envwiK K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q Ges
Zv‡`i kÖ‡gi kw³‡Z c„w_ex‡K iƒcvš—wiZ Ki‡Q, hw`I Zv cÖvqkB mvwaZ nq kvmK †Mvôxi wb‡`©‡k Ges
wbwðZ KZ©…Z¡vaxb| Avi Ab¨ Dcv`vbwU nj cÖfyZ¡Kvix †kÖwY¸wji KvQ †_‡K avi Kiv Ges hv m~wPZ K‡i
wbgœeM©xq †Mvôxi Av`k©MZ AvZ¥mgc©YÓ|

`xN©w`b a‡i ¯’vbxq gvbyl‡K Awkw¶Z, Am‡PZb e‡j cÖZœZvwË¡K AbymÜvb †_‡K `~‡i mwi‡q ivLvi
Kvi‡Y Ges GKwU RwUj ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ eZ©gv‡b ˆZwi nIqvi Kvi‡Y Ges gvbyl‡K BwZnvm wew”Qbœ
K‡i ivLvi d‡j cÖZœ¯’vbwU µgvš^‡qB `ª“Z †e‡M aŸsm n‡q hv‡”Q| Rbmvavib gvwU †K‡U `ªZ
“ Avev‡`i
gva¨‡g †X‡K w`‡Z Pv‡”Q AZx‡Zi wb`k©b| evwoi AvwObv‡Z †Kv‡bv wb`k©b †c‡j Zv nq m¯—vq wewµ
K‡i w`‡”Q ev aŸsm K‡i †dj‡Q| ZeyI Awa`ßi‡K Rvbv‡”Q bv| KviY Awa`ßi †R‡b †dj‡jB `Lj
n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i Zvi GZw`‡bi wf‡U gvwU Ges D‡”Q` n‡Z cv‡ib wb‡Ri f~wg †_‡K| Awa`ßi Z_v
miKv‡ii mv‡_ ¯’vbxq Rbmvavi‡Yi GB we¯—i `~iZ¡ µgvš^‡qB gnv¯’vbmn mKj cÖZœ¯’v‡bi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨
†_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Qb BwZnv‡mi wk¶v_©xiv| Rb wew”Qbœ n‡q ïaygvÎ GKwU Ask AwaMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g AvU‡K
†i‡L Lb‡bi gva¨‡g gnv¯’v‡bi g‡Zv RwUj cÖZœ¯’v‡bi AZxZ Rvbv Kx LyeB mnR n‡e Zv hw` GK hyM
†K‡bv K‡qK hyM a‡iI Kiv nq|

6
gnv¯’vbM‡o emevmKvix Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ iv‡óªi c„ô‡cvlKZvq GK Awek¦vm `xN©w`b a‡i MwR‡q
D‡V‡Q| Gi cvkvcvwk RvZxqZvi cwiP‡q evi evi e`j Ges weåvš—Ki ag© wbf©i 47-Gi †`k fvM
Ggb GK weåvwš—g~jK cwiPq wbg©vY K‡i‡Q †hLv‡b mn‡RB Rb‡Mvôx wew”Qbœ n‡q co‡Q †kKo †_‡K,
Avi kµ fve‡Q wbR fvlv‡Mvôxi Ab¨vb¨ ag©vej¤^x‡`i| Gme Kvi‡Y G GjvKvi gvbyl †mvbv-i“cvi Z_v
¸ßa‡bi †Luv‡R wb‡Ri evwoi AvwObv †_‡K ïi“ K‡i iv‡Zi Avuav‡i Luy‡o P‡j‡Q eo eo wXwe Ges cÖvß
cÖwZgv g~wZ©‡K mvwR‡q ivLvi `vwg cyZjv wfbœ Ab¨ wKQy fve‡Z e¨_© n‡”Q| ivóª RvZxq HwZn¨ i¶v I
we‡k−l‡Yi Rb¨ †h cÖwZôvbwU‡K miKvwi `vwqZ¡ w`‡q †i‡L‡Q Zviv cwðgv c×wZ‡Z G‡RwÝ wew”Qbœ n‡q
Ggb GK cÖZœZvwË¡K Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb †hLvb †_‡K ¯’vbxq RbmvaviY wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o‡Qb Ges
RvZxq HwZn¨ i¶vi †P‡q †mvbv-i“cv LuyR‡ZB DRvo n‡q hv‡”Q AZxZ m¤ú‡K© †LuvRLei cvevi eû
Dcv`vb| ¯’vbxq gvbyl GLbI wek¦vm K‡ib Ges KLbI KLbI †`L‡Z cvb e‡j `vwe K‡ib †h, M‡oi
A_©vr `yM© GjvKvi ga¨¯’vbwU iv‡Zi †ejv R¡jR¡j K‡i KviY Gi gvwUi bx‡P Pvcv c‡o Av‡Q gnvg~j¨evb
¸ßab| Avgvi eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi Ab¨Zg †K›`ªxq cÖkœwU n‡”Q, eZ©gv‡b †h ÁvbZvwË¡K KvVv‡gvi Ici
`uvwo‡q AvR‡Ki cÖZœZË¡ PP©v Pj‡Q Ges AZxZ BwZnvm Rvbvi KvqKvievi miKvwi wbqš¿‡Y Pj‡Q Zv Kx
Avgv‡`i AZx‡Zi BwZnv‡mi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z mg_© n‡e? Avi †h c×wZwU AvR Abyw`Z n‡”Q
AvR‡Ki wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi Aax‡b cÖwkw¶Z, AwfÁvq AwR©Z I cÖwk¶‡Yi bv‡g AZxZ BwZnvm †LuvRv
Ges Zv †_‡K AZx‡Zi aviYv wbg©vY, Zv‡K Rb wew”Qbœ n‡q eo iK‡gi Dj−ç‡bi ga¨ w`‡q †h
cÖZœZvwË¡K PP©v Pj‡Q Zv‡K hw` AvwacZ¨ev`x PP©v e‡j D‡j−L Kivi ga¨ w`‡q e¨_© nIqvi AvksKv cÖKvk
Kwi Z‡e Zv Kx Avgvi Rb¨ eo fyj wn‡m‡e cÖZxqgvb n‡e?

mnvqK MÖš’ I cÖeÜvejx

Dgi, e. (2000) fviZxq RvZxq Av‡›`vjb, XvKv : HwZn¨|
†Kvmvw¤^, `v.a. (2002) fviZ-BwZnvm PP©vi f~wgKv, KjKvZv : †K. wc. evMPx A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvwb|
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