Framed structures

1. 1. FRAMED STRUCTURES SUBMITTED BY :- SUBMITTED TO :- Vidushi Gupta

(13/AR/012 ) Nirmita Mehrotra Ma’am Shivangi Saini ( 13/AR/010 )

Framed buildings are building structures formed by the framed elements usually in the
form of columns and beams, as well as further strengthened as necessary by the
introduction of rigid floor membranes and external walls.

Common forms of framed building structure subdivided into 2 main types:

1. DEFINITION INSITU RC FRAME PREFABRICATED

2. FRAME STEEL STRUCTURE

RECTANGULAR FRAMED STRUCTURES •

A framed structure is a network of beams and columns joined up to form the skeleton
framework of the building. •The structural frame carries the total load of the building and
transfers it to the foundation. •Cladding is fixed over the framework, or infill panels are
placed between its members, to totally enclose the space within the building. •Framed
structures are easily erected from pre-made members. •These members are easily
connected together in the correct sequence to form the structural framework.

Problems arise when large members are used and when the height of the structure makes
lifting difficult. • In these situations a crane will be needed to lift the members into place.
• Rectangular frames are usually made from steel but they may also be made from
concrete. • The multi-storey car park under construction is a concrete framed structure. •
They are set a right angles to each other to provide support for the floors, walls and roof

A STEEL FRAMED STRUCTURE IN COURSE OF ERECTION

Rectangular framed structures are used for multi-storey buildings such as: Office
Blocks Large Schools Hotels Hospitals or other similar buildings where a multi-
storey structure is required. The floor space will incorporate a large number of columns.

ADVANTAGES

• Speedy construction due to simplicity in geometry – consist of only columns and beams
as the main structural elements

• Rigid and stable – able to resist tremendous vertical (dead load) and lateral loads (wind)
• Reduced dead load – absent of thick shear wall etc.

• Roofed over at an earlier stage – every floor slab being finished becomes an cover to
protect the lower floors from sun and rain
 • Offer large unobstructed floor areas – without obstacle between columns

• Flexible utilization of space.

• Adaptable to almost any shape

• Easily altered within limits of frame – regular or non-regular grid system is very
adaptable in spatial arrangement

• Offsite preparation possible – especially for prefabricated construction using precast

concrete or structural steel elements

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNING FRAME STRUCTURES

As already indicated, the primary function of a skeleton frame is to carry safely all the loads
imposed on the building and this is must do without deforming excessively under load as a
whole or in its parts. In order to fulfill this function efficiently it must provide in its design
and construction adequate:

1. STRENGTH AND STABILITY

These are ensured by the use of appropriate materials in suitable forms applied with due
regard to the manner in which a structure and its parts behave under load. • FIRE
RESISTANCE An adequate degree of fire resistance in the frame is essential in order that its
structural integrity may be maintained in the event of fire, either for the full period of a total
burn-out or for a long period at least long enough to permit any occupants of the building to
escape.

2. COLUMN

Columns and struts carry load primarily in compression along their length, and are found in
most building structures.

So, principles or criteria of column design can explain as:

• The strength of stocky columns is related to material strength.

• The strength of slender columns is limited by buckling.

• In practice steel columns have to allow for both buckling and material failure, and for
interaction between the two.

• The resistance of a cross-section to buckling is represented by its radius of gyration.

• End conditions influence buckling behaviour and are accounted for by using an effective
length.
 • In practice columns are subject to a combination of compression and bending. • Because
buckling resistance and actual stress are both related to the size of the cross-section, iterative
design procedures must be used.

3. BEAM

The composite beam design is concerned with sizing the steel section.

The philosophy of designing composite beams is to utilize the implicit strength of the
concrete slab.

The form and thickness of this will have been determined by its functional requirements as a
slab.

Design may be governed by any of the following criteria:

• Deflection - the stiffness of the beam will be chosen to minimize deformation.

• Vibration - the stiffness and mass are chosen to prevent unacceptable vibrations,
particularly in settings sensitive to vibrations.

• Bending failure by yielding - where the stress in the cross section exceeds the yield stress

• Bending failure by lateral torsion buckling - where a flange in compression tends to buckle
sideways or the entire cross-section buckles torsionally

• Shear failure - where the web fails. Slender webs will fail by buckling, rippling in a
phenomenon termed tension field action, but shear failure is also resisted by the stiffness of
the flanges

4. CONTENTS

Shear Walls Moment Resisting Frames Braced Structures EARTHQUAKE RESISTIVE

FEATURES IN FRAME STRUCTURES

a.) SHEAR WALLS • First used in 1940, may be described as vertical, cantilevered beams,
which resist lateral wind and seismic loads acting on a building transmitted to them by
the floor diaphragms.
EFFECTS IN EARTHQUAKE Building frame system with Shear Walls Typical
arrangement of shear walls

• A simple building with shear walls at its ends. Ground motion enters the building and creates
inertial forces which move the floor diaphragms. This movement is resisted by the shear walls,
and the forces are transmitted back down to the foundation. Shear wall: vertical analogy as
cantilever beams
 b.) MOMENT-RESISTING FRAMES Moment-resisting frames are structures having the
traditional beam-column framing. They carry the gravity loads that are imposed on the
floor system. The floors also function as horizontal diaphragm elements that transfer
lateral forces to the girders and columns. In addition, the girders resist high moments and
shears at the ends of their lengths, which are, in turn, transferred to the column system.
As a result, columns and beams can become quite large.

■ Moment-resisting frames can be constructed ofsteel, concrete, or masonry.

■ Consist of beams and columns in which bending of these members provides the resistance
to lateral forces.

■ There are two primary types of moment frames, ordinary and special.

i.) Special moment-resisting frames are detailed to ensure ductile behavior of the beam-
to-column joints and are normally used in zones of higher seismicity.

ii.) Steel moment-resisting frames have been under intensive study and testing.

BRACED STRUCTURES

• Braced frames develop their resistance to lateral forces by the bracing action of diagonal
members. The braces induce forces in the associated beams and columns so that all work
together like a truss with all members subjected to stresses that are primarily axial. • Braced
frames act in the same manner as shear walls, though they may be of lower resistance depending
on their detailed design.

• Bracing generally takes the form of steel rolled sections, circular bar sections, or tubes;
vibrating forces may cause it to elongate or compress, in this case it loses its effectiveness and
permits large deformations or collapse of the vertical structure.

• Bracing can be used to stop buildings swaying over. It helps buildings stand up to the sideways
forces that can occur during earthquakes or high winds. Bracing members can work in tension or
in compression.

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE 4. BRACED STRUCTURES