NEW HORIZON SCHOOL

CHAPTER : TWO
CHAPTER NAME : POLYNOMIALS
CLASS : 9
In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression of finite length
constructed from variables and constants, using only the operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative, whole-
number exponents. Polynomials appear in a wide variety of areas of
mathematics and science. For example, they are used to form
polynomial equations, which encode a wide range of problems, from
elementary word problems to complicated problems in the sciences;
they are used to define polynomial functions, which appear in
settings ranging from basic chemistry and physics to economics and
social science; they are used in calculus and numerical analysis to
approximate other functions.
Let x be a variable n, be a positive
integer and as, a1,a2 ,….a nbe constants
(real nos.)
Then, f(x) = a xnn+ a xn-1
n-1+….+a x+x
1 o

 anxn,a n-1
xn-1,….a x 1and a areo known as
the terms of the polynomial.
 a ,a ,an-2,….a and1 a are their
n n-1 o
coefficient
s.

For example:
• p(x) = 3x – 2 is a polynomial in variable x.
• q(x) = 3y2 – 2y + 4 is a polynomial in variable y.
• f(u) = 1/2u3 – 3u2 + 2u – 4 is a polynomial in variable u.
•A polynomial of degree 1 is called a Linear
Polynomial. Its general form is ax+b where a is not
equal to 0
•A polynomial of degree 2 is called a Quadratic
Polynomial. Its general form is ax3+bx2+cx, where a
is not equal to zero
•A polynomial of degree 3 is called a Cubic
Polynomial. Its general form is ax3+bx2+cx+d,
where a is not equal to zero.
•A polynomial of degree zero is called a Constant
Polynomial
LINEAR POLYNOMIAL
For example:
p(x) = 4x – 3, q(x) = 3y are linear
polynomials.
Any linear polynomial is in the form
ax + b, where a, b are real
nos. and a ≠ 0.

QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL
For example:

f(x) = √3x2 – 4/3x + ½, q(w) = 2/3w2 + 4

are quadratic polynomials with real

coefficients.
 CUBIC POLYNOMIAL

For example:

f(x) = 9/5x3 – 2x2 + 7/3x _1/5

is a cubic polynomial in variable x.

CONSTANT POLYNOMIAL

For example:
If(x) = 7, g(x) = -3/2, h(x) = 2
are constant polynomials.
 VALUE OF POLYNOMIAL
If f(x) is a polynomial and y is
any real no. then real no.
obtained by replacing x by y in
f(x) is called the value of f(x)
at x = y and is denoted by f(x).

ZEROES OF POLYNOMIAL

A real no. x is a zero of the

polynomial f(x),is f(x) = 0
Finding a zero of the
polynomial means solving
polynomial equation f(x) = 0.
α + β = - coefficient of x
Coefficient of x2
= -
b
a
αβ = constant term
Coefficient of x2

= c
a
α+β+γ= -Coefficient of x2 =
-b
Coefficient of x3 a

αβ + βγ + γα = Coefficient of x =
c
Coefficient of x3 a

αβγ = - Constant term = d

Coefficient of x3 a
DIVISION
ALGORITHM
 •ON FINDING THE
QUOTIENT AND
•If f(x) and g(x) are REMAINDER USING
DIVISION ALGORITHM.
any two polynomials
with g(x) ≠ 0,then we
can always find •ON CHECKING WHETHER
polynomials q(x), and A GIVEN POLYNOMIAL IS
r(x) such that : A FACTOR OF THE OTHER
POLYNIMIAL BY APPLYING
THEDIVISION
ALGORITHM
F(x) = q(x) g(x) +
r(x),
Where r(x) = 0 or •
degree r(x) < THE
degree ON FINDINGZEROES
REMAINING THE OF A
•ON VERYFYING POLYNOMIAL WHEN SOME
gD(IxV)ISION ALGORITHM
OF ITS ZEROES ARE GIVEN.
FOR POLYNOMIALS.