Physical Science

Quarter 4 – Module 10
Lesson 7. Propagation of Light
Lesson 8. Photon Concept and Its
Practical Application
 Physical Science
Quarter 4 – Module 10
Lesson 7. Propagation of Light
Lesson 8. Photon Concept and Its
Practical Application
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Propagation of Light. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in different learning situations. The language used recognizes the varied
vocabulary levels of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed
to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

Lesson 7
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the wave and particle models of light;

2. Describe reflection and refraction in terms of the wave and particle models
of light.; and
3. Explain propagation of light using the wave and particle models.

Lesson 8
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain how photon theory accounts for photoelectric effect and atomic
spectra;
2. apply the wavelength-frequency-energy relationship in solving word
problems; and
3. explain how the photon concept can be used to explain photographic
dark rooms, sunburns, and our perception of colors.

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Who proposed that light is composed of particles that are travelling in a straight line?
a. Christiaan Huygens
b. Louis de Broglie
c. Max Planck
d. Sir Isaac Newton
2. Which is a disturbance that travels through a medium and carries energy from one
location to another without transporting matter?
a. crest
b. photon
c. trough
d. wave
3. What evidence tells that light is made up of particles travelling in a straight line?
a. formation of shadows when light hits obstacles
b. inversion of images formed on plane mirrors
c. production of ripples when a penny is dropped to a pond
d. scattering of light rays when they reach a smooth surface

4. What is true of photoelectric effect?

a. Electrons from metals can be dislodged by photons from light.
b. The sun’s light rays travel in waves directly on the electrons of atoms.
c. It proves that light is made up of waves that can remove electrons from metals.
d. Light energy is composed of several colors with their respective amounts of
energy.
5. How is the specific quantity of light that can be absorbed by electrons to produce
photoelectric effect called?
a. particle
b. photon
c. wave
d. wavelength
6. What term refers to the bouncing off of light waves when they hit an obstacle?
a. diffraction
b. reflection
c. refraction
d. transmission
7. What forms when light waves bounce off a mirrored surface?
a. image
b. particle
c. photon
d. shadow
8. How is the bending of light waves as they pass from one medium to another medium with
different refractive indices known?
a. diffraction
b. reflection
c. refraction
d. transmission
9. What is true about the angle of the reflected ray, R?
a. It is equal to the angle of the incidence ray.
b. It is equal to the sum of the angles of incidence and reflected rays.
c. It is equal to the angle between the incident ray, I, and the plane of the mirror.

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 d. It is equal to the angle between the reflected ray, R, and the plane of the
mirror.
10. A student placed a pencil in a glass of water as in the
figure at the right. Why did the pencil appear to be
broken?
a. Light always travels in a straight line.
b. Light makes the water evaporate into the air.
c. Light reflects the pencil on the water’s surface.
d. Light bends when it passes through changing medium like
air and water.
11. What is the speed of light as it propagates through space?

12. How are light waves or electromagnetic (EM) spectrum characterized?

a. The crests and amplitudes of the waves are vibrating.
b. It is composed of light waves with equal amounts of energy.
c. The wavelengths and frequencies are the same for all the waves.
d. It is composed of alternating magnetic and electric fields that oscillate
perpendicular to each other
13. Which is true among the following statements about the properties of light waves?
a. The frequency is proportional to the energy.
b. The frequency is proportional to the amplitude.
c. The wavelength is proportional to the frequency.
d. The energy of light waves is proportional to the wavelength.

14. How does absorption of light waves happen?

a. When refracted light rays pass through from less dense to denser medium
b. When images are formed due to bouncing off of light waves from
smooth surface
c. When the energy of vibration is translated to neighboring atoms that
results to reemission of light
d. When incident light has the same frequency of vibration as that of the
electrons in the object’s atoms
15. Why do most leaves appear green to our sight?
a. All the colours of white light are absorbed by the leaves.
b. The colours of the light are scattered by the molecules of the green
leaves.
c. Most of the colours of incident white light are reflected from the leaves
except green.
d. The colours of white light are absorbed by the leaves and green waves
are reflected.

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 Lesson Propagation of Light
(Reflection and Refraction) as
7 Explained by the Wave and
Particle Models
What is true of light, is it a wave or a flow of extremely small particles? This has been the
debate of scientists for so long.
Newton concluded in 1700 that light was a group of particles (corpuscular theory) but at the
same time others thought that it was a wave (wave theory). Light travels in a straight line so
Newton believed that it was a flow of particles coming from a light source. However, it cannot
explain wave-like phenomenon such as diffraction and interference. On the other hand, the
wave theory cannot explain why photons fly out of metal that is exposed to light (known as
the photoelectric effect) which was discovered at the end of the 19th century. In this manner,
the great physicists have continued to debate and demonstrate the true nature of light over
the centuries.

In this lesson, you will learn the different evidences that proved light can propagate either as
a wave or a particle. This lesson will help you understand how light behaves as a wave and
as a particle. A better understanding of reflection and refraction of light will be gained after
going through this module.

What’s New

Activity 1: Dual Property of Light (A Wave and a Particle)

Analyze the pictures about an experiment showing a beam of monochromatic (single
color) light being focused on a screen with two slits. Two things can happen to the
light beam as shown in the pictures, Fig. A and Fig. B.

Fig. A Fig. B

1. Describe what happens to the beam of light as it passes through the slits in both
figures.
2. Describe the kind of images formed by light after passing through the two slits.
3. How does the beam of light behave in both cases?
4. What can be concluded about the nature of light as described in the two
pictures?

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Activity 2: Reflection and Refraction of Light
Refer to the figures to explain how reflection and refraction are explained by the wave
and particle models of light. Fill up with the appropriate word/s to give meaning to the
paragraphs that follow. Choose from among the words inside the box to complete each
sentence.

refraction force spread changes

bend bounce off slower wavefront
interface reversed particles smooth

Reflection and refraction are phenomena that are well-explained by the behaviors
of light. When a source emits light, its dual property can be observed in different
circumstances.
Light, as waves, 1) __________ in all directions when emitted. Upon impacting
a smooth, specular surface, such as a mirror, these waves 2) __________ or reflect
according to the arrival angles. The waves turn back to front as they reflect
producing a 3) __________ image.
On the otherhand, light can also arrive at the mirror surface as a stream of
4) ____________. Since these are very tiny, a huge number are involved in a
propagating light beam. Upon arriving a 5) __________ surface, the particles
bounce off in different points so their order in the beam is reversed resulting to a
reversed image.
A beam of light undergoes 6) __________ when it travels between two media
with different refractive indices.
Light, as waves, 7) __________ direction upon passing from first medium to
second medium. A small portion of each angled 8) ___________ should impact the
second medium before the rest of the front reaches the 9) ___________. This part
will travel along the second medium while the rest of the waves is still travelling
in the first medium. Movement will be 10) __________ through the second medium
due to higher refractive index. Since the wavefronts are travelling at different
speeds, light will 11) ___________ into the second medium, thus, changing the
angle of propagation.
Refracting particles of light should also change direction upon passing
between two media. It is suggested in this theory that a special 12) _________
directed perpendicular to the interface acts to change the speed of the particles
as they enter the second medium, resulting to bending of light particles.

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Activity 3: Propagation of Light
Directions: Describe what happens to the beam of light in each of the instances. Match
each illustration in Column A with the corresponding description on Column B. Write
the letters on your answer sheet.

Column A Column B

1.

A. When light is incident on surfaces, it

can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted.

2.

B. Light rays that fall on opaque objects are

absorbed by the substances and appear
black.
3. C. Sunlight bumps into a mixture of particles
in the atmosphere. Scattering of the
component wavelengths depends on the size
of the particles. This gives rise to the colors
that we see in the sky.

4. D. Light waves are incident on a leaf. All the

colors of white light (ROY-G-BIV except
green) are absorbed by the surface. As such,
green is reflected to our eyes. This is the
reason why this leaf appears green.

5.

E. The colors of light incident on a

transparent material will pass through the
object completely.

6. F. Light consists of two waves oscillating

perpendicular to one another. One of the
waves is magnetic field while the other one is
electric field. It propagates through space at
a speed of 299,792,458 metres per second
(3.0 x 108 m ). s

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 7.

G. When the colors of light incident on a

surface are reflected the object appears white.

8.

H. Light rays that fall on smooth surfaces

bounce off or reflect with equal angles of
incidence and reflection.

9. I. White light, the visible part of the

electromagnetic spectrum consists of colors,
namely red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo, and violet. This has an acronym ROY-
G-BIV. When it passes through a prism, they
are dispersed or split into its component
colors with different wavelengths.

10.
J. The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is
composed of light waves with different
wavelengths and frequencies.
The wave components of the EM carry varying
amounts of energy.

What is It

This section gives brief and thorough explanation about the wave and particle models of light,
how reflection and refraction are explained using the two models, the laws of reflection and
refraction, drawing ray diagrams of reflection on mirrors, and describing images formed by
plane, concave, and convex mirrors.

Activity 1: Dual Property of Light (A Wave and a Particle)

Light can behave both as a wave and as a particle. As particles, they travel in straight
lines, thus, producing shadows when they hit an obstruction.
It is also the reason why light bounces off or reflects off of mirrors. Refraction is also
brought about by light particles when they traverse through media or materials of different
refractive indices. It is thought that opposing forces pull the particles of light from and into
the medium resulting to changes of their direction. The photo-electric effect is also an
evidence that light behaves as particles. When light with enough energy falls or hits a
metal, electrons are dislodged or knocked off from it to produce a positive (+) metal surface.
The amount of light energy (known as photon) contains a fixed amount of energy or
quantum that depends on the frequency of the light.
Light also acts as a wave. It has the ability to diffract or bend around an object. Diffraction
involves a change in direction of waves when they pass from an opening or around
obstacles along their path. Refraction happens when light waves change direction as they

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travel through materials of different refractive indices, say water and air. Light waves also
undergo interference, the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while traveling
along the same medium.

Activity 2: Reflection and Refraction of Light

Reflection and refraction are phenomena that are well-explained by the behaviors of
light. When a source emits light, its dual property can be observed in different
circumstances.
Light, as waves, spread in all directions when emitted. Upon impacting a smooth,
specular surface, such as a mirror, these waves bounce off or reflect according to the
arrival angles. The waves turn back to front as they reflect producing a reversed image.
On the other hand, light can also arrive at the mirror surface as a stream of particles.
Since these are very tiny, a huge number are involved in a propagating light beam. Upon
arriving a smooth surface, the particles bounce off in different points so their order in
the beam is reversed resulting to a reversed image.
A beam of light undergoes refraction when it travels between two media with different
refractive indices.
Light, as waves, changes direction upon passing from first medium to second medium.
A small portion of each angled wavefront should impact the second medium before the
rest of the front reaches the interface. This part will travel along the second medium
while the rest of the waves is still travelling in the first medium. Movement will be slower
through the second medium due to higher refractive index. Since the wavefronts are
travelling at different speeds, light will bend into the second medium, thus, changing the
angle of propagation.
Refracting particles of light should also change direction upon passing between two
media. It is suggested in this theory that a special force directed perpendicular to the
interface acts to change the speed of the particles as they enter the second medium,
resulting to bending of light particles.
Reflection produces different types of images depending on what kind of surface light
strikes on. Usually, the study on images is carried out using mirrors as the reflecting
surface. Mirrors can be planar, concave, or convex.
Plane mirrors consist of perfectly flat surface with no distortions and reflect
100% of the light that strikes them back at a predictable angle.
Concave and convex mirrors have reflective surfaces that curve inward and outward,
respectively.
Concave mirrors are known as converging mirrors because light is focused at a
point as it strikes and reflects back from the reflecting surface.
Convex mirrors are diverging mirrors because as light strikes and bounces back it
spreads over a required region.
Plane mirrors produce images that are same size as the object, laterally inverted (left
becomes right and right becomes left), upright, virtual, and as far behind the mirror as
the object is in front. Virtual images are formed due to imaginary intersection of light
rays and cannot be formed on the screen.

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 Concave and convex mirrors are parts of spherical mirrors with reflecting surfaces
going inward and outward, respectively.
Convex mirrors always produce images that are located behind the mirror, virtual,
upright, and reduced in size.

As the object distance from the mirror is decreased, the image distance is also
decreased and the image size is increased.
Concave mirrors produce images that depend on the location of the object. At
several locations different characteristics of images can be observed. The images
formed can be located somewhere between the center of curvature (C) and the focal
point (F), at C, beyond C, and somewhere on the opposite side of the mirror. At times,
no images are formed by the mirror. Images can be inverted or upright, smaller, bigger,
or the same size as the object, and real or virtual.

Activity 3: Propagation of Light

Light is an electromagnetic radiation that travels through space as vibrating or
oscillating waves. It is composed of alternating electric and magnetic fields that
oscillate perpendicular to each other to the direction of propagation. It travels at a
speed of through a vacuum.

The electromagnetic spectrum (EM) is composed of waves with varying

frequencies, thus, carrying different amounts of energy. The figure below shows the EM
spectrum and the corresponding wavelengths of each wave.

The wavelength is inversely proportional to the amount of energy or frequency it

carries. Longer wavelengths have lower frequencies than those with shorter wavelengths.
The frequency is directly proportional to the amount of energy carried by a particular
wave. Part of this EM is the visible light (known as white light) which is seen by our
naked eye. Light wave travels at a speed of through a vacuum. The speed of
light varies when it passes and refracts through different media. The index of refraction
of a material can be determined by the ratio c/v, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum
while v is the speed of light in a particular medium. When light passes through a material
with higher index of refraction, its speed is slower. There are more matter that scatters
light in this material making light moves slower. Water scatters more light than air, so
light energy moves slower in water than in air.

Once propagated, the colours of white light vibrate at different frequencies and
can be dispersed when they strike water droplets suspended in the air or through a
prism. White light is then split into the colours ROY-G-BIV (red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo, and violet).

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The speed of each colour of white light depends on the wavelength of each wave. The
waves with longer wavelengths such as red, orange, and yellow propagate faster than
blue, indigo, and violet which have shorter wavelengths. Due to their speed, refraction
and dispersion are affected when they enter into a prism or droplet of water in the air.
Red is refracted the least and blue is refracted the most. This is the reason why red is
always seen on top of a rainbow while blue is always at the bottom.

When light is incident on a surface, it can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted.

Light rays that fall on smooth surfaces bounce off with equal angles of incidence and
reflection, producing images that our eyes can perceive. Absorption of light depends on
the frequency of the electrons of atoms present in the objects. If the frequency of a light
wave is the same as the frequency of the electrons in the object, light energy will be set
in vibrating motion and eventually be absorbed. During vibration, the electrons interact
with neighboring atoms converting the vibrational energy into heat (thermal) energy,
never again to be released as light energy. This happens during photosynthesis where
light energy is absorbed by the leaves and converted into heat energy.

Selective absorption of light by a certain material happens because the frequency

of the light wave matches the frequency at which electrons in the atoms of that material
vibrate.
Reflection and transmission happens when the frequencies of the light waves do
not match the natural frequencies of vibration of objects. Upon light incidence, the
electrons of the atoms vibrate for a short period of time with small amplitudes of
vibration. Light energy is then reemitted as a light wave.
If the object is transparent, then vibration of the electrons are passed on to
neighboring atoms through the material and reemitted on the opposite side of the object.
The light frequencies are then said to be transmitted through the object.
Light rays are selectively absorbed by materials and the reflected rays reach our
eyes as the colour of the object. The object appears black when all the colours of the
visible light are absorbed. On the other hand, white is seen when all the colours of light
are reflected.
Light waves also experience scattering when they bump mixtures of particles
along the path of propagation. The component wavelengths of light vary in sizes. The size
of the particles suspended in the air also varies. If the size of atmospheric particles are
small, only light with smaller wavelengths are scattered while light with longer
wavelengths are scattered by bigger particles in the air. Since the particulates are small,
then blue light is scattered more than red or orange due to its shorter wavelength. This
is the reason why the sky is blue during daytime. At sunrise and sunset, the sun is low
at the horizon. Light travels through more molecules in the air. The dense atmosphere
scatters more blue or violet light out of our line of sight. The rest of the colours travel
and reach our eyes as yellow, orange, and red.

What’s More

Activity 1.1 Solve the following problems completely on your answer sheet.
A. Apply Snell’s Law to solve the angle of refraction, given the following diagrams and
values. Draw the refracted ray, using broken lines with arrow ( ) in each of the
examples. Use the protractor to measure the angles of refraction in each case.

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 What Have I Learned

1. Explain how light behaves as a wave and as a particle.

2. How are reflection and refraction explained by the wave and particle models of
light?
3. State the laws of reflection and refraction.
4. What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
5. Draw the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum and label its parts.
6. How do objects appear when all of the colors of light are absorbed?
Reflected? Selectively absorbed?
7. Why do clouds look white?

What I Can Do
Knowledge of concepts is not enough for a learning experience to be
meaningful. We should also understand how the concepts we learned on the propagation
of light can be applied to real life situations to get the most out of what we learned. Let
us look at this simple situation that will help us realize the advantage of fully
understanding propagation of light.
Situation:
Suppose you are with a group of researchers out in a forested area. Suddenly the rain
poured and there was zero visibility in the place. You want to help your companions out in
the woods to find the right path to the lodging area. One thing that came to your mind is to
flash waves of light so that they could see where you are. What color of light are you going
to use and why?

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 Lesson
Photon Concept and Its
8 Application
In your junior high school science, you learned about nature, types and characteristics
of waves, particularly electromagnetic waves. The previous module focused on the theories
that explain the wave-particle duality of light and how light behaves as it is reflected,
refracted, interfered, scattered, dispersed, absorbed and filtered.
Now you will know more about the nature of light as a particle. You will also
understand how light affects our daily activities. I know you are already excited for another
fruitful journey that will surely LIGHT up your life. But before you move on, do the activity
below for you to find out how much you have learned about transverse wave.

What’s New

WORD HUNT
Directions: Find and circle the words listed below in the puzzle. The word may go in any direction
including backward and diagonally.

V B A Y A N I I D O L M
I T E L O I V A R T L U
S W H Y R U S E R I S R
I X B L T U T O R N A T
B Z M T I T Y P E A I C
L S A H D G B H I N F E
E A X A Y M H O A O A P
L R P I C U Q T H M H S
I A L B N I T O K E A C
G W A V E L E N G T H I
H A N Z U L Y N Q E J N
T T C O Q G T H A R N E
W R K N E N E R G Y J P
E Y V X R E T H G I F O
T H O R F R A I K A N T
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 • visible light • Max Planck

• wavelength • frequency

• spectrum • energy

• photon • nanometer

• light • ultraviolet

What is It

A. Particle Nature of Light

The concept of light as a quantized form of energy emerged during 1900s when
Max Planck postulated the blackbody radiation. This marks the beginning of
quantum theory, which believes that energy comes in discrete units called quanta.
Later on, Albert Einstein supported this idea of Planck and suggested that light is
composed of tiny particles called photon and each photon possesses energy.

1. Blackbody Radiation
A blackbody is a surface or object that is capable of absorbing all incoming radiation falling
on it and reflects no radiation, thus appears black at room temperature. However, when
exposed to certain amount of temperature, the blackbody radiates certain amount of energy
with associated wavelength. For example, a visible light is being emitted when the blackbody
is heated to about 1000K, but the light becomes brighter and orange when the temperature
is increased to 1500K. Increasing the temperature further up to 200K, the light being
emitted becomes white. This phenomenon is known as blackbody radiation.
Based on the above example, we can infer that the nature of spectrum emitted by the
blackbody is dependent on the temperature and not on the material the object is made of.
This means that, as the temperature increases, the average wavelength emitted decreases
and radiation becomes invisible. On the other hand, as the temperature decreases, the
wavelength increases, and the radiation becomes visible as red to glowing white.
In order to explain the blackbody radiation, Planck came up with an equation to explain the
distribution of wavelengths that are emitted from a heated blackbody. It is given as E=hf

Planck also proposed the Quantum Theory which states that energy is radiated or absorbed
in the form of packets or bundles, called quanta (singular, quantum) and each quantum is
equal to hf.

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 2. Photoelectric Effect
Albert Einstein used the quantized energy idea of Planck to come up with the Photon Theory
which proposes that light is composed of photons. According to this theory, photon has the
following characteristics:

Using his photon theory, Einstein explained the phenomenon called photoelectric effect. In
this phenomenon, when light strikes a metal surface, the electrons would become excited
and jump out of the metal. This is because, according to Einstein, light consists of packets
of energy called photons which transfer energy to the electron causing it to become excited.

3. Atomic Spectra
In your Grade 9 science, you learned that electrons orbits or energy levels. As long
as electron stays in the orbit, it does not absorb or emit energy and said to be in its ground
state. But when the atom is being heated, its electrons become excited and occupy a higher
energy level. At this point the electron is in its excited state. As electrons leave the excited
state and return to its ground state again, they emit energy in the form of photon.

The set of frequencies of electromagnetic spectrum emitted by excited atom is referred

to as the atomic emission spectra. Every element emits a specific energy and wavelength
producing a unique set of banding pattern, thus we can say that atomic spectra serves as
fingerprints of every element. The figure below shows the emission spectrum of an electrically
excited hydrogen atom. The fine lines corresponds to the emitted light with a specific
wavelength while the dark bands in between corresponds to the absorbed frequencies.

B. Relationship of Wavelength and Energy

We learned from our previous science subjects that the relationship between
frequency and wavelength can be expressed using the equation c= λf where c is the speed
of light, λ is the wavelength and f is the frequency. Since the speed is constant, using the
equation, we can infer that frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional. Meaning
to say, as wavelength increases, the frequency decreases and vice versa.
Previously, we learned that E= hf. Combining the two equations, we will arrive at the
formula,

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 Using the equation above we can say the wavelength is inversely proportional to energy.
This means that the shorter the wavelength (the higher the frequency), the greater the
energy.

C. Practical Application of Photon Theory

We can use the knowledge we derived from the relationship between energy and wavelength
to answer the following questions:

a. Why is red light commonly used in dark room?

As you can see in figure below, red light is the region of the visible light with
the longest wavelength (620-780 nm) and with lowest frequency; hence has
the lowest energy. Because of its low energy, red light is considered as “safe
light” and ideally used in photographic dark rooms. This is because
photosensitive materials used in printing are not photosensitive to red and
does not cause “fogging” in prints which can be seen as blur or dark veil across
the print.

Figure 2. The visible light spectrum

b. Why do people get easily sunburned by ultraviolet (UV) light but not
by visible light?

Ultraviolet (UV) light has shorter wavelength and higher frequency and
shorter wavelength than visible light as shown in the figure 3. Since it has
high frequency, we can expect that it also has high energy. Therefore,
exposure to UV light can cause sunburn or even skin cancer (prolonged
exposure) faster than exposure to visible light.

Figure 3. Electromagnetic spectrum

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c. How do human eyes perceive colors?

The human eye can perceive colors because of its cones cells. There are three different
cone cells present in the retina of our eyes, each contains photosensitive pigment to
certain wavelength. The L cone is photosensitive to red (long wavelength), the M cone
is photosensitive to green (middle wavelength) and the S cone is photosensitive to
blue (short wavelength). However, the sensitivity ranges of the three cones sometimes
overlap specially when the light that stimulates them are near the middle of the
visible light. Refer to figure 4 for the cone sensitivity curve.

Suppose a 550 nm wavelength of light enters your eye, what color of the light will you
perceive? If your answer is green, you are certainly correct. If you will try to look at
the figure 4, the light with 550 nm wavelength will stimulate the green receptor more
strongly than the red receptor and therefore, the your eyes will perceive green light.

However, when a light with a 580 nm wavelength enters your eyes, both the red and
green receptors will be strongly stimulated hence your eyes will perceive yellow color
based on the additive color mixing as shown figure 5.

Figure 4. Spectral sensitivity curve of the

cones of the human eye

Figure 5. Additive Color Mixing

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 What’s More

Short Essay Questions

Directions: Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Why is ultraviolet radiation commonly used in sanitizing hospital and operating

rooms?
2. Using the photon theory, explain how atomic spectra are formed.
3. Give the contribution of Max Planck and Albert Einstein in the current
understanding of the particle nature of light.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Identify what is being asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Based from the equation, E= hc/λ, wavelength is __________ proportional to energy.

2. When electrons leave the excited states and return to return to lower energy levels,
they emit energy in the form of ______.
3. Cone cells of the human eyes have __________________ pigments that detect color.
4. The three types of cones in the human eyes are: ____________, ___________, and
________________.
5. ____________ was proposed by Albert Einstein, which states that light itself is
quantized.
6. The value of Planck’s constant is ______________.

7. __________ is the unit of frequency.

8. Solar energy enters the Earth’s atmosphere in the form of _____________.

9. X-rays have ______ frequency, ________ wavelength and ___________ energy as

compared to visible light.
10. ______ refers to the print deterioration which is seen as blur across the print.

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. What color in the visible light spectrum contains the highest amount of
energy?
a. red
b. yellow
c. green
d. violet

2. Who proposed the Quantum Theory of Light?

a. Lord Rayleigh
b. Max Planck
c. Albert Einstein
d. Isaac Newton

For numbers 3-5, choose the color of light that would be perceived by our eyes if:
3. Both the green and red receptors are being stimulated.
4. Both the blue and green receptors are being stimulated
5. Both the blue and red receptors are being stimulated.

a. Cyan
b. magenta
c. white
d. yellow

6. Who proposed the Photon Theory?

a. Max Planck
b. Albert Einstein
c. Isaac Newton
d. Louis de Broglie

7. Which of the following is the unit of wavelength?

a. hertz
b. joule
c. nanometer
d. candela

8. The quanta of light is called_____.

a. protons
b. electrons
c. photons
d. atoms

9. What happens to the energy of photon when the wavelength increases?

a. It decreases.
b. It also increases.
c. Remains the same

17
 d. Becomes doubled

10. The color of light which is considered safe to use in photographic printing is ____
a. violet
b. red
c. blue
d. white

True or False: Write T if the statement is true, otherwise write F.

11. The red receptors in the cone of the human eyes are sensitive to short
wavelength.
12. Wavelength is inversely proportional to the energy of photon.
13. The speed of light is equivalent to 3 X108 m/s.
14. The sun’s energy enters the atmosphere in the form of UV rays.
15. Photoelectric effect refers to the expulsion of electrons from an illuminated
surface of metal.

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18
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19
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20
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