AM WIs

Answers to selected exercises from revision Lecture 0

1. Simplify the following expressions
1 1
a) log 4 16 = 2 , 𝑏) log 4 = −1 ; c) log 4 2 = ; 𝑑) log 4 (4)sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 ;
4 2

4 +6)
𝑒) 5log5 77 = 77 ; 𝑓) 3log3(𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 6;

3 3
𝑔) 23 log2 7 = 2log2 7 = 73 or 23 log2 7 = (2log2 7 ) = (7)3 = 73 ,
1 1
ℎ) 5 𝑥+log5 2 = 5𝑥 ⋅ 5log5 2 = 2 ⋅ 5𝑥 ; 𝑖) 7− log7 𝑥 = log 𝑥 = ,
7 7 𝑥
32𝑥
𝑗) = 32𝑥−1 ; 𝑘) (97 )𝑥 = 97𝑥 = (9𝑥 )7 ,
3
𝑙) what is greater: log 4 5 or log 5 4 ?
1
log 4 5 > 1 and log 5 4 = , so log 5 4 < 1 , so log 5 4 < log 4 5
log 4 5
2. Solve the following equations (if possible):

𝑎) 2𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8) = 0 ⇔ 2𝑥 = 0 ∨ 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 = 0
2𝑥 is never equal to zero, so we only solve 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 = 0,

𝑧 2 − 16
𝑐) = 0 ⟺ 𝑧 2 − 16 = 0 ⟺ 𝑧 = −4 ∨ 𝑧 = 4.
𝑧4
3. Solve the following inequalities:

𝑎) (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 10) > 0 ans.: 𝑥 < −2/3 or 𝑥 > 2,

𝑐) 2𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8) ≥ 0
2𝑥 is always larger than zero, never zero, so we check only 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 ≥ 0,

ℎ) log 5 (5 − 3𝑥) > 1

The 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 is an increasing function
log 5 (5 − 3𝑥) > 1
5 − 3𝑥 > 51 ans.: 𝑥 < 0.

4. Find the indicated values:

𝜋 𝜋
arcsin: [−1,1] → [− , ] , arccos: [−1,1] → [0, 𝜋],
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
arctan: (−∞, ∞) → (− , ), arccot: (−∞, ∞) → (0, 𝜋)
2 2

𝜋 1 𝜋 √3 𝜋 √3 𝜋 1
sin = ; cos = ; sin = ; cos = .
6 2 6 2 3 2 3 2
 1 𝜋 √3 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎) arccos (2) = 3 , arcsin ( 2 ) = 3 , arctan 1 = 4 , arcsin (− 2) = − 6 ,
𝑏) arccos(1.4) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 ,
1 1
𝑐) arcsin(sin 𝜋)) = 0 𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐞: arcsin(sin 𝜋) ≠ 𝜋, 𝑑) sin (arcsin ( )) = ,
2 2
3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑒) arcsin (sin ) =− , 𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐞: arcsin (sin ) ≠ ,
2 2 2 2
𝑓) sin(arcsin (−1)) = −1.

5. Solve for x:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎) arcsin(sin 𝑥) = , 𝑥 = + 2𝑘𝜋,
2 2
𝑏) sin(arcsin(𝑥)) = −1, 𝑥 = −1,
1 𝜋 1
𝑐) sin(2𝑥) = 0.56, 𝑥 = arcsin(0.56) + 𝑘𝜋 , 𝑥 = − arcsin(0.56) + 𝑘𝜋 .
2 2 2

6*. Solve the following inequalities

1 1
𝑎) arcsin(𝑥) > 2 , arcsin is an increasing function, so 𝑥 > sin (2) and we also require that x is
1
in the domain −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1. Thus sin 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 1. The value of sin 0.5 ≈ 0.4794.
𝑐) arccos(𝑥) > 4, arccos is never larger than 4. There are no solutions.

7. Find the natural domain and additionally find the range of the functions from a), c), e);

𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥

The domain is for 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅: 𝑥 ≥ 0} the range 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 ≥ 0,

𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ∈ 𝑅: 𝑦 ≥ 0}.
1
𝑏) 𝑓(𝑡) = 2
2𝑡 + 4𝑡 + 5

2𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 5 ≠ 0, ∆= 16 − 40 = −24 , there is no zero value, so 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅.

𝑐) 𝑓(𝑥) = log10 (𝑥 2 − 1) so, 𝑥 2 − 1 > 0 ⟺ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) > 0,

The Domain 𝑥 ∈ (−∞; −1) ∪ (1; +∞), 𝐷𝑓 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅: 𝑥 < −1 ∨ 𝑥 > 1} ,

The Range 𝑦 = log10 (𝑥 2 − 1) ∈ 𝑅, 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅.

2 +𝑦+1
𝑒) 𝑓(𝑦) = 3𝑦 , 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅

1
For the range: 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0, Δ = 1 − 4 < 0 so the smallest value is at 𝑦0 = − 2,
1 1 3 3 3
34−2+1 = 34 ≈ 2.27 … , so the range is 𝑓(𝑦) ≥ 34 ≈ 2.27 … , 𝑅𝑓 = {𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑦) ∈ 𝑅: 𝑧 ≥ 34 }.

9. Which is the inner and outer function of the following compositions (there might be more
than two functions):

𝑎) (sin 𝑥 + 1)5
From the outside: 𝑡 5 , t = sin x + 1 .

𝑏) sin(𝑥 5 + 1)
From the outside: sin 𝑡, 𝑡 = 𝑥 5 + 1
𝑐) 3sin 𝑥
From the outside : exponential 3𝑡 , 𝑡 = sin 𝑥,

𝑑) log 2 (tan(𝑥 2 − 5))

From the outside: log 2 (𝑡), 𝑡 = tan 𝑠 , 𝑠 = 𝑥 2 − 5,

3
𝑒) √log10 (3𝑥 5 + 3)
3
From the outside: √𝑡, 𝑡 = log10 (𝑠), 𝑠 = 3𝑥 5 + 3,

𝑓) sin4 (log 2 (𝑥 + 2))

From the outside: 𝑡 4 , 𝑡 = sin(𝑠), s = log 2 (𝑝), 𝑝 = 𝑥 + 2.

10. Find the indicated composition and determine the natural domain
𝑥
𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)), 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)),
2𝑥 + 1
1
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅\ {− } , 𝐷𝑔 = 𝑅,
2 𝑥
3𝑥
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2∙3𝑥 +1 , 𝐷 = 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 32𝑥+1 , 𝐷 = 𝑅\{−0,5},

11*. Show that the following functions are inverse to each other 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥 and
𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥:

1
𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1) , 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅,.
2
1
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓(2𝑥 − 1) = ((2𝑥 − 1) + 1) = 𝑥,
2
1 1
𝑓 −1 ( (𝑥 + 1)) = 2 ( (𝑥 + 1)) − 1 = 𝑥,
2 2
𝑥
𝑐) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 2, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = log 3 (𝑥 − 2) the inverse exists for 𝑥>2

𝑓( 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓(log 3 (𝑥 − 2)) = 3(log3(𝑥−2)) + 2 = (𝑥 − 2) + 2 = 𝑥,

𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (3𝑥 + 2) = log 3 (3𝑥 + 2 − 2) = log 3 (3𝑥 ) = 𝑥.

12*. Plot a graph of some function which is

a) 𝑓: [2, 3] → [1,2] not "on-to" [1,2] and not „one-to-one”

b) 𝑓: [2, 3] → [0,2] not "on-to" [0,2] and not „one-to-one”,
𝑐) 𝑓: [1, 2] → [1,2] is "on-to" [1,2] and not „one-to-one”,
𝑑) 𝑓: [2, 3] → [2,3] not "on-to" [2,3] and is „one-to-one”,
𝑒) 𝑓: [1, 2] → [2,3] which has an inverse function.
a) b) c)

d) e)

13*. Let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 , 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥. Show some examples of sets X, Y, such that:
a) the function 𝑓 is one-to-one and is on-to ;
𝑋 = [0, 𝜋], 𝑌 = [−1,1]
b) the function 𝑓 is not one-to-one and is on-to ;
𝑋 = [0, 2𝜋], 𝑌 = [−1,1]
c) the function 𝑓 is one-to-one and is not on-to ;
𝑋 = [0, 𝜋], 𝑌 = [−2,1]
d) the function 𝑓 is not one-to-one and is not on-to.
𝑋 = [−𝜋, 𝜋], 𝑌 = [−2,4].

14*. Find the inverse function and its domain:

𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 4
To find the domain we seek the range of f
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅.
To find the inverse function:
𝑦−4
𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 4 ⇔ 𝑦 − 4 = 5𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = .
5
𝑥−4
The inverse function is 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 5 . The domain of the inverse function is 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅.

1
𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 2 ≠ 0 ; 𝑥 ≠ √2 ∧ 𝑥 ≠ −√2 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅\{−√2, √2}.
𝑥2 −2

To find the domain of the inverse function we can 1. determine the range of 𝑓 like in the above
example:
2 2
𝑥2 − 2
𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇔ 𝑥 − 2 ≥ −2 ⇔ ≤1 ⇔
−2
1 1 1 1
1. − ≤ 2 and 𝑥 2 − 2 > 0 2. − ≥ 2 and 𝑥 2 − 2 < 0
2 𝑥 −2 2 𝑥 −2
1 1 1
1. 0 < 2. − ≥ 2 i 𝑥2 − 2 < 0
𝑥2 − 2 2 𝑥 −2
 1
𝑅𝑓 = {𝑦 ∈ 𝑅: 𝑦 > 0 or 𝑦 ≤ − }.
2

To find the inverse function:

1 1 1 1
𝑦= 2 ⇔ 𝑥2 − 2 = , 𝑦 ≠ 0 ⇔ 𝑥2 = + 2, 𝑦 ≠ 0, +2≥0
𝑥 −2 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
1 1
⇔𝑥 =√ +2 or 𝑥 = −√ + 2.
𝑦 𝑦

either 2. We can also find the domain of the inverse function when calculating 𝑦 , the formula
for it

1 1 + 2𝑦 1
+2≥0 ⇔ ≥0 ⇔ 𝑦(1 + 2𝑦) ≥ 0 ⇔ 𝑦 ∈ (−∞ , − ] ∪ (0, +∞).
𝑦 𝑦 2

1 1
The inverse function is 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2 or 𝑓 −1 ( 𝑥) = −√𝑥 + 2. The domain is either
the range of f (or the restrictions for y):

1 1
𝐷𝑓−1 = (−∞, − ] ∪ (0, +∞) ⇔ 𝐷𝑓−1 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅: 𝑥 > 0 or 𝑥 ≤ − } .
2 2