Partial Replacement of Cement with

Marble Powder in Concrete

A short Project proposal Report for the successful execution of project works.

Bachelor of Technology
in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:
KUSHAGRA KUMAR SINGH (131000116)
ANIMESH RAJPUT (141000026)
DIVYA PRAKASH SINGH (141000069)
PRABAL TOMAR (141000146)
DIMPY YADAV (151000054)
JITENDRA SINGH (141000095)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

(Mr. VINOD KUMAR Asstt. Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GLA UNIVERSITY, MATHURA
2018-2019

of the requirements for evaluation and award of the B.Tech degree.

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech.
Project ―PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MARBLE
POWDER, in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering and submitted to the Department of Civil
Engineering of GLA University, Mathura is an authentic record of our own work
carried under the supervision of Asst Professor Mr. VINOD KUMAR Sir.

CERTIFICATE

The undersigned certify that ANIMESH RAJPOOT, KUSHAGRA

KUMAR SINGH, DIVYA PRAKASH SINGH, PRABAL TOMAR,
JITENDRA SINGH and DIMPY YADAV is registered for the B.Tech
programme in department of civil engineering.
I hereby informed that the dissertation entitled “PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY MARBLE POWDER” be
accepted for the partial fulfilment

(Project guide)
Mr. VINOD KUMAR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor and Asst Professor
Mr. VINOD KUMAR Sir of CIVIL Engineering, GLA University, Mathura for their
excellent guidance, constant inspiration, and motivation and above all for their ever
co-operating attitude that enabled us in carrying up this thesis in the current form.

We also wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. SUDHIR KUMAR
GOYAL Sir, HOD, Civil Engineering, GLA University, Mathura, for providing us
an opportunity to work on this project and respected departmental facilities.

We are also greatly thankful to all the staff members of the civil department and our
entire well-wishers, friends and class mates for their inspiration and help.

A special thanks to Asst Professor VINOD KUMAR sir, Civil Engineering, GLA
University, for their valuable efforts and solving our problems with great pleasure.

KUSHAGRA KUMAR (131000116)

SINGH
ANIMESH RAJPOOT (141000026)
DIVYA PRAKASH (141000069)
SINGH
PRABAL TOMAR (1410000146)
DIMPY YADAV (151000054)
JITENDRA SINGH (141000095)
 ABSTRACT
Leaving the waste materials to the environment directly can cause
environmental problem. Hence the reuse of waste material has been
emphasized. Waste can be used to produce new products or can be
used as admixtures so that natural resources are used more
efficiently and the environment is protected from waste deposits.
Marble stone industry generates both solid waste and stone slurry.
Whereas solid waste results from the rejects at the mine sites or at
the processing units, stone slurry is a semi liquid substance
consisting of particles originating from the sawing and the polishing
processes and water used to cool and lubricate the sawing and
polishing machines. Stone slurry generated during processing
corresponds to around 40% of the final product from stone industry.
This is relevant because the stone industry presents an annual
output of 68 million tonnes of processed products. Therefore the
scientific and industrial community must commit towards more
sustainable practices. There are several reuse and recycling
solutions for this industrial by-product, both at an experimental
phase and in practical applications. These industrial wastes are
dumped in the nearby land and the natural fertility of the soil is
spoiled. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the
waste are analysed.

LIST OF TABLES

• Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate

• Specific Gravity Of Coarse Aggregate

 • Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate

• Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate

• Design Stipulations

• Test Data for Materials

• Comprasive Strength at 7 Days

• Compresive Strength At 28 Days

• Tensile Strength At 7 Days

• Tensile strength at 28 days

TABLE OF CONTENT

• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH – 7 DAYS

• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH – 14 DAYS
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH – 28 DAYS
• TENSILE STRENGTH – 7 DAYS
• TENSILE STRENGTH -14 DAYS
• TENSILE STRENGTH -28 DAYS
• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• CONCLUSIONS
• SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
• REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INFLUENCE OF MARBLE DUST AS PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE
The advancement of concrete technology can reduce the
consumption of natural resources and energy sources and lessen
the burden of pollutants on environment. Presently large amounts
of marble dust are generated in natural stone processing plants
with an important impact on environment and humans. This
project describes the feasibility of using the marble sludge dust in
concrete production as partial replacement of cement. In INDIA,
the marble and granite stone processing is one of the most
thriving industry the effects if varying marble dust contents on
the physical and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened
concrete have been investigated. Slump and air content of fresh
concrete and absorption and compressive strength of hardened
concrete were also investigated. Test results show that this
industrial bi product is capable of improving hardened concrete
performance up to 10%, Enhancing fresh concrete behaviour and
can be used in architectural concrete mixtures containing white
cement. The compressive strength of concrete was measured for
7 and 28 days. In order to evaluate the effects of marble dust on
mechanical behaviour, many different mortar mixes were tested.

MARBLE DUST

The finest marble dust for making brilliant white grounds. Our
whiting is dry ground from marble deposits in the United States.
Dry grinding reduces it to a powder without destroying its
particle structure, which is important in making strong grounds
and providing tooth on the surface of the grounds.
The low surface area of our marble (when compared to
precipitated chalk) keeps oil absorption low, which is ideal when
adding it to paint and painting mediums. In painting grounds it
makes a durable surface with tooth for egg and casein tempera,
distemper, encaustic, oil paint, and watercolours.
Both limestone and marble are calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which is
also the composition of the mineral calcite. Marble is a metamorphic
rock composed of recrystallized calcite. The metamorphism of
limestone causes the calcite grains to grow in size and to interlock
with one another. The result is that marble is noticeably more dense
and harder than limestone. Limestone forms under deep marine
conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite plates
(coccoliths) shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores and
hence contains invertebrate fossils. However, these fossils are almost
always destroyed by the metamorphic changes that convert limestone
to marble.

Add to paint and mediums to create textural and bodying qualities to

paint without affecting the color. Marble dust has little color in drying
oils, so it can be added to oil paint without affecting the tint of the
color.

Properties
Extender Pigment Marble, Fine Marble, Medium
Description A fine particle size marble with a closely-controlled
particle size distribution. A medium particle size marble featuring a
careful control of oversized particles.
Source Marble Hill, Georgia
Sahuarita, Arizona Chemical
Analysis
Calcium
Carbonate 95%
95% Typical
Physical
Properties
Mean Particle Size 11 microns
20 microns Hegman Fineness
3–
Brightness (Hunter Y) 92 88
Retained on 325 Mesh Screen 0.03% 12%
Moisture 0.12% 0.15%
Acid Insolubles 2% 3%
Oil Absorption 9 g oil / 100
g pigment – Solid Density
(lbs.gal) 22.7 22.7
Bulk Density, Packed 80 lbs./ft3 95 lbs./ft3

Bulk Density, Loose 55

lbs./ft3 65 lbs./ft3 Specific
Gravity 2.7 2.7
Refractive Index, mean 1.6 1.6
Mohs Hardness 3 3

CEMENT

A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets,

hardens and adheres to other materials, binding them together.
Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel
(aggregate) together. Cement is used with fine aggregate to produce
mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce
concrete.

Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or

calcium silicate based, and can be characterized as being either
hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending upon the ability of the cement to
set in the presence of water (see hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime
plaster).

Non-hydraulic cement will not set in wet conditions or under water;

rather, it sets as it dries and reacts with carbon dioxide in the air. It is
resistant to attack by chemicals after setting.

Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become adhesive

due to a chemical reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The
chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-
soluble and so are quite durable in water and safe from chemical attack.
This allows setting in wet conditions or under water and further
protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical
process for hydraulic cement found by ancient Romans used volcanic
ash (pozzolana) with added lime (calcium oxide).

The word "cement" can be traced back to the Roman term opus
caementicium, used to describe masonry resembling modern concrete
that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The
volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the
burnt lime, to obtain a hydraulic binder, were

later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment, and cement. In

modern times, organic polymers are sometimes used as cements in
concrete.

Chemistry Edit

Non-hydraulic cement, such as slaked lime (calcium oxide mixed

with water), hardens by carbonation in the presence of carbon dioxide
which is naturally present in the air. First calcium oxide (lime) is
produced from calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) by calcination
at temperatures above 825 °C (1,517 °F) for about 10 hours at
atmospheric pressure:

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

The calcium oxide is then spent (slaked) mixing it with water to make slaked
lime (calcium hydroxide):

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

Once the excess water is completely evaporated (this process is
technically called setting), the carbonation starts:

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

This reaction takes a significant amount of time because the partial
pressure of carbon dioxide in the air is low. The carbonation reaction
requires the dry cement to be exposed to air, and for this reason the
slaked lime is a non-hydraulic cement and cannot be used under
water. This whole process is called the lime cycle.
History Edit

Perhaps the earliest known occurrence of cement is from twelve million

years ago. A deposit of cement was formed after an occurrence of oil
shale located adjacent to a bed of limestone burned due to natural
causes. These ancient deposits were investigated in the 1960s and 1970s.

Alternatives to cement used in antiquity

Cement, chemically speaking, is a product that includes lime as the
primary curing ingredient, but is far from the first material used for
cementation. The Babylonians and Assyrians used bitumen.

(1.2) OBJECTIVES

In this project our main objective is to study the influence of partial

replacement of cement with marble powder, and to compare it with
the compressive and tensile strength of ordinary M20 concrete. We
are also trying to find the percentage of marble powder replaced in
concrete that makes the strength of the concrete maximum.
Nowadays marble powder has become a pollutant. So, by partially
replacing cement with marble powder, we are proposing a method that
can be of great use in reducing pollution to a great extent.

• TESTING ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

MATERIALS (2.1) INITIAL SETTING TIME = 84

minutes

(2.2) FINENESS MODULUS = 6%

(2.3)SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT (LE – CHATLIER FLASK)

Weight of cement
used = 60 gm Initial
reading on flask = 0
ml Final reading on
flask = 23 ml
Specific gravity of cement = weight of
cement used Weight of equal volume of
water
Specific gravity of cement = 2.608

(2.4)SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE-

(A)SAND-

SL Determination Gm Gm
N
O
1 Pycnometer 458.10 451
(M1)
2 Pycnometer + 676 697
sand (half of
bottle)(M2)
3 Pycnometer+ 1390 1405
sand + full of
 water (M3)
4 Pycnometer + 1253 1258

full of water
(M4)

CALCULATIONS;-

Specific gravity = [(M2-M1)]/[(M2-M1)-(M3-M4)]

a). (676-458.10)/ [(676-458.10)-(1390-1253)] = 2.693
b) (697-451)/ [(697-451)-(1405-1258)] = 2.49
Therefore, specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.59

(2.5)SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE

SL NO DETERMINATION Gm Gm
1 Pycnometer (M1) 458 463
2 Pycnometer + aggregate(M2) 706 666
3 Pycnometer+ aggregate 1405 1385
+water(M3)
4 Pycnometer+ water (M4) 1258 1253

CALCULATIONS

Specific gravity = (M2-M1)/[(M2-

M1)-(M3-M4)] (a) (706-458)/ [(706-
458)-(1405-1258) ] = 2.45
(b) (666-463) /[(706-458)-(1405-1258) ]= 2.859
Mean of these = 2.66
Therefore, specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.66

(2.6)SIEVE ANALYSIS

• SAND
Quantity of sand

= 1 Kg Time of

sieving = 15

minutes

S SIEV WEIGHT %OF CUMULATI CUMULATI

L E RETAIN WEIGHT VE VE%
N SIZE ED RETAIN PASSING
O ED %
RETAINED
1 40mm 0 0 0 100
2 20mm 0 0 0 100
3 10mm 0 0 0 100
4 4.75 0 0 0 100
5 2.36 98 9.8 9.8 90.2
6 1.18 60 6 15.8 84.2
7 600micr 188 18.8 34.6 65.4
on
8 300micr 397 39.7 74.3 25.7
on
9 150micr 221 22.1 96.4 3.6
on
10 90micron 21.5 2.15 98.5 1.45
11 L.P 19.5 1.95 100 0
Fineness modulus = 329.4 / 100 = 3.29%

(2.7)(B)COARSE AGGREGATE

Quantity of

materials = 4 kg
Time of sieving =

15 minutes

SL Sieve Weight %weight Cumulative Cumulative

N size retained(gm retained % weight %weight
O ) retained passing
1 40mm 0 0 0 100
2 20mm 585.0 14.625 14.65 85.375
3 10mm 3260 81.5 96.12 3.88
4 4.75mm 155 3.875 100 0
5 2.40mm 0 0 100 0
6 1.18mm 0 0 100 0
7 600m 0 0 100 0
8 300m 0 0 100 0
9 150m 0 0 100 0
710.77

Fineness modulus = 710.77/100 = 7.10%

• MIX DESIGN:

Mix design for concrete was made using the properties of constituents
of concrete. Grade of concrete was taken as M20 and the mix design
was done as per IS:10262- 1982 and IS:456-2000. The water cement
ratio was taken as 0.5 which should be the maximum for M20 grade
under mild exposure condition.

MIX DESIGN OF M 20

(3.1) DESIGN STIPULATIONS

SL NO DESIGN STIPULATIONS QUANTITY

1 Characteristic 20N/mm2
compressiv
e strength required in the field at
 28 days
2 Maximum size of aggregates 20mm(angular)
3 Degree of workability 0.90 (compacting factor)
4 Degree of quality of control Good
5 Type of exposure Mild

(3.2) TEST DATA FOR MATERIAL

SL NO TEST DATA FOR MATERIAL QUANTITY

1 Cement used Portland slag cement
2 Specific gravity of cement 2.608
3 Specific gravity of 2.59
fine aggregate
4 Specific gravity of 2.66
coarse aggregate
5 Water absorption of Nil
fine aggregate
6 Water absorption of Nil
coarse aggregate
7 Free moisture of fine aggregate Nil

8 Free moisture of Nil

coarse aggregate
9 Sieve analysis of fine aggregate Grade 3

TARGET MEAN STRENGTH FOR MIX

DESIGN
fck =fck +1.65s
fck =20+1.65×4.6
= 27.59N/mm2

As per IS;10262-1982,

Water cement ratio = 0.5

From table 4
Water content =
186 kg/m3 Sand
content = 35%
For change in value of water cement ratio, compacting factor and
sand belonging to Zone 3 ,the following adjustment is required .

Change in condition

• For decrease in water cement ratio by (0.60-

0.50)that is 0.1 Adjustments required in Water
content percent = 0
Adjustments required in percentage sand in total aggregate = -2.0

• For increase in compacting factor (0.9-0.8)that

is 0.10 Adjustments required in Water content
percent = +3 Adjustments required in percentage
sand in total aggregate = 0
• For sand conforming to zone III of table 4 Of
IS ;383-1970 Adjustments required in Water
content percent = 0
Adjustments required in percentage sand in total
aggregate = -1.5 Adding these adjustments we get

Total Adjustments required in Water content percent =+3%

Total Adjustments required in percentage sand in total aggregate = -3.5

Therefore, required sand content as percentage of total aggregate by

absolute volume= 35 – 3.5 = 31.5 %

Required water content =186 + (186x 3) / 100 = 186 + 5.58 =191.6 litre /m3

(3.3)DETERMINATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water cement

ratio = 0.50

Water =

191.61

Cement = 191.6/0.50 = 383 kg/m3

This cement content is adequate for mild exposure condition,

according to Appendix A of IS ; 456-1978.
(3.4)DETERMINATION OF COARSE AND FINE
AGGREGATE CONTENT

From Table 3, for the specified maximum size of 20mm , the amount of
entrapped air in the wet concrete is 2%. Taking this into account and
applying equations from 3.5.1 of IS ; 10262 -1982.
Therefore,

For fine aggregate ;-

0.98 = [191.58 + (383.16/2.608)+(1/0.315) x (fa / 2.59)
] x (1/1000) fa = 525.82

For coarse aggregate ;-

0.98 = [ 191.58 + (383.16/2.608) + (1/(1-0.315) x (Ca / 2.83)] x (1/1000)
Ca = 1139.43 kg/m3

The mix proportions then becomes

Water: Cement:Fine aggregate:Coarse
aggregate 191.61: 383kg: 525.82 :
1139.43kg
or
0.50 :1:1.372: 2.97

VOLUMES

Volume of cube = 15 x 15 x 15
=3375cm3 Volume of cylinder =
? x 7.52 x 30 =5301.44 Total
volume = 8676.44
Add 10% extra volume = 9544.084
Volume of concrete = (1 / 2.602) + (1.372 / 2.59) + (2.97 / 2.66) + (0.5 / 1) =
2.529
Weight of cement = (1 / V) x volume = (1 / 2.529) x
9544.084) = 3.77kg Weight of fine aggregate = 1.372 x
3773.85 = 5.177 kg
Weight of coarse aggregate = 2.97 x 3773.85
= 11.208 kg Required amount of water = 0.5 x
3773.85 = 1886.92 litre
—————————————————————

FOR TWO SPECIMEN

Weight of cement = 7.547 kg

Weight of fine aggregate =
10.355 kg Weight of
coarse aggregate = 22.41
kg Required water = 3-77
litre

(3.5)MIX PROPORTIONS:

Five concrete mixes with stone dust were produced, replacing 0%(reference

mixture ), 5%,10%,15%,and 20%,Cement, in terms of weight. The concrete

mix proportion for M20 grade was designed in accordance with I.S. code.

QUANTITY OF MARBLE POWDER;

5% of cement replaced by marble powder

= 377.38gm 10% of marble powder =
754.7 gm
15% of marble powder
= 1.13 kg 20 %of
marble powder =
1.5094 kg
Experimental conditions:

Compressive strength of concrete was undertaken on 15 cm cubic

specimens. at 7 days and 28 days of age. Regarding splitting tensile
strength, cylinders with 30 cm of height and 15 cm of diameter were
casted and tested at 28 days of age. All

specimens were removed 48 hours after casting, and then transferred to

regular conditions (interior of the laboratory ) till testing.

• PREPARATION AND CURING OF SPECIMEN:

Standard cubic specimens of 150 mm size were cast. Concrete cubes

were cast for compressive strength. The standard cylindrical specimen
of 100mm diameter and 300mm height cylindrical specimens were
caste for tensile strength.
 • TESTING OF HARDENED CONCRETE

(5.1)COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH – 7 DAYS

% 1 2 average Compressive strength ( MPa)

0% 380 340 360 16
5% 355 405 380 16.88
10% 390 430 410 18.22
15% 275 325 300 13.33
20% 290 270 280 12.44

(5.2)COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH – 14 DAYS

% 1 2 Average Compressive
strength(MPa)
0% 486 514 500 22.18
5% 527 564 545 24.24
10 % 613 587 600 26.26
15% 427 395 411 18.28
20% 381 400 390 16.97

(5.3)COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH – 28 DAYS

% 1 2 Average Compressive
strength(MPa)
0% 535 565 550 24.40
5% 580 620 600 26.67
10 % 675 645 660 29.33
15% 470 435 452.5 20.11
20% 420 440 430 18.67

(5.4)TENSILE STRENGTH – 7 DAYS

% Specimen Specimen mean Tensile

marbl 1 tensile 2 tensile strength
e powder load load (MPa)
0% 111 129 120 1.69
5% 130 136 133 1.88
10% 125 151 138 1.95
15% 100 128 114 1.61
20% 108 84 96 1.35

(5.5)TENSILE STRENGTH – 14 DAYS

% Specimen Specimen mean Tensile

marbl 1, tensile 2, tensile strength
e powder load load (MPa)
0% 170 178 174 2.461
5% 182 185 183.5 2.59
10% 197 201 199 2.84
15% 165 170 167.5 2.36
20% 141 162 151.5 2.14

(5.5)TENSILE STRENGTH – 28 DAYS

% Specimen Specimen mean Tensile

marbl 1, tensile 2, tensile strength
e powder load load (MPa)
0% 170 178 174 2.461
5% 182 185 183.5 2.59
10% 197 201 199 2.84
15% 165 170 167.5 2.36
20% 141 162 151.5 2.14

• RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION:

Compression Test:

Mechanical behaviour of concrete cubes prepared without chemical

admixtures was studied by compressive tests (Grade M20and curing
time of 7 days and 28 days. It can be noticed that 5% replacement of
cement with marble dust in mild condition and 10% replacement of
cement with marble dust in mild condition, are showing increase in
compressive strength.

Tensile Strength test

Mechanical behaviour of cylindrical specimens prepared without

chemical admixtures was studied by tensile strength test. (Grade M20),
curing times of 7 days and 28 days and the results obtained are
reported. It is noticed that 5% replacement of cement with marble dust
in mild condition and 10% replacement of cement with marble dust in
severe conditions, are showing increase in tensile strength.
• CONCLUSIONS:

Due to marble dust, it proved to be very effective in assuring

very good cohesiveness of mortar and concrete. From the
above study, it is concluded that the marble dust can be used
as a replacement material for cement ; and 10% replacement of
marble dust gives an excellent result in strength aspect and
quality aspect and it is better than the control concrete. The
results showed that the substitution of 10% of the cement
content by marble stone dust induced higher compressive
strength, higher splitting tensile strength, and improvement of
properties related to durability.
Test results show that this industrial waste is capable of
improving hardened concrete performance up to 15%,
enhancing fresh concrete behaviour and can be used in plain
concrete.

The uses of MDP in concrete improved its quality in terms of

strength the following conclusion were based on the study on
the test result.

• The compressive strength of concrete increase upto

10% replacement of cement by MDP and further
increasing of percentage of MDP leads to decrease in
compressive strength of concrete.
• The split tensile strength of concrete increases
upto 15% of replacement of cement by MDP and
further increasing of
 percentage by MDP leads to decrease in split tensile
strength of concrete.
• The flexural strength of concrete increases upto 15%
replacement of cement by MDP and further increases
in the percentage of MPD leads to decrease in flexural
strength.
• It is concluded that the MDP can be used as a
replacement material of cement and 10 %
replacement of cement of MDP gives an excellent
result in strength as compared to normal concrete.
• Use of these waste material leads to sustainable
development in construction industries.
• To save the environment MDP may be used as a
better partial substitute as a replacement of cement
in concrete.

Scope of the Future Work:-

The project was mainly focused on the partial replacement of

Portland cement with MDP at different percentage in
concrete. Research maybe conducted on other properties and
uses of MDP in near future. Other types of study that can be
calculated are listed below
• MDP concrete as an acoustic building structure.
• The chemical attack on concrete MDP structure.
• The durability of MDP concrete as an underwater structure.
• Earthquake effect on MDP concrete structure
for low cost building.
• MDP concrete with plasticizer for higher grade of concrete.
• Study of MDP concrete varying the water cement ratio.
 • Only then basic study of use of MDP in concrete
production is investigated therefore, further
investigation is required on the study of durability
of concrete made by MDP blended cement.
• Further study on the seepage characteristic of the MDP
concrete.

• REFERENCES:

• CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY – M.S. SHETTY

• DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIXES- N.KRISHNA RAJU

• WIKIPEDIA

• IS:1199- 1959 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND

ANALYSIS OD CONCRETE.