08 CENG6507 학생배포Stiffened Structures

CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
Stiffened Structures: Bracing in steel construction Steel Structure
Stiffened Structures: Bracing in steel construction
The braced bays can be grouped around a central core, distributed around the perimeter
of the building, or staggered through various elevations as shown in the below.
Examples of steel-frame structures (MacGinley 1997)
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
Examples of steel-frame structures (MacGinley 1997)

CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
Forces On Structures Braced Frames and Rigid Frames

• Forces from gravity, wind, and
seismic events are imposed on all
structures
• Forces that act vertically are
gravity loads
• Forces that act horizontally, such
as wind and seismic events (the
focus of this discussion) require
lateral load resisting systems to be
built into structures
• As lateral loads are applied to a
structure, horizontal diaphragms
(floors and roofs) transfer the load
to the lateral load resisting system
braced frames (left) and rigid frames (right)
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
Lateral load resisting systems

• The type of lateral load
resisting system to be
used in a structure should
be considered early in the
planning stage
• Lateral stability as well

as architectural needs
must be met
• The three common

lateral load resisting
systems are:
1. Braced Frames
2. Rigid Frames
3. Shear Walls
Types of bracings and the load path (a) single diagonal bracing, (b) X-bracing, (c)
chevron bracing, (d) single-diagonal, alternate direction bracing, and (e) knee bracing.
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
Both had a 63 m2 plan, 350,000 m2 of office

space, and the facades were sheathed in
aluminum-alloy. The buildings were designed
with narrow office windows 45-cm wide which
also reflected Yamasaki’s fear of heights as
well as his desire to make building occupants
feel secure. The World Trade Center towers
had high-strength, closely spaced load-bearing
perimeter steel columns (acting like Vierendeel
trusses) that supported all lateral loads such as
wind loads, and shared the gravity load with
the core columns. The 59 perimeter columns
(per side) were constructed using prefabricated
modular pieces, each consisting of three
columns, three-storeys tall, connected by
spandrel plates. Adjacent modules were bolted
together with the splices occurring at mid-span
of the columns and spandrels. The spandrel
plates were located at each floor, transmitting
shear stress between columns, allowing them
to work together in resisting lateral loads. The
joints between modules were staggered
vertically, so the column splices between
adjacent modules were not at the same floor.
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
In this system the perimeter walls are so constructed that they form one large rigid or
braced tube, which acts as a unit to resist horizontal load, as shown in Fig. 2.10(a) and
(b). The small perforations form spaces for windows, and the normal curtain walling is
eliminated.
Tube structures-(a) framed tube, (b) prefabricated ‘tree’ unbit (c) stress distribution in walls AA, BB (d) braced tube,
(e) tube in tube, and (f) bundled tube (Building may have more storeys than shown.)
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
Dr F.Z. Khan carried the tube concept still further and constructed the Willis Tower (formerly known
as Sears Tower), as a bundled tube. In this 108-storey, 442-m tall skyscraper in Chicago built in
1973, a number of relatively small-framed tubes or diagonally braced tubes are bundled together for
great efficiency in resisting lateral forces .
Tube structures-(a) framed tube, (b) prefabricated ‘tree’ unbit (c) stress distribution in walls AA, BB (d) braced tube,
(e) tube in tube, and (f) bundled tube (Building may have more storeys than shown.)
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure
CENG 6507 CENG 6507
Advanced Advanced
Steel Structure

08 CENG6507 학생배포Stiffened Structures

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08 CENG6507 학생배포Stiffened Structures

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CENG 6507 CENG 6507

Examples of steel-frame structures (MacGinley 1997)

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

Examples of steel-frame structures (MacGinley 1997)

Forces On Structures Braced Frames and Rigid Frames

braced frames (left) and rigid frames (right)

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

Lateral load resisting systems

• Lateral stability as well

• The three common

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

Both had a 63 m2 plan, 350,000 m2 of office

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

CENG 6507 CENG 6507

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