SHS

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Module 1, Quarter 1, Week 1
Physical Science
Grade 12 Module 1 Quarter 1, Week 1
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Jhuneil L. Nevado, T-I

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent
Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief
Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, EdD, EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
 Physical Science
Module 1: Quarter 1 - Week 1
 Target

The early existence of the universe is believed to be the start of the

occurrence of all matter. Approximately 13.8 billion years ago, light
elements such as hydrogen, helium and a little of lithium emerged in the
universe from the Big Bang. But how are heavier elements formed? What
are some of the evidence/s on how these elements were formed?

This module will provide you with information and activities that will
help you understand better the Formation of Heavier Elements during
Star Formation and Evolution.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during
star formation and evolution (S11/12PS-IIIb-10)

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer
the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.

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 Module

1
HOW ARE WE RELATED TO THE STARS?

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activity.

Have fun and good luck!

Activity 1. Search Me!

Directions. Read the given information about how heavier elements are formed.
Understand what you are reading, then accomplish the given activity below.

For several years, the universe continuously expanded and the cloud of hydrogen
and helium gases condensed to form a stars. Stars became hotter and denser and
elements heavier are formed in the star through stellar nucleosynthesis.

It all started when the fragments of collapsed of a collapsed molecular cloud

contracted which resulted to the formation of stellar core known as the protostar.
Once the contraction stops, protostar becomes a main-sequence star.

Hydrogen is fused to helium in the core of the main sequence star via the proton-
proton chain. When a star has used up its hydrogen supply in the core fusion stops.
As a result, helium and hydrogen burning occur and the star becomes red giant.

When most of the helium in the core had been converted to carbon, fusion
will not occur in a low-mass stars. The star’s fuel is depleted and the star becomes
white dwarf. On the other hand, in massive stars, fusion will occur and heavier
elements are fused in the core and the star becomes a multi-shell red giant.

When the star can no longer produce energy, an explosion of the stars that
releases a large amount of energy and produced other elements heavier than iron will
happen. This explosion is called a supernova.

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Direction. Find and encircle all the words being described in each statement,
then label it with the number of statement. The words are hidden in the grid.

1. It is a stellar core formed when the fragments of a collapsed molecular cloud

contract.
2. It is a star that blows apart and releases a large amount of energy.
3. It is the process by which elements are formed within the star.
4. It is a star that has used up its hydrogen supply in the core and switched into
the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in the shell surrounding the core.
5. It is a start that is being produced in the hot and inert carbon core.

Q W E R T Y U I O P A S D F G S H J K L Z X
M N W H I T E D W A R F B V C U E M N B V C
Q A Z X E D H U I O P D R R F P J F F S H J

J H U N E L J G S S R A T S Y E D J S K L R
A G H J L N E V A D O J Y A S R J E K D D R
S T E L L A R N U C L E O S Y N T H E S I S
V N S E F A H U I O P D R R F O H J K L Z X

A D S G T D H U I O P D R R C V E M N B V C
N Y A S E L J G S S R A T S F A J F F S H J
K O O S F N E V A D O J Y A Y S D J S K L R
Q R V A D D H U I O P D R R S A J E K D D R

P J H U N A Y S D J S T R E D G I A N T U Y
P R O T O S T A R V Y M K S G U I O P D R R

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 Discover

Stellar Formation and Evolution

Big Bang Theory proposes that due to the expansion of universe, hydrogen and
helium were produced. As the years goes by, these light elements (hydrogen and
helium) condensed and formed stars, including the sun. Over millions of years, the
stars made of hydrogen became hotter and denser. With these occurrence, stellar
nucleosynthesis started.

Stellar nucleosynthesis is the process by which elements are formed within

stars by nuclear reactions. The abundances of these elements change as the stars
evolve.

Evolution of Stars

The theory which suggests that stars form due to the collapse of the dense
regions of an atomic cloud is known as the star formation theory. As the cloud
collapses, the fragments contract to form a stellar core called protostar. The
protostar contracts and its temperature increases due to strong gravitational force.
Nuclear reactions begin, when the core temperature reaches about 10 million K. The
reactions release positrons and neutrinos which increase pressure and stop the
contraction. When the contraction stops, the gravitational equilibrium is reached,
and the protostar has become a main sequence star.

Hydrogen is fused into helium

in the core of a main sequence
star, through the proton-proton
chain. The fusion then stops and
the pressure in the core decreases
when most of the hydrogen in the
core is fused into helium. Gravity
squeezes the star to a point that
helium and hydrogen burning
occur. Helium becomes carbon in
the core while hydrogen is changed Figure 1. A star with a very dense helium core and
to helium in the shell surrounding a hydrogen shell expands into a red giant due to
the core. The star has become a increased radiation pressure.
red giant.

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 The rate of fusion decreases when most of the helium in the core has been
converted to carbon which resulted to the squeezing of stars. Carbon fusion will not
occur in a low-mass star (with mass less than twice the Sun’s mass) because there
is no enough mass. As a result, there is a depletion of the star’s fuel, and over time,
the outer material of the star is blown off into space. Due to this, only the hot and
inert carbon core remained and eventually the star becomes a white dwarf.

On the other hand, carbon

Figure 2. Cross-section of the structure of red
giant star showing the distribution of the first
few elements formed after Big Bang.
fusion can occur in massive stars
because they have enough mass
wherein there is an increase in
temperature and pressure.
Through a series of stages, a star
was able to fused heavier elements
in the core and in the shells around
the core. The element oxygen is
formed from carbon fusion; neon
from oxygen fusion; magnesium
from neon fusion: silicon from
magnesium fusion; and iron from
silicon fusion. The star becomes a
multiple-shell red giant.

As the elements continues to fuse, iron is made (by silicon fusion). Two elements
(lighter than iron) can now be fused because when they combine they produce a
nucleus with a mass lower than the sum of their masses. The missing mass is
released as energy as to the fusion of elements lighter than iron. However, if two iron
nuclei fused together they need an input of energy. Therefore, massive stars can
produce elements lighter than and including iron but no elements heavier than iron
are produced.

The core of the red giant star starts to collapse when it can no longer produce
energy to resist gravity then eventually led to the explosion of the stars which releases
a large amount of energy and produced other elements heavier than iron. This violent
explosion is called a supernova.

Pieces of Evidence

The discovery of the interstellar medium of gas and dust provided a crucial piece
of evidence to support the star formation theory. The study of different stages of
formation happening in different areas in space and piecing them together to form a

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clearer picture is also one of the evidences.

From the different stages of star formation, energy in the form of Infrared
Radiation (IR) is detected. For instance, astronomers measure the IR released by a
protostar and compare it to the IR from a nearby area with zero extinction. The
absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by gases and dust particles
between an emitting astronomical object and an observer is called extinction .The
IR measurements are then used to approximate the energy, temperature, and
pressure in the protostar.

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 Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on

to master and strengthen the basic concepts
you have learned from this lesson.

Enrichment Activity 1: Concept Map

Directions. Complete the diagram by filling in the missing terms. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers.

FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS

1. Supernova Nucleosynthesis

(which evolve into) (which eventually end up)

Main-sequence 3. 8.
star
which form which form which form
element/s element/s element/s

2. 4. Silver

5. Chlorine

Oxygen 9.

6. Iodine

7. 10.

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Enrichment Activity 2: Flowchart
Directions. Illustrate the process of the formation of heavy elements during star
formation and evolution through a flowchart. Be guided by the scoring rubric on how
your output will be rated.

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Organization Good Organized, Some Not organized,
and Layout organization, flow for the organization, flow makes no
flow is logical most past is flow slightly sense and is
and easy to clear. unclear. not clear.
follow.
Quality and Steps are very Some details Details are Unable to find
Accuracy of specific to are not somewhat specific details
Information process and relevant to ambiguous and/or details
accurate. process and and/or are mostly
chart contains somewhat inaccurate.
few inaccurate.
inaccuracies.
Primary Exhibits Illustrates a Display limited Shows little or
Source mastery of the firmer understanding no
Content material as understanding with some understanding
evidenced by of most of the details of the topic.
attention to details. pertinent to
detail. the subject
matter.

Excellent job! You have understood the lesson.

Are you now ready to summarize?

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 Deepen

Performance Task: Life of a Star Artwork

Since the topic is on Star Formation or Nucleosynthesis you are tasked

to make an artwork on the Life of a Star. You can make a drawing, painting,
digital painting, clay model and etc. You will be graded using the following
rubrics below.

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Creativity The project was The project was Little No creativity
original and original and the creativity or observed.
student really student may originality Student did
explored options have explored was observed little to nothing
for project ideas. some options. in this to engage the
It was engaging, Creativity was project. audience or to
creative, and one- observed. Student "think outside
of-a-kind. decided to the
stick with box"
the same
ideas he/she
has in the
past.
Work Ethic Student worked Student worked Student No work was
diligently throughout all struggled done during
throughout all work sessions, throughout class.
work sessions. at times losing the majority Student was
He/she was focus. Student of class consistently off
productive and used resources work time. task.
used resources as efficiently and It was
needed. wisely. difficult to
keep
him/her on
task.
Limited use
of sources
observed.
Stages All required Most of the Some of the No stages were
stages are required stages stages were included in the
included in the are included in included. presentation.
presentation. the
presentation.
Originality Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation is a
shows substantial shows some shows an repeat of other
originality and originality and effort at people's ideas
creativity. The creativity. The originality and/or
content and graphics and

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 content and ideas ideas are and shows very
are presented presented in an inventiveness little effort at
in an exceptional interesting way. original
and interesting thought
way.
Presentation The poster is The poster is The poster is The poster is
exceptionally attractive in acceptably distractingly
attractive in terms of design, attractive messy or very
terms of design, layout, and though it poorly designed.
layout, and neatness. may be a bit It is not
neatness. messy. attractive.

Job well done! You are now ready to take your posttest. You may
again go over the lessons, experiments and activities
to review for the final assessment.
Good luck!

Gauge

Directions: Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
Write only the letter of the best answer for each test item. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers.
1. Which of the following is a stellar core formed when the fragments of collapsed
molecular cloud contract?
A. Main-sequence star C. Red giant
B. Protostar D. Supernova

2. Which of the following is a star that blows apart and releases a large amount
of energy?
A. Main-sequence star C. Red giant
B. Protostar D. Supernova

3. Which of the following is NOT produced in red giant star?

A. Carbon B. Helium C. Oxygen D. Silicon

4. Which of the following elements is formed in the main-sequence star?

A. Carbon B. Helium C. Iron D. Neon

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5. The formation of a star starts with the dense regions of molecular clouds.
What force pulls matter together to form these regions?
A. Electromagnetic force C. Magnetic force
B. Gravitational force D. Nuclear force

6. What happens when the star’s core runs out of helium?

A. The core cools off. C. Carbon fusion begins.
B. The star explodes. D. Helium fuses in a shell around the core.

7. When does a massive star enter the stage of becoming a supernova?

A. When the silicon fusion stops.
B. When the chromium fusion stops.
C. When it can no longer produce energy.
D. When the star has burned all its oxygen.

8. When the star has used up all its hydrogen fuel. Which of the following
statements BEST describes stellar nucleosynthesis?
A. It is the process by which elements are formed within stars.
B. It is the formation of elements during a supernova explosion.
C. It is the process by which elements are produced in gas clouds.
D. It is the formation of light elements such as hydrogen and helium.

9. Which of the following statements is CORRECT about supernova?

A. It is a star that blows apart and releases a large amount of energy.
B. It is a star that has used up its hydrogen supply in the core and
switched into the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in the shell
surrounding the core.
C. It is a star formed when gravitational equilibrium is reached during the
hydrogen fusion in a protostar.
D. Both A and B

10. Which of the following DOES NOT match with each other?
A. Neon: Oxygen Fusion C. Oxygen: Carbon Fusion
B. Iron: Magnesium Fusion D. Magnesium: Neon Fusion

11. Which of the following shows the proper sequence of stages of stellar evolution
of a low-mass star?
A. Main sequence star - red giant - white dwarf - protostar
B. Protostar - main sequence star - red giant - white dwarf
C. Protostar - main sequence star - white dwarf - red giant
D. Main sequence star – protostar - red giant - white dwarf

12. What happens when the majority of the helium in the core has been converted
to carbon?
I. The rate of fusion will decrease.
II. The rate of fusion will increase.
III. The gravity will not squeeze the star.
IV. The gravity will squeeze the star.
A. I and III B. I and IV C. II and III D. II and IV

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13. Which of the following is TRUE about the formation of elements lighter than
iron in the core of the stars?
I. When the elements combine, they release energy which can fuel
the nuclear fusion reactions in the star.
II. When the elements combine, they produce a nucleus with a mass
lower than the sum of their masses.
III. When there is an input of energy from nuclear fission reactions
in the star, the elements are formed.
IV. When the elements combine, they produce a nucleus with a mass
greater than the sum of their masses.

A. I B. II C. III D. IV

14. What happens to law-mass stars if carbon fusion will not occur?
I. The star’s fuel will be depleted.
II. The cold and inert carbon core will remain.
III. The star will become multiple-red giant star.
IV. The outer material of the star is blown off into space

A. I and II B. I and III C. I and IV D. II and IV

15. Which of the following shows the proper sequence of events where protostar
becomes red giant star?
I. The fusion stops and the pressure in the core decreases.
II. Gravity squeezes the star to a point that helium and hydrogen
burning occur.
III. Hydrogen is fused into helium in the core of a main sequence
star, through the proton-proton chain.
IV. Helium becomes carbon in the core while hydrogen is changed
to helium in the shell surrounding the core.

A. I – II – III – IV C. III – I – II – IV
B. II – III – IV – I D. III – II – I – IV

Great job! You are done with this module.

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References

Printed Materials

The Commission on Higher Education. (2016). Physical Science, Teaching

Guide for Senior High School (pp. 13-23). Diliman, Quezon City

Santiago, K and Silverio, A. (2016). Exploring Life Through Science Series.

Phoenix Publishing House, Incorporated

Websites

Bigael, J.A (2017). Formation of Heavy Element. Retrieved on July 22, 2020
from https://www.slideshare.net/formation-of- heavy-elements?

Nave, C. R. (2012). Nuclear fusion in stars. Retrieved July 23, 2020 from
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/astfus.html

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 KEY ANSWERS

JUMPSTART
Search Me!
1. Protostar
2. Supernova
3. Stellar Nucleosynthesis
4. Red Giant
5. White Dwarf

Q W E R T Y U I O P A S D F G S H J K L Z X

M N W H I T E D W A R F B V C U E M N B V C

Q A Z X E D H U I O P D R R F P J F F S H J

J H U N E L J G S S R A T S Y E D J S K L R

A G H J L N E V A D O J Y A S R J E K D D R

S T E L L A R N U C L E O S Y N T H E S I S

V N S E F A H U I O P D R R F O H J K L Z X

A D S G T D H U I O P D R R C V E M N B V C

N Y A S E L J G S S R A T S F A J F F S H J

K O O S F N E V A D O J Y A Y S D J S K L R

Q R V A D D H U I O P D R R S A J E K D D R

P J H U N A Y S D J S T R E D G I A N T U Y

P R O T O S T A R V Y M K S G U I O P D R R

EXPLORE
Enrichment Activity 1: Concept Map
1. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
2. Helium
3. Red Giant Star
4. Silicon
5. Neon
in any order
6. Magnesium
7. Iron
8. Supernova
9. Molybdenum in any order and except for Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, Silicon, Neon,
10. Lead Magnesium, Oxygen and Iron

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Enrichment Activity 2: Flowchart
*Rubrics attached

DEEPEN
Performance Task: Life of a Star Artwork
* Rubrics attached

GAUGE
Multiple Choice
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. B
13. D
14. C
15. C

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