Suppose Math, session 2024

(Preparation for Lecturer Test)

Course: Quick Review

Chapter # 04 Quadratic Equations

These notes are the summary of the whole chapter which can be helpful
to prepare the objective as well as subjective part of paper.

1. A quadratic equation in x is an equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ̸= 0, b and c

are real numbers. Another name of quadratic equation in x is 2nd degree polynomial in x.

2. Three basic techniques for solving a quadratic equation are:

ˆ by factorization,
ˆ by completing squares,
ˆ by applying the quadratic formula.

3. The solutions of a quadratic equation are called its roots.

4. The solutions of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by

√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
which is called the quadratic formula.

5. An equation in which the variable occurs in exponent (power), is called an exponential

equation. For example, 22x − 2x + 4 = 0.

6. An equation which remains unchanged when x is replaced by x1 , is called a reciprocal equation.

For example, x4 − 3x3 + 4x2 − 3x + 1 = 0.

7. An equation involving radical expressions of the variable is called a radical equation.

8. The solutions of radical-free equation which are not solutions of original radical equation are
called the extraneous roots.

9. Some forms of the radical equations are

p
l(ax2 + bx) + m ax2 + bx + c = 0
√ √ √
x+a+ x+b= x+c
p p p
ax2 + bx + c + px2 + qx + r = lx2 + mx + n
p p
ax2 + bx + c + px2 + qx + r = mx + n
√ √
−1+ 3i −1− 3i
10. Three cube roots of unity are 1, ω and ω 2 , where ω = 2 and w2 = 2 .

11. Properties of three cube roots of unity are:

Notes by: Akhtar Abbas (M.Phil QAU), Lecturer at University of Jhang. 0332-6297570
Mathematics Mathematics — Mathematics Page 2 of 2

ˆ Each complex cube root of unity is square of the other.

ˆ The sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero. i.e., 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0.
ˆ The product of all the cube roots of unity is unity. i.e., ω 3 = 1.
ˆ For any n ∈ Z, ω n is equivalent to one of the cube roots of unity.

12. Four fourth roots of unity are 1, −1, i, −i.

13. Properties of four fourth roots of unity are:

ˆ The sum of all the four fourth roots of unity is zero.

ˆ The real four fourth roots of unity are additive inverses of each other.
ˆ Both the complex roots of unity are conjugate, additive inverses and multiplicative inverses
of each other.
ˆ The product of all the fourth roots of unity is −1.

14. A polynomial in x of degree n is an expression of the form an xn + an−1 xn−1 + ... + a1 x + a0 ,

where n is a non-negative integer and an (̸= 0), an−1 , ..., a0 are real numbers.

15. The Division Algorithm is stated as

Dividend = (Divisor)(Quotient) + Remainder.

16. If a polynomial f (x) of degree n ≥ 1, is divided by x − a, then the remainder is f (a).

17. The polynomial x − a is a factor of the polynomial f (x) if f (a) = 0.

18. For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have

coef f icient of x
Sum of the roots S = − ab = − coef f icient of x2
and Product of the roots P = c
a = costant term
coef f icient of x2
.

19. If the roots are α, β, then the equation is (x − a)(x − b) = 0, or x2 − Sx + P = 0.

20. For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, we define the Discriminant = b2 − 4ac.

21. If b2 − 4ac = 0, then the roots will be real and repeated (equal).

22. If b2 − 4ac < 0, then the roots will be complex and unequal.

23. If b2 − 4ac > 0 and a perfect square, then the roots will be rational and unequal.

24. If b2 − 4ac > 0 and not a perfect square, then the roots will be irrational and unequal.

Do not settle for less than an extraordinary life. Anon

Best Of Luck

Notes by: Akhtar Abbas (M.Phil QAU), Lecturer at University of Jhang. 0332-6297570