Example 1.

1: Empirical Method – Deep Beam

A transfer girder is to support one symmetrically located column having a factored load of P =
5000 kN and is supported on 600mmx600mm square columns. The clear span of the transfer girder
is 6m. The girder should also carry an additional factored uniform load (including self-weight) of
𝜔 =206.5 kN/m. The overall depth of the beam is (h = 4000mm) and the width of the beam is
(b=400mm). Using C25 concrete and S360 reinforcing steel, design the deep beam using Empirical
method.
P = 5000 kN

ω = 206.5 kN/m

4000

400
6m
0.6 m 0.6 m

Step 1: Check for deep beam (According to EBCS2/1995):

𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 6.6𝑚

𝑙≤{ ∴ 𝑙 = 6.6𝑚
1.15 ∗ 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 1.15 ∗ 6 = 6.9𝑚

𝑙 2.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛

The Criteria for Deep beam is; ≤{
ℎ 2.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛

𝑙 6.6
= = 1.65 < 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 400𝑚𝑚 > 100 𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚
ℎ 4.0

Step2: Design for Flexure:

2
25 𝑁 0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁 0.21(𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 𝑁
For C25 :𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 1.25
= 20
𝑚𝑚2
, 𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
1.25
= 11.33
𝑚𝑚2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 =
1.5
= 1.0315
𝑚𝑚2

𝑁 𝑦𝑑 𝑓 𝑁
For S360 Rebar: 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 360 𝑚𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 1.15 = 313.04 𝑚𝑚2

For simple span deep beams, the lever arm (Z), can be taken as:

1
 𝑙
0.2(𝑙 + 2ℎ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 < ≤ 2.0
𝑍={ ℎ
𝑙
0.6𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 = 1.0
ℎ
𝑙
Since 1 < ℎ = 1.65 ≤ 2.0 , 𝒁 = 0.2(𝑙 + 2ℎ) = 0.2(6.6 + 2 ∗ 4) = 2.92𝑚 = 2920𝑚𝑚

Maximum Moment (at mid span span) and max shear force (at support):

𝜔𝑑 𝑙 2 𝑃𝑑 𝑙 206.5(6.62 ) 5000(6.6)
𝑀𝑆𝑑 = + = + = 9374.3925 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 4 8 4

𝜔𝑑 𝑙 𝑃𝑑 206.5(6.6) 5000
𝑉𝑀𝑎𝑥 = + = + = 3181.45 𝑘𝑁
2 4 2 2

From this, the percentage of shear force caused by concentrated load only will be;

2500
𝑉𝑃 = ∗ 100 % = 78.58% > 50%
3181.45

Therefore, this load is Principal Load.

Main (Flexural) Reinforcements

𝑀𝑆𝑑 9374.3925 ∗ 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 10255.58 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑍 (313.04)(2920)

Assume Ø20mm longitudinal bars and Ø14mm stirrups to be used;

𝐴𝑠 10255.58
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 20𝑚𝑚 Ø 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑛 = = = 32.6 ≈ 33
𝐷2 202
(𝜋 ∗ 4 ) (𝜋 ∗ 4 )

𝐷2 (3.14 ∗ 202 )
𝐴𝑠, 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑛 (𝜋 ∗ ) = 33 ∗ = 10367.26 𝑚𝑚2
4 4

The zone where positive reinforcements should be distributed (y-distance from the bottom surface)
is;

𝑦 = 0.25ℎ − 0.05𝑙 = 0.25(4000) − 0.05(6600) = 670𝑚𝑚

Assume Clean cover (Cc) to stirrup surface is equal to 50mm. The effective cover (𝑑′) upto first
row of reinforcements can then be determined as:

2
 ∅𝑙 20
𝑑1 = 𝐶𝑐 + ∅𝑠 + = 50 + 14 + = 74𝑚𝑚
2 2
Where;

Cc = clean cover (concrete cover to stirrup surface), Øs = diameter of stirrups and Øl = diameter of
longitudinal bars.

Considering the EBCS2/1995 code requirements for minimum spacing between rebar, lets
determine the maximum No of bars that can be placed in the first row. Assume that the minimum
horizontal clear spacing (Gap) between bars as 𝑪𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎 (which is the max bar size). The
spacing of bars in the first row will then be;

∅𝑙 ∅𝑙 20 20
𝑆1 = 𝐶𝑏 + + = 20 + + = 40𝑚𝑚
2 2 2 2
∅l
Available width for placing bars = b − 2𝐶𝐶 − 2∅s − 2 ( )
2

20
Available width for placing bars = 400 − 2(50) − 2(14) − 2 ( ) = 252mm
2

Available width for placing bars

No of bars that can be placed in the first row =
S1

252
No of bars that can be placed in the first row = = 6.3 ≈ 7
40

Therefore, we can put 7 No of Ø20mm longitudinal bars in the first raw.

Overall ′𝑏′ reqiured to place 7 bars = 2(50) + 2(14) + 7(20) + 6(20) = 388 ≤ 400 … … 𝐎𝐤!

Overall ′𝑏′ reqiured to place 8 bars = 2(50) + 2(14) + 8(20) + 7(20) = 428 > 400 … 𝐍𝐨𝐭 𝐎𝐤!

These 7 bars are placed, 𝑑1 = 74𝑚𝑚, away from the bottom concrete surface and the actual
horizontal gap that is used between these bars is:

∅𝑙 400 − 2(50) − 2(14) − 2(10) 20

𝐶𝑏 = 𝑆1 − 2 ( ) = − 2 ( ) = 𝟐𝟐 ≥ 𝟐𝟎 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) … … 𝑂𝑘!
2 6 2

If 7 bars are placed in the first raw, 13 bars will be placed in each face of the deep beam distributed
within the depth 𝑦 = 670𝑚𝑚.

3
The vertical spacing between those bars (𝑆2 ) will therefore be;

670 − 74 − 10
𝑆2 = = 45.0769 𝑚𝑚
13

The actual vertical gap used between the bars in both faces of the deep beam will be;

∅𝑙 20
𝐶𝑏 = 𝑆2 − 2 ( ) = 45.0769 − 2 ( ) = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟗 ≥ 𝟐𝟎 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) … … 𝑂𝑘!
2 2

𝑑1 = 74𝑚𝑚

𝑑2 = 𝑑1 + 𝑆2 = 74 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 119.0769 𝑚𝑚

𝑑3 = 𝑑2 + 𝑆2 = 119.0769 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 164.153823 𝑚𝑚

𝑑4 = 𝑑3 + 𝑆2 = 164.153823 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 209.23 𝑚𝑚

𝑑5 = 𝑑4 + 𝑆2 = 209.23 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 254.3077 𝑚𝑚

𝑑6 = 𝑑5 + 𝑆2 = 254.3077 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 299.3846 𝑚𝑚

𝑑7 = 𝑑6 + 𝑆2 = 299.3846 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 344.4615 𝑚𝑚

𝑑8 = 𝑑7 + 𝑆2 = 344.4615 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 389.5385 𝑚𝑚

𝑑9 = 𝑑8 + 𝑆2 = 389.5385 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 434.6154 𝑚𝑚

𝑑10 = 𝑑9 + 𝑆2 = 434.6154 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 479.6923 𝑚𝑚

𝑑11 = 𝑑10 + 𝑆2 = 479.6923 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 524.7692 𝑚𝑚

𝑑12 = 𝑑11 + 𝑆2 = 524.7692 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 569.8462 𝑚𝑚

𝑑13 = 𝑑12 + 𝑆2 = 569.8462 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 614.9231 𝑚𝑚

𝑑14 = 𝑑13 + 𝑆2 = 614.9231 𝑚𝑚 + 45.0769 𝑚𝑚 = 660.00 𝑚𝑚

7𝑑1 + 2(𝑑2 + 𝑑3 + ⋯ 𝑑14 ) 10646

𝑑′ = = = 322.6061 𝑚𝑚
33 33

𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑑 ′ = 4000 − 323.6061 = 3677.394 ≈ 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝟕. 𝟒 𝒎𝒎

4
 CC
m
S2 d14
m
33 – Φ20mm

Y = 670 mm

d’

Cb S1
m m
d1
m
b = 400 mm

Check for Minimum and Maximum requirements

0.6𝑏𝑤 𝑑 0.6 ∗ 400 ∗ 3677.4

𝐴𝑠, 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = = = 2451.6 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠, 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 360
= 10367.26 𝑚𝑚2 … 𝑂𝑘!

𝐴𝑠, 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = 𝜌𝑏 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 > 𝐴𝑠, 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 10367.26 𝑚𝑚2 … … 𝑂𝑘!

Assignment: Design Supplementary Reinforcements (you can use the following Hint)

To Supplement the main reinforcements, one layer of mesh reinforcements shall be provided
near each face of the deep beam. The minimum percentage of reinforcement of each mesh in
each direction shall be given by:

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.3/𝑓𝑦𝑘

5
The spacing between adjacent bars shall not exceed twice the thickness of the deep beam or
300 mm.

2𝑏
𝑆≤{
300

Step 3: Design for Shear

6.6
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝛼𝑣 ≤ { 2 = 3.3 ∴ 𝛼𝑣 = 3.3
1.15 ∗ 3.0 = 3.45

Design shear, Vsd (the critical shear for principal load is at av/2 from the center of the support (i.e.
at 1.65m = 1650mm.

P = 5000 kN

av
ω = 206.5 kN/m

3300
3000

l = 6600 mm

RA=Vmax = 3181.45 kN RB= RA = 3181.45 kN

3181.45
Vsd
2500

1650
2500

3181.45

3181.45 − 2500 𝑉𝑠𝑑 − 2500

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠, =
3300 1650

6
 3181.45 − 2500
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = ( ) ∗ 1650 + 2500 = 2840.725 𝑘𝑁
3300

𝑉𝑠𝑑 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.25 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 400 ∗ 3677.4 = 4166.4942 𝑘𝑁 … … … 𝑂𝑘!

𝑉 = 𝑉𝐶 + 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉ℎ

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 𝛽 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑

2𝑑 2(3677.4)
𝛽= = = 2.228727 ≈ 2.23
𝑎𝑣 3300

10367.26
𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 = 1 + 50 ( ) = 1.3524 ≤ 2.0 … . . 𝑂𝑘!
400 ∗ 3677.4

𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 − 3.6774 = −2.0774 ≥ 1.0 … … . 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑂𝑘! ∴ 𝑘2 = 1.0

2 2
0.21(𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 0.21(20)3 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.0315
1.5 1.5 𝑚𝑚2

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 𝛽 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25(2.23)(1.3524)(1.0)(1.0315)(400)(3677.4) ∗ 10−3 = 1143.9845 𝑘𝑁

Total shear to be resisted by stirrups,

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠𝑑 − 𝑉𝐶 = 2840.725 − 1143.9845 = 1696.7405 ≈ 1697 𝑘𝑁

Let’s use Ø14mm for vertical stirrups and Ø12mm for horizontal stirrups. The area of 2-legged
both vertical and horizontal stirrups will then be;

2𝜋(14)2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠, 𝐴𝑉 = = 307.876 𝑚𝑚2
4

2𝜋(12)2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠, 𝐴𝑉ℎ = = 226.1947 𝑚𝑚2
4

Homework: Check 𝐴𝑉 and 𝐴𝑉ℎ against minimum requirements.

Assume 1000 kN will be carried by vertical stirrups ( 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑉𝑠 = 1000 𝑘𝑁) and 697 kN will be
carried by horizontal stirrups (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑉ℎ = 697 𝑘𝑁).

7
 𝑑
𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑎𝑣 − 2) 𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑆𝑉 = ≤ ≤
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑆 4

3677.4
307.876 ∗ 313.04 (3300 −
𝑆𝑉 = 2 ) ≤ 307.876 ∗ 313.04 ∗ 3677.4 ≤ 3677.4
1000 ∗ 103 1000 ∗ 103 4

𝑆𝑉 = 140.83 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 354.42 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 919.35 𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝑺𝑽 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎

3𝑑
𝐴𝑉ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ( 2 −𝑎𝑣 ) 𝐴𝑉ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑆ℎ = ≤ =
𝑉ℎ 𝑉𝑆 3

3 ∗ 3677.4
226.1947 ∗ 313.04 ( − 3300) 226.1947 ∗ 313.04 ∗ 3677.4 3677.4
𝑆ℎ = 2 ≤ ≤
697 ∗ 103 697 ∗ 103 3

𝑆ℎ = 225.13 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 373.586 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 1225.8 𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝑺𝒉 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Provide Ø14mm vertical stirrups @ c/c distance of 140mm and Ø12mm horizontal stirrups @
c/c distance of 200mm.

Ø14mm@c/c 140 mm
vertical stirrups

Ø12mm@c/c 200 mm 33 – Ø20mm Main

horizontal stirrups reinforcements

8
Example 1.2: Strut & Tie Method (STM) - Deep Beam

A transfer girder is to carry two 600X600 square columns each with factored load of 4800 kN
located at the third Point of a 6m span beam. The beam has a thickness of 600mm and a total depth
of 2.4m. Using C-40 Concrete and S-460 Steel, Design the beam by STM method. (Neglect self-
weight of the beam).
4800 kN 4800 kN

600 600
2400
A B

600
6m

Step 1: Check for D-Region

4800 kN 4800 kN
2m 2m 2m

D - Region D - Region D - Region h = 2.4m

RA = 4800 kN RB = 4800 kN

As shown on the above picture, Beam is fully D-Region thus we can use STM.

Step 2: Determining width of struts and ties and Effective depth (d):

The thickness of the struts (ties) is equal to the thickness of the beam, which is b = 600mm.

9
From geometry or static analysis, the reactions at A and B are equal to 4800 kN.

B C

d h
d

A D

4800 kN 4800 kN

B C

A D

4800 kN 4800 kN

Assume Z = 0.8h and d = 0.9h

𝑧 0.8∗2.4
From this 𝜃 = tan−1 (2) = tan−1 ( ) = 43.83°
2

Taking point, A:
FAB

ϴ
A FAD

48000 kN
4800 4800
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = = = 6931.08 𝑘𝑁
sin 𝜃 sin 43.83°

10
 4800 ∗ cos 𝜃
𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 = = 4800 cot 𝜃 = 5000.00 𝑘𝑁
sin 𝜃

Taking a section that carries tie AD and strut BC.

FBC

ϴ
A FAD

48000 kN

𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 5000 𝑘𝑁

𝐹 4800∗ 10−3
Bearing stress, 𝜎𝑏 = 𝐴 = = 13.33 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
600∗600

Width of struts:
The width of struts and ties can be determined based on the first method of calculating the strut
and tie widths (i.e. hydrostatic pressure):

𝐹
𝜎𝑏 =
𝐴

𝐹𝐴𝐵 6391.08 ∗ 103

𝜔𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝐵 = 𝜔𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝐷 = = = 866.4𝑚𝑚 = 0.8664𝑚
𝜎𝑏 ∗ 𝑏 13.33 ∗ 600

𝐹𝐵𝐶 5000 ∗ 103

𝜔𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡 𝐵𝐶 = = = 625.16𝑚𝑚 = 0.625𝑚
𝜎𝑏 ∗ 𝑏 13.33 ∗ 600

𝐹𝐴𝐷 5000 ∗ 103

𝜔 𝑇𝑖𝑒 𝐴𝐷 = = = 625.16𝑚𝑚 = 0.625𝑚
𝜎𝑏 ∗ 𝑏 13.33 ∗ 600
𝜔𝐵𝐶 𝜔𝐴𝐷
Actual lever arm will then be, 𝑧 = ℎ − − = ℎ − 0.625𝑚
2 2

𝑍 = 2.4 − 0.625 = 1.778 ≅ 1.78𝑚

1.78
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = 41.18°
2

Again take point A and follow all the above procedures and necessary iterations until ϴ approaches
to a constant value.

11
 𝜔 𝜔
𝑧 ℎ − 2𝐵𝐶 − 2𝐴𝐷
𝛳 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( )
2000 2

𝐹𝐴𝐷 4800 ∗ 103 cot 𝜃

2400 − 2400 − 13.33 ∗ 600
𝜎𝑏 ∗ 𝑏
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( )
2000 2000

Now you can the value of ϴ with the help of calculator or Excel software package formula and the
value of ϴ will finally be, 𝜃 = 40.19°.

Then for this constant value of ϴ, analyze the truss again.

Taking Point, A:

FAB

40.19°
A FAD

48000 kN

4800 4800
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = = = 7438.11 𝑘𝑁
sin 𝜃 sin 40.19°

𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 7438.11 cos 40.19° = 5682.04 𝑘𝑁

𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 5682.04 𝑘𝑁

𝐹𝐴𝐵 7438.11 ∗ 103

𝜔𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝐵 = 𝜔𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝐷 = = = 929.996𝑚𝑚 = 0.93𝑚
𝜎𝑏 ∗ 𝑏 13.33 ∗ 600

𝐹𝐵𝐶 5682.04 ∗ 103

𝜔𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡 𝐵𝐶 = = = 710.43𝑚𝑚 = 0.71𝑚
𝜎𝑏 ∗ 𝑏 13.33 ∗ 600

Actual depth will therefore be:

𝑑 = ℎ − 0.5𝜔𝐴𝐷 = 2.4 − 0.5(0.71) = 2.045𝑚

Step 3: Checking Each Component of the STM for Failure (adequacy of Nodes & struts against
failure and designing ties):

12
  Checking for Nodes A, B, C and D:

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠, 𝑖𝑓 ∅𝑓𝑐𝑒 > 𝜎𝑏 … … 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒! 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒!

For Node B & C: (-C-C-C) node, 𝛽𝑛 = 1.0

𝑁 𝑁
∅𝑓𝑐𝑒 = (0.75)(0.85𝛽𝑛 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) = (0.75)(0.85 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 32) = 20.4 2
> 𝜎𝑏 = 13.33 … … . 𝑂𝑘!
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚2

For Node A & D: (-C-C-T) node, 𝛽𝑛 = 0.8

𝑁 𝑁
∅𝑓𝑐𝑒 = (0.75)(0.85𝛽𝑛 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) = (0.75)(0.85 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 32) = 16.32 2
> 𝜎𝑏 = 13.33 … … . 𝑂𝑘!
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚2

Therefore, all nodes are safe.

 Check for Struts AB, BC and CD:

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡𝑠, 𝑖𝑓 ∅𝑓𝑛𝑠 > 𝐹𝑢 … … 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒! 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒!

∅𝑓𝑛𝑠 = ∅ ∗ (𝑓𝑐𝑒 ∗ 𝐴)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = 𝜔𝑠 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡𝑠

∅𝑓𝑛𝑠 = ∅ ∗ (0.85𝛽𝑠 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝜔𝑠 𝑏)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝝎𝒔 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡, 𝒃 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡 & 𝜷𝒔

= 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 (𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑚)𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡

For Strut AB and CD: Having the same width of strut ( 𝜔𝑠 ) , which is 𝜔𝐴𝐵 = 𝜔𝐶𝐷 = 0.93𝑚

∅𝑓𝑛𝑠 = 0.75 ∗ (0.85 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 32 ∗ 930 ∗ 600 = 11383.2 𝑘𝑁 > 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐶𝐷
= 7438.11 𝑘𝑁 … . . 𝑂𝑘!

Therefore, struts AB and CD are safe.

For Strut BC: 𝜔𝐵𝐶 = 710𝑚𝑚 = 0.71𝑚

∅𝑓𝑛𝑠 = 0.75 ∗ (0.85 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 32 ∗ 710 ∗ 600 = 8690.4 𝑘𝑁 > 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 5682.04 𝑘𝑁 … . . 𝑂𝑘!

Therefore, struts BC is also safe.

13
  Designing of Tie:

∅𝑓𝑛𝑡 ≥ 𝐹𝑈

∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 𝐹𝐴𝐷

𝐹𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝑠 ≥
∅ ∗ 𝑓𝑦

5682.04 ∗ 103
𝐴𝑠 = = 16469.68 𝑚𝑚2
0.75 ∗ 460

Assuming 34ϕmm Longitudinal rebar and ϕ14mm Stirrups are used.

𝐴𝑠 16469.68
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑛 = 2 = = 18.14 ≈ 19
𝐷 342
(𝜋 ∗ 4 ) (𝜋 ∗ 4 )

𝐷2 (3.14 ∗ 342 )
𝐴𝑠, 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑛 (𝜋 ∗ ) = 19 ∗ = 17250.5 𝑚𝑚2
4 4

What if ϕ32mm Longitudinal rebar and ϕ14mm Stirrups are used.

𝐴𝑠 16469.68
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑛 = 2 = = 20.47 ≈ 21
𝐷 322
(𝜋 ∗ 4 ) (𝜋 ∗ 4 )

𝐷2 (3.14 ∗ 322 )
𝐴𝑠, 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑛 (𝜋 ∗ ) = 21 ∗ = 16889.2 𝑚𝑚2
4 4

Classwork: Show and compare the possible arrangement of both 19-Ø34mm bars and 21-19-
Ø34mm and put your comment.

Step 4: Designing for Shear

d/5
AV min = 0.0025bSV SV ≤ {
500

d/3
AVh min = 0.0015bSh Sh ≤ {
300

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 SV = 200 𝑚𝑚

AV min ≥ 0.0025bSV = 0.0025 ∗ 600 ∗ 200 = 300 mm2

14
Use 2-legged Ø14mm stirrups;

2𝜋 ∗ 142
AV = = 307.876 𝑚𝑚2 ≥ AV min = 300 𝑚𝑚2 … … . 𝑂𝑘!
4

∴ Provide 2-legged Ø14mm vertical stirrups @ c/c distance of 200 mm.

Again, for the horizontal stirrups, you can either use the same diameter or assume Sh . Let use the
same diameter as above (i.e. 14mm).

2𝜋 ∗ 142
AVh = = 307.876 𝑚𝑚2
4

AVh 307.876
Sh = = = 342.084 𝑚𝑚
0.0015𝑏 0.0015 ∗ 600

∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 2 − 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑑 ∅14𝑚𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 @𝑐/𝑐 𝑜𝑓 300 𝑚𝑚.

In the ACI 318 code for concrete strengths not exceeding 40Mpa, the requirement for transverse
reinforcement is considered to be satisfied if the axis of the strut being crossed by layers of
reinforcement satisfies the following equation.

𝐴𝑠𝑖
∑ sin 𝛾𝑖 ≥ 0.003
𝑏𝑆𝑖

𝐴𝑉 𝐴𝑣ℎ
sin(90 − 𝜃) + sin(𝜃) ≥ 0.003
𝑏𝑆𝑉 𝑏𝑆ℎ

307.876 307.876
sin(49.81°) + sin(40.19°) ≥ 0.003
600 ∗ 200 600 ∗ 300

0.0019599 + 0.00110378 = 0.003064 ≥ 0.003 … … … . 𝑂𝑘!

But, if this condition is not satisfied, go back to the assumptions you have made earlier for spacing
of vertical and/or horizontal stirrups and then try for lower value of spacing. (i.e. you can try 150
mm for vertical stirrups instead of 200 mm and 200 mm for horizontal stirrups instead of 300 mm.

15
Example 1.3: Strut & Tie Method – Corbels
Design a corbel to support a factored ultimate load of 400 kN at a distance of 360mm from the
face of a 300mm X 300mm column. Proportion the various dimensions and find the amount of
reinforcements required to resist the load without failure. (Use C30 and S400 Class-I works).

Fvd=400 kN
av=360 mm

hc

d h

Solution:

Step 1: Initial Proportioning (determining, d)

The effective depth d of the corbel shall be determined from considerations of shear.
0.4𝑑 ≤ 𝑎𝑣 ≤ 1 , 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑣 = 0.8𝑑
𝑎𝑣 360
𝑑= = = 450𝑚𝑚
0.8 0.8
∅ 20
ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + = 450 + 40 + = 500 𝑚𝑚
2 2
ℎ = 500 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑑 = 450 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 300 𝑚𝑚
Material design Strength:
2
30 𝑁 0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁 0.21(𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 𝑁
For C30 :𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 1.25
= 24 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 1.25
= 13.6 𝑚𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 1.5
= 1.16485 𝑚𝑚2

𝑁 𝑦𝑑 𝑓 𝑁
For S400 Rebar: 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400 𝑚𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 1.15 = 347.826 𝑚𝑚2

16
Checking for diagonal compression failure, 𝑽𝑹𝑫 :

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.25 ∗ 13.6 ∗ 300 ∗ 450 ∗ 10−3 = 459 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 𝐹𝑣𝑑 = 400 𝑘𝑁 … … 𝑂𝑘!

∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒

Fvd=400 kN
av=360 mm

T
α hc ≥ 0.5h = 0.5*500 = 250 mm
z

d h
C

∑ FX = 0
𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝐹𝑉𝑑
𝑎𝑏𝑓𝐶𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝐹𝑉𝑑
𝐹𝑣𝑑
𝑎= … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑏𝑓𝐶𝐷 sin 𝛼

∑ Mt = 0
(𝐶 cos 𝛼) ∗ 𝑧 = 𝐹𝑉𝑑 ∗ 𝛼𝑉
(𝑎𝑏𝑓𝐶𝐷 ) cos 𝛼(𝑑 − 𝑎/2 cos 𝛼) = 𝐹𝑣𝑑 ∗ 𝛼𝑉
(𝐹𝑣𝑑 /𝑏𝑓𝐶𝐷 sin 𝛼)(𝑏𝑓𝐶𝐷 ) cos 𝛼(𝑑 − 𝑎/2 cos 𝛼) = 𝐹𝑣𝑑 ∗ 𝛼𝑉
cos 𝛼 (𝑑 − 𝐹𝑣𝑑 /𝑏𝑓𝐶𝐷 sin 2𝛼) = 𝛼𝑉
cos 𝛼 (450 − 400 ∗ 103 /300(13.6) sin 2𝛼) = 360
tan 𝛼 = (450 − 980.4/ sin 2𝛼)/360 = 1.25 − 0.2723 cos 𝛼
𝛼 = tan−1(1.25 − 0.2723 cos 𝛼)
𝛼 = 44.35°

17
Step 2: Flexural Design
Flexural Reinforcements:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑

𝑓𝑐𝑑 2𝐹𝑣𝑑 𝛼𝑉
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑 cos 2 𝛼 ( ) (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝐶𝐷 𝑏𝑑 2 cos 𝛼

13.6 2 ∗ 400 ∗ 360 ∗ 10−3

𝐴𝑠𝑣 2
= 300 ∗ 400 cos 44.35° ( √
) (1 − 1 − )
347.83 13.6 ∗ 300 ∗ 4502 ∗ cos2 44.35°

𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 1176.32 𝑚𝑚2

𝐻𝑑 = 0.2𝐹𝑣𝑑 = 0.2 ∗ 400 = 80 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 𝐻𝑑 /𝑓𝑦𝑑 ≥ 0.25𝐴𝑠𝑣

80 ∗ 103
𝐴𝑠ℎ = = 230 𝑚𝑚2 ≥ (0.25) ∗ (1176.32) = 294.1 𝑚𝑚2
347.83

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑣 + 𝐴𝑠ℎ = 1176.32 + 294.1 = 1470.4 𝑚𝑚2

𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎. 𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐 ≥ 𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 0.004𝑏ℎ = 0.004 ∗ 300 ∗ 500 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 … … . 𝑶𝒌!

Assuming Ø20mm main bars are going to be used, the No of bars will be;

𝐴𝑠 1470.4
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑛 = = = 4.68 ≈ 5
𝐷2 202
(𝜋 ∗ 4 ) (𝜋 ∗ 4 )

𝐷2 (𝜋 ∗ 202 )
𝐴𝑠, 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑛 (𝜋 ∗ )= 5∗ = 1570.8 𝑚𝑚2
4 4

Step 3: Designing for shear

Shear design/ Shear reinforcements:

𝐴ℎ ≥ 0.5(𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠ℎ )

𝐴ℎ = 0.5(1570.8 − 294.1) = 637.95 𝑚𝑚2

2 2 2
Shear reinforcements are provided up to 𝑑, 𝑑 = 3 (450) = 300 𝑚𝑚
3 3

18
 𝐴ℎ
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠, 𝑛 =
𝐴𝑣
Assume Ø12mm horizontal stirrups are going to be used;

2𝜋(122 )
𝐴𝑣 = = 226.2 𝑚𝑚2
4

637.95
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑛= = 2.82 ≈ 3
226.2

300
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑆) = = 100 𝑚𝑚
3

Provide 3 No of Ø12mm horizontal stirrups within 2/3d = 300 mm @ c/c distance of 100 mm.

Assignment: Repeat the above problem if h = 600 using the following Hint.

In corbel with hc ≥ 300 mm, when the area of the Primary horizontal tie AS is such that:

0.4𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝐴𝑠 ≥
𝑓𝑦𝑑

Where Ac is the sectional area of the concrete in the corbel at the column), then closed stirrups,
having a total area not less than 0.4𝐴𝑠 should be distributed over the effective depth d in order to
cater for splitting stresses in the concrete strut. They can be placed either horizontally or inclined
(See EBCS 2-1995 Page-88).

Step 4: Check for Bearing (Assignment)-You can use the following Hint.

𝐼𝑓 𝜎𝑏 ≤ 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑢 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒.

𝜎𝑏 = 𝐹𝑣𝑑 /𝜔𝑏 ≤ 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑢

Homework: Show the possible detailing of both shear and main reinforcements of the corbel
(you can use the Hint on the figure Below).

Note: The solutions the above problems can be integrated wherever necessary.

19
 Fvd=400 kN
av=360 mm
Main Reinforcements

hc = 250mm

Closed Stirrups
d h

Horizontal Reinforcements

Column Reinforcements

20