ABSTRACT

It’s 21st century and the entire world is heading towards modernization and development.
The world needs to be sustainable such that not only we but also our future generation is
not deprived off, the various sources which we are using now. On other hand
development and modernization should not have an adverse effect on environment. One
such problem is manufacturing of cement which damage lot of environment on daily
basis as there is lot of emission of oxides of carbon and other harmful gases. Thus this
research paper describes how an agricultural waste material such as Sugarcane Bagasse
Ash (SCBA) can be partially replaced with cement in concrete as a secondary binding
material in order to decrease the cement requirement which in turn will have a positive
effect on environment. Having high silica content, SCBA can be easily used in place of
cement at some fixed proportion. The sugarcane bagasse ash used for the research is
obtained from The “ShriramSahakar Shaker karkhana Ltd. Mouda.” Which grinded and
sieved through sieve of size 150 micron and the residue of ash after receiving, were used
in concrete as a partial replacement of concrete as a partial replacement of cement in the
ratio 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% By weight of cement pozzolona Portland cement 53 grade
cement used in study. The effect of replacement of cement by SCBA on the compressive
strength of concrete at the age of 7 Days, 14 Days and 28 Days were determined.

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 INDEX
CONTENTS Page No.
Figure Index
Table Index 5
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
1.2 Aims and Objective 6
1.3 Advantage 7

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 8
3. MATERIALS 15
3.1 Cement 16
3.2 Aggregate 21
3.3 Water 26
3.4 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash 28
4. METHEDOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 31
4.1 Sample Preparation 32
4.2 Experimental setup 33
5. OBESERVATION AND CALCULATION 47
5.1 Observations for tests on materials 48
5.2 Observation tables for concrete cubes 49
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
7. CONCLUSION 55
8. FUTURE SCOPE WORK 57
9. REFERENCES 59

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 FIGURE INDEX

Fig. No. Figure Details Page No.

1.1 Underconstruction multistory building 6

3.1 Sample of Cement 18

3.2 Sample of Fine aggregate(River Sand) 21

3.3 Coarse Aggregate(Gravel) 22

3.4 Sugarcane bagasse 29

3.5 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash 29

4.1 Vicat apparatus test 34

4.2 Sieve Analysis 36

4.3 Impact value machine 38

4.4 Los Angeles Machine 40

4.5 Mixing of concrete material in concrete mixer 42

4.6 Slump cone test 43

4.7 Casting of Concrete Cube 44

4.8 Curing of Cube 45

4.9 Compressive strength testing of Cube

5.1 Graphical Comparision of Compressive

Strngth of Concrete Cube

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 CHAPTER 1 :
INTRODUCTION

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview

Ordinary Portland cement is the most commonly used building material throughout the
world and it will retain its status in near future also because of demand and expansion of
construction industry all over the world. Further the greatest challenge before the
concrete construction industry is to serve the two pressing needs of human society,
namely the protection of environment and meeting the infrastructure requirements of our
growing population Structures which are constructed in aggressive environments are
liable to be subjected to acidic attack. One of such major problems is HCl attack against
concrete structures due to which there will be loss of weight and reduction in strength of
concrete ultimately sacrificing age of the structure. Contaminated ground water,
seawater, industrial effluents are some of the sources of sulphate that attack concrete. The
use of blended cements have shown a sharp results in resisting the sulphate attack on
concrete, sugarcane bagasse ash which shows pozzolanic properties is being used as a
partial replacement in concrete in regular intervals of 5% up to 25%. SCBA is being
produced from sugar manufacturing units as a waste material which will be grinded to the
fineness less than cement for obtaining good bonding between cement and SCBA. This
project discusses the very severe exposure of HCl on concrete.

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 Fig:1.1 Underconstruction multistory building

1.2 Aim And Objective

1.2.1 Aim

To compare the compressive strength of concrete by partial replacement of cement with

sugarcane bagasse ash.

1.2.2 Objective

Objective of this work is to study the effects of sugarcane bagasse

ash as a binding material on strength of concrete. Based on the above, optimum dose of
SCBA is determined to enhance the desired properties of concrete without causing any
adverse result on other properties. Theprimary goal of this project is to conduct
experimental studies for enhancement of properties of concrete by binding it with SCBA.
To achieve this goal, the following objectives have been identified.
1) Efficient use of by-product of sugarcane which ultimately becomes waste for
environment.

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 2) To obtain required strength in concrete
3) To minimize the cost of construction material
4) Minimize the usage of non-renewable material of cement
1.2.3 Advantages

Replacement of cement with SCBA has following advantages:-

1) By using bagasse ash the compressive strength of concrete increases.

2) SCBA is easily and cheaply available in the market. Hence replacement of cement
with SCBA is economical.
3) Lime, a non renewable source of energy, will have its sustainable use when
SCBA is used in concrete as a construction material in place of cement.
4) The problem of proper disposal of SCBA is solved with it’s use in concrete.
5) Environmental problems due to the continuous production of cement and
improper disposal of SCBA can be overcome upto some extent with partial
replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete.

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 CHAPTER 2 :
LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

M.VijayaSekhar Reddy, I.V.Ramana Reddy, December 2012 studied the behaviour of

High Performance Concrete (HPC) which is being the most used type of concrete in the
construction industry. They replaced cement with Supplementary cementing materials
(SCM) like fly ash, silica fume and metakaolin. The mix design adopted was M60, cubes
were casted and cured for 90 days in 5% HCl(PH=2), NaOH, MgSo4 and Na2So4 .
They concluded that there was a considerable increase in service life of the concrete
structures and reduction in heat of hydration by using the supplementary cementing
materials in concrete. They observed the maximum and minimum percentage of
reduction in strength of concrete when concrete was replaced with fly ash were 12.64%
and 1.92%.
Dr. P. SrinivasaRao et al., studied the durability characteristics of metakaolin blended
concrete by adopting M20 grade of concrete. An attempt was made with H2So4 and HCl.
Steel fibres with 60 as aspect ratio at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% of volume of concrete
are used.
They concluded that the percentage weight loss was reduced and compressive strength
was increased in the case of fiber reinforced concrete and concrete containing 10
%metakaolin replaced by weight of cement when compare to concrete and the percentage
weight loss was less when immersed in HCL and H2SO4.
P. Murthi and V. Siva Kumar 2008 studied the resistance of acid attack of ternary
blended concrete by immersing the cubes for 32 weeks in sulphuric acid and hydrochloric
acid solutions. Binary blended concrete was developed using 20% class F fly ash and
ternary blended concrete was developed using 20% fly ash and 8% silica fume by weight
of cement.
They concluded that the ternary blended concrete was performing better that the ordinary
plain concrete and binary blended concrete. They observed that the mass loss for 28 and
90 days of M20 PCC specimens were 19.6% and 16.1% respectively. They also observed
that the time taken for reduction of 10% mass loss when immersed in 5% H2So4 and 5%
HCl solutions was 32 weeks.

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A.K. Al-Tamimi and M. Sonebistudied the properties of Self-Compacting Concrete
when immersed in acidic solutions. Workability was obtained using slump cone test, L-
box and orimet for SCC mix. Cylindrical specimens of diameter 45mm and length 90mm
were casted and cured for 28 days in water after they were immersed in 1% HCl and 1%
H2So4 solutions by maintaining a pH of 5 regularly.
They conclude that self-compacting concrete was performing better than control concrete
when exposed to 1% sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid. They observed that the time
taken for 10% mass loss for SCC was 18 weeks and for CC was 6 weeks.
B.Madhusudhana Reddy et al.,studied the effect of HCl on blended cement (fly ash)
and silica fume blended cement and their concretes. Concrete cubes were casted using
deionised water with a series of dosages (100, 150, 300, 500 and 900 mg/l) implanted
into water and using only deionised water for comparison. These cubes were tested for
determining chloride ion permeability (RCPT) and compressive strength.
They concluded that the compressive strength reduction of flyash blended concrete and
silica fume blended concrete was 2 to 19% at 28 and 90 days.
Beulah M. Asst Professor, Prahallada M. C. Professor studied the effect of
replacement of cement by metakaolin in high performance concrete subjected to HCl
attack. Cubes were casted with different water cement ratios (0.3, 0.35, 0.4 and 0.45),
compressive strength was evaluated for 150×150×150 mm cubes and percentage weight
loss was evaluated for 100×100×100 mm cubes. These cubes were cured for 30, 60 and
90 days in 5% hydrochloric acid.
They concluded that the residual compressive strength after 30, 60 and 90 days of
immersion decreases with increasing water binder ratio which is due to porous transition
zone leading to the formation of ettringite at higher water levels.
UroojMasood et al.,studied the behaviour of mixed fibre reinforced concrete exposed to
acids. A mixture 75% glass and 25% steel fibres were used in mixed fibre reinforced
concrete and cubes were casted and cured for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days in acids and
sodium sulphate. Test specimens were tested for weight loss and denseness of concrete of
exposed and unexposed specimens at all the ages and compressive strength at 180 days.
They concluded that the resistance towards the sulphuric acid attack was maximum when
100% steel fibreswas used when compared to other fibres and without any fibres. Mixed

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fibre reinforced specimens and 100% steel fibre reinforced specimens exhibited more
resistance towards the attack of sulphuric acid.
Mr. G. Siva Kumar et al., (2013) had studied on “Preparation of Bio-cement using
Sugarcane bagasse ash and its Hydration behaviour”. In this study they had used as
partial Replacement in ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by 10% weight. Compressive
strength of the sample was carried out and reported that the cementious material in sugar
cane bagasse ash is responsible for early hydration. The pozzolanic activity of bagasse
ash results in formation of more amount of C-S-H gel which results in enhances the
strength, and hence bagasse ash is a potential replacement material for cement.
Mr. H.S. Otuoze et al., had investigated on “Characterization of Sugar Cane Bagasse ash
and ordinary Portland Cement blends in Concrete” , The SCBA is obtained by burning
Sugar cane Bagasse at between 600-700 degrees Celsius, since the sum of Sio2, Al2o3
and Fe2o3 is 74.44%, For strength test , mix ratio of 1:2:4 was used and OPC was
partially replaced with 0% ,5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% by weight in
concrete. Compressive strength values of hardend concrete were obtained at the ages of
7,14,21,28 days. Based on the test conducted, it can be concluded that SCBA is a good
pozzolana for concrete cementation and partial blends of it with OPC could give good
strength development and other engineering properties in concrete. An optimum of 10%
SCBA blends with OPC could be used for reinforced concrete with dense aggregate.
Higher blends of 15% and up to 35% of SCBA with OPC are acceptable for plane or
mass concrete. The value fell short of meeting requirements for reinforced concrete with
dense aggeregate because of excessive fines from increasing SCBA and reducing strength
of bonding.
Mr. Lavanya M.R et al.,had studied on “A Experimental Study on the Compressive
Strength of Concrete by Partial replacement of Cement with Sugar cane bagasse ash”.
The Feasibility of using sugar cane bagasse ash , a finely grounded waste product from
the sugarcane industry, as partial replacement for cement in conventional concrete is
examined. The test were conducted as per Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) codes to
evaluate the stability of SCBA for partial replacement up to 30% of cement with varying
water cement (W/C) ratio. They showed that addition of SCBA results in improvement of
strength in all cases and according o the results obtained, it can be concluded that

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Bagasse ash can increase the overall strength of concrete when used up to a 15% cement
replacement level with W/C ratio of 0.35, bagasse ash is a valuable pozzolanic material
and it can potentially be used as a partial replacement for cement.
Mr. R. Srinivasan et al.,has investigated on “Experimental Study on Bagasse Ash in
Concrete”. They had observed that Sugar Cane bagasse is fibrous waste-Product of sugar
refining industry, and causing serious environmental problem which mainly contain
aluminium ion and silica. Hear bagasse ash has been chemically and physically
characterized, and partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 15%, 25% by weight of
cement in concrete. Fresh concrete tests like compaction factor test and slump cone test
were undertaken, was well as hardened concrete test like compressive strength , split
tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity at the age of seven and 28
days was don. The results show that the SCBA in blended concrete had significantly
higher compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength compare to that of the
concrete without SCBA. It is found that cement could be advantageously replaced with
SCBA up to maximum limit of 10%. Partial replacement of cement by SCBA increases
workability of fresh concrete; therefore use of superplasticizer is not substantial. The
density of concrete decreases with increase in SCBA content.
Mr. U.R. Kawade et al., had studied on “Effect of use of Bagasse ash on Strength of
Concrete” they had Chemically and Physically Characterized and partial replaced in the
ratio of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by weight of cement in concrete. The results
show that the SCBA concrete had significantly higher compressive strength compared to
that of the concrete without SCBA. It is found that the cement could be advantageously
replaced with SCBA up to maximum limit of 15%. Although the optimal level of SCBA
content was achieved with 15% replacement. Partial replacement of cement by SCBA
increases workability of fresh concrete, therefore use of Super Plasticizer is not essential.
Lourdes M. S. Souza et al.,had studied on “Hydration Study of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash
and Calcium Hydroxide Pastes of Various Initial C/S Ratio” they had investigated on the
reactions between calcium hydroxide (CH) and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA). For this
purpose, pastes of various initial CaO/SiO2 (C/S) molar ratios were produced. The
formed products were analyzed by thermal analyses, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron
microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results show that the main product

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was found to be C-S-H of not specific morphology and that could not be related to the
known products C-S-H (I)/C-S-H (II). Calcium alumina silicate hydrates and calcium
aluminate hydrate, in the form of fine plates or needles, were also produced. The main
product formed in the pozzolanic reactions between SCBA and CH is C-S-H and it
appears as a dense net of amorphous agglomerations. In addition, it cannot be correlated
with the C-S-H formed in the reaction of hydrous silica and CH. C2ASH8, C4AH13 and
C3ASH6 are also formed and they appear as thin places or needles deposited inside the
pores of the C-S-H net.
PiyanutMuangtong et al., had investigated on “Effects of Fine Bagasse Ash on the
Workability and Compressive Strength of Mortars” They are currently exploited as
pozzolanic materials and supplements to improve the compressive strength in terms of
microstructures of cement by partly replacement of cement with them. One of their
advantages is to decrease CO2 gas emission from decreasing consumption of cement in
either mortar or concrete production. Appropriate ratio of replacing clinker by fine (<45
micron) SCBA and w/c ratio as well as effects of SCBA on properties of cement are
being studied in this research. Initially, clinker and SCBA proportion were designed by
replacing clinker with the amount of SCBA at 0, 20 and 40%, respectively, whereas
gypsum was constant added. Specimens were casted as cement mortars and pastes and,
finally, analysed for compressive strength, flow ability, chemical composition and
microstructure according to curing ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Their properties were carried
out and compared with the results of commercial type I Portland cement. These test
results indicated that replacing clinker with 20% SCBA was appropriate for production in
laboratory scale and w/c ratio of 0.735 is suitable on workability of the resultant cement.
The results of this research indicated that the appropriate proportion of clinker replaced
by fine bagasse ash was 20% SCBA (C80B20). It presented the highest compressive
strength comparing to all ratios (0-40% SCBA) of resultant cements and near that of
commercial cement. The appropriate w/c ratio of C80B20 was 0.735:1 for good mortar
flow (110±5%) and workability of cement mortar. It was ensured that increasing amount
of SCBA influenced the increase of w/c ratio. Moreover, this cement procedure was
possible for cement preparation in laboratory and would lead to industrial production in
the future.

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AsmaAbdElhameed Hussein et al., had studied on “Compressive Strength and
Microstructure of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash Concrete”
This study presents the results of an experimental research study on the effectiveness of
Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as a cement replacement material in concrete
production. The ordinary Portland cement was replaced with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and
30%, respectively bagasse ash, the effect of Sugar cane Bagasse Ash on workability,
compressive strength and microstructure of Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) of concrete
was examined. The results showed that inclusion of Sugar cane Bagasse Ash in concrete
up to 20% level significantly enhanced the compressive strength of concrete at all ages;
the highest compressive strength was obtained at 5% SCBA replacement level. . The ITZ
thickness was greatly reduced with increasing the bagasse ash replacement level up to
15%, beyond that the ITZ thickness was slightly increased, however the thickness was
still narrower than the normal concrete, it was observed that at 15% bagasse ash
replacement level, the interfacial transition zone was homogeneous and there was no gap
between the coarse aggregate and the paste matrix. . From this study they had observed
that linearly increase the workability of concrete.
Up to 20% replacement enhanced both the compressive strength at all ages. Highest 28-
day compressive strength was obtained using 5% SCBA replacement which was about
48% higher than the reference mix-up to 20% SCBA in concrete is considered as the
optimum replacement level.
Twenty five and thirty percent SCBA improved the compressive strength after 28 days.
Inclusion of SCBA in concrete up to 30% significantly improved the microstructure of
concrete by reducing the ITZ thickness which indicates better refinement of pore
structure and dense matrix compared to the reference mix.
At 15% SCBA level the microstructure of ITZ was totally homogeneous without the
presence of wall effect between the aggregate and the paste matrix.
The micro structural properties are strongly related to the compressive strength of
concrete. Future studies on microstructure of ITZ for SCBA concrete are needed as there
is no available literature and it is first introduced in this study.
Kanchanalata Sigh and S.M Ali Jawaid, had studied on “utilization of sugarcane
Bagasse ash (SCBA) as Pozzolanic Material in concrete”

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Agricultural and industrial by-products are commonly used in concrete production as
cement replacement materials CRMs or as admixtures to enhance both fresh and
hardened properties of concrete as well as to save the environment from the negative
effects caused by their disposal. Approximately 1500 Million tons of sugarcane is
annually produced over all the world which leave about 40-45 % bagasse after juice
crushing for sugar industry giving an average annual production of 675 Million tons of
bagasse as a waste material. This paper examined the potential of bagasse ash for
development as pozzolanic materials in concrete. The bagasse ash is a by-product from
the combustion of bagasse as a fuel in thermal power plants and sugar cane industries.
This paper presents a review on the uses of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete. From
review it may be concluded that Sugarcane Bagasse ash can be used as a pozzolanic
material in concrete due to its high silica conten. The results of this research indicated
(10% sugarcane bagasse ash) in blended concrete had significantly higher compressive
strength, as compare to 20% sugarcane bagasse ash. Sugarcane bagasse ash is pozzolanic
material which may be utilized in the production of pozzolanic cement concrete which
leads to reduction in cost.

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CHAPTER 3 :
MATERIALS

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3.0 MATERIALS
The materials selected for this experimental study includes normal natural coarse
aggregate, manufactured sand as fine aggregate, cement, portable drinking water and
sugarcane bagasse ash. The physical and chemical properties of each ingredient has
considerable role in the desirable properties of concrete like strength and workability.
Material should be used
3.1 Cement
3.2 Coarse Aggregate
3.3 Water
3.4 Sugarcane bagasse ash

3.1 Cement
Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding
materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are
finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and
hardening resultfrom hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement
compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a
high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements, which
will even set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. Portland cement
can be used because of the reason that it gives low heat of hydration. This article surveys
the historical development of cement, its manufacture from raw materials, its
composition and properties, and the testing of those properties. The focus is on Portland
cement, but attention is also given to other types, such as slag-containing cement and
high-alumina cement. Construction cements share certain chemical constituents and
processing techniques with ceramic products such as brick and tile, abrasives, and
refractories.

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 Fig 4.1: Sample of Cement

Fig:3.1Sample of Cement

3.1.1 Raw Material Used in Cement

Portland cement consists essentially of compounds of lime (calcium oxide, CaO) mixed
with silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and alumina (aluminum oxide, Al2O3). The lime is
obtained from a calcareous (lime-containing) raw material, and the other oxides are
derived from an argillaceous (clayey) material. Additional raw materials such as silica
sand, iron oxide (Fe2O3), and bauxite—containing hydrated aluminum, Al (OH) 3—may
be used in smaller quantities to get the desired composition. The commonest calcareous
raw materials are limestone and chalk, but others, such as coral or shell deposits, also are
used. Clays, shales, slates, and estuarine mud are the common argillaceous raw materials.
Marl, a compact calcareous clay, and cement rock contain both the calcareous and
argillaceous components in proportions that sometimes approximate cement
compositions. Another raw material is blast-furnace slag, which consists mainly of lime,
silica, and alumina and is mixed with a calcareous material of high lime content. Kaolin,
white clay that contains little iron oxide, is used as the argillaceous component for white
Portland cement. Industrial wastes, such as fly ash and calcium carbonate from chemical
manufacture, are other possible raw materials, but their use is small compared with that
of the natural materials. The magnesia (magnesium oxide, MgO) content of raw materials
must be low because the permissible limit in Portland cement is 4 to 5 percent. Other
impurities in raw materials that must be strictly limited are fluorine compounds,

18
phosphates, metal oxides and sulfides, andexcessive alkalies. Another essential raw
material is gypsum, some 5 percent of which is added to the burned cement clinker
during grinding to control the setting time of the cement. Portland cement also can be
made in a combined process with sulfuric acid using calcium sulfate or anhydrite in place
of calcium carbonate. The sulfur dioxide produced in the flue gases on burning is
converted to sulfuric acid by normal processes. The percentage compositions of some of
the typical raw materials used for the manufacture of Portland cement are shown in the
table.

Table 3.1.1: Raw materials used in the manufacture of Portland cement

(Percentage composition)
Raw Material CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO Loss on
Ignition
Limestone 52 3 1 0.5 0.5 42
Chalk 54 1 0.5 0.2 0.3 43
cement rock 43 11 3 1 2 36
Clay 1 57 16 7 1 14
Slag 42 34 15 1 4 0

3.1.2 Chemical Composition

Portland cement is made up of four main compounds: tricalcium silicate (3CaO · SiO2),
dicalcium silicate (2CaO · SiO2), tricalcium aluminate (3CaO · Al2O3), and a tetra-
calcium aluminoferrite (4CaO · Al2O3Fe2O3). In an abbreviated notation differing from
the normal atomic symbols, these compounds are designated as C3S, C2S, C3A, and
C4AF, where C stands for calcium oxide (lime), S for silica, A for alumina, and F for
iron oxide. Small amounts of uncombined lime and magnesia also are present, along with
alkalies and minor amounts of other elements. The composition ranges of various kinds
of Portland cement are
shown in the table.
Table: 3.1.2 Chemical Composition of Cement

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Chemical Constituents SiO2 CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO K2O SO3 LOI
composition
of cement. Cement 23.43 64.40 4.84 4.08 1.34 0.29 2.79 5.68
(Weight %).

3.1.4 Physical Properties of Cement

Portland cements are commonly characterized by their physical properties for quality
control
purposes. Their physical properties can be used to classify and compare Portland
cements.
The challenge in physical property characterization is to develop physical tests that can
satisfactorily characterize key parameters.
The physical properties of cement are
1. Setting Time
2. Soundness
3. Fineness
4. Strength
1. Setting Time
a) Cement paste setting time is affected by a number of items including: cement fineness,
water- cement ratio, chemical content (especially gypsum content) and admixtures.
Setting tests are used to characterize how a particular cement paste sets.
b) For construction purposes, the initial set must not be too soon and the final set must
not be too late. Normally, two setting times are defined:
c) Initial setting: Occurs when the paste begin to stiffen considerably.
d) Final setting: Occurs when the cement has hardened to the point at which it can sustain
some load. Setting is mainly caused by C3A and C3S and results in temperature rise in
the cement paste.
e) False setting: No heat is evolved in a false set and the concrete can be re-mixed
without adding water. It occurs due to the conversion of anhydrous/semi hydrous gypsum
to hydrous gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
h) Flash Setting: It is due to absence of Gypsum. Specifically used for under water repair.
2. Soundness

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a) When referring to Portland cement, "soundness" refers to the ability of a hardened
cement paste to retain its volume after setting without delayed expansion. This expansion
is caused by excessive amounts of free lime (CaO) or magnesia (MgO). Most Portland
cement specifications limit magnesia content and expansion.
b) The cement paste should not undergo large changes in volume after it has set.
However, when excessive amounts of free CaO or MgO are present in the cement, these
oxides canslowly hydrate and cause expansion of the hardened cement paste.
c) Soundness is defined as the volume stability of the cement paste.
3. Fineness
a) Fineness or particle size of Portland cement affects Hydration rate and thus the rate of
strength gain. The smaller the particle size, the greater the surface area volume ratio and
thus, more area available for water-cement interaction per unit volume. The effects of
greater fineness on strength are generally seen during the first seven days.
b) When the cement particles are coarser, hydration starts on the surface of the particles.
So the coarser particles may not be completely hydrated. This cause low strength and low
durability.
c) For a rapid development of strength a high fineness is necessary.
4. Strength
Cement paste strength is typically defined in three ways: compressive, tensile and
flexural. These strengths can be affected by a number of items including: water cement
ratio, cementfineaggregate ratio, type and grading of fine aggregate, curing conditions,
size and shape of specimen, loading conditions and age.

3.2 Aggregate
Aggregate, in building and construction, material used for mixing with cement, bitumen,
lime, gypsum, or other adhesive to form concrete or mortar. The aggregate gives volume,
stability, resistance to wear or erosion, and other desired physical properties to the
finished product. Commonly used aggregates include sand, crushed or broken stone,
gravel (pebbles), broken blast-furnace slag, boiler ashes (clinkers), burned shale, and
burned clay. Aggregate is commonly considered inert filler, which accounts for 60 to 80
percent of the volume and 70 to 85 percent of the weight of concrete. Although aggregate

21
is considered inert filler, it is a necessary component that defines the concrete’s thermal
and elastic properties and dimensional stability. Following are the two types of the
aggregate:-
1. Fine Aggregate
2. Coarse Aggregate

1. Fine Aggregates
It should be passed through IS Sieve 4.75 mm. It should have fineness modulus 2.50-
3.50 and silt contents should not be more than 4%. Manufacturer’s sand has been used
for the present investigation; it is also called ‘M’ sand. Manufactured sand has been
regularly used to make quality concrete for decades in India and abroad. M-sand is
crushed aggregates produced from hard granite stone which is cubically shaped with
grounded edges, washed and graded with consistency to be used as a substitute of river
sand. In case of pervious concrete fine sand cannot be used.

Fig:3.2 Sample of Fine aggregate(River Sand)

2. Coarse Aggregates
It should be hard, strong, dense, durable and clean. It must be free from vein, adherent
coatings and injurious amount of disintegrated pieces, alkalis, vegetable matters and other
deleterious substances. It should be roughly cubical in shape. Flaky pieces should be
avoided. Coarse Aggregate used are of two sizes 9.375 mm minimum size and 18.75 mm
maximum size.

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 Fig:3.3Coarse Aggregate(Gravel)
3.2.1 Physical Properties of Aggregate
The physical properties of aggregates are those that refer to the physical structure of the
particles that make up the aggregate. The following are the physical properties of an
aggregate.
1. Absorption, Porosity and Permeability
The internal pore characteristics are very important properties of aggregates. The size, the
number, and the continuity of the pores through an aggregate particle may affect the
strength of the aggregate, abrasion resistance, surface texture, specific gravity, bonding
capabilities, and resistance to freezing and thawing action. Absorption relates to the
particle's ability to take in a liquid. Porosity is a ratio of the volume of the pores to the
total volume of the particle. Permeability refers to the particle's ability to allow liquids to
pass through. If the rock pores are not connected, a rock may have high porosity and low
permeability.
2. Surface Structure
Surface texture is the pattern and the relative roughness or smoothness of the aggregate
particle. Surface texture plays a big role in developing the bond between an aggregate
particle and a cementing material. A rough surface texture gives the cementing material
something togrip, producing a stronger bond, and thus creating a stronger hot mix asphalt
or Portland cement concrete. Surface texture also affects the workability of hot mix
asphalt, the asphalt requirements of hot mix asphalt, and the water requirements of
portland cement concrete.

23
3. Strength and Elasticity
Strength is a measure of the ability of an aggregate particle to stand up to pulling or
crushing forces. Elasticity measures the "stretch" in a particle. High strength and
elasticity are desirable in aggregate base and surface courses. These qualities minimize
the rate of disintegration and maximize the stability of the compacted material. The best
results for Portland cement concrete may be obtained by compromising between high and
low strength, and elasticity. This permits volumetric changes to take place more
uniformly throughout the concrete.
4. Density and Specific Gravity
Density is the weight per unit of volume of a substance. Specific gravity is the ratio of the
density of the substance to the density of water.
5. Aggregate Voids
There are aggregate particle voids, and there are voids between aggregate particles. As
solid as aggregate may be to the naked eye, most aggregate particles have voids, which
are natural pores that are filled with air or water. These voids or pores influence the
specific gravity and
absorption of the aggregate materials. The voids within an aggregate particle should not
be confused with the void system which makes up the space between particles in an
aggregate mass. The voids between the particles influence the design of hot mix asphalt
or Portland cement concrete.
6. Hardness
The hardness of the minerals that make up the aggregate particles and the firmness with
which the individual grains are cemented or interlocked control the resistance of the
aggregate to abrasion and degradation. Soft aggregate particles are composed of minerals
with a low degree of hardness. Weak particles have poor cementation. Neither type is
acceptable.
7. Particle Size
The best aggregates to use for strength are crushed stone or crushed gravel. Crushed
aggregate have irregular, angular particles that tend to interlock when compacted
orconsolidated. The crushed stone or crushed gravel aggregate make the asphalt or
concrete mix somewhat difficult to place. To improve the workability, many mixes

24
contain both angular and round particles. The coarse aggregate particles are usually
crushed stone or crushed gravel, and the fine aggregate particles are usually natural sand.
The Standard Specifications detail the requirements for crushed materials for various
uses.
8. Coating
Coating is a layer of substance covering a part or the entire surface of an aggregate
particle. The coating may be of natural origin, such as mineral deposits formed in sand
and gravel by ground water, or may be artificial, such as dust formed by crushing and
handling. Generally when the aggregates are used in hot mix asphalt or Portland cement
concrete mixes, the aggregates are required to be washed to remove the coating
(contaminant) left on the particles. The coating may prevent a good bond from forming
between the aggregate surfaces and the cementing agent. The coating could even increase
the quantity of bonding agent required in the mixture.
3.2.2 Chemical Properties of Aggregate
The chemical properties of aggregates have to do with the molecular structure of the
minerals
in the aggregate particles.
1. Composition
The chemical composition of aggregate is significant in determining the difference
between limestone and dolomite. Limestone is a rock consisting mainly or wholly of
calcium carbonate and has a tendency to polish smooth under traffic. Therefore,
limestone is limited to use in low traffic-volume HMA surface courses. Dolostone under
traffic maintains a higher-friction, skid-resistant surface and is used on higher traffic
volume locations. Dolostone is a carbonate rock which consists largely of calcium
magnesium carbonate. The word dolomite is the mineral calcium magnesium carbonate
Ca Mg (Co3)2. INDOT uses elemental magnesium (Mg) content test to determine if a
rock source is dolomitic. Elemental
magnesium content of 10.3 percent or above is required for dolomite aggregates. Some
aggregates have minerals that are subject to oxidation, hydration, and carbonation. These
properties are not particularly harmful, except when the aggregates are used in Portland
cement concrete. As might be expected, iron sulfides, ferric and ferrous oxides, free lime,

25
andfree magnesia in industrial products and wastes are some of the common substances.
Any of these substances may cause distress in the Portland cement concrete and give the
concrete an unsightly appearance.
2. Reaction with Asphalt and Cement
There are several types of substances found in mineral aggregates which may have a
negative
effect on the cementing and overall performance qualities of asphalt and cement. Most
are
rarely significant but various organic substances may retard hardening, reduce strength
development or cause excessive air entrainment in Portland cement concrete. These
organic
substances include, but are not limited to, mica, iron oxide, lightweight chart, shale, coal,
and lignite.

3.3 Water
Water should be free from acids, oils, alkalis, vegetables or other organic impurities. Soft
waters also produce weaker concrete. Water has two functions in a concrete mix. Firstly,
it reacts chemically with the cement to form the cement paste in which the inert
aggregates are held in suspension until the cement paste has hardened. Secondly, it serves
as a lubricant in the mixture of fine aggregates and cement.

3.3.1 Physical Properties of Water

Water has several important physical properties. Although these properties are familiar
because of the omnipresence of water, most of the physical properties of water are quite
atypical. Given the low molar mass of its constituent molecules, water has unusually
large values of viscosity, surface tension, heat of vaporization, and ntropy of
vaporization, all of which can be ascribed to the extensive hydrogen bonding interactions
present in liquid water. The open structure of ice that allows for maximum hydrogen
bonding explains why solid water is less dense than liquid water a highly unusual
situation among common substances.

26
 Table 3.3.1: Physical Properties of Water
Physical Properties of Water
molar mass 18.0151 grams per mole
melting point 0.00 °C
boiling point 100.00 °C
maximum density (at 3.98°C) 1.0000 grams per cubic centimeter
density (25 °C) 0.99701 grams per cubic centimeter
vapour pressure (25 °C) 23.75 atm
heat of fusion (0 °C) 6.010 kilojoules per mole
heat of vaporization (100 °C) 40.65 kilojoules per mole
heat of formation (25 °C) –285.85 kilojoules per mole
entropy of vaporization (25°C) 118.8 joules per °C mole
Viscosity 0.8903 centipoise
surface tension (25 °C) 71.97 dynes per centimeter

3.3.2 Water/Cement Ratio

Strength of concrete primarily depends upon the strength of cement paste. Strength of
cement paste depends upon the dilution of paste or in other words, the strength of paste
increases with cement content and decreases with air and water content. In 1918, Abrams
presented his
classic law in the form:
A
S= ……………………….. 1
Bx
Where x = water/cement ratio by volume and for 28 days results.
The constants A and B are 14,000 lbs/sq. in. and 7 respectively.
Abrams water/cement ratio law states that the strength of concrete is only dependent
upon water/cement ratio provided the mix is workable. In the past many theories have
been propounded by many research workers. Some of them held valid for some time and
then underwent some changes while others did not stand the test of time and hence

27
slowlydisappeared.But Abrams water/cement ratio law stood the test of time and is held
valid eventoday as a fundamental truth in concrete-making practices. No doubt some
modifications have been suggested but the truth of the statement could not be challenged.
Strictly speaking, it was Feret who formulated in as early as 1897, a general rule defining
the strength of the concrete paste and concrete in terms of volume fractions of the
constituents by the equation:
C
S=k ( c+ s +a )2 ……………………… 2

Where, S = strength of concrete

c, e and a = volume of cement, water and air respectively and K = constant.

3.4 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash:-

Bagasse is a by-product from sugar industries which is burnt to generate power required
for different activities in the factory. The burning of bagasse leaves bagasse ash as a
waste, which has a pozzolanic property that would potentially be used as a cement
replacement material. It has been known that the worldwide total production of sugarcane
is over 1500 million tons. Sugarcane consists about 30% bagasse whereas the sugar
recovered is about 10%, and the bagasse leaves about 8% bagasse ash (this figure depend
on the quality and type of the boiler, modern boiler release lower amount of bagasse ash)
as a waste, this disposal of bagasse ash will be of serious concern. Sugarcane bagasse ash
has recently been tested in some parts of theworld for its use as a cement replacement
material. The bagasse ash was found to improve some properties of the paste, mortar and
concrete including compressive strength and water tightness in certain replacement
percentages and fineness.
The higher silica content in the bagasse ash was suggested to be the main cause for these
improvements. Although the silicate content may vary from ash to ash depending on the
burning conditions and other properties of the raw materials including the soil on which
the sugarcane is grown, it has been reported that the silicate undergoes a pozzolanic
reaction with the hydration products of the cement and results in a reduction of the free
lime in the concrete.

28
Sugarcane bagasse consists of approximately 50% of cellulose, 25% of hemicelluloses of
ligin. Each ton of sugarcane generates approximately 26% of bagasse (at a moisture
content of 50%) and 0.62% of residual ash. The residue after combustion presents a
chemical composition dominates by silicon dioxide (sio2). In spite of being a material of
hard degradation and that presents few nutrients, the ash is used on the farms as a
fertilizer in the sugarcane harvests. In this sugarcane bagasse ash was collected during
the cleaning operation of a boiler in the sugar factory, located in the town of Anakapalli,
Andhra Pradesh.

Fig:3.4 Sugarcane bagasse

Fig:3.5 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

29
 Physical Properties of SCBA:
S.No Property Value
1. Density 575 kg/m3
2. Specific Gravity 2.2
3. Mean particle size 0.1-0.2μm
4. Min specific surface area 2500m2/kg
5. Particle shape Spherical

Chemical Properties of SCBA:

Sr.No Components Symbol Percentage(%)
1. Silica SiO2 63
2. Alumina Al2O3 31.5
3. Ferric oxide Fe2O3 1.79
4. Manganese oxide MnO 0.004
5. Calcium oxide CaO 0.48
6. Magnesium oxide MgO 0.39
7. Loss of ignition LOI 0.71

30
 CHAPTER 4:-
METHEDOLOGY

31
4.0 METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURE
SCBA concrete is a well mix of cement, coarse aggregate, water and bagasse ash.
Bagasse ash is added in concrete to increase its strength. Initially, the properties of coarse
aggregate are determined. The conventional concrete cubes of various mix proportion
shall be prepare. The conventional cubes with addition of differentproportion of bagasse
ash shall be prepared. The amount of SCBA will be taken in proportion of 10%, 20%,
30% by dry weight of ingredients of concrete. Using these proportion, sample will be
prepared to test compressive strength of cubes after 7, 14 and 28 days.
4.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION
MIX PROPORTION M30 DESIGN
Cement = 413 kg/m3
Water = 139.5 kg/m3
Fine Aggregate = 694.94 kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate = 1210.806 kg/m3
Water Cement ratio = 0.45
Mix Ratio : 1: 1.6 : 2.73

1. Mix proportion (1:1.6:2.73) with 0% SCBA.

2. Mix proportion (1:1.6:2.73) with 10% SCBA.
3. Mix proportion(1:1.6:2.73) with 20% SCBA.
4. Mix proportion(1:1.6:2.73) with 30% SCBA.

4.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

To begin with the actual practical work of the project, the practical work was carried out
stepwise which are as follows:
1. Testing of Material and Sampling.
2. Batching of Materials.
3. Preparation of Moulds.
4. Proportioning and Mixing.

32
5. Casting and Compaction of Cubes.
6. Curing.
7. Testing of Cubes.

4.2.1 Testing Of Materials

There are several laboratory tests available to find the strength of cement and aggregates
on the basis of which it is decided either the cement and aggregate material is suitable for
making concrete or not.

Various tests performed on cement and aggregates to check the strength of cement,
aggregates are as follows.
A) Cement
1. Fineness
The principle of this is that we determine the proportion of cement whose grain size is
larger than specified size. The apparatus used are 90μm IS Sieve, Balance capable of
weighing 10g to the nearest 10mg, A nylon or pure bristle brush, preferably with 25 to
40mm, bristle, for cleaning the sieve. Following procedure are adopted to determine the
fineness of cement. The cement samples are break down by air set lumps in sample with
fingers. Weight accurately 100g of cement and place it on the 90 micron IS sieve. Agitate
the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movements, until no more fine material passes
through it. Weigh theresidue and express its mass as a percentage R1, of the quantity first
placed on the sieve to the nearest 0.1 percent. Gently brush all the fine material off the
base of the sieve. Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh 100g sample to obtain R2.
Then calculate R as the mean of R1 and R2 as a percentage, expressed to the nearest 0.1
percent. When the results differ by more than 1 percent absolute, carry out a third sieving
and calculate the mean of the three values. Report the value of R, to the nearest 0.1
percent, as the residue on the 90μm sieve.

2. Consistency
The basic aim is to find out the water content required to produce a cement paste of
standard consistency as specified by the IS: 4031 (Part 4) – 1988. The principle is that

33
standard consistency of cement is that consistency at which the Vicat plunger penetrates
to a point 5-7mm from the bottom of Vicatmould.
Following Procedure to determine consistency of cement:-

Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity of water. The
time of preparing mix of cement should be between 3 to 5 minutes. Fill the Vicatmould
with paste and level it with a trowel. Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement
surface, Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste. Note the reading on the
gauge. Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and different
quantities of water until the reading on the gauge is 5 to 7mm.express the amount of
water as a percentage of the weight of dry cement to the first place of decimal.
W2
= ×100 ……............................. (1)
W1
Where, W1= Weight of cement sample.
W2= Weight of water added in cement.

Fig. 4.1: Vicat Apparatus test

3. Setting Time
I. Initial Setting Time

34
Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle. Lower the needle gently in order to
make contact with the surface of the cement paste and release quickly, allowing it to
penetrate the test block. Repeat the procedure till the needle fails to pierce the test block
to a point 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the bottom of the mould. The time period elapsing
between the time, water is added to the cement and the time, the needle fails to pierce the
test block by 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the bottom of the mould, is the initial setting
time.

II. Final Setting Time

Replace the above needle by the one with an annular attachment. The cement should be
considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to the surface of the test
block, the needle makes an impression therein, while the attachment fails to do so. The
period elapsing between the time, water is added to the cement and the time, the needle
makes an impression on the surface of the test block, while the attachment fails to do so,
is the final setting time.
Procedure to determine initial and final setting time of cement:
1) Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water required
to give a paste of standard consistency.
2) Start a stop-watch, the moment water is added to the cement.
3) Fill the Vicatmould completely with the cement paste gauged as above, the mould
resting on a non-porous plate and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with
the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared in the mould is the test block.

B) Aggregate
1. Sieve Analysis
The Fineness modulus (FM) is an empirical figure obtained by adding the total
percentage of the sample of an aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves,
and dividing the sum by 100. Sieve analysis helps to determine the particle size
distribution of the coarse and fine aggregates. This is done by sieving the aggregates as
per IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963. In this we use different sieves as standardized by the IS code
and then pass aggregates through them and thus collect different sized particles left over

35
different sieves. Following procedure was adopted to determine the fineness modulus of
aggregates. Sample of aggregate (15 kg forcoarse aggregate) was taken and dried in air.
The aggregates were sieved using theappropriate sieves (20mm, 18.75mm, 13.2mm,
12.2mm, and 9.375mm) in a mechanical shaker. Weight of aggregate retained on each
sieve was checked and noted. The cumulative weight and cumulative percentage of
aggregate retained on each sieve was calculated. The cumulative weights of aggregate
retained and divide the sum by 100 gives the fineness.

Fig:4.2 Sieve Analysis

2. Water Absorption Test

Some of the aggregates are absorptive and porous. Hence this will effect water/cement
ratio and hence workability of concrete. The porosity of aggregate will also affect the
durability of concrete. It should be noted that if the aggregates are dry, they absorb water
from the mixing water and hence affects the durability of concrete. On the other hand, if
the aggregates contain surface moisture, they contribute extra water to the mix and
thereby increase the water/cement ratio. Both these conditions are harmful for the quality
of concrete. In making quality concrete, it is very essential that corrective measures are
taken for absorption so that water/cement ratio is kept exactly as per design. This test
helps to determine the water absorption of coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part III) –
1963.Following procedure was used to find out water absorption test on aggregate.

36
2000 gms of aggregate sample was taken and washed thoroughly to remove finer
particles and dust, drained and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled
water at a temperature between 22 and 32oC. After immersion, the entrapped air was
removed by lifting the basket and allowing it to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket
and sample was remained immerse for a period of 24 + ½ hrs afterwards. The basket and
aggregates were then removed from the water, allowed to drain for a few minutes, after
which the aggregates were gently emptied from the basket on to one of the dry clothes
and gently surface-dried with thecloth, transferring it to a second dry cloth when the first
would remove no further moisture. The aggregates were spread on the second cloth and
exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight till it appears to be completely
surface-dry. The aggregates should be weighed(Weight =W1’).

The aggregates were then placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110oC for 24hrs. It
was then removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (Weight =W2‘).
Water absorption of aggregate was then determined using formula
W 1−W 2
×100 ……………………. ( 2)
W1
Where, W1= Weight of saturated surface dried sample.
W2= Weight of oven dried sample.

3. Impact Value
A test designed for to evaluate the toughness of stone or the resistance of aggregate to
fracture under repeated impact is called impact test. The aggregate impact value indicates
relative measures of resistance of aggregate to impact, which has different effect then the
resistance to gradually increasing compression stress. The aggregate impact testing
machine consists of a metal case and a cylindrical cap of internal diameter of 10.2 cm and
a depth of 5 cm in which the aggregate specimen is placed. A hammer of weight 13.5 to
14 kg having a free fall from height 38 cm is arranged to drop through a vertical height.
The procedure adopted is as follows.

37
Weight of empty mould was taken as W1. Aggregate specimen passing through 12mm
sieve pretained on 10mm sieve was filled in the cylinder in 3 layers by tamping each
other or each layer by 25 flows and then measured as W2.

The sample was transferred from balance to cap of the aggregate impact-testing machine.
The metal hammer was raised to a height of 38cm above the upper surface of the
aggregate in the cap and was allowed to fall freely on the cap specimen. After subjected
to 15 blows of metal hammer, the crashed aggregate was sieved from 2.36 mm sieve and
the sieved weight was noted as W3.

Impact value of aggregate was then determined using formula

W3
¿ ×100 ………………………( 3 )
W 2−W 1

Fig 4.3: Impact value machine

4. Crushing Value
The strength of coarse aggregate may be determined by aggregate crushing strength test.
The aggregate crushing value provides a relative measure resistance to the crushing
order. The apparatus used was cylindrical measure and plunger, Compression testing

38
machine, IS Sieves of sizes – 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm. The apparatus are shown in
the fig 3.3.5.The following procedure was adopted.
The aggregates passing through 12.5mm and retained on 10mm IS Sieve were oven-dried
at a Temperature of 100 to 110 C for 3 to 4 hrs. The cylinder of the apparatus was filled
in 3 Layers, each layer tamped with 25 strokes of a tamping rod. The weight of
aggregates was measured (Weight ‗W1‘).

The surface of the aggregates was then levelled and the plunger inserted. The apparatus
was then placed in the compression testing machine and loaded at a uniform rate so as to
achieve 40t load in 10 minutes. After this, the load is released.

The sample was then sieved through a 2.36 mm IS Sieve and the fraction passing through
the sieve was weighted (W2).

The aggregate crushing value can be determine by

W2
¿ × 100…………………..……( 4)
W1

5. Abrasion Value
Aggregates undergo substantial wear and tear throughout their life. In general, they
should be hard and tough enough to resist crushing, degradation and disintegration from
any associated. The Los Angeles (L.A.) abrasion test (Figure 4.2.1.6.) is a common test
method used to indicate aggregate toughness and abrasion characteristics. Aggregate
abrasion characteristics are important because the constituent aggregate must resist
crushing, degradation and Disintegration.

The L.A. abrasion test measures the degradation of a coarse aggregate sample that is
placed in a rotating drum with steel spheres. As the drum rotates the aggregate degrades
by abrasion and impact with other aggregate particles and the steel spheres (called the
“charge”). Once the

39
test is complete, the calculated mass of aggregate that has broken apart to smaller sizes is
expressed as a percentage of the total mass of aggregate. Therefore, lower L.A. abrasion
loss values indicate aggregate that is tougher and more resistant to abrasion. The
following procedure was adopted.

About 4 kg of aggregates were taken and added to the charge into the machine. The
machine was rotated at the speed of 30-33 revolutions per minute. The machine was
stopped after the desired number of revolutions and material was discharged to a tray.
The entire stone dust was sieved on 1.70 mm IS sieve. It was allowed to pass through 1.7
mm sieve size. The percentage weight passing is called abrasion value of aggregate.
W 1−W 2
¿ × 100………………………..( 7 )
W1
Where, W1= Weight of original test sample.
W2= Weight of material coarser than 1.7mm IS sieve.

Fig 4.4: Los Angeles Machine

4.2.2 Batching of Materials

40
It is the process of measuring concrete mix ingredients either by volume or by weight.
Traditionally batching is done by volume but most specifications require that batching be
done weight rather than volume.

In our project work, materials were measured by weight. Materials were taken in a
container or bag and weighted on weighing machine in kg. Water was measured in
volumetric quantity as 1 litre = 1 kg. Coir Fibers were measured by weight of total weight
of concrete ingredients.Thus batching work was carried out.

4.2.3 Preparation of Moulds

The mould shall be of metal, preferably steel or cast iron, and stout enough to prevent
distortion. Generally moulds are of two dimensions i.e. 10cm x 10cm x 10cm & 15cm x
15cm x 15cm. But moulds used for this analysis were of 15cm x 15cm x 15cm
dimension. It shall be constructed in such a manner as to facilitate the removal of the
moulded specimen without damage and shall be so machined that, when it is assembled
ready for use, the dimensions and internal faces shall be accurate within the following
limits: The height of the mould and the distance between opposite faces shall be the
specified size + 0.2mm. The anglebetween adjacent internal faces and between internal
faces and top and bottom planes of the mould shall be 90 degree ± 0.5 degree. The
interior faces of the mould shall be plane surfaces with a permissible variation of 0.03
mm. Each mould shall be provided with a metal base plate having a plane surface. The
base plate shall be such dimensions as to support the mould during the filling without
leakage and it shall be preferably attached to the mould by spring or screws. In
assembling the mould for use, the joints between the sections of mould shall be thinly
shall be thinly coated with mould oil and a similar coating of mould oil shall be
appliedbetween the contact surfaces of the bottom of the mould and the base plate in
order to ensure that no water escapes during the filling. The interior surfaces of the
assembled mould shall be thinly coated with mould oil to prevent adhesion of the
concrete. The moulds used were of size 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm and were oiled after
assembling and before casting.

41
4.2.4 Proportioning and Mixing
The process of relative proportions of cement, coarse aggregate and water, so as to obtain
a concrete of desired quality is known as the proportioning of concrete. The different
ingredients of concrete were taken as per required proportions by weight.
Thorough mixing of the materials is essential for the production of uniform concrete. The
mixing should ensure that the mass becomes homogeneous, uniform in colour and
consistency. There are two methods for mixing concrete, viz. hand mixing and machine
mixing.

In our project work, concrete was mixed by hand. Hand mixing was done on an
impervious concrete floor. Measured quantity of coarse aggregates was spread in
alternate layers. Cement was poured on the top of it and mixed dry by shovel until
uniformity of colour was achieved. It was then spread and water was sprinkled over it and
mixed thoroughly until uniformity was obtained. In case of fiber reinforced concrete, pre-
soaked fibers were added after. Water was sprinkled over concrete continuously and
mixed simultaneously.

Fig:4.5 Mixing of concrete material in concrete mixer

4.2.5 Slump Cone test
The concrete slump cone test is performed to check the workability of freshly made
concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete flows. It can also be used as

42
aindicator of an improperly mixed patch. The test is popular due to the simplicity of
apparatus used an simple procedure. For this test fill the mouldwith the prepared concrete
mixed in four approximately equal layer, every layer is tamped with 25 strockes. Excess
concrete is removed and surface is leveled. themould is raised in vertical direction
immidiately and the height of the slump obtained is measured. For better workability of
concrete, the slump height should be greater than 25 cm for 30 cm heighted mould.

Fig: 4.6 Slump cone test

4.2.5 Casting and Compaction of Cubes

The test specimens shall be made as soon as practicable after mixing, and in such a ways
to produce full compaction of the concrete with neither segregation nor excessive
laitance. The concrete was filled into the mould in layers approximately 5 cm deep with
the help of trowel. When compacting by hand, the standard tamping bar was used and the
strokes of the bar were distributed in a uniform manner over the cross section of the
mould. The number of strokes per layer required to produce specified conditions will
vary according to the type of concrete. For cubical specimens, in no case shall the
concrete be subjected to less than 35 strokes per layer for 15 cm cubes or 25 strokes per
layer for 10 cm cubes. The strokes shall penetrate into the underlying layer and the

43
bottom layer shall be roaded throughout its depth. Where voids are left by tamping bar,
the sides of the mould shall be tapped to close the voids. After the top layer has been
compacted, the surface of the concrete was finished level with the top of the mould using
a trowel, and covered with a glass or metal plate to prevent evaporation.

Fig: 4.7 Casting of Concrete Cube

4.2.6 Curing
After 24 hours of casting the cubes, the moulds were remoulded and cured in tank by
ponding method until the test. The test specimens shall be stored at the site at a place free
from vibration, under damp matting, sacks or other similar material for 24 hours + ½
hour from the time of adding the water to the other ingredients. The temperature of the
place of storage shall be within the range of 22 to 32 degree Celsius.
After the period of 24 hours, cubes were marked for later identification, removed from
the moulds and, unless required for testing, stored in clean water at a temperature of 24 to
30 degree C until they are transported to the testing laboratory. On arrival at the testing
laboratory, the specimens shall be stored in water at a temperature of 27 +- 2 degree

44
 Celsius until the time of test. Records of the daily maximum and minimum temperature
shall be kept both during the period of the specimens remain on the site and in the

laboratory.
Fig:4.8 Curing of Cube

4.2.7 Testing
Compression testing machine was used to find out the compressive strength of concrete
cubes. Specimens stored in water shall be tested immediately on removal from the water
and while they are still in the wet condition. Surface water and grit were wiped off the
specimens and any projecting fins removed. Specimens when received dry shall be kept
in water for 24 hours before they are taken for testing. The dimensions of the specimens
to the nearest 0.2 mm were noted before testing.

The test has to be conducted on specimens of size 15cmx15cmx15cm with different

percentage of fibers. The specimens were placed on compression testing machine to
determine its compressive strength of its respective days. The load was applied gradually
at a rate of 5KN/Min. until the specimens shows its first cracks. The maximum load
applied to the specimens was then recorded from the compression testing machine.
Permeability test were performed using three separate falling head permeameters,

45
specifically designed to accommodate specimens of three different diameters. However,
all three permearneters hadsimilar designed. Several methods for determining the
permeability of porous concrete systems have been proposed. Most studies utilize a
falling head apparatus adopted from soils testing, although other methods have been used
to measure permeability both in the laboratory. In their study falling head parameters in
testing different proportions of pervious concrete specimens prepared. They are measure
permeability range between 1mm/sec to 2.5mm/sec. The results also indicate that
permeability increased exponentially increased void ratio and that an increase in
compaction energy corresponds to decrease in permeability.

Fig:4.9 Compressive strength testing of Cube

46
 CHAPTER 5:-
OBESERVATIONANDCALCULATION

47
5.0 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
5.1 Observations for Tests on Materials
Following tests were performed on aggregates to check the strength of aggregate
materials.
5.1.1 Water Absorption Test
Weight of saturated surface dried sample = W1 = 2000gms
Weight of oven dried sample = W2 = 1995gms
W 1−W 2
Water absorption = x 100
w2
2000−1995
= x 100
1995
= 0.25%
The water absorption of coarse aggregate was found to be 0.25%.
5.1.2 Crushing Value Test

Empty weight of mould = W1 = 640gms

Empty weight of mould + aggregates = W2 = 920gms
Weight of crushed aggregates = W3 = 100gms
W3
Crushing value = x 100
W 2−W 1
100
= x 100
920−640
= 35.71 %
The crushing value of coarse aggregate was found to be 35.17%.
5.1.3 Los Angeles Abrasion Value Test
Weight of aggregates = W1 = 4000gms
Weight of sample passing through 1.75 mm sieve = W2= 3280gms
W 1−W 2
Abrasion value = x 100
W1

48
 4000−3280
= x 100
4000
= 18%
The abrasion value of coarse aggregate was found to be 18%

5.2 Observation tables for Concrete Cubes

5.2.1Compressive Strength

1. Concrete Cube With 0% SCBA

Table 5.2.1 (a): Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube.

Sample No. Curing Days Compressive Avg. Compressive

Strength(MPa) Strength (MPa)

C1 25.11
7 Days 25.63
C2 25.46

C3 26.31

C1 34.44
14 Days 34
C1 33.89

C3 34.69

C1 37.54
28 Days 37.49
C2 37.18

C3 37.76

2. Concrete Cube With 10% SCBA

Table 5.2.1 (b): Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube with 10% SCBA

Sample No. Curing Days Compressive Avg. Compressive

Strength(MPa) Strength (MPa)

49
 C1 22.14
7 Days 22.81
C2 22.38

C3 23.92

C1 36.42
14 Days 36.08
C1 35.63

C3 36.20

C1 39.93
28 Days 40.21
C2 40.47

C3 40.23

3. Concrete Cube With 20% SCBA

Table 5.2.1 (c): Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube with 20% SCBA

Sample No. Curing Days Compressive Avg. Compressive

Strength(MPa) Strength (MPa)

C1 20.17
7 Days 19.82
C2 19.53

C3 19.78

C1 27.44
14 Days 27.43
C1 26.72

C3 28.14

C1 32.24
28 Days 32.08
C2 32.00

C3 31.59

50
4. Concrete Cube With 30% SCBA

Table 5.2.1 (d): Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube with 30% SCBA

Sample No. Curing Days Compressive Avg. Compressive

Strength(MPa) Strength (MPa)

C1 18.27
7 Days 18.44
C2 19.31

C3 17.75

C1 22.77
14 Days 23.28
C1 23.71

C3 23.87

C1 28.67
28 Days 28.55
C2 28.83

C3 28.16

5. Comparison

5.2.2 (e) : Table Comparison between Compressive Strength of Concrete cube with different
percentage of addition of SCBA

Curing Days
7 Days Compressive 14 Days Compressive 28 Days Compressive
Concrete Strength (MPa) Strength (MPa) Strength (MPa)

51
 0 % SCBA 25.63 34 37.49

10 % SCBA 22.81 37.08 40.21

20 % SCBA 19.82 27.43 32.08

30 % SCBA 18.44 23.28 28.55

Graph
45

40

35
Compressive strength (MPa)

30

25
7 Days
14 Days
20
28 Days
15

10

0
0% SCBA 10% SCBA 20% SCBA 30% SCBA

Bagasse ash replacement in %

Graph: 5.1 Graphical Comparision of Compressive Strngth of Concrete Cube

52
 CHAPTER 6:-
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

53
6.0 RESULTS
From the compressive test which had been performed on concrete
cube (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm), following results are obtained.
i. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 0% SCBA for 7 days has
been obtained as 25.63 MPa
ii. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 0% SCBA for 14 days has
been obtained as 34 MPa.
iii. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 0% SCBA for 28 days has
been obtained as 37.49 MPa
iv. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 10% SCBA for 7 days has
been obtained as 22.81MPa
v. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 10% SCBA for 14 days has
been obtained as 37.08MPa
vi. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 10% SCBA for 28 days has
been obtained as 40.21 MPa
vii. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 20% SCBA for 7 days has
been obtained as 19.82MPa
viii. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 20% SCBA for 14 days has
been obtained as 27.43MPa
ix. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 20% SCBA for 28 days has
been obtained as 32.08MPa
x. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 30% SCBA for 7 days has
been obtained as 18.44MPa

54
xi. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 30% SCBA for 14 days has
been obtained as 23.28MPa
xii. Average Compressive Strength of concrete cube with 30% SCBA for 28 days has
been obtained as 28.55MPa.

CHAPTER 7:-
CONCLUSION

55
7.0 CONCLUSION
The experimental result shows that the strength of concrete increases with the help of
SCBA Therefore, with the use of SCBA in partially replacement of cement in concrete,
we can increase the strength of concrete as well as reduce the consumption of cement.
This was all due to high silica content in the SCBA. However it was observed that 10%
replacement of cement with SCBA give the maximum compressive strength after 28 days
or final setting time.
Based on the limited study carried out on the compressive strength behavior of concrete
cubes, the following conclusions are drawn.
i. By increasing the percentage of SCBA in concrete mix, there is gradual
decrease in compressive strength of 7 days.
ii. The compressive strength of concrete cube at the age of 14 days, will increase
upto 10% replacement of cement with SCBA. Further increase in the quantity
of SCBA shows gradual fall in the compressive strength of concrete cubes.
iii. Comparative study of the compressive strength of concrete cubes with 10%
SCBA at the age of 14 days is greater than 20% SCBA at the same age.
iv. Similarly the compressive strength of concrete cube at the age of 28 days,
increases upto 10% replacement of cement with SCBA. Further addition of
SCBA shows gradual decrease in the compressive strength of the concrete
cubes.
v. It can be concluded that the final compressive strength obtained is highest
with 10% replacement of cement with SCBA. Hence maximum upto 10%
SCBA can be replaced with the cement in the concrete.

56
CHAPTER 8:-
FUTURE SCOPE

57
8.0 FUTURE SCOPE
i. A composite mix of all the waste material can be used as a replacement of ca
ii. Chemical testing of e waste should be done before using in the construction
practice
iii. Beams and slab with different waste should be tasted for light weight
construction units
iv. Combination with fly ash can also be an option for future experimentation

58
CHAPTER 9:-
REFERENCES

59
9.0 REFERENCES
1. Ganesan, k., Rajagopal, k., and Thangavel, K, 2007. “Evalution of bagasse ash as
supplementary cementitious material”. Cement and concrete composites, 29, 515-
524.
2. IS 10262-1981 “ IS Method of mix design”. Bureau of Indian standards. New
Delhi.
3. IS 516- 1959 “ Methods of Tests for strength of concrete” ,Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
4. IS 456-2000 “Code of practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete”, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
5. Paya , J., ET. Al., SCBA : studies on its properties for reusing in concrete
production, Journal of Chemical technology and Biotechnology, (2002)77, 321-
325. 6. IS 383-1970 “Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from Natural
Sources for Concrete”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
6. N. B. Singh, V. D. Singh and SaritaRai, 2000. Hydration of Bagasse Ash-
Blended Portland Cement, Journal of Cement and Concrete Research 30, p. 1485.
7. V. S. Aigbodion, S. B. Hassan, T. Ause and C. B. Nyior, 2010. Potential
Utilization of Solid Waste (Bagasse Ash ), Journal of Minerals and Materials
Characterization and Engineering 9, p. 67-77.
8. Wang R, Trettin V. Rudert R (2003) Umlaut recrystallization of granulated blast
furnace slag and the significance for the hydraulic Reactivity.
9. R. Srinivasan, K Sathiya, 2010. “ Experimental sudy on bagasse ash in concrete”,
International Journal of Service Learning in Engineering 5(2), p. 60

60
Baguant, K., Properties of concrete with bagasse ash as fine aggregate, In Proc 5th
CANMET/ACI Intl. conf. on fly ash, silica fume, slag and natural pozzolans in concrete,
Ed by Malhotra VM, USA, ACI SP, (1995)153(18), 315-337

61