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MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.

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MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
Chapter Number – 01 1.6. Exponential Equation: -

1.1 Quadratic Equation: - In exponential equations, variable occurs in

An equation, which contains the square of exponents.

the unknown (variable) quantity, but no higher Example: 51 + X + 51 – X = 26
power, is called a quadratic equation or an
1.7. Radical Equation: -
equation of the second degree.
A second degree equation in one variable An equation involving expression under the
x of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a ≠ 0 and a, radical sign is called a radical equation.
b, c are real numbers.
Example: √𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
Example: 2x2 + 3x + 4 = 0
1.2 General or Standard for of Quadratic 7.2 Solution to linear equation (S.S):
A solution to a linear equation is any replacement
Equation: -
or substitution for the variable x that makes the
A second degree equation in one variable statement true.
x of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a ≠ 0 and a, 7.3 Extraneous Solution:
b, c are real numbers. A solution that does not satisfy the original
Example: 2x2 + 3x + 4 = 0 equation is called extraneous solution.
Example: 𝒙 − 𝟔 = √𝒙
1.3 Pure Quadratic Equation: - 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟔)𝟐 = (√𝒙 )
If b = 0 in a quadratic equation ax2
+ bx + c = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝒙
0, where a ≠ 0 then it is called a pure quadratic
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎
equation.
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎
Example: 2x2 + 4 = 0 and 7x2 = 7 are the pure 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟗) − 𝟒(𝒙 − 𝟗) = 𝟎
quadratic equation. (𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 − 𝟗) = 𝟎
1.4 Solution of quadratic equations:- (𝒙 − 𝟒) = 𝟎 (𝑶𝒓) (𝒙 − 𝟗) = 𝟎
To find solution set of a quadratic equation, 𝒙=𝟒 𝒙=𝟗
following methods are used: { 9 } and x = 4 is extraneous solution set,
1. Factorization because 4 is not exist the original equation.
2. Completing square
3. Quadratic formula
1.5. Reciprocal Equation: -
Q What is the difference between solution
and solution set?
Solution is any value of a variable that
makes the specified equation true. A solution set is the
An equation is said to be a reciprocal equation, if set of all variables that makes the equation true.
it remains unchanged, when x is replaced by 1/x.
Example: -
Example: ax4 – bx3 +cx2+bx + a= 0
The solution set of 2y + 6 = 14 is {4},
1
Replacing x by 𝑥 in ax4 – bx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0, we because 2(4) + 6 = 14. The solution set of y2 + 6 =
have 5y is {2, 3} because 22 + 6 = 5(2) and 32 + 6 = 5(3). If
1 4 1 3 1 2 1 an equation has no solutions, its solution set is the
𝑎( ) −𝑏( ) +𝑐( ) −𝑏( )+𝑎 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 empty set or null set--a set with no members,
denoted Ø. For example, the solution set to x2 = -
a – bx + cx2 – bx3 + ax4 = 0
9 is Ø, because no number, when squared, is equal to
ax4 – bx3 +cx2+bx + a= 0 a negative number.
Thus ax4 – bx3 +cx2+bx + a= 0 is a reciprocal ========================================
equation.
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MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
Chapter Number – 02 2.4. Synthetic Division: -

2.1. Discriminant of a given quadratic equation. Synthetic division is the process of finding the
We know that the roots of the equation quotient and remainder, when a polynomial is
2
ax + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 are divided is divided by a linear polynomial. In fact
− 𝑏 + √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 − √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
and synthetic division is simply a shortcut of long
2𝑎 2𝑎
The nature of these roots depends on the value
division method.
of the expression “b2 – 4ac” which is called the
2.5. Simultaneous Equations: -
“discriminant” of the quadratic equation or
quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c. A system of equations having a common solution
2.2. Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation called a system of simultaneous equations.
through discriminant: -
2.5. Symmetric functions: -
The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c =
− 𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Symmetric functions are those functions in which
0, (a ≠ 0) are and its discriminant is the roots involved are such that the value of the
2𝑎
b2 – 4ac. expressions involving them remain unaltered,
When a, b and c are rational numbers. when roots are interchanged.
(i) If b2 – 4ac > 0 and is a perfect square, Example: -
then the roots are rational (real) and 𝑓(𝛼, 𝛽) = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
unequal. 𝑓(𝛼, 𝛽) = 𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2
(ii) If b2 – 4ac > 0 and is not perfect ∴ 𝛽2 + 𝛼 2 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2
square, then the roots are irrational = 𝑓(𝛼, 𝛽)
(real) and unequal. 2.5. Synthetic Division: -
(iii) If b2 – 4ac = 0, then the roots are Synthetic division is the process of finding the
rational (real) and equal. quotient and remainder, when a polynomial is
(iv) If b2 – 4ac < 0, then the roots are divided by a linear polynomial. In fact synthetic
imaginary (complex conjugate). division is simply a shortcut of long division
2.3. Properties of Cube roots of Unity: - method.
 If 𝜔 =
−𝑏+√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
, then 𝜔2 = Chapter Number – 03
− 𝑏 − √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
3.1. Ratio: -
2𝑎
 Sum of the cube root of unity is zero A relation between two quantities of the
 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0 same kind (measured in same unit) is called ratio.
 1 + 𝜔 = − 𝜔2  In ratio a : b, the first term is called
 1 + 𝜔2 = − 𝜔 antecedent and second term b is called
 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = − 1 consequent.
 Product of the cube root of unity is one  A ratio has no units.
 1. 𝜔. 𝜔2 = 1  In ratio a : b, where b ≠ 0 and is written in
𝒂
 𝜔3 = 1 fraction 𝒃
 𝜔. 𝜔2 = 1 Example: if a hockey team wins 4 games and
Sum and Product of the roots of a given loses 5, then the ratio of the games won to
quadratic equation without solving it. 𝟒
games lost is 4 : 5 or in fraction 𝟓
Sum of roots = s = - b/a
Product of roots = P = c / a 4
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MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
3.2. Proportion: - iii. Theorem of Componendo:-
A proportion is a statement, which is expressed If a : b = c : d
𝑎 𝑐
as an equivalence of two ratios. If two ratios a : b =
𝑏 𝑑
and c : d are equal, then we can write a : b = c : d 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
(𝑎) ⟹ 𝑏 = 𝑑
where quantities a, d are called extremes, while
, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒃 ∶ 𝒂 = 𝒅 ∶ 𝒄
b, c are called means. Symbolically the proportion
𝑎 𝑐
of a, b, c and d is written as (𝑏) ⟹ = 𝑐+𝑑 ,
𝑎+𝑏
a:b::c:d (or) a:b=c:d 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒂 ∶ 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒄 ∶ 𝒄 + 𝒅
iv. Theorem of Dividendo:-
3.3. Direct Variation: - If a : b = c : d
𝑎 𝑐
If two quantities are related in such a way that =
𝑏 𝑑
increase ( decrease ) in one quantity causes 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
increase ( decrease ) in the other quantity, then (𝑎) ⟹ =
𝑏 𝑑
this variation is called direct variation. , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒃 ∶ 𝒂 = 𝒅 ∶ 𝒄
Example: 𝑎 𝑐
(𝑏) ⟹ 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑐−𝑑 ,
i) Faster the speed of a car, longer the distance it 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒂 ∶ 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒄 ∶ 𝒄 − 𝒅
covers. V. Theorem of Componendo –
ii) The smaller the radius of the circle, smaller the dividendo:-
circumference is. If a : b = c : d
𝑎 𝑐
=
3.4. Inverse Variation: - 𝑏 𝑑
𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
If two quantities are related in such a way that (𝑎) ⟹ = ,
𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
when one quantity increases, the other decreases 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒂 + 𝒃 ∶ 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒄 + 𝒅 ∶ 𝒄 − 𝒅
𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
is called inverse variation. (𝑏) ⟹ 𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑐+𝑑 ,
Example: Number of people and the Time that 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒂 − 𝒃 ∶ 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒄 − 𝒅 ∶ 𝒄 + 𝒅
is taken to complete a particular task. 3.7 K-Method: -
3.5. Joint Variation: - If a : b : : c : d is a proportional, then putting each
ratio equal to k.
A combination of direct and inverse variations of
𝑎 𝑐
one or more than one variables forms joint Example: 𝑏
=𝑑=𝑘
variation. 𝑎 𝑐
3.6 Theorems on Proportions: - ⟹ = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘,
𝑏 𝑑
i. Theorem of Invertendo: - ⟹ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 𝑑𝑘
If a : b = c : d =======================================
𝑎 𝑐
=
𝑏 𝑑 Chapter Number – 04
𝑎 𝑏
⟹ = ,
𝑐 𝑑 Fraction: -
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒂 ∶ 𝒄 = 𝒃 ∶ 𝒅
ii. Theorem of Alternando:- The quotient of two numbers or algebraic
If a : b = c : d expressions is called a fraction. The quotient is
𝑎 𝑐
= indicated by a bar (-------------------). We write, the dividend
𝑏 𝑑 above the bar and the divisor below the bar.
𝑏 𝑑
⟹ = ,
𝑎 𝑐 𝑥2 + 3
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏 ∶ 𝑎 = 𝒅 ∶ 𝑐 Example: (𝑥 + 1)2 ( 𝑥 + 2)
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MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
Rational Fraction: - 2𝑥 2
Example: 2(x + 1) = 2x + 2 and 𝑥
= 2𝑥 are
𝑁(𝑥)
An expression of the form , where N(x) and identities, as these equations are satisfied by all
𝑑(𝑥)
D(x) are polynomials in x with real coefficients values of x.
and D(x) ≠ 0, is called a rational fraction.
Example:
𝑥2 + 3
(𝑥 + 1)2 ( 𝑥 + 2)

Proper Fraction: -
Q Whether (x+3)2 = x2 + 6x + 9 is an
identity?
An identity is an equation, which satisfied
𝑵(𝒙)
A rational fraction , with D(x) ≠ 0 is called a by all the values of the variables involved. The
𝒅(𝒙) given equation is an identity because it is satisfied
proper fraction if degree of the polynomial N(x) by all values of the variable.
in the numerator is less than the degree of the For example for x = 2
polynomial D(x) in the denominator. (2 + 3)2 = (2)2 + 6(2) + 9
𝑥2 + 3
(5)2 = 4 + 12 + 9
Example: (𝑥 + 1)2 ( 𝑥 + 2) 25 = 25 which is true
For example for x = – 1
Improper Fraction: -
(– 1 + 3)2 = (– 1)2 + 6(– 1) + 9
𝑵(𝒙)
A rational fraction , with D(x) ≠ 0 is called a (2)2 = 1 – 6 + 9
𝒅(𝒙)
4=4 which is true
improper fraction if degree of the polynomial
========================================
N(x) in the numerator is greater or equal the
degree of the polynomial D(x) in the Chapter Number – 05
denominator.
Set: -
𝑥2 +3 5𝑥 A set is a well-defined collection of objects and
Example: (𝑥 + 1)2
and
𝑥+2
it is denoted by capital letters A, B , C, …… etc.
Partial Fraction: - (OR) A collection of well-defined and distinct
objects, called set.
To express a single rational fraction as a sum of
two or more than two rational fractions is called
partial fractions.
1 2
+
𝑥−1 𝑥+1
(𝑥 + 1) + 2(𝑥 − 1)
=
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
Some Important Sets: -
𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 − 2
=
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
3𝑥 − 1
=
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
1 2
+ 𝑥+1 are components fraction or partial
𝑥−1
3𝑥−1
fraction and (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1) is resultant fraction.

Identity: -

An identity is an equation, which is satisfied by all

the values of the variables involved.
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MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
Types of Set: - Function or Mapping: -
Suppose A and B are two non-empty sets, then
 The Empty Set:-
relation f : A → B is called a function if.
A set which does not contain any element
(i) Dom f = A
is called the empty set or the null set or the void (ii) We can associate some unique image
set. element ∀ 𝑥 𝜖 𝐴
 Finite Set: -
The finite set is a set with
countable elements.
 Infinite Set: -
The infinite set is a set with
uncountable elements.
 Singleton Set: -
A set which contains only one
element is called a singleton set.
 Equal Sets: -
Two sets A and B are said to be
equal if they contain the same elements.
Every element of A is an element of B and
every element of B is an element of A.
Example:- A = {p, q, r, s} Domain Co-Domain and Range of Function: -
B = {p, s, r, q} If f : A → B is a function, then A is called the
Therefore, A = B domain of f and B is called
a co-domain of f.
 Universal Set: -
A set which contains all the elements of
other given sets is called a universal set. The
symbol for denoting a universal set is ∪.
Example:- If A = {1, 2, 3} B = {2, 3, 4} C =
{3, 5, 7}
Then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}, Here A ⊆ U, B ⊆ U,
C⊆U
Into function: -
Subset : -
A function f : A → B is called into function, if at
If A and B are two sets, and every
least one element in B
element of set A is also an element of set B,
is not an image of some elemnt of set A.
then A is called a subset of B and we write it
(OR)
as A ⊆ B or B ⊇ A
A function f : A → B is called into function if Rang
The symbol ⊂ stands for ‘is a subset of’ or ‘is
f≠ B
contained in’
• Every set is a subset of itself, i.e., A ⊂ A, B ⊂ B. Example:-
• Empty set is a subset of every set. A function f : A → B such that
Example:- Let A = {2, 4, 6} B = {6, 4, 8, 2} f = {(0, 1),(1, 1),(2, 3),(3, 2)}
Where A = {0, 1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
f is an into function.

MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
One – One function: -
A function f : A → B is called one – one function, if
all distinct elements
of A have distinct images in B.
A function f : A → B such that
f = {(0, 1),(1, 2),(2, 3),(3, 4)}
Onto OR Subjective function: -
A function f : A → B is called an onto function, if
every element of set B is an image of at least one
element of set B is an image of at least one
element of set A. (OR)
A function f : A → B is called into function if
Rang f = B
f = {(0, 1),(1, 2),(2, 3),(3, 2)}
Bijective function OR One to One
correspondence: -
A function f : A → B is called bijective function iff
function f is one – one and onto.
f = {(1, 2),(2, 3),(3, 4),(4, 5)}
7
Chapter Number – 06
Frequency distribution.
A frequency distribution is a tabular
arrangement of data into different classes. It is
method to summarize data.
Class limits: -
The minimum and the maximum values
defined for a class or group are called class limits.
The minimum value is called the lower class limit.
The maximum value is called the upper class
limit.
Example:- In the interval (0 – 9), 0 is
lower class limit and 9 is upper class limit.
Class boundaries: -
The real class limits of a class are called
class boundaries. A class boundary Is obtained by
adding two successive class limits and dividing
the sum by 2.
Midpoint or Class Mark: -
For a given class the average of that class
obtained by dividing the sum of upper and lower
class limits by 2, is called the Midpoint or Class
Mark of that class.
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
Class Mark = 2
Cumulative frequency: -
The total of frequency up to an upper
class limit or boundary is called the cumulative
frequency.
Measures of Central Tendency: -
The methods which are used to find the
central value of the data are called Measures of
Central Tendency.
Some Measure of Central Tendency are:
 Arithmetic mean
 Median
 Mode
 Geometric mean
 Harmonic mean
 Quartiles
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MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
Arithmetic Mean: - Variance: -
It is defined as a value obtained by Variance is defined as the mean of the
dividing the sum of all the observations by their squared deviation of Xi(I = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n)
number. It is denoted by 𝑋̅ observations from their arithmetic mean. It is
∑𝑋 denoted by S2
𝑋̅ = 𝑛 = Sum of all observations / Number of
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
observations 𝑆2 =
𝑛
Properties of Arithmetic Mean: -
Standard Deviation: -
(i) Mean of a variable with similar Standard deviation is defined as the
observations say constant k is the
positive square root of mean of the squared
constant k itself.
deviation of Xi(i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n) observations
(ii) Mean is affected by change in origin. from their arithmetic mean. It is denoted by S
(iii)Mean is affected by change in scale.
(iv) Sum of the deviations of the variables X ∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
𝑆=√
from its mean is always zero. 𝑛
Grouped data: - Quartiles: -
A data in the form of frequency The observations that divide a data set into
distribution is called grouped data. four equal parts are called quartiles.
========================================
Geometric Mean: -
Geometric Mean of a variable X is the nth
positive root of the product of the x1, x2, x3, … xn
observation.
G.M = (x1 x x2 x x3, . . . , xn)1/n
Harmonic Mean: -
The Harmonic Mean of a set of n
observations is defined as the reciprocal of the
arithmetic mean of the reciprocal value. If x1, x2, .
. . . ,xn are n observations then
𝑛
𝐻. 𝑀 = 1
∑( )
𝑥
Dispersion: -
Dispersion means the spread or
scatterness of observations in a data set.
Measures of Dispersion: -
The measures that are used to determine
the degree or extent of variation in a data set are
called measures of dispersion. Some measures of
dispersion are:
 Range
 Standard deviation.
 Variance
Range: -
Range measures the extent of variation
between two extreme observations of a data set.
Formula:
Range = Xmax – Xmin
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MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
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MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
Chapter Number – 07 to 13 Shaded area represents the major
segment of a circle.
Angle:
An angle is the union of non-collinear
rays with some common end points. The rays
are called arms of the angle and common point
is known as vertex of the angle.
Sector of the circle:
A part of the circle bounded by the two radii
and an arc is called sector of the circle. AOB
is the sector of a circle with centre O.

Initial Side of Angle:

When we form an angle in this way, the
original position of the ray is called initial side
of the angle.
Terminal Side of Angle: General Angles or Coterminal angles:
When we form an angle in this way, the final Two or more than two angles with the
position of the ray is called terminal side of the same initial and terminal sides are called
angle. coterminal angles.
Degree:
We divide the circumference of a circle Plane:
into 360o equal arcs. The angle subtended In mathematics, a plane is a flat, two-
atthe centre of the circle by one arc is called dimensional surface that extends infinitely far.
one degree and is denoted by 1o. A plane is two dimensional analogue of a
Radian: point (zero dimension), A line(one dimension)
The angle subtended at the centre of and three –dimensional space.
the circle by an arc whose length is equal to
the
radius of the circle is called one radian.
Arc of a circle:
A part of the circumference of a circle is called
an arc.

Segment of a circle:
A part of circle bounded by an arc and a chord
is called segment of a circle.
Minor Segment of a circle:
Minor segment is the portion of a circle
bounded by minor Quadrants:
arc and corresponding chord. The x-axis and y-axis divides the plane
Shaded area represents the minor segment of in four regions, called quadrants.
a circle. There are four quadrants.
Major Segment of a circle: Origin: When x-axis and y-axis intersect
Major segment is the portion of a circle each other at right angle, the point of
bounded by major arc and corresponding intersection is called origin. It is denoted by O.
chord.
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MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
Projection or Projection of line segment:
Quadrantal Angles: The projection of a line segment ̅̅̅̅ 𝐶𝐷 on a line
If the terminal side of an angle in segment 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ is the portion 𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ of te latter
standard position falls on x-axis and y-axis, intercepted between foots of the
then it is called a quadrantal angle.For perpendiculars drawn from C and D. however
example, 𝟗𝟎𝟎 , 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎, 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 and 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 are projection of a vertical line segment CD on a
quadrantal angles. line segment AB is a point on AB which is of
Angle in standard position: zero dimension.
A general angle is said to be in standard
position if its vertex is at the origin and its initial
side is directed along the positive direction of
the x-axis of a rectangular coordinate system.
For example 450 is an angle in standard
position shown in following figure:
Angle of elevation:
The angle of elevation of an object as Supplementary angles:
seen by an observer is the angle between the If the sum of the measurement of two
horizontal and the line from the object to the angles is equal to 180° then they are called
observer's eye (the line of sight). supplementary angles.
Complementary angles:
If the sum of the measurement of two
angles is equal to 90° then they are called
complementary angles.
Acute angle:
If the measure of an angle is less than
900 then it is called acute angle.
Angle of depression: Right angle:
If the object is below the level of the observer, An angle which is bounded by two lines
then the angle between perpendicular to each other is equal to 90° is
the horizontal and the observer's line of sight called right angle.
is called the angle of depression. Obtuse angle:
An angle which is greater than 90° but
less than 180° is called obtuse angle.
Reflex angle:
An angle which is greater than
180° but less than 360° is called obtuse angle.
Semicircle:
Apollonius Theorem:
Half of the circumference of a
In any triangle, the sum of the squares
circle is called a semicircle.
on any two sides is equal to twice the square
Angle subtended by
on half the third side together with twice the
semicircle at the centre of a
on the median which bisects the third side.
circle is equal to 1800.
Projection or Projection of a point:
Circle: The set of all points in a plane which
The projection
are equidistance from some fixed point in the
of a given point on a
plane is called a circle.
line is the foot of
perpendicular drawn
from the point on that
line .However the
Q How many circles can pass
through
points?
three non-collinear

projection of given Ans. One and only one circle can pass
point P on a line AB through three non-collinear points.
is the point P itself.
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MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
Centre of the circle: The fixed point from which Hypotenuse=mOA=9cm,
all the points of a circle are equidistance is Perpendicular=mOC=5cm
called the centre of the circle. Base=mAC
Radius of the circle: By using Pythagoras Theorem
The distance of any point (Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2+ (Perp)2
of the circle to its centre (9cm)2 = (mAC)2 + (5cm)2
is called its radius. 81cm2 = (mAC)2 + 25cm2
Chord of a circle: 81cm2 = (mAC)2 + 25cm2
The straight line joining
81cm2 - 25cm2 = (mAC)2
any two points of the
circumference is called a (mAC)2 =81cm2 - 25cm2
chord of the circle. 56cm2 = (mAC)2

Q If an arc of a circle subtends a

central angle of 60 , what is the
central angle of corresponding
chord of the arc?
Ans. Central angle of arc and corresponding
chords are equal .So if central angle for
an arc of circle is 60 then central angle of
corresponding chord will be 60 .
(mAC)2 =56cm2
√(𝒎𝑨𝑪)𝟐 = √𝟓𝟔𝒄𝒎𝟐 mAC = 7.5cm
Perpendicular OC from the centre of a circle
on the chord AB bisects it, So
Length of chord AB =2× mAC
Length of chord AB =2×7.5cm
Length of chord AB =15cm

Q If a chord of length 8cm and its

radius is 5cm then find the
Q Find the radius of circle having
4cm long chord subtends a
central angle of 60 .
distance of the chord from the Ans. If a chord subtends a central angle of 60
centre. , then radius of the circle is equal to the
Ans. . Perpendicular length of chord. So, the radius of a circle is
OC from the centre of a 4cm.
circle on the chord AB
bisects it, so
𝑚𝐴𝐵 8𝑐𝑚
mOA = 2 = 2 = 4cm
Q A 8cm long chord subtends a
central angle of 60. Find its radius.
Ans. If a chord subtends a central
In right triangle OBC angle of 60, then radius of the circle is equal
Hypotenuse=mOA=5cm, to the length of chord. So, the radius of a
Perpendicular=mOC circle is 8cm.
Base = Mac = 4cm
By using Pythagoras Theorem
(Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2
(5cm)2 = (4cm)2 + (mOC)2
Q In the adjacent circular figure with
centre o and radius 5cm.Find the
length of the chord
intercepted at 4cm away
25cm2 = (4cm)2 + 16cm2 from the Centre of this
25cm2 = 16cm2 +(mOC)2 circle.
25cm2 - 16cm2 = (mOC)2
(mOC)2 =25cm2 - 16cm2 Ans. In right triangle OAC
Hypotenuse=m𝑂𝐴 ̅̅̅̅ = 5cm,
9cm2 = (mOC)2
Perpendicular = m𝑂𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ = 4cm, Base = m𝐴𝐶
̅̅̅̅
(mOC)2 =9cm2
By using Pythagoras Theorem
√(mOC)2 = √9𝑐𝑚 2
(Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2
mOC = 3cm ̅̅̅̅ )2 + (4cm)2

Q
(5cm) = (m𝐴𝐶
Calculate the length ̅̅̅̅ )2 + 16cm2
25cm2 = (m𝐴𝐶
of a chord which 25cm2 = (m𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ )2 + 16cm2
subtends at a 25cm2 - 16cm2 = (m𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ )2
distance 5cm from the ̅̅̅̅ ) = 25cm2 - 16cm2
(m𝐴𝐶 2
centre of a circle whose 9cm2 = (mAC)2
radius is 9cm. ̅̅̅̅ )2 =9cm2
(m𝐴𝐶
Ans. In right triangle OBC √(𝒎𝑨𝑪)𝟐 = √𝟗𝒄𝒎𝟐
 13
MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
̅̅̅̅ = 3cm
m𝐴𝐶 Non-collinear points:
Perpendicular 𝑂𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ from the centre of a circle Two or more than two points which do
bisects the chord 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ .So, not lie on the same straight line are called non-
̅̅̅̅
Length of chord 𝐴𝐵 = 2× m𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ collinear points.P, Q and R1 are non-collinear
Length of chord ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 =2× 3cm points.
Length of chord 𝐴𝐵

Q
̅̅̅̅ =6cm
From which point perpendicular
bisector of the chord of a circle
passes through?
Ans. Perpendicular bisector of the chord of a
circle passes through the centre of a circle.
Q What will be the chord length of a
circle subtending a central angle
of 180 ?
Ans. Chord length will be equal to the diameter
of the circle .
Diameter = 2 ×Radius of circle

Q If two chords of a circle are

equidistant from centre then what
is relation between their lengths.
Ans. If two chords of a circle are equidistant
So Chord length= 2×Radius of the circle

Q The length of the chord and the

radial segment of a circle are
congruent, what will be the
from centre then their lengths are equal. central angle made by the chord?
Radial Segment: Ans. The length of a chord and the radial
Radial segment of a circle is segment of a circle are congruent, the central
a line segment determined Angle made by the chord will be 60.
by the centre and a point on
the circle. OA is a radial
segment.
Formula for Area of a circle: Area “A‟ of a circle
Q Differentiate between Minor arc
and Major arc of a circle, illustrate
them by diagram:
with radius “r‟ is: Minor Arc Major Arc
A = π r2 , Area of a circle ‘A’ with diameter ‘d’ An arc smaller than An arc larger than
𝜋𝑑 2 half of the half of the
is : 𝐴 = circumference is circumference is
4
called the minor arc called the minor arc
Formula for area of semicircle: Area “A‟
𝜋 𝑟2
of the circle. of
of a semicircle with radius “r‟ is: 𝐴 = the circle.
2

Q In adjacent figure, find Measure of an angle Measure of an angle

semicircular area if π=3.1416 and subtended by minor subtended by minor
arc at the centre of a arc at the centre of a
m 𝑴̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐴 = 20cm
circle is less than circle is greater than
Solution: 180o 180o
̅̅̅̅ = 20cm
Raduis = r = m𝑂𝐴
We know that
𝝅 𝒓𝟐
Area of semicircle =
𝟐
3.14116 ×(20𝑐𝑚)2
Area of semicircle =
2
3.14116 ×(400𝑐𝑚)2
Area of semicircle =

Area of semicircle = 628.32cm2

Collinear points:
2
Area of semicircle = 3.146×200cm2
Q Differentiate between interior and
exterior of a circle, illustrate them
by diagram.
Interior of a circle:
Two or more than two points lying on The area bounded by the
same straight line are called collinear points.P, circumference of the circle is called the interior
Q and R2 are collinear points. of a circle.

MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
Exterior of a circle: The area outside the
circumference of a circle is called the
exterior of a circle.
Tangent of a circle
A tangent to a circle is the straight line
which touches the circumference at a
single point only.
Secant of a circle:
A secant is a straight
line which cuts the
circumference of a
circle in two distinct
points. AB is a secant .It
cuts the circle at two
points P and Q.
The length of a tangent:
The length of a tangent
to a circle is measured from
the given point to
the point of contact. AB is tangent is
drawn from an external point A to a
circle with centre o. “l” is length of
Tangent
A central angle:
The angle subtended by an arc at the
centre of a circle is central angle. Angle
AOB is central angle.
A Circumangle or Circumsccribed angle:
The angle subtended by an arc of a
circle at its circumference, is called
circumangle. Angle ACB is a
circumangle
14
Quadrilateral:
A polygon having four sides is called
quadrilateral.
Following are quadrilaterals:
Rectangle
Square
Cyclic Or Cyclic quadrilateral:
A quadrilateral is called cyclic when a
circle can be drawn through its
four vertices. Quadrilateral ABC is a
cyclic.
Geometry: The word geometry means
measurement of the Earth or land. It is
an
important branch of mathematics which
deals with the shape,size and position
of geometric figures.
Polygon: A plane closed figure with three
or more straight edges as its sides
is called a polygon.
Polygons are named according to
the number of sides.
Examples: Square and triangle are
regular polygons
Vertices of a polygon:
The corners of a polygon are called its
vertices.
In triangle ABC A, B and C are its
vertices.
Regular Polygon: A figure bounded by
equal straight lines which has all its
angles equal is called a regular
polygon.
Example: Square and triangle are
regular polygons
 15
MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
Perimeter: Circum-radius:
The length of boundary of a plane figure The radius of
(two- dimensional) is called its circum-circle is
perimeter. OR called the circum-
The perimeter of a closed geometric radius .It is
figure is the sum of the length of its denoted by R.
sides. Inscribed-circle or In-circle:
Locus:
The path of an object moving according The circle
to some rule is the locus of the object. drawn inside a
triangle
Boundary of the circle: touching its
The circumference of a circle is called three sides
boundary of the circle. is called its
Concentric Circles: inscribed circle
Two or more circles with the same or
Centre and in-circle .Its radius is called in-radius. Its
different radii are called concentric centre is called in-centre. Its centre is
circles. denoted
Following circles C1, C2 and C3 are by „I‟ .Its radius is denoted by „r‟
concentric circles.
In-centre:
The centre of in-circle which is point of
intersection of the bisectors
of angles of the triangle is called in-
entre. It is denoted by “I”.
In-radius:
The radius of in-circle is called in-
Circum-circle: radius. It is denoted by “r”.
The circle passing Escribed circle or e-circle:
through the vertices of A circle which touches one side of
triangle is known as the triangle externally and other two
circum-cirrcle.Its radius produced sides internally is called an
is called circum radius escribed circle ( e-circle).The centre of
and centre as circum e-circle is called e-centre and radius is
centre. called e-radius.
Circle C1 is circum-circle passing Centres of e-circles opposite to the
through the vertices of triangle ABC vertices A, B and C are denoted by I1 ,I2
and I3 respectively. Radii of e-circle
Circum-centre:
opposite to the
vertices A, B and C
The centre of circle which is the point of are denoted by
intersection of the right bisectors of the r1,r2
sides and r3
of the triangle is called circum-centre. It
respectively
is denoted by “o”

MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
E-centre or Ex-Centre:
The centre of e-circle which is the point
where the internal bisector of one and
the
external bisector of the other two angles
of the triangle meet is called e-centre or
excentre.
Centres of e-circles opposite to
the vertices A, B and C are denoted by
I1 ,I2 and
I3 respectively.
E-Radius:
The radius of e-circle is called e-radius
.Radii of e-circle opposite to the vertices
A,B and C are denoted by r1,r2 and r3
respectively.
In-centre of a triangle:
In-centre of a triangle is the centre of a
circle inscribed in a triangle.
It is denoted by „I
Common tangent:
A line that is tangent to more than one
coplanar circles is referred as common
tangent
of these circles .A common tangent can
be tangent either internally o externally.
AB is a common tangent to equal circles
C1 and C2
Q. How many common tangents can
be drawn for two disjoint circles?
Ans. Four
common
tangents can
be drawn for
two disjoint
circles. Two tangents are
direct common tangents and other two
are transverse common tangents.
Four common tangents for two disjoint
circles C1 and C2 are shown in figure.
16
Q. How many common tangents can
be drawn for two touching circles?
Ans. Three common tangents can be
drawn for two touching circles.
Three common tangents for touching
circles C1 and C2 shown in figure
Q. How many tangents can be drawn
to the circle at the point on its
circumference?
Ans. One and only one tangent can be
drawn to the circle at the point on its
circumference.
Q. How many numbers of tangents
are drawn from any point out of the
circle? What
is the relation between their lengths?
Ans. Two tangents can be drawn from
a point out of the circle. Their lengths
are same.
Q. If two tangents are drawn at the
end points of a diameter of a circle
then
where they will intersect each other?
Ans. Two tangents drawn at the end
points of a diameter of a circle are
parallel .So
they will never intersect each other.
Q. What is relation between the
tangents drawn at the end points of
the diameter
of a circle?
Ans. Tangents drawn at the end points
of the diameter of a circle are parallel to
each
other.
Q. What is angle between the tangent
line and the radial segment joining
the
 17
MULTAN ACADEMY, NEAR RAZABAD CHOWK MULTAN.
point of contact and centre?
Ans. The tangent line and the radial
segment joining the the point of contact
and
centre are perpendicular to each other.
Angle between tangent and radial
segment is
90 .
Q. What is the difference between the
angle made by the tangents drawn at
the
ends of a circle?
Ans. In a circle, tangent drawn at the
ends of a chord make equal angles with
that
chord. So there is no difference
between their angles
Direct or external common tangent:
If two circles are on the same sides of a
common tangent, this tangent is called
the
direct common tangent.

AB is a direct or external common

tangent to equal circles C1 and C2.
Indirect or Transverse or internal
common tangent:
If the two circles are on opposite sides
of the common tangent, it is called the
indirect
or transverse or internal common
tangent.