Senior High School

Physical Science
Module 10:
Aristotelian and Galilean Concepts on
Motion

AIRs - LM
LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Module 10: Aristotelian and Galilean Concepts on Motion
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Mary Ann M. Bautista

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Content Reviewer: John-John Q. Garcia
Language Reviewer: Mark Emil L. Agustin
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Design and Layout: Jasper N. Arciaga

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LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 Senior High School

Physical Science
Module 10:
Aristotelian and Galilean Concepts
on Motion

LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed with completing this
module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for
a better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to
answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided
for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing
each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 Target

Three of the most acclaimed scientists of all time are Aristotle, Galileo, and
Newton. Born at different periods in human history, each made a distinctive
pioneering contribution to scientific knowledge. They providing enlightenment on
different events and human thoughts in the different aspects of the universe.

In this module, you shall learn how three different people, who never met
each other had their ideas meet in the laying down of the principles of one of
nature’s components -----MOTION! This module shall help us understand how
each scientist, in his own time and with the available resources, passionately
pursued knowledge to provide humankind a level of understanding of the things
going on in the environment, particularly vertical motion, horizontal motion, and
projectile motion. Their persistence, challenged the scientists of our time to dig
deeper so that the unknown may be known despite the absence of the kind of
technology that we have today.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. compare and contrast the Aristotelean and Galilean conceptions of vertical
motion, horizontal motion and projectile motion (S11/12PS-IVc-46)
Learning Objectives:
a. define motion
b. differentiate the three types of motion from one another
c. demonstrate how the three types of motion are described by
Aristotle and Galileo

2. explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall with uniform
acceleration, and that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion
(S11/12PS-1Vc-47)
Learning Objectives:
a. define uniform acceleration
b. describe motion in a vacuum
c. explain why objects in a vacuum fall with uniform acceleration

1 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
PRE-TEST. Choose the letter of the CORRECT answer and write this on a separate
answer sheet.

1. Who used the term inertia for the first time?

A. Aristotle B. Galileo C. Kepler D. Newton

2. What form of motion can only occur in outer space or a vacuum and is solely
dependent on the force of gravity?
A. Centripetal Motion B. Free Fall Motion
C. Projectile Motion D. None of the Above

3. What is acceleration? It is the rate of change in ___________.

A. Displacement B. Distance
C. Velocity D. Speed

4. What type of friction occurs when air pushes against a moving object
causing it to decelerate?
A. Air resistance B. Gravity
C. Surface area D. Velocity

5. What is the horizontal acceleration of a projectile?

A. 0 m/s2 B. 1 m/s2 C. 2. m/s2 D. 9.8 m/s2

6. Which would fall with greater acceleration in a vacuum—a leaf or a stone?

A. The leaf
B. The stone
C. They would accelerate at the same rate.
D. It is difficult to determine without more information.

7. What is the idea used by Aristotle to explain how objects sustain their
horizontal motion?
A. Antiperistasis B. Projectile motion
C. Violent motion D. Large amount of force applied

8. In what direction does the force friction always act?

A. Cannot be determined
B. Opposite to an object's motion.
C. Perpendicular to an object’s motion
D. Same direction as an object’s motion

9. Which form of motion always follows a curved path and requires an initial
launch force that is greater than the force of gravity?

A. Projectile Motion B. Free Fall Motion

C. Centripetal Motion D. None of the Above

2 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
10. What did Aristotle propose about all falling objects? They would fall at the
same ___________.
A. Acceleration B. Distance C. Speed D. Time

11. How would you complete the following based on Galileo’s idea?
“GREATER FORCE APPLIED = Greater ___________”
A. Acceleration B. Distance covered
C. Free fall D. Speed

12. Based on Aristotelian Physics, what was natural for planets to do in terms of
their type of motion? They orbit in ___________?
A. Circular motion B. Elliptical motion
C. Triangular motion D. No particular consistent shape

13. What type of motion is a leaping frog?

A. Centripetal Motion B. Free Fall Motion

C. Projectile Motion D. None of the Above

14. How did Galileo and Aristotle view this statement: The more mass an object
the faster it will fall.
A. Aristotle & Galileo: True
B. Aristotle & Galileo: False
C. Aristotle - TRUE; Galileo – FALSE
D. Aristotle - FALSE; Galileo – TRUE

15. If you were Galileo, how would you answer the following question: "Why does
a bowling ball and feather hit the ground at different times when dropped
from the same height?"
A. Air resistance counts.
B. One is denser than the other.
C. One is heavier than the other.
D. They don't; they hit the ground at the same time.

3 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 ARISTOTELEAN AND GALILEAN
CONCEPTS ON MOTION

Jumpstart

Activity: Aristotle vs. Galileo

How much do we know about two famous Physicists? Let us find out.

Figure 1. Aristotle’s Laws of Motion

http://paradigm-shift-21st-century.nl/kuhn-thomas-biography.html

Direction: Using the cartoon strip above and of your previous knowledge, complete
the following table. Check the box under the person that corresponds to the given
information. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Information Aristotle Galileo

From Italy

From Greece

Used the Tower of Pisa in an experiment

Older of the two

Initial concept of Force

Initial concept of Inertia

4 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 Discover

A. Nature of Motion
The concept of motion in physics is one of the important topics under
Classical Mechanics. Did you know that everything in the universe is always
moving? Even if you are completely still, you still belong to the earth, which is
continuously moving about its axis and around the sun. Motion means a change in
the position of an object with reference to time.

1. Aristotelean Concepts on Motion

For Aristotle, a non-measurable force exists within an object that compels it

to behave in a certain manner. Motion is among the behaviors of an object.
Aristotle taught that motion was primarily determined by the nature of the
substance that was moving. He also said that motion could either be natural or
violent. Referring to natural motion, he explained that an object will move and will
eventually return to its natural state depending on its composition of the object.
For example, heavy objects such as rock or stone, move downward and light objects
such as smoke and fire move upward. As to violent motion, an object will move only
if an external force such as a push or a pull is applied to it. Here, force is
considered as a controlling factor and the only reason why there is motion.

Aristotle also explained that the laws governing the motion of the heavens
were different than those laws that govern the motion on earth.

Figure 2. Aristotle’s Natural Motion

https://www.google.com/search

5 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 2. Galilean Concepts on Motion

For Galileo, “Motion is a natural state which continues until altered” or

motion continued unless interfered with. He sees force as an interference of motion
rather than the cause of it, as believed by Aristotle. After conducting experiments,
he concluded that without gravity to speed up the descent and slow the ascent, and
without friction, objects would not start or stop moving at all. Unlike Aristotle,
Galileo described motion by introducing the concept of time and its relationship
with space, or location as in the discovery of the acceleration due to gravity, which
is 9.8 m/s2. This means that his description of motion included logic and
mathematics.

Figure 3. Galilean Concept of Motion

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/disted/ph121/l3.html

B. Types of Motion

1. Vertical Motion

Figure 4. Vertical Motion

https://www.fhybea.com/en/vertical-motion examples-
definition.html

For Aristotle, as mentioned earlier, the behavior of objects depends upon

their composition, so heavy objects, like stones, tend to fall downwards. On the
other hand, light objects, such as smoke, tend to move upwards. These behaviors --
gravity and levity or heaviness and lightness respectively-- were deemed by Aristotle
to be part of the essential nature of those objects. The element earth moves down
toward its natural resting place. Water’s natural place is just above the earth. Air
rises to its natural place in the atmosphere. Fire leaps upwards to its natural place
above the atmosphere as shown in Fig. 4.

6 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 Figure 5. Aristotle’s Vertical Motion
https://kayejhanani.wordpress.com

Galileo, on the other hand, conducted experiments from which he was able
to show that pure freefall acceleration is uniform and constant in all objects,
regardless of their size and weight, and that acceleration is 9.8 m/s2. This means
that all objects, no matter how heavy or how light they are, fall to the ground with
the same acceleration, which is due to gravity. This further means that it was
Galileo who first established the idea that all objects on the surface of the earth are
being pulled by the earth’s gravitational force at an acceleration of 9.8 m/s 2. So any
object tossed upward will surely fall back to the ground.

2. Horizontal Motion

Horizontal motion is the movement of a projectile across a horizontal plane

based on the force acting on it. In terms of horizontal motion, Aristotle believed that
objects move not by their nature but because of impressed forces. This means that
bodies need a push or pull to maintain horizontal motion; thus, horizontal motion
is violent motion.

Figure 6. Aristotle’s Horizontal Motion

https://kayejhanani.wordpress.com

As for Galileo, objects will move along the same plane with a motion that is
uniform and perpetual, provided the plane has no limits meaning, there are no
interferences, such as friction. In Figure 7, the ball continues to roll without
stopping as long as there are no interferences to disturb motion. Interference is any
outside force that may cause the moving object to slow down or stop moving. This
includes wind, water, another object, etc.

7 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 Figure 7. Ball Rolling on Smooth Surface
https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/72-galilean-conceptions

3. Projectile Motion

A projectile is any object that once projected, or dropped, continues in motion

by its inertia and is influenced only by the downward force of gravity.
Provided that the influence of air resistance is negligible, the following are
examples of projectiles:
1. An object dropped from rest is a projectile that may also be referred to as a
“free-falling body.”

Figure 8. “Free Fall “Projectile

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/1DKin/U1L5a1.gif

2. An object that is thrown vertically upward

Figure 9. Vertical Projectile

http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/8.151.1.GIF

8 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 3. An object which is thrown upward at an angle to the horizontal

Figure 10. Images of Aristotle’s & Galileo’s Projectile Motion

https://galileoartifact.weebly.com/uploads
Aristotle described the projectile motion as a motion of an object parallel to
the ground due to an ‘impetus’ that causes it to move. The movement continues in
a straight line until the impetus is expended, causing the object to fall to the
ground. “Impetus” refers to a force, so this means that a stone thrown horizontally
continues to move in the same direction until the force is used up, which would
cause the stone to fall to the ground. Refer to Fig. 11.

Figure 11. Aristotle’s Projectile Motion

http://blogs.bu.edu/ggarber/files/2012/07/ib_physics_notes_aristotles

Galileo established that the motion of a projectile is a combination of

constant horizontal velocity and vertical motion, in which the projectile accelerates
at a rate of 9.8 m s². Recognizing that falling objects accelerate downward at the
same uniform rate even if they are moving horizontally allowed him to describe the
motion of projectiles. Refer to Fig. 12.

Figure 12. Vertical and Horizontal Components of Projectile Motion

https://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools/MMS/staff/hand/Projectilemotion.htm

9 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
C. Acceleration in a vacuum

What is a vacuum?
A vacuum is a place where there is no air, therefore, no air resistance . Any
region with a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure is a vacuum, but in the
real world, a vacuum is partial or imperfect. A few atoms or molecules always
remain. The pressure of a partial vacuum is lower than atmospheric pressure, but
it isn’t zero. A perfect vacuum is a theoretical space completely devoid of matter.
This type of vacuum also goes by the name “free space.”

Here are devices with vacuum:

1. The inside of an incandescent lightbulb

Figure 13. Incandescent Light Bulb.

https://imgnew.cgtrader.com/items/305668/e
bb38076ba/incandescent-light-bulb

2. Suction from a vacuum cleaner

Figure 14. Vacuum Cleaner

https://homesfeed.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015content/upoad

3. The insulating area between the glass walls of a thermos bottle

Figure 15. Thermos Bottle

https://philschatz.com/physics-
book/resources/Figure_15_04_02a.jpgbook
/resources/Figure_15_04_02a.jpg

4. Outer space is a near-perfect vacuum.

5. The thin atmospheres of the Moon, Mercury, and Mars (at least compared to
Earth)
6. The Earth’s thermosphere
7. A strong hurricane’s low pressure area is a partial vacuum.

10 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 It was mentioned earlier that friction is interference to motion. This means
that the presence of friction can slow down or stop motion. This can be observed
easily on a rough surface. But what about in the air that we can’t see, is there
friction? Yes, there is friction among air molecules. We call this air resistance. In a
vacuum, air resistance is negligible or possibly zero. This means that in a vacuum,
friction is negligible or possibly zero. It is, therefore, understood that there would
be no interference to motion, so nothing affects the falling object except gravity.

Acceleration in a vacuum

An object that falls through a vacuum is subjected to only one external force, the
gravitational force, expressed as the weight of the object. The weight
equation defines the weight W to be equal to the mass of the object m times the
gravitational acceleration g:

W=m*g

the value of g is 9.8 meters per square second on the surface of the earth. The
gravitational acceleration g decreases with the square of the distance from the
center of the earth. But for many practical problems, we can assume this factor to
be a constant. An object that moves because of the action of gravity alone is said to
be free falling. If the object falls through the atmosphere, there is an
additional drag force/friction/air resistance acting on the object, and
the physics involved with the motion of the object is more complex.

Explore

Enrichment Activity 1: Air Resistance

Direction: Conduct simple activities applying the concepts you learned. Write your
answer on a sheet of paper.
A. Materials:
Any ball (not plastic)
Any Plain paper (not crumpled)

From the same height, drop a basketball and a piece of paper. Which
will reach the ground first?
1. __________________
2. Why? ______________________________________________________________

B. Crumple the paper you used in A, and repeat. Which will reach the ground
first?
1. __________________
2. Why? ______________________________________________________________

11 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 The above observations were made by Galileo during his time, which led him
to conclude that all objects fall with uniform acceleration in a vacuum.

Enrichment Activity 2: Let’s Summarize!

Direction: In your own words, describe the concepts of Aristotle and Galileo in
terms of the given aspects. Write NONE under the scientist who did not mention.
Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

ARISTOTLE GALILEO

Motion

Projectile
Motion

Horizontal
Motion

Vertical
Motion

Gravity

12 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 Deepen

Performance Task: “Be a Fan”

Poster making (30 pts)

1. Choose ONE ONLY, either Galileo or Aristotle, and design a poster about
ONE of his concepts- Motion, horizontal motion, vertical motion,
projectile motion, that you learned in this module and the importance of
this concept in life.
2. Design a poster digitally or manually using tools such as Photoshop or
Microsoft Publisher or Canva or WITH PEN, PENCIL, MARKERS, etc.
3. Use color if you can. It could be color in the writing, images, even the
paper you print on. Your poster can be done with any kind and any size
of bond paper/coupon bond (NOT pad paper).
4. Since this is a poster, minimize the use of words/sentences. Use more
illustrations/ drawings or pictures.

Rubrics for Making a Poster

CRITERIA Exceeds Meets Almost meet Below

expectations expectations expectations expectations
5 4 3 2
Layout Extremely neat Neat and easy Somewhat Very difficult to
and easy to to read. difficult to read.
read. read.
Illustration Adds to the Good, but does Has nothing to None included.
understanding not add much do with the
of the concept. meaning to the concept.
concept.
Content Clearly explains Explains the Barely explains Does not explain
the concept and concept and the concept the concept and
its importance. its importance. and its its importance.
importance.

13 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 Gauge

Direction. Choose the correct answer, and write the letter of your choice on the
blank before the number.
___1. What did Galileo prove to be the same in all falling objects?
A. Acceleration B. Energy C. Speed D. Velocity

___2. What materials did Galileo use to study the acceleration of a falling body?
A. Balls B. Horizontal planes
C. Rings D. Inclined planes

___3. Who described a driving ‘force’ of motion as IMPETUS?

A. Aristotle B. Galileo C. Newton D. Plato

___4. What is referred to as the act, process or state of the change in place or
position of a body to time and relative to the observer?
A. Rest
B. Motion
C. Stationary
D. None of the above

___5. In the example of the leaping frog, what type of motion is represented?
A. Free fall B. Projectile motion
C. Natural motion D. Violent motion

___6. Which would fall with greater acceleration in a vacuum—a leaf or a stone?
A. The leaf
B. The stone
C. They would accelerate at the same rate.
D. It is difficult to determine without more information.

___7. According to Galileo, what are the components of projectile motion?

A. Vertical and diagonal motion
B. Horizontal and vertical motion
C. Horizontal and upward motion
D. Downward and upward motion

___8. What do we say when a body is in one position for a long time? It is ________.
A. At rest B. In motion C. Stationary D. None

___9. Which of the following is an example of a violent motion?

A. Water flowing down a river
B. A pen dropped to the ground
C. A ball kicked from the ground
D. Rocks falling from a mountain

14 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
___10. According to Aristotle, which of the following is TRUE about this scenario?
The shooting of an arrow shows a _________
A. Violent motion B. Projectile motion
C. Natural motion D. Free fall motion

___11. Which of the following does NOT show natural motion according to
Aristotle?
A. Rising smoke
B. A coin tossed in the air
C. A falling leaf from a tree
D. The rain falling from the sky

___12. Which of the following statements AGREES with Galileo’s concept of falling
objects? Falling objects fall with_________
A. Changing acceleration. B. Changing speed.
C. Constant acceleration. D. Constant speed.

___13. What did Galileo use to show that Aristotle’s ideas were wrong?
A. Logic, critical thinking, experimentation
B. Telescope, electricity, magnetism
C. Planetary orbit, theory of gravity, theory of relativity
D. Observation, faith, calculus

___14. Three objects A, B, and C, with mass 5 kg, 8 kg, and 15 kg, respectively,
were dropped simultaneously. Neglecting air resistance, which object will
reach the ground FIRST?
A. Objects A, B & C B. Object C
C. Object B D. Object A

___15. Which of the following BEST explains why Aristotle’s view on motion stood
for many years?
A. Aristotle was a very influential Greek philosopher.
B. Aristotle’s ideas are readily proven through observation.
C. Aristotle supported his ideas with laboratory experimentation.
D. People at the time were gullible to the ideas of the philosophers.

15 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
LU_Physical Science_Module 10 16
PRETEST GAUGE
1. B 1. B
2. B 2. A
3. D 3. A
4. A 4. B
5. A 5. B
6. C 6. C
7. C 7. B
8. B 8. A
9. A 9. C
10. A 10. A
11. D 11. B
12. A 12. A
13. C 13. A
14. D 14. A
15. A 15. B
Enrichment Activity 1: Air Resistance
A. Basketball
B. Both hit the ground at the same time
Why? Air resistance is present in both instances, but it was lessened in
Action 2 due to the decrease in the volume of the piece of paper because it
was crumpled. Air resistance offers opposition to the motion, slowing down a
falling object.
Answer Key
References

Printed Material
The Commission on Higher Education. (2016). Physical Science, Teaching
Guide for Senior High School (pp. 13-23). Diliman, Quezon City.

Websites
Abruzzi, William S. (2004). Aristotelian vs. Galilean Forms of Explanation.
Retrieved October 24, 2020 from http:
www.drabruzzi.com/aristotelian_vs_galileian.htm

Aristotle’s Natural Motion. n.d. Retrieved September 30, 2021 from

https://slideplayer.com/slide/10403658/

Ball Rolling on Smooth Surface.n.d. Retrieved September 20, 2021 from

https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/72-galilean-conceptions-

Canoy, Warlito Z.(2019) How Galileo Inferred That Objects in Vacuum Fall
with Uniform Acceleration Retrieved October 24, 2020 from
https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/71-aristotelian-
vertical-motion-horizontal-motion-and-projectile-mot.

Free Falling Bodies.n.d.Retrieved September 2, 2021 from

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/1DKin/U1L5a1.gif

Galileo and Aristotle on Motion.n.d.Retrieved September 20,2021 from

http://faculty.poly.edu/~jbain/mms/lectures/15.GalileoMotion.pdf

Helmenstine, Anne. (2021). What Is a Vacuum in Science? Definition and

Examples. Retrieved September 30, 2021 from https://sciencenotes.org

Images of Aristotle and Galileo’s Projectile Motion.n.d. Retrieved July

31,2021 from https:// galileoartifact.weebly.com/uploads

Incandescent Light Bulb.n.d. Retrieved August 30, 2021 from

https://imgnew.cgtrader.com/items/305668/ebb38076ba/incandescent-
light

Motion(n.d).Retrieved October 2,2020 from https://www.britannica.com

/science/motion-mechanics

Newton’s Laws of Motion, The Physics of Aristotle Versus the Physics of

Galileo. Retrieved October 17, 2020 from http://www.pas.rochester.
edu/~black man/ ast104/dynamics13.html

Newton’s Laws of Motion(n. d.) Retrieved October 2, 2020 from

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/ K-12/airplane/newton.

17 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
Part II. Galileo’s Analysis of Projectile Motion. What is Motion in Physics? –
Laws And Types Of Motion http://www.mcm.edu/academic/galileo/
ars/arshtml/mathofmotion2.html

Predicted Motion According to Aristotle.n.d. Retrieved August 29, 2021 from

http://blogs.bu.edu/ggarber/files/2012/07/ib_physics_notes_aristotles

Roxas, Darlene.n.d Aristotle vs Galileo | Other - Quizizz. Retrieved on

September 22, 2021 from https://www.bing.com/search.

Soriano, Kaye Jhnani.( 2017). Aristotelian Conceptions: Vertical Motion,

Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion. Retrieved September 28, 2021 from
https://kayejhanani.wordpress.com/2017/11/19/Aristotelan-con

Thermos Bottle Parts. n.d. Retrieved September 31, 2021 from https://
philschatzcom/physicsbook/resources/Figure_15_04_02a.jpgbook/resource
s/Figure_15_04_02a.jpg

Thrown up and Fall Down.n.d.Retrieved August 31, 2021 from

http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/8.151.1.GIF

Vacuum Cleaner Suction. n.d. Retrieved August 31, 2021 from https://
homesfeed .com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/

18 LU_Physical Science_Module 10
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
launion@deped.gov.ph
lrm.launion@deped.gov.ph

19 LU_Physical Science_Module 10