ASSESSMENT TASK 2 SOLUTION

1.a
Setting up table of values
1.b 𝑟 ′(𝑡) =

𝑟 ′′(𝑡) =
We will use the first derivative above as our base function.
1.c
𝑟 ′ (𝑡 ) →
When 𝑡 = 0

When 𝑡 = 1
When 𝑡 = 2

𝑟 ′′(𝑡) →
When 𝑡 = 0
When 𝑡 = 1

When 𝑡 = 2
(a)
With the parametric function given above, our vector-valued function is defined below:

𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 sin(𝑡 ) 𝑖 + 𝑒 𝑡 cos(𝑡 ) 𝑗 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑘

By principle, the slope/gradient of the tangent vector to a given curve is the first derivative evaluated
on a given point.

𝑑 𝑡
𝑟′(𝑡 ) = (𝑒 sin(𝑡 ) 𝑖 + 𝑒 𝑡 cos(𝑡) 𝑗 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑘)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑡 𝑑 𝑡 𝑑 𝑡
= ( ( ))
𝑒 sin 𝑡 𝑖 + ( ( ))
𝑒 cos 𝑡 𝑗 + (𝑒 )𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
We will do it by parts.

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(i) (𝑒 𝑡 sin(𝑡)) = 𝑒 𝑡 (sin(𝑡 )) + sin(𝑡 ) (𝑒 𝑡 ) Multiplication Rule
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
= 𝑒 cos(𝑡) + sin(𝑡 ) 𝑒
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(ii) 𝑑𝑡 (𝑒 𝑡 cos(𝑡 )) = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (cos(𝑡 )) + cos(𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 (𝑒 𝑡 ) Multiplication Rule
= 𝑒 𝑡 (− sin(𝑡 )) + cos(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑡 = − sin(𝑡 ) 𝑒 𝑡 + cos(𝑡 ) 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑
(iii) 𝑑𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡

Hence,

𝑟′(𝑡) = (𝑒 𝑡 cos(𝑡) + sin(𝑡 ) 𝑒 𝑡 )𝑖 + (− sin(𝑡 ) 𝑒 𝑡 + cos(𝑡 ) 𝑒 𝑡 )𝑗 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑘

Now, we will compute the gradient vector at Point 𝑃 evaluated at 𝑡 = 0.

𝑟′(0) = (𝑒 0 cos(0) + sin(0) 𝑒 0 )𝑖 + (− sin(0) 𝑒 0 + cos(0) 𝑒 0 )𝑗 + 𝑒 0 𝑘

= (𝑒 0 cos(0) + sin(0) 𝑒 0 )𝑖 + (− sin(0) 𝑒 0 + cos(0) 𝑒 0 )𝑗 + 𝑒 0 𝑘
= 1𝑖 + 1𝑗 + 1𝑘

To compute the unit tangent vector the formula is given below:

1 ′( )
1 1
𝑇(𝑡 ) = 𝑟 𝑡 = < 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 ≥ < 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 >
|𝑟 ′ (𝑡 )| √12 + 12 + 12 √3
√3 √3 √3
=< 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘>
3 3 3
(b)

Given three parametric equations, namely:

𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑡 ), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡 ), 𝑧 = ℎ(𝑡)
The length of curve 𝐶 with the given close interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is given below by
the ff. integral:

𝑏
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 2
𝐿 = ∫ √( ) + ( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
Hence,
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 sin (𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡), 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑒 𝑡 (cos(𝑡) + sin(𝑡)) , = 𝑒 𝑡 (cos(𝑡 ) − sin(𝑡)), = 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
2
𝐿 = ∫ √(𝑒 𝑡 (cos(𝑡) + sin(𝑡 )))2 + (𝑒 𝑡 (cos(𝑡 ) − sin(𝑡 ))) + (𝑒 𝑡 )2 𝑑𝑡
0
1

= ∫ √𝑒 2𝑡 (2sin(t)cos(𝑡) + sin2 (𝑡) + cos 2 (𝑡)) + 𝑒 2𝑡 (−2sin(t)cos(𝑡) + sin2 (𝑡) + cos 2 (𝑡)) + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
1

= ∫ √𝑒 2𝑡 (2sin(t)cos(𝑡 ) + 1) + 𝑒 2𝑡 (−2sin(t)cos(𝑡 ) + 1) + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
1

= ∫ √𝑒 2𝑡 (sin (2t) + 1) + 𝑒 2𝑡 (−sin (2t) + 1) + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡

0

= ∫ √𝑒 2𝑡 sin(2t) + e2t − 𝑒 2𝑡 sin(2𝑡 ) + 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡

0
1 1

= ∫ √3𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ √3𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = √3𝑒 𝑡 |10 = √3(𝑒 1 − 𝑒 0 ) = √3(𝑒 − 1) ≈ 2.98

0 0
From the three parametric equation, we will solve 𝑡.
Given 𝑃(4,4,1), then 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = 1.
So,
3𝑡 2 + 1 = 4
4𝑡 = 4
𝑒 𝑡−1 = 1
Which implies that 𝑡 = 1.
With the parametric function given above, our vector-valued function is
defined below:
𝑟(𝑡) = (3𝑡 2 + 1)𝑖 + (4𝑡 )𝑘 + (𝑒 𝑡−1 )𝑗
By principle, the slope/gradient of the tangent vector to a given curve is the
first derivative evaluated on a given point.
𝑟′(𝑡 ) = (6𝑡)𝑖 + (4)𝑘 + (𝑒 𝑡−1 )𝑗
The gradient vector is,
𝑟′(1) = 6𝑖 + 4𝑘 + 1𝑗
Hence,
𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑧1 + 𝑐𝑡
𝑥 = 4 + 6𝑡, 𝑦 = 4 + 4𝑡, 𝑧 = 1 + 1𝑡

Let’s compute first 𝑣′(𝑡).

𝑣 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 8𝑡𝑘
By definition two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are orthogonal, if 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0.
Hence,
⃗⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑢 𝑣 ′ =< 𝑡 2 , 6𝑡, 𝑡 >⋅< 1, −5,8𝑡 >
= 𝑡 2 ⋅ 1 + 6𝑡 ⋅ (−5) + 𝑡 ⋅ 8𝑡
10 10
= 𝑡 2 − 30𝑡 + 8𝑡 2 = 9𝑡 2 − 30𝑡 = 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 = 𝑡 (𝑡 − ) = 0
3 3
10
Hence, 𝑡 = {0, 3 ).

We will do integration by components of the vector.

Here we have,
𝑥 (𝑡) = sin(3𝑡) , 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 , 𝑧(𝑡 ) = cos (𝑡)
So,
∫ sin(3𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 =
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
∫ cos (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = sin(𝑡 ) + 𝐶
Hence,
1 1
(− cos(3𝑡 )) 𝑖 + (− 𝑒 −2𝑡 ) 𝑗 + (sin(𝑡 ))𝑘 + 𝐶
3 2

(13)

By definition, the curvature at a Point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is

|𝑦 ′′ |
𝐾= 3
(1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 )2
Given 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , we will compute 𝑦′.
Then, 𝑦′′ is computed as follows:
Since, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑒 ) + (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
So,
|2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 |
𝐾= 3
𝑥 𝑥
(1 + (𝑒 + 𝑥𝑒 ) )2 2
At 𝑃(0,0), so 𝑥 = 0
|2𝑒 0 + 0 ⋅ 𝑒 0 | |2| 2 1 √2
𝐾= 3 = 3 = = = ≈ 0.7071
2 √ 2 √ 2 2
(1 + (𝑒 0 + 0 ⋅ 𝑒 0 )2 )2 (2)2

(14)
1 1
Given 𝑥 = 1+𝑡 , 𝑦 = 1−𝑡
By definition, the curvature at a Point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) of the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡 ), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡)
is
|𝑓 ′ 𝑔′′ − 𝑓′′𝑔′|
𝐾= 3
′ 2
((𝑓 ) + (𝑔 ) )2′ 2

𝑥 ′ = −(1 + 𝑡 )−2 Chain Rule (1 + 𝑡 )′ = 1 then Power Rule

𝑥 ′′ = 2(1 + 𝑡 )−3
𝑦 ′ = (1 − 𝑡)−2 Chain Rule (1 − 𝑡 )′ = −1 then Power Rule
𝑦 ′′ = 2(1 − 𝑡 )−3
| − (1 + 𝑡 )2 ⋅ 2(1 − 𝑡 )−3 − 2(1 + 𝑡 )−3 ⋅ (1 − 𝑡 )−2 |
𝐾=
((−(1 + 𝑡 )−2 )2 + ((1 − 𝑡 )−2 )2 )3/2
2
At point 𝑃 (3 , 2),
1 2 1
= →𝑡=−
1+𝑡 3 2
2
1 1 −3 1 −3 1 −2
− (1 − ) ⋅ 2 (1 + ) − 2 (1 − ) ⋅ (1 + )
𝐾= 2 2 2 2
3/2
−2 2 −2 2
1 1
((− (1 − 2) ) + ((1 + 2) ) )

1 2 3 −3 1 −3 3 −2
|− (2) × 2 (2) − 2 (2) × (2) |
| − 1323√82|
= 3/2
= ≈ 0.11135
−2 2 −2 2 107584
1 3
((− (2) ) + ((2) ) )
(15)

Now, we will use the formula

|𝑟 ′ (𝑡) × 𝑟′′(𝑡)|
𝐾=
|𝑟 ′ (𝑡 )|3
Given, 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 4 , 𝑧 = 4𝑡.
𝑟(𝑡) = 2𝑡 2 𝑖 + 𝑡 4 𝑗 + 4𝑡𝑘
𝑟 ′ (𝑡 ) = 4𝑡𝑖 + 4𝑡 3 𝑗 + 4𝑘
𝑟 ′′ (𝑡) = 4𝑖 + 12𝑡 2 𝑗 + 0𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑟 (𝑡 ) × 𝑟 (𝑡 ) = |4𝑡 4𝑡 3 4| = (0 − 48𝑡 2 )𝑖 − (0 − 16)𝑗 + (48𝑡 3 − 16𝑡 3 )𝑘
′ ′′

4 12𝑡 2 0
= −48𝑡 2 𝑖 + 16𝑗 + 32𝑡 3 𝑘
|𝑟 ′ (𝑡) × 𝑟 ′′ (𝑡 )| = |−48𝑡 2𝑖 + 16𝑗 + 32𝑡 3 𝑘| = √(−48𝑡 2 )2 + (16)2 + (32𝑡 3 )2
= √1024𝑡 6 + 2304𝑡 4 + 256 = √256√4𝑡 6 + 9𝑡 4 + 1 = 16√4𝑡 6 + 9𝑡 4 + 1
1
= 16(4𝑡 6 + 9𝑡 4 + 1)2
|𝑟 ′ (𝑡)| = √(4𝑡)2 + (4𝑡 3 )2 + (4)2 = √16𝑡 6 + 16𝑡 2 + 16 = 4√𝑡 6 + 𝑡 2 + 1
3 3
|𝑟 ′ (𝑡)|3 = (4√𝑡 6 + 𝑡 2 + 1) = 64√(𝑡 6 + 𝑡 2 + 1)3 = 64(𝑡 6 + 𝑡 2 + 1)2
1 1
′( ′′ 6 4 6 4
|𝑟 𝑡) × 𝑟 (𝑡)| 16(4𝑡 + 9𝑡 + 1)2 (4𝑡 + 9𝑡 + 1)2
= 3 = 3
|𝑟 ′ (𝑡)|3 6 2
64(𝑡 + 𝑡 + 1)2 4(𝑡 6 + 𝑡2 + 1)2