EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON

SELF- CURING CONCRETE USING LECA

BALLS AND SODIUM ACRYLATE

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

K.ANURAGINI (813018103001)
R.LATCHANA (813018103003)
N.MAHENTHIRAN (813018103004)
N.MANIKANDAN (813018103005)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

OXFORD ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2022
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “EXPERIMENTAL

INVESTIGATION ON SELF-CURING CONCRETE USING LECA AND
SODIUM ACRYLATE” is the bonafide work of “K.ANURAGINI
(813018103001), R.LATCHANA (813018103003), N.MAHENTHIRAN
(813018103004), N.MANIKANDAN (813018103005)” Who carried out the
project under our supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
P.V.PREMALATHA,Ph.D, P.V.PREMALATHA,Ph.D,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
DEPT OFCIVIL ENGG DEPT OF CIVIL ENGG
OXFORD ENGINEERING COLLEGE OXFORD ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Submitted for Anna University viva-voce Examination held on.................................... at

Oxford Engineering college.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very much grateful to our Honourable Chairman

Er.M.SUBRAMANIAM,M.E., and our principal
Dr.P.V.PREMALATHA,M.E.,Ph.D., for giving us an opportunity to do this
project.

We wish to record our deep sense of gratitude to

Dr.P.V.PREMALATHA,M.E.,Ph.D., Professor and Department of Head
Civil Engineering for his valuable guidance and encouragement for the
successful completion of the project.

We express our sincere and heartful gratitude to Assistant Professor.

Dr.P.V.PREMALATHA,M.E.,Ph.D., for guidance and support given in
preparing the project successfully.

We whole heartedly and sincerely acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude and

indebtedness to our beloved guide, Ms.M.GEETHANJALAI,M.E., Assistant
professor of the Civil Engineering Department, for his expert guidance and
encouragement throughout the duration of the project and Special thanks to
Ms.S.SARANYA,M.E., Assistant Professor of the Civil Engineering
Department, helped us to complete the project successfully. We also thank all
the faculty members and supporting staff of DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING, for their constant support to complete this project work in the
right way.

ii
 ABSTRACT

Water is the sources of life. All plants and animals need water to
survive. There can be no life on earth without water. In the upcoming era,
society faces dramatic issues on water scarcity. Construction without water is
practically impossible. In the manufacturing of concrete, Curing requires a large
quantity of water. New advancement in Science and technology to ensure
undisturbed hydration with replenishment of water loss and to maintain
temperature for the process of hydration. This will intend the development of
strength and durability of concrete. Curing decreases the permeability of the
hardened concrete, thereby reducing the crack formation. . Presoaked LECA of
5%, 10% and 15%are partially replaced with normal weight aggregate as a
source of additional water. SP is added to concrete of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of
cement. Compressive and tensile strength tests are done on this internally cured
concrete. In this experimental study, the conventional concrete is compared
internally cured with Lightweight. Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) and
Sodium Polyacrylate (SP). Conventional concrete is compared with self-curing
concrete. All the testing procedures are formulated as per Indian Standards.

iii
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
3.1 Specific Gravity of Portland cement 15
3.2 Fineness of Cement 16
3.3 Setting Time of Cement 17
3.4 Sieve Analysis test results for Coarse Aggregate 18
3.5 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate 19
3.6 Sieve Analysis test results for Fine Aggregate 21
3.7 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate 22
3.8 Property Value 23
4.1 Mix Proportions 28
CUBES
5.1 Compressive Strength at 7 days 35
5.2 Compressive Strength at 14 days 36
5.3 Compressive Strength at 28 days 37
5.4 Compressive Strength of Concrete 38
5.5 Comparison of M20 to M25 39
CYLINDERS
5.6 Compressive Strength at 7 days 41
5.7 Compressive Strength at 14 days 42
5.8 Compressive Strength at 28 days 43
5.9 Compressive Strength of Concrete 44
5.10 Comparison of M20 to M25 45

iv
 BEAMS
5.11 Compressive Strength at 7 days 47
5.12 Compressive Strength at 14 days 48
5.13 Compressive Strength at 28 days 49
5.14 Compressive Strength of Concrete 50
5.15 Comparison of M20 to M25 51

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO TITLE PAGE NO

4.1 Cement 15
4.2 Coarse Aggregate 20
4.3 Fine Aggregate 22
4.4 Leca 23
4.5 Sodium Acrylate 24
6.1 Casting in Materials 29
6.2 Curing of Specimens 30
6.3 Compressive Test on Cube 31
6.4 Compressive Test on Cylinder 32
6.5 Compressive Test on Beam 33

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

3 METHODOLOGY 13

4 MATERIAL USED

4.1 Cement 14
4.2 Fineness Cement 16
4.3 Aggregate 17
4.4 coarse Aggregate 17
4.5 Fine Aggregate 20
4.6 Water 22
4.7 Leca 23
4.8 Sodium Arcylate 23
5 MIX DESIGN
5.1 Mix design 25
vii
 5.2 Mix proportion 27
5.3 Conclusion 28
6 EXPERIMENTAL WORKS
6.1 General 29
6.2 Casting of Materials 29
6.3 Curing of Specimens 30
6.4 Testing of Specimens 30
6.4.1 Compressive Strength of Cubes 30
6.4.2 Compressive Strength of Cylinders 31
6.4.3 Compressive Strength of Beams 32
7 GRAPHS AND DICUSSION
7.1 Compressive Strength of cubes 34
7.2 Compressive Strength of Cylinders 40
7.3 Compressive Strength of Beams 46
8 CONCLUSION 52
9 REFERENCE 53

viii
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

A - Area Over Which The Applied In mm2

B - Breadth Of The Specimen In mm
C - Mass Of The Cement (Kg/m3)
D - Depth Of The Specimen In mm
Fa & Ca - Total Mass Of Fine And Coarse aggreagate (kg/m3)
Fck - Characteristics Of Compressive Strength At 28 Days
F - Compressive Stress In N/mm2
L - Length Of Specimen In mm
P - Load At Which The Specimen Fails In N
S - Standard Deviation
Sp -Ratio Of Fine To Total Aggregate By Total Volume
Sc - Specific Gravity Of Cement
Sfa &Ca -Specific Gravity Of Fine &Coarse Aggregate
Respectively
T - Risk Factor

ix
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Building Construction without water is unimaginable. Since the water
needs are huge, the buildings are a necessity to switch over alternatives such that
water usage can be reduced . Thus, self-curing systemizes are the new emerging
trend for conservation of water in the construction industry. To promote a
sustainable environment, we have to switch over alternatives.
Curing of concrete is done to maintain optimum moisture content, to
prevent the loss of water required for hydration of the cement , to avoid
shrinkage cracks and premature stressing or disturbance in concrete. According
to ACI, a process by which hydration of cement continues because of the
availability of internal water is not part of the mixing water. Curing often
happens “from outside to inside.”
In contrast, internal curing happens “from inside to outside” through
internal reservoirs like super absorbent polymer and lightweight clay aggregate.
To achieve the designated self-curing concrete properties, water evaporation at
the surface has to be avoided in addition to supplying water from the exterior.
Mineral admixtures are now used in partial replacement with cement to
reduce the pollution caused by the manufacturing of cement; these admixtures as
like cement, don’t completely blend with the components of cement. Hence
these conventional methods require high demand for curing as compared to
ordinary Portland cement. When water for the curing is unavailable, due to
depercolation of the capillary porous nature, early age cracking is quite usual.
On the other hand, the early development of crack is due to shrinkages
during hydration. Usually, shrinkages would be due to either dryin8g, thermal or
carbonated shrinkage. Chemical shrinkage is an internal volume reduction due to

1
the absolute volume of hydration . The alternative source for these aspects of
limitations is sustainable building with a newly emerging field of advancement.
In this experimental study,
Presoaked LECA of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%are partially replaced with
normal weight aggregate as a source of additional water. SP is added to
concrete of 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% of cement.Compressive ,tensile
strength tests are done on this internally cured concrete.

2
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Sung Woo Lee, Kee Jeung Hong, Sinzeon Park, Lee, S. W., Hong, K. J., &
Park, S. (2010). Current and future applications of glass-fibre-reinforced
polymer decks in Korea. Structural Engineering International, 20(4), 405-408.
In comparison to concrete or steel bridge decks, glass-fibre-
reinforced polymer (GFRP) compos ite bridge deck is highly economical, since
its lightweight property reduces initial construction cost for the foundation, and
the high durability decreases the life-cycle cost for the bridges. Furthermore, the
duration of construction is reduced significantly because of the short installation
time of the lightweight GFRP composite decks. Korea is one of the leading
countries in the construction of composite-deck bridges in recent years. In
Korea, 13 road bridges (deck area = 15 917 m2 ) have been constructed and six
more road bridges (deck area = 9747 m2 ) will be constructed in the near future.
Furthermore, 19 footbridges (deck area = 14 921 m2 ) have been constructed to
date and six more footbridges (deck area = 14 204 m2 ) will be constructed in
the near future. Among them, there are two remarkable projects: the Noolcha
Bridge in Busan Newport which was constructed with the world’s largest
composite-deck panel, which is 300 m long and 35 m wide, and the existing 1,7
km-long walkway of the Hangang Bridge in Seoul which was expanded from a
width of 2,5 to 5 m by replacing the existing concrete decks with composite
decks.
A.I. Azmi & R. J. T. Lin & D. Bhattacharyya, Azmi, A. I., Lin, R. J. T., &
Bhattacharyya, D. (2013). Tool wear prediction models during end milling of
glass fibre-reinforced polymer composites. The International Journal of
3
Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 67(1), 701-718.
Composite products are often subjected to secondary
machining processes as integral part of component manufacture. However, rapid
tool wear becomes the limiting factor in maintaining consistent machining
quality of the composite materials. Hence, this study demonstrates the
development of an indirect approach in predicting and monitoring the wear on
carbide tool during end milling using multiple regression analysis (MRA) and
neuro-fuzzy modelling. Although the results have indicated that acceptable
predictive capability can be well achieved using MRA, the application of neuro-
fuzzy yields a significant improvement in the prediction accuracy. It is apparent
that the accuracies are pronounced as a result of nonlinear membership function
and hybrid learning algorithms. Using the developed models, a timely decision
for tool re-conditioning or tool replacement can be achieved effectively.
A. I. Azmi . R. J. T. Lin . D. Bhattacharyya, Azmi, A. I., Lin, R. J. T., &
Bhattacharyya, D. (2013). Machinability study of glass fibre-reinforced polymer
composites during end milling. The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 64(1), 247-261.
Machining of composite materials is usually performed to
achieve required geometrical shapes and dimensional tolerances. However,
machinability evaluation of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites
in end milling has not yet received its due attention in the research community
despite the extensive industrial use of this process. This work aims to elucidate
the end milling machinability of GFRP composites with respect to surface
roughness, tool life and machining forces. Taguchi analysis combined with
statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to quantify the effects
of spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut on those characteristics. Multiple

4
regression analysis (MRA) was also employed to establish parametric
relationships between the experimental parameters and the machinability
outputs. Results from ANOVA and MRA reveal that feed rate is the governing
factor affecting all the machinability outputs. The calculated values from MRA
have been found to be fairly close to experimental values in almost all cases.
Validation tests under randomly selected machining conditions have further
demonstrated the feasibility of the developed mathematical models with 8–12%
error for tool life and machining forces predictions while >19% error for
calculating the surface roughness.
C. W. Nguong, S. N. B. Lee, and D. Sujan,Nguong, C. W., Lee, S. N. B., &
Sujan, D. (2013). A review on natural fibre reinforced polymer
composites. International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical
Engineering, 7(1), 52-59.
Renewable natural fibres such as oil palm, flax, and pineapple
leaf can be utilized to obtain new high performance polymer materials. Research
found that Nano materials such as Nano Silica Carbide (n-SiC) and Nano Clay
can be added into the polymer composite to overcome this problem by
enhancing its mechanical properties in wet condition. The addition of Nano
material improves the tensile and wear properties, flexural stressstrain
behaviour, fracture toughness, and fracture strength of polymer natural
composites in wet and dry conditions Renewable natural fibres such as oil palm,
flax, and pineapple leaf can be utilized to obtain new high performance polymer
materials. The reuse of waste natural fibres as reinforcement for polymer is a
sustainable option to the environment. However, due to its high hydroxyl
content of cellulose, natural fibres are susceptible to absorb water that affects the
composite mechanical properties adversely. Research found that Nano materials

5
such as Nano Silica Carbide (n-SiC) and Nano Clay can be added into the
polymer composite to overcome this problem by enhancing its mechanical
properties in wet condition. The addition of Nano material improves the tensile
and wear properties, flexural stressstrain behaviour, fracture toughness, and
fracture strength of polymer natural composites in wet and dry conditions.
Weixing Xu, L.C. Zhang, Xu, W., & Zhang, L. C. (2014). On the mechanics
and material removal mechanisms of vibration-assisted cutting of unidirectional
fibre-reinforced polymer composites. International Journal of Machine Tools
and Manufacture, 80, 1-10.
This paper aims to reveal the material removal mechanisms and
the mechanics behind the vibrationassisted cutting (VAC) of unidirectional fibre
reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Through a comprehensive analysis by
integrating the core factors of the VAC, including fibre orientation and
deformation, fibre–matrix interface, tool–fibre contact and tool–workpiece
contact, a reliable mechanics model was successfully developed for predicting
the cutting forces of the process. Relevant experiments conducted showed that
the model has captured the mechanics and the major deformation mechanisms in
cutting FRP composites, and that the application of ultrasonic vibration in either
the cutting or normal direction can significantly decrease cutting forces,
minimise fibre deformation, facilitate favourable fibre fracture at the cutting
interface, and largely improve the quality of a machined surface. When the
vibrations are applied to both the cutting and normal directions, the elliptic
vibration trajectory of the tool tip can bring about an optimal cutting process.
There exists a critical depth of cut, beyond which the fibre–matrix debonding
depth is no longer influenced by the vibration applied on the tool tip.

6
EIRINI TZIVILOGLOU, VIRGINIE WIKTOR, HENK M. JONKERS
AND ERIK SCHLANGEN, Tziviloglou, E., Wiktor, V., Jonkers, H.,
&Schlangen, E.(2015). Performance Requirements to ensure the Crack Sealing
Performance of Bacteria-based Self-Healing Concrete. Proceedings of the 9th
International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete
Structures. doi :10.21012/fc9.148
Self-healing concrete has been the subject of great scientific interest
over the last ten years. Various research groups worldwide have been working
on different healing agent concepts, with bacteria-based healing agents being
one of the most popular. Once a crack is created, the bacterial spores turn from a
dormant to an active state and start to metabolize the organic compounds,
resulting in the production of calcium carbonate crystals. Those crystal
formations are able to bridge the open cracks. Many studies have proven the
enhanced healing performance of bacteria-based self-healing cementitious
materials in comparison to the ordinary ones. However, they do not explicitly
designate which performance conditions should be satisfied in order to verify the
functionality of the embedded healing agent. Those requirements are the
presence of mineral formation inside the crack, the reduced crack permeability
and the evidence of bacterial activity in the mortar. In this study, the
requirements are studied on mortar specimens through: i) microscopic
observations on crystals found inside the cracks, ii) crack water permeability
tests and iii) oxygen concentration measurements.
Harshali J, Mitali S, Neha A, Pragati B, .H. J. (2016). BIO CONCRETE AND
BACTERIA BASED SELF HEALING CONCRETE. International Journal of
Research in Engineering and Technology, 05(05), 95-99. doi
:10.15623/ijret.2016.0505018

7
 Concrete is cheap and easily available construction material in the
world. So advancement in the concrete is to improve its compressive strength
and durability of structures by using micro organisms carrying process of MICP.
This project discusses the filling of voids in fresh concrete and plugging of
artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Sphaericus and Proteus
Vulgarious bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made
cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and CaCl2 medium. The effect
on the compressive strength, flexural strength due to the mixing of bacteria
along with effect of water absorption and sorptivity on concrete cubes is also
discussed in this project. The main aim of the project is to evaluate the strength
in comparison with conventional and bio concrete cubes. The evaluated results
suggest that there is significant increase in the strength of concrete.
Weixing Xu, Liangchi Zhang, Xu, W., & Zhang, L. (2016). Mechanics of
fibre deformation and fracture in vibration-assisted cutting of unidirectional
fibre-reinforced polymer composites. International Journal of Machine Tools
and Manufacture, 103, 40-52.
Fibre orientation significantly affects the surface integrity of the
machined fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Crushing or bending-
dominated fibre fracture in the machining of FRPs is governed by fibre
orientation relative to the cutting direction. This paper revealed the mechanics
behind such phenomena and developed a reliable predictive model for cutting
FRPs. The analysis integrated the effect of the whole fibre orientation range
from 0° to 180°. Both traditional cutting and elliptic vibration-assisted (EVA)
cutting of unidirectional FRPs were analysed by integrating microstructure-
based and equivalent homogeneous deformation zones. A systematic experiment
was also carried out. A comprehensive comparison of the mechanics predictions

8
with the experiments shows that the model has captured the major material
removal mechanisms and can be used to predict fibre deformation, fibre–matrix
debonding, fibre fracture, subsurface damage and cutting forces in both
traditional and vibration-assisted cutting. It was identified that fibre orientation
affects subsurface damage and cutting forces significantly, and that EVA cutting
can minimise the orientation effect. There is a critical fibre orientation at which
subsurface damage and cutting force in feed direction would reach their worst
situations.
Mrinmayee Dev, Devgire, M.(2019). An Experimental study of Self-Healing
Concrete by Adding Pseudomonas Fluorescens Bacteria. International Journal
for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 7(6), 421-424.
(doi : 10.22214/ijraset.2019.6073)
Now-a-days concrete is most commonly used material in
construction industry. To form a crack in concrete it’s a big problem those days.
Which is affect on the life of building or any structure. In a concrete structure
cracks is produced there are many reasons to a failure of structural cracks and
this is due to various reasons i.e shrinkage, compressive, and tensile force which
are acts on concert. The present study is obtain the performing of concert by
adding of various bacteria in it. Where the bacteria is introduce in concert
introduced in concert by healing the cracks which they develops in concert. The
present study is about the ‘pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria.’ Which is capable
to healing the developed cracks in concert. For bacteria growth required optimal
dosage and also required optimal.Bacteria: It is used for self-healing of concrete
are pseudomonas fluorescens. Addition of bacteria in concrete with different
percentage such as 10%, 20% and 30%of water mass. In their study, they use
pseudomonas fluorescens, bacillus subtilis and E-coli with 1 % to 5% in M30

9
grade of concrete. A significant increase in strength was observed due to
addition of bacteria in this study.
Sanket Naik , Sujay Deshpande, Naik, S. (2019). Influence of Pseudomonas
Putida Bacteria on the Strength characteristics of Concrete Incorporating
G.G.B.S. Interinational Journal for Research in Applied Science and
Engineering Technology, 7(5), 2887-2896. doi :10.22214/ijraset.2019.5476
The cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent
weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks,
corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So, there was a need to
develop an inherent biomaterial, a self-repairing material which can remediate
the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material which can
successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable
because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is
pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal
accumulation(calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell
becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in the
concrete. This study discusses the healing of concrete using the bacteria
Pseudomonas Putida for different cell concentration of bacteria. It was found
that the use of bacteria improves Compressive strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength and shear strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope
(SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced
mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite
crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places. Energy dispersive X-
ray analysis (EDAX) spectra of the microbial precipitation on the surface of the
crack indicated the abundance of calcium and the precipitation was inferred to
be calcite (CaCO3).

10
Rajiv Kumar, Mir Irfan Ul Haq, Ankush Raina & Ankush Anand,
Kumar, R., Ul Haq, M. I., Raina, A., & Anand, A. (2019). Industrial applications
of natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites–challenges and
opportunities. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 12(3), 212-220.
The growing industrial demand for sustainable materials has led
to a paradigm shift in the focus from synthetic polymers towards natural fibres.
This paper deals with the challenges and opportunities associated with the use of
natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites in various industrial applications.
Natural fibres being biodegradable, light in weight, cost-effective and
environment friendly are good candidate materials for modern industrial
applications. Use of natural fibres in various industries with a focus on
automotive and furniture industry has been discussed. The commonly used
natural fibres in polymer composites including jute, hemp, sisal, kenaf, bamboo,
cotton, flax, abaca, coir etc. have been dealt with in this paper. The literature
revealed that tensile strength and other mechanical properties of these fibres are
comparable to synthetic fibres like glass or carbon fibres. However, the
temperature stability of polymers limits their extensive use and remains an issue
to be addressed.
R Gajendiran , Dr.K.Thirumalai raja, R, G., &raja, K.T.(2020). Self-Healing
of Wastewater Concrete using Bacteria. International Research Journal on
Advanced Science Hub, 2(7), 82-89. doi :10.473921/irjash.2020.69
Water is the most essential thing for any living organisms to survive
in the earth. For construction industry water is one of the essential components
and its demand is increasing day by day. In our paper Waste water from
treatment plant has been tested to know the content of contaminants and

11
minerals which are harmful and have utilized for the preparation of M25 grade
concrete and the same grade with tap water as conventional concrete. Bacteria
have been added in different proportions such as 0.5%, 1% and 2% in waste
water for the preparation of concrete and its compressive strength and tensile
strength have been found out. Experimental results of bacterial concrete have
confirmed the presence of calcite crystals which had been filled in micro cracks
that leads to increase in Compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete.
SEM analysis shows the evidence for the presence of Calcite Crystal in concrete,
which has been confirmed by the EDAX report. Wastewater from treatment
plant could be effectively used for concrete which found a valuable replace for
fresh water in concrete. Samples aken for comparison are conventional mix,
concrete made with wastewater (WW), concrete with 0.5% bacteria added in
wastewater (B0.5), 1% bacteria added in wastewater (B1) and 2% bacteria added
in wastewater (B2).
Nguyen Ngoc Tri Huynh, Kei-ichi Imamoto, and Chizuru Kiyohara, Huynh,
N., Imamoto, K., &Kiyohara, C.(2020). Compressive Strength Improvement and
Water Permeability of Self-Healing Concrete using Bacillus Subtilis Natto. Xu
International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components.
eBook of proceedings. doi :10.23967/dbmc.2020.024
In recent years, many projects have been carried out to enhance the
durability of concrete structure from the influence of cracks. Based on that,
Bacillus subtilis natto - a local bacterium in Japan was found to have the ability
to form CaCO3, which can be used as healing materials for cracks in the
concrete structure.Moreover, as an essential parameter for durability
enhancement, the water permeability of self-healing concrete through a water-
flow system was carried out. Experimental results on the behavior of the

12
materials indicate that Bacillus subtilis natto could lead the compressive strength
to 40 % higher than the controls. Promising result in preventing the water
through the cracks confirmed the self-healing effect with more potential in
larger-scale.
Hemn Qader Ahmed , Dilshad Kakasor Jaf and Sinan Abdulkhaleq Yaseen,
Ahmed, H. Q., Jaf, D. K., & Yaseen, S. A. (2020). Flexural capacity and
behaviour of geopolymer concrete beams reinforced with glass fibre-reinforced
polymer bars. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 14(1),
1-16.
Geopolymer concrete (GPC) with Glass fbre-reinforced
polymer (GFRP) bars can provide a better construction system with high
sustainability, high durability, and adequate strength. Few studies deal with the
combination of these materials. The present investigation obtains the fexural
capacity and behaviour of GPC and ordinary Portland concrete beams reinforced
with GFRP bars (GFRP-RGPC and GFRP-ROPC, respectively). Twelve beams
consisting of nine GFRP-RGPC and three GFRP-ROPC beams were cast and
tested by using the four-point bending test over an active span of 2000 mm.
Rebar ratio, compressive strength, and concrete types were taken as the
variables. Initial cracking load, ultimate load capacity, load–defection behaviour,
Load–strain curves, crack width, the number of cracks and failure modes, were
studied. Experimental results of beams were compared with the proposed
equations provided by ACI 440.1R-15, CSA S806-12, and parabolic stress block
method. The Results showed the decrease of defection and increase of frst
cracking load by increasing the compressive strength. A slight increase in the
defection of GFRP-RGPC beams and approximately the same value of ultimate
load were observed. GFRP-RGPC beams also recorded a higher value of crack

13
width compared with GFRP-ROPC beams. The parabolic stress block method
predicted the fexural capacity of the beams close to the experimental results
rather than ACI 440.1R-15 and CSA S806-12.
Amr G. Ghoniem , Hilal A. Hassan , Louay A. Aboul-Nour,
Ghoneim, A., Hassan, H., & Aboul-Nour, L. (2020). Self-repairing
polyethylene fiber-reinforced-concrete with bacillus subtilis bacteria a
review. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 9(2), 437-447.
Fibers and bacterial additives in concrete have achieved
significant success as a construction material. This paper presents the field of
concrete self-repairing by introducing both Bacillus subtilis bacteria and
polyethylene fiber as a dual-components. The main research goal is to reveal
the principles of concrete self-repairing. At first, the research investigates the
fiber-reinforced-concrete behavior, the concrete self-repairing process with the
Bacillus subtilis bacteria for forming bacterial-concrete. And then, the study
highlights the damage-repairing numerical simulation of fiber-reinforced-
bacterial-concrete. The research shows the bacterial-concrete benefits to
durability and mechanical properties besides to the polyethylene fiber assistance
to enhance post-cracking tensile resistance and the pre-peak elastic modulus of
concrete. The novelty of the fiber-reinforced-bacterial-concrete is the matrix
combined improvement of both basic material properties and the post-cracking
deflection capacity.

14
 CHAPTER- 3
3.1 METHODOLOGY
STUDY ON CURRENT
REQUIREMENTS

COLLECTION OF
MATERIALS

STUDY OF LITERATURE

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES

OF WK

MATERIAL
PROPERTIES

MIX DESIGN

CASTING OF SPECIMEN

TESTING OF HARDENED
CONCRETE

RESULT AND
DISCUSSIONS

15
 CHAPTER 4
MATERIALS USED

4.1 CEMENT
Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently,
and can binder other material together. the word ― cement ― traces to the
Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling
modern concrete, that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as blinder.
The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that we added to the burnt lime
to obtain a hydraulics blinder were later referred to as cementum, cimentum,
cement and cement.
Cement used in construction is characterized as hydraulic or non –
hydraulic. Hydraulic cement (e.g., Portland cement) hardens because of
hydration, chemical reaction that occurs independently of the mixture water
content: they can harden even underwater or when constantly exposed to wet
weather. The chemical reaction hydrates that are not water – soluble. Non –
hydraulic cement (e.g., lime and gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in order to
retain their strength.
The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and
concrete—the bending of natural or artificial aggregates to from a strong
building material that is durable in the face of normal environmental effects.
Concrete should not be confused with cement, because the term cement refers to
the material used to bind the aggregate materials of concrete. Concrete is a
combination of a cement and aggregate
The most common cement used is ordinary Portland cement. The
type 1 is preferred according to IS: 2691976, which is used for general concrete
structures. Out of the total product on, ordinary Portland cement accounts for
16
 about 80-90 percent. Many tests were conducted to cement some of them are
consistency tests, setting tests, soundness tests, etc.,

Fig.4.1 CEMENT

TEST OF CEMENT
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
Table 1. Specific Gravity of Portland cement

Description Weights (gms)

Trail1 Trail2
Weight of Density empty 0.075 0.075
bottle (W1)
Weight of bottle+ 0.125 0.128
cement(W2)
Weight of Density bottle 0.161 0.165
+ cement + kerosene(W3)
Weight of Density bottle 0.125 0.126
+ kerosene(W4)

Trail no: 1

The specific Gravity of cement = 0.85× (W 2-W1)/ ((W4-W1)-(W3-W2))

= (0.85) × (0.125- 0.075)/((0.125-0.075)-(0.161-0.125))
= 3.12
Trail no: 2

The specific Gravity of cement = 0.85× (W 2-W1)/ ((W4-W1)-(W3-W2))

17
 = (0.85) × (0.128- 0.075)/((0.126-0.075)-(0.165-0.128)
= 3.14
Average Specific Gravity of Cement = 3.13

4.2 FINENESS OF CEMENT:

The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of

hydration and hence on the rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of
evolution of heat. Finer cement offers a greater surface area for hydration
and hence faster the development of strength.
Table 2. Fineness of Cement

Description Weights (gms)

Trail1 Trail2
Weight of Cement 100 100
Taken(W1)
Weight of Cement 2 2
Retained(W2)
Fineness Modulus 2 3
of
Cement%

Fineness Modulus of Cement =100× (W2)/(W1)

=2/100×100 = 2%
Fineness Modulus = 2+3/2 = 2.5%
Fineness Modulus of Cement =2.85%

Table 3 Setting Time of Cement

Description Observed Data

Weight of Sample in gms 400
Amount of Water Required 100
Initial Setting Time in mm 30

18
 Amount of Water Required =0.85p
Where p is Standard Consistency

4.3 AGGERGATE

Aggregates are in the important constituents in concrete. They give body

to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effective economy. One of the most
important factors for producing workable concrete is good gradation of
aggregate. Good gradation implies that a sample fraction of aggregate in
required proportion such that the sample contains minimum voids.
Samples of the well graded aggregate containing minimum void require
minimum paste to fill up the voids in the aggregates. Minimum paste will mean
less quantity of cement and less water, which will further mean increased
economy, higher strength, lower shrinkage and greater durability. Aggregate
comprise about 55% of the volume of the mortar and about 85% volume of
mass concrete. Mortar contains of size of 4.75mm and concrete contains
aggregate up to a maximum size of 150mm.

4.4 COARSE AGGREGATE

The fractions from 80 mm to 4.75 mm are termed as coarse aggregate.

Aggregate of sizeless than 4.75 mm are usually called as fine aggregate. Sand is
used as the fine aggregate in concrete. The important function of the fine
aggregate in concrete are,
To produce workability and uniformity for concrete.
To assist the cement paste to hold the particles of coarse aggregate in
suspension and to prevent to hold the possibility of segregation.
To fill up the voids in the coarse aggregate.

Table 4 Sieve Analysis test result for Coarse Aggregate

19
S.NO IS SIEVE Weight % of Cumulative % of
SIZE(mm) retained(kg) weight %of Passing
retained weight
retained
1. 80 0 0 0 100
2. 40 0 0 0 100
3. 20 810 40.5 40.5 59.5
4. 10 1187 59.4 99.9 0.1
5. 4.75 3 0.1 100 0
6. 2.36 0 0 100 0
7. 1.18 0 0 100 0
8. 600µ 0 0 100 0
9. 300µ 0 0 100 0
10. 150µ 0 0 100 0
Σ= 740.4
Fineness modulus=Σ of cumulative % weight retained/100
= 740.4/100
Fineness modulus = 7.404

Table 5. Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate

Empty weight 0.450kg

(w1) -
Pycnometer +coarse aggregate 0.810kg
(w2) -
Pycnometer+ coarse aggregate+ water 1.415kg
(w3) -
Pycnometer+ water 1.150kg
(w4) -
S = W2-W1/ [(W4-W1)-(W3-W2)]
= 0.810- 0.450 / [(1.180-0.450)-(1.415-0.810)]
= 0.36/0.125, S = 2.880
20
 Fig.4.2 COARSE AGGREGATE

WATER ABSORPTION TEST:

COARSE AGGREGATE

Empty weight of the wire basket = 0.875kg

Weight of aggregate (A) = 1kg
Weight of saturated aggregate (B) = 1.01kg

FORMULA

Water absorption = B-A/A

= 1.01-1/1*100
= 1%
Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate = 1

4.5 FINE AGGREGATE:

The sand to be used in concrete should be free from any chemicals,

salts, clay, slit, dust and organic matter. It should completely pass through I.S
sieve of 4.75 mm size and retain completely I.S sieve so 150 mm micron size.
Well graded siliceous quartz sand which contains almost all size grains in equal
proportion is best suited for concrete work. Angular grained sand is
preferable to round grained sand since it provides good interlocking
properties. Those fractions from 4.75 mm to 150 micron are termed as fine

21
 aggregate. Coarsen aggregate is used mainly for providing bulk to the concrete.
The strength of concrete depends also on the strength of the coarse aggregate
and hence selection of suitable coarse aggregate is very essential.
It should be hard, strong, dense, durable, rough and free from salt,
alkali and organic matter. Blue granite, crystalline lime stone are crushed into
small pieces of varying size and used as coarse aggregate in reinforced cement
concrete works. The aggregate crushing value should not exceed 45% and
abrasion value should not exceed 50% for aggregated used R.C.C.

Table 6. Sieve Analysis test results for Fine Aggregate

S/NO IS Sieve Weight % of Cumulative % of

Size(mm) retained( weight % of weight passing
kg) retained retained
1 4.75 0.015 1.5 1.5 98.5
2 2.36 0.040 4 5.5 94.5
3 1.16 0.225 22.5 28 72
4 600µ 0.335 33.5 61.5 38.5
5 300µ 0.315 31.5 93 7
6 150µ 0.050 5 98 2
7 Pan 0.025 2 100 0
Σ = 387.5
Fineness modulus =Σ of cumulative % weight retained/100
=387.5/100
Fineness modulus =3.875

Table 7. Specific gravity of the Fine Aggregate:

Empty weight (w1) - 0.450kg

Pycnometer +sand (w2) - 0.790kg
Pycnometer+sand+water (w3) - 1.385kg
Pycnometer+water (w4) - 1.175kg

22
S = W2-W1/ [(W4-W1)-(W3-W2)]
= 0.790- 0.450 / [(1.175-0.450)-(1.385-0.790)]
= 0.34/0.13
S= 2.615

Fig.4.3 FINE AGGREGATE

4.6 WATER :

Water is important ingredient of concrete as it actually participates in the

chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to from the strength giving cement
gel, the quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully.
The water used for mixing and curing should be clean and free from injurious
quantities of alkalis, acid, oils, salt, sugar, organic material, vegetable growth and
other substances that may be deleterious to bricks, stone, concrete or steel.
Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing. The PH value of
water should be not less than 6. Many types of construction projects require large
amounts of water for soil compaction, dust control, and batch concrete
production.

4.7 LIGHTWEIGHT EXPANDED CLAY AGGREGATE (LECA)

Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) is obtained by heating

clay at 1200⁰ C in a rotary kiln; the gases yielded expands the clay by thousands
of small bubbles forming a honeycomb structure.
LECA balls have been bought through online service Amazon for
Rs.280 (Delivery charge Rs.100) per 3litres pack. Properties of LECA balls are:
Cleaner than bark-odorless with no mold or mildew.
Excellent capillary properties.
23
 Low salt content
No breakdown or decay
Cost effective – can be used over.

Table 8 PROPERTY VALUE

Specific Gravity Water Absorption
0.9 16%

Fig.4.4 LECA

4.8 SODIUM POLYACRYLATE

Sodium Polyacrylate is a super absorbent polymer (SAP), as in [1],
which possesses a good water holding capacity. It can absorb 200 to 300 times in
mass of its weight. It forms like a gel structure to retain water .

Fig.4.5 SODIUM ACRYLATE

24
 CHAPTER 5
MIX DESIGN
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
Mix design is defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of
concrete and determining their relative proportions with the object of producing
concrete of certain minimum strength and durability as economically as possible.
Following the guidelines given in IS 10262:2009 mix design is adopted for
proportioning of concrete mix M25.

5.2 MIX DESIGN – M25

1. Stipulations of proportioning
Grade designation – M25
Grade of cement –PPC 43 grade
Maximum nominal size of aggregate -20mm
Minimum cement content-320 kg/m 3
Maximum cement content-450 kg/m 3
Maximum W/C ratio-0.45
Workability-100mm(slump)
Exposure condition-Moderate
Degree of supervision-Good
Types of Aggregate-Crushed angler aggregate
Maximum cement content-450Kg/m3
Method of placing-hand placed
Chemical admixture-super plasticizer

2. Test data for materials

Cement used- PPC 53 grade
Specific gravity of cement-3.15
Specific gravity of water-1
Specific gravity of fine aggregate-2.64
25
 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate-0.8%
Chemical admixture- super plasticizer conforming to IS 9103

3. Target mean strength

F ck’ =F ck +ts
F ck’ =F ck +1.65S
F ck’- target average compressive strength at 28 days
F ck- characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S – standard deviation = 5(Table 1 of IS 10262:2009)
Fck’=36+1.65x5
=25 N/mm 2

4. Selection of W/C ratio

From table 5 of IS 456:2000 maximum W/C ratio = 0.45
Adopt W/C ratio=0.4
0.45<0.43
Hence ok.

5. Selection of water content

From table 2 of IS 10262:2009
maximum water content for 20mm aggregate=186litres
Increase by 3% for every additional 25mm slump
Estimated water content for 50.75 mm slump=186+(6x186/50.75)
=138 litre
When super plasticizer is used, water reduction of 20% has been achieved.
Water content=138x0.8
=0.5 litre

6. Calculation of cement content

W/C ratio=0.4
Cement content=138/0.4
=320 kg/m 3
From table 5 of IS 456:2000, minimum cement content for severe exposure

26
 condition=320 kg/m 3
310 kg/ m3 <320 kg/m3, Hence o.k.

7. Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content

From table 3 of IS 10262:2009, volume of coarse aggregate
corresponding to 20mm size aggregate, fine aggregate of zone 1 and
for W/C ratio of 0.5 is 0.6
In the present case W/C ratio=0.4
Volume of coarse aggregate is required to be increased to decrease
fine aggregate content. As W/C ratio is lower by 0.1,the proportion
of volume of coarse aggregate is increased by 0.02(at the rate of
±0.01 for every ±0.05 change in W/C ratio)
Corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for W/C ratio of
0.4 = 0.62
Volume of fine aggregate=1-0.62=0.38

8. Mix calculations
Mix calculations per unit volume of concrete is as follows
a) Volume of concrete=1m3
b) Volume of cement=(mass of cement/specific gravity of
cement)x(1/1000)
=(437.7/3.15)x(1/1000)
=0.10 m3
c) Volume of water=(mass of water/specific gravity of
water)x(1/1000)
=(138/1)x(1/1000)
=0.138 m 3
d) Volume of super plasticizer
(@0.5%by mass of cementitious material)= (mass of super
plasticizer/specific gravity of super plasticizer)x(1/1000)
=0.00134
e) Volume of all in aggregate=0.759
f) Mass of coarse aggregate=0.471
g) Mass of fine aggregate= 0.288
27
 5.3 Mix proportion

Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

138kg/m3 320kg/m3 751kg/m3 1244kg/m3
0.5 1 1.56 3.15

5.4 CONCLUSION

As per the guidelines given in IS 10262:2009 design mix for M25 grade
concrete was designed and the hybrid content was added.

28
 CHAPTER 6
EXPERIMENTAL WORKS
6.1 GENERAL
For preparing concrete, the ingredients of concrete are weighed and then
mixed manually. Care must be taken while mixing, casting and curing.

6.2 CASTING OF SPECIMEN:

The concrete mix shall be accurately proportioned and batched in a
minimum quantity of three cubes, three cylinders and three beams meters.
Extreme care shall be taken to ensure the exact water cement ratio in the mixes.
Finally, concrete cubes are tested for compressive strength while concrete
cylinders are tested for split-tensile strength while concrete beams are tested for
split-tensile strength at curing periods of 7days, 14days and 28days.

Fig.6.1 Casting of Materials

6.3 CURING OF SPECIMEN:

Curing happens after the concrete has been placed. Curing is a process to
achieve best strength and hardness in concrete. Properly curing concrete leads to
29
 increased strength and lower permeability and avoids cracking where the surface
dries out prematurely. Care must also be taken to avoid freezing, or
overheating due to the exothermic setting of cement. Improper curing can cause
scaling, reduced strength, poor abrasion resistance and cracking.

Fig.6.2 Curing of Specimens

6.4 Testing of Specimen

6.4.1 Compressive Strength Test Cube

150 mm X 150mm X 150mm concrete cubes was casting using M25

grade concrete. Specimens with cement and also adding of leca and sodium
arcylate from the total volume of concrete at 0ml, 5ml, 10ml, 15ml. Levels were
cast. During casting the cubes were manually compact by three layers.After 24
hours, the specimens were removed from the mould and subjected to water curing
for 7, 14 and 28 days. After curing, the specimens were tested for compressive
strength using a calibrated compression testing machine.

30
 Fig.6.3 Compressive Strength test on Cube

6.4.2 Compressive Strength Test in Cylinder

150mm X 300mm concrete cylinder was casting using M25 grade

concrete. Specimens with cement and also adding of leca and sodium arcylate from
the total volume of concrete at 10%, 20% and 30%. Levels were cast. During
casting the cubes were manually compact by three layers. After 24 hours, the
specimens were removed from the mould and subjected to water curing for 7, 14
and 28 days. After curing, the specimens were tested for compressive strength
using a calibrated compression testing machine of 2000kN capacity.

Fig.6.4 Compressive Strength Test on Cylinder

31
6.4.3 Compressive strength test in Beam

50mm X 300mm concrete beam was casting using M25 grade concrete.
Specimens with cement and also adding of leca and sodium arcylate from the total
volume of concrete at 15%, 30% and 45%. Levels were cast. During casting the
cubes were manually compact by three layers. After 24 hours, the specimens
were removed from the mould and subjected to water curing for 7, 14 and 28 days.
After curing, the specimens were tested for compressive strength using a
calibrated compression testing machine of 2000kN capacity.

Fig.6.5 Compressive strength test on beams

32
 CHAPTER 7
GRAPHS AND DICUSSION

7.1 Compressive strength of cubes:

The compression test is used to determine the hardness of cubical and

cylindrical and beam specimens of concrete. The strength of a concrete specimen
depends upon cement, aggregate, bond, water-cement ratio, curing temperature,
and age and size of specimen. Mix design is the major factor controlling the
strength of concrete.
Cubes of size 15cm x 15cm (as per IS: 10086-1982) should be cast.
The specimen should be given sufficient time for hardening and then it should be
cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. After 7, 14 and 28 days, it should be loaded in the
compression testing machine and tested for maximum load.
Load
Compressive Strength =
Area
Compressive strength should be calculated the ratio of maximum load
to the cross- sectional area. Mechanical Test measuring the maximum amount of
compressive load a material can bear before fracturing. The test cube is
compressed between the platens of a compression-testing machine by a
gradually applied load.

33
Table .9. Compressive strength of concrete M25 for 7 days

Leca and Sodium Load(KN) Compressive

acrylate (g) Strength(MPa)
0g 80 3.55
5g 150 6.66
10g 255 11.33
15g 325 14.44

Compressive Test at 14 days

16

14

12

10

8
Compressive Test at 14 days
6

0
0g 5g 10g 15g

34
Table.10. Compressive strength of concrete M25 for 14 days

Leca and Sodium Load (KN) Compressive

arcylate (ml) Strength (Mpa)
0ml 200 8.88
5ml 350 15.55
10ml 420 18.66
15ml 570 25.33

Compressive Strength at 14 days

30

25

20 Compressive Strength at 14
days
15 Column4

10 Column1

0
0g 5g 10g 15g

35
Table.11. Compressive strength of concrete M25 for 28 days

Leca and Load (KN) Compressive

Sodium Strength(MPa)
arcylate (g)
0g 295 13.11
5g 390 17.33
10g 470 20.88
15g 600 27.77

Compressive Strength at 28 days

30

25

20

15
Compressive Strength

10

0
0g 7g 14g 21g

36
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

TABLE 12: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

g OF LECA AND 7 DAYS OF CURING 14 DAYS OF CURING 28 DAYS OF CURING

SODIUM
ARCYLATE
LECA AND LOA COMPRESSI LOAD COMPRESSI LOAD( COMPRESSI
SODIUM D(KN) VE (KN) VE KN) VE
ARCYLATE(ml) STRENGTH STRENGTH STRENGTH
(MPA)
( (MPA) (MPA)
(
K K
N N
) )
0g 80 3.55 200 8.88 295 13.11
5g 150 6.66 350 15.55 390 17.33
10g 255 11.33 420 18.66 470 20.88
15g 325 14.44 570 25.33 600 27.77

30

25
Compressive Strength

20
0g
15
5g

10 10g
15g
5

0
0 7 14 21
Days

37
 Comparison of M20 to M25 Leca and Sodium arcylate Concrete

From the above chart we can analysis, our M25 grade Leca and
Sodium Arcylate concrete having higher compressive strength than the
normal M20 grade concrete, so we can replace normal M20 concrete by
our M25 Leca and Sodium Arcylate concrete. Hence cost of construction is
reducing.

Days of curing Normal concrete Leca and Sodium

Arcylate concrete
M20(1:2:4) M25(1:1.5:3)

7 DAYS 3.55 14.44

14 DAYS 8.88 25.33

28 DAYS 13.11 27.77

40

35

30

25

20 M20
M25
15

10

0
7 days 14days 28 days

38
7.2 Compressive Strength of Cylinders

Cylinders of size 15cm x 30cm (as per IS: 10086-1982) should be

cast. The specimen should be given sufficient time for hardening and then it
should be cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. After 7, 14 and 28 days, it should be
loaded in the compression testing machine and tested for maximum load.
Load
Compressive Strength = _______ N/mm2
Area
Compressive strength should be calculated the ratio of maximum load
to the cross- sectional area. Mechanical Test measuring the maximum amount of
compressive load a material can bear before fracturing. The test cylinders is
compressed between the platens of a compression-testing machine by a
gradually applied load.

39
Table .13. Compressive strength of concrete M25 for 7 days

Leca and Load (KN) Compressive

Sodium arcylate Strength(MPa)
(g)
0g 170 3.73
10g 250 5.55
20g 370 8.22
30g 440 9.77

Compressive Strength at 7 days

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5 Compressive
2 Strength at 7 days
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 7 14 21

40
Table.14. Compressive strength of concrete M25 for 14 days

Leca and Sodium Load (KN) Compressive Strength

arcylate (g) (Mpa)
0g 240 5.33
10g 320 7.11
20g 450 10.00
30g 560 12.44

Compressive Strength at 14 days

14

12

10

8
Compressive Strength at 14
6 days

0
0 7 14 21

41
Table.15. Compressive strength of concrete M25 for 28 days

Leca and Sodium Load (KN) Compressive

arcylate (g) Strength(MPa)
0g 330 7.33
10g 470 10.44
20g 550 12.22
30g 690 15.33

Compresssive Strength at 28 days

18

16

14

12

10
Compresssive Strength at 28
8 days
6

0
0 7 14 21

42
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
TABLE 16: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

g OF LECA AND 7 DAYS OF 14 DAYS OF 28 DAYS OF CURING

SODIUM CURING CURING
ARCYLATE

LOA COMPRESSI LOAD COMPRESS LOA COMPRESSI

LECA AND D(K VE (KN) I VE D(KN) VE
SODIUM N) STRENGTH STRENGTH STRENGTH
ARCYLATE(g) (MPA) (MPA) (MPA)
(
K
N
)
0g 170 3.73 240 5.33 330 7.33
10g 250 5.55 320 7.11 470 10.44
20g 370 8.22 450 10.00 550 12.22
30g 440 9.77 560 12.44 690 15.33

18

16

14

12

10 7 days

8 14 days
28 days
6

0
0 7 14 21

43
 Comparison of M20 to M25 Leca and Sodium arcylate concrete

From the above chart we can analysis, our M25 grade Leca
and Sodium Arcylate concrete having higher compressive strength than
the normal M20 grade concrete, so we can replace normal M20 concrete
by our M25 Leca and Sodium Arcylate concrete. Hence cost of
construction is reducing.

Days of curing Normal concrete Leca and Sodium

Arcylate concrete
M20(1:2:4) M25(1:1.5:3)

7 DAYS 3.73 9.77

14 DAYS 5.33 12.44

28 DAYS 7.33 15.33

18

16

14

12

10
M20
8 M25
6

0
7 days 14 days 28 days

44
7.3 Compressive Strength of Beams

Beams of size 22.5cm x 30cm (as per IS: 10086-1982) should

be cast. The specimen should be given sufficient time for hardening and
then it should be cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. After 7, 14 and 28 days, it
should be loaded in the compression testing machine and tested for
maximum load.
Load
Compressive Strength = _______ N/mm2
Area
Compressive strength should be calculated the ratio of
maximum load to the cross- sectional area. Mechanical Test measuring
the maximum amount of compressive load a material can bear before
fracturing. The test beams is compressed between the platens of a
compression-testing machine by a gradually applied load.

45
Table .17. Compressive strength of concrete M25 for 7 days

Leca and Sodium Load (KN) Compressive

arcylate (g) Strength(MPa)
0g 200 2.96
15g 390 5.77
30g 460 6.81
45g 585 8.61

Compressive Strength at 7 days

10
9
8
7
6
5
Compressive Strength at 7 days
4
3
2
1
0
0g 7g 14g 21g

46
Table.18. Compressive strength of concrete M25 for 14 days

Leca and Sodium Load (KN) Compressive Strength

arcylate (g) (Mpa)
0g 320 4.74
15g 470 6.96
30g 550 8.14
45g 665 9.85

Compressive Strength at 14 days

12

10

6 Compressive Strength at 14
days
4

0
0g 7g 14g 21g

47
Table.19. Compressive strength of concrete M25 for 28 days

Leca and Sodium Load (KN) Compressive

arcylate (g) Strength(MPa)
0g 450 6.66
15g 580 8.59
30g 670 9.92
45g 790 11.77

Compressive Strength at 28 days

14

12

10

8
Compressive Strength at 28
6 days

0
0g 7g 14g 21g

48
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

TABLE 20: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

g OF 7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS

LECA OF OF OF
AND CURING CURING CURING
SODIUM
ARCYLAT
E
LECA AND LO COMPRES LOA COMPRES LO COMPRES
SODIUM AD SI VE D SI VE AD SI VE
ARCYLATE( STRENGT (KN) STRENGT STRENGT
g) (KN) H (MPA) H (MPA) (KN) H (MPA)

0g 200 2.96 320 4.74 450 6.66

15g 390 5.77 470 6.96 580 8.59
30g 460 6.81 550 8.14 670 9.92
45g 585 8.61 665 9.85 790 11.77

14

12

10

8 7 days

6 14 days
28 days
4

0
og 15g 30g 45g
49
Comparison of M20 to M25 Leca and Sodium arcylate concrete

From the above chart we can analysis, our M25 grade Leca and
Sodium Arcylate concrete having higher compressive strength than the
normal M20 grade concrete, so we can replace normal M20 concrete by
our M25 Leca and Sodium Arcylate concrete. Hence cost of construction is
reducing.

Days of curing Normal concrete Leca and Sodium

Arcylate concrete
M20(1:2:4)
M25(1:1.5:3)
7 DAYS 2.96 8.61

14 DAYS 4.74 9.85

28 DAYS 6.66 11.77

14

12

10

6 M20
M25
4

0
7 days 14 days 28 days

50
RESULTS AND DISSCUSION

35

Compressive Strength N/mm2 30

25

20 0 ml
10 ml
15
20ml
10 30 ml
40 ml
5
50 ml
0
0 7 14 21 28 35
Number of days

51
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
M25 grade concrete is adopted for the investigation. Leca
and Sodium arcylate is used for the investigation. Based on the
experiment work carried out, the following conclusions were drawn:
LECA as 5% gives more strength compared to other
proportions in LECA
SP as 0.2% gives more strength compared to various
proportions in SP
Using SP as a self-curing agent gives high compressive
strength when compared to LECA
SP as 0.2% gives strength nearly equal to the strength of
conventional concrete
Further studies can be done using SP as a self curing
agent in concreting to reduce the water content
LECA can also be used as a self-curing agent in non-
load-bearing structures.

52
 CHAPTER 9
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