ABSTRACT

Bendable Concrete is also known as Engineered Cementitious Composite without

coarse aggregate. This project deals with the experimental work in finding strain
value of the member made of bendable concrete. Concrete is the most extensively
used construction material which has high compressive strength but one major
weakness of concrete is the brittle facture behavior in tension, with low tensile
strength and ductility due to this many detoriation problems and structural failures
we are referred previous studies of Bendable concrete, ECC is class of ultra-ductile
fiber reinforced cementitious composites, A bendable concrete is reinforced with
micromechanically designed polymer fibres. Engineered cementitious composite
made with the combination of Polypropylene fiber and Fly Ash as admixtures.
Experimental work to fresh and mechanical properties of different ECC mixtures
are evaluated by incorporating supplementary cementitious material, Literature
review and experimental work has been done. The slab and prism are casted in the
size of 600mm x 250mm x 50mm and 500mm x 100mm x 100mm.

Keywords: Polypropylene fibers, compressive strength, flexural strength,

deflection.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x
INTRODUCTION 1
1 1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS 2
COMPOSITE
1.3 MICROMECHANIC BASED DESIGN 3
THEORY
1.4 PROPERTIES OF BENDABLE CONCRETE 3
1.5 APPLICATIONS OF ECC 4
1.6 INCREDIENTS OF BENDABLE 4
COMPOSITE
1.7 OBJECTIVE 5
LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2
2.1 INTRODUCTION 6
2.2 STUDY ON PREVIOUS LITERATURES 6
2.3 INFERENCE FROM REVIEW 17
METHODOLOGY 18
3
3.1 GENERAL 18
3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 18
3.3 COLLECTION OF MATERIALS 18
3.3.1 Cement 18
3.3.2 Fine Aggregate 19
3.3.3 Fly Ash 19
3.3.4 Polypropylene Fiber 20

iv
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.3.5 Water 20
3.4 MIX DESIGN 20
3.5 CASTING SPECIMENS 21
3.5 TESTING ON SPECIMENS 21
4 PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL 23
4.1 TEST ON MATERIALS 23
4.1.1 Test on Cement 23
4.1.2 Test on Fine Aggregate 24
4.2 PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE 26
FIBER
4.3 PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH 27
4.4 TEST APARATUS 28
4.5 CASTING, TEST SPECIMENS AND 28
CURING
4.6 EQUIPMENT 29
4.6.1 Universal Testing machine 29
4.6.2 Loading Frame 29
4.7 MIX DESIGN 29
4.7.1 Mix Design For M40Grade of Concrete 29
4.7.2 Various Mix Proportion of Bendable 32
Concrete
5 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME 33
5.1 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN 33
5.2 CASTING OF SLABS 34
5.3 TESTING OF SLABS FOR FLEXURE 35
5.4 CASTING PRISM 36
5.5 CASTING OF CONCRETE PALTE FOR 37
STRAIN
6 RESULT AND DISSCUSSION 38
6.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 38
6.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST 40

v
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

6.3 RESULT OF FLEXURAL TEST 42

6.4 STRAIN VALUE TEST IN PLATE 43
7 CONCLUSION 46
7.1 SUMMARY 47
7.2 CONCLUTION 47
REFERENCES 48

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.1 Properties of Cement Grade 24

4.2 Properties of Fine Aggregate 25
4.3 Properties of Polypropylene Fiber 26
4.4 Properties of Fly Ash 27
4.5 Number of Specimens 28
4.6 Various Mix Proportions of Bendable Concrete 32
6.1 Compressive Strength Test for 100mm x 100mm x 38
100mm cube
6.2 7 Days and 28 Days Compressive Strength of 39
Various Mixes
6.3 Split Tensile Strength Test 41
6.4 28 Days SplitTensile Strength Test 41
6.5 28 Days Flexural Strength of Various Mixes 42
6.6 Flexural Strength Test for Prism 45
6.7 Load and Deflection for Conventional Concrete 44
6.8 Load and Deflection for Bendable Concrete 45

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE.NO. TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 Response of ECC Under Flexural Loading 3

3.1 Flow Chart 22
4.1 Components of Concrete 23
4.2 Polypropylene Fiber 26
5.1 Casting of Specimen 33
5.2 Compression and Flexural Test on Mortar 34
Specimen
5.3 Mould with Reinforcement and Finished Slab 35
5.4 Test Setup for Flexure Test 36
5.5 Casting Prism 37
5.6 Test Setup for Plate 37
6.1 Compressive Strength 39
6.2 Split Tensile Strength 42
6.3 Flexural Strength 42
6.4 Load and Deflection 44
6.5 Load and Deflection 45

viii
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION

fck Compressive Strength of Concrete

f’ck Target Mean Strength
k Risk Factor
s Standard Deviation
W1 Weight of Empty Bottle
W2 Weight of bottle + water
W3 Weight of bottle + Kerosene
W4 Weight of bottle + Kerosene + Cement
W5 Weight of Cement
C.C. Conventional Concrete
Kn Kilo Newton
Mu Ultimate Moment
Vu Ultimate Shear Force
Pt Percentage of Steel
Ast Area of Steel
d Effective Depth
d’ Effective Cover
D Overall Depth
Sv Spacing of Reinforcement
P Load case detail

ix
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BC Bendable Concrete

CC Conventional Concrete

ECC Engineered Cementitious

Composites
HVFA High Volume Fly Ash

PP Polypropylene

SP Specimen

x
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENARAL

Conventional concretes are almost unbendable and have a strain capacity of only
0.1% making them highly brittle and rigid. This lack of bendability is a major
cause of failure under strain and has been a pushing factor in the development of
an elegant material namely, bendable concrete also known as Engineered
Cementitious Composites abbreviated as ECC. This material is capable to exhibit
considerably enhanced flexibility. A bendable concrete is reinforced with
micromechanically designed polymer fibres. ECC is made from the same basic
ingredients as conventional concrete but with the addition of High-Range Water
Reducing (HRWR) agent is required to impart good workability.

Concrete is the most extensively used construction material which has high
compressive strength. Concrete is understood to consist of a graded range of
stone aggregate particles bound together by a hardened cement paste. One major
weakness of concrete is the brittle facture behavior in tension, with low tensile
strength and ductility. This brittleness has been recognized as a bottleneck
hindering structural performances in safety, durability and sustainability. The
lack of structural ductility is due to brittle nature of concrete in tension which
may lead to structural integrity. Many infrastructure deterioration problems and
failures can be traced back to the cracking and brittle nature of concrete.

In order to overcome the brittle fracture of concrete and to obtain strength and
ductility, in this project an attempt has been made to investigate the strength and
ductile behaviour of Bendable composite. The strength and ductile behaviour has

1
been demonstrated using high volume fraction of Fly Ash and high tenacity
Polypropylene fibers composites of Bendable Composite. High volume fraction
of Fly Ash tends to reduce Polypropylene fiber interface bond and toughness to
attain high tensile strain capacity

1.2 ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES

Bendable Composite is also called Engineered Cementitious Composites is

ductile in nature. Bendable composite, an easily moulded mortar-based
composite reinforced with short random fibres, usually polymer fibers. Bendable
Composite is developed based on micromechanics and fracture mechanics theory
to feature large tensile ductility.

Bendable Composite has a strain capacity in the range of 3-7%, compared to

0.1% for ordinary Portland cement. The large strain is contributed by sequential
development of multiple cracks, instead of continuous increase of crack opening.
The high fracture toughness and controlled crack width make bendable
composite improve serviceability and durability of infrastructures.

Figure1.1 represent the behavior of ECC under flexural loading and it can be
seen that the beam beam can deform well without direct failure the different
ingredients of ECC work together to shear the applied load. ECC has provide to
be 50 times more than traditional concrete, and 40 times lighter, which could
even influence design choice in skyscrapers. Additionally the execellent energy
absorption properties of ECC make it especially suitable for critical element in
seismic zones.

2
 Fig.1.1 Response of ECC under Flexural Loading

1.3 MICROMECHANICS BASED DESIGN THEORY

Micromechanics are a branch of mechanics applied at the material constituent

level that captures the mechanical interactions among the fiber, mortar matrix,
and fiber-matrix interface. The microstructure to composite performance linkage
can be further extended to the structural performance level and integrate the
material design into performance based design concept for structures. The
micromechanics-based model suggests very different engineering strategies for
different types of fiber systems.

1.4 PROPERTIES OF BENDABLE COMPOSITE

ECC has a variety of unique properties, including tensile properties superior to
other fiber-reinforced composites, the use of only a small volume fraction of
fibers (~ 2%), tight crack width. These properties are due largely to the
interaction between the fibers and cementing matrix, which can be custom-
tailored through micromechanics design. Essentially, the fibers create many

3
micro cracks with a very specific width, rather than a few very large cracks (as in
conventional concrete.) This micro cracking behavior leads to superior corrosion
resistance (the cracks are so small and numerous) as well as to self-healing. In the
presence of water (during a rainstorm, for instance) un reacted cement particles
recently exposed due to cracking hydrate and form a number of products that
expand and fill in the crack. It is the tightly controlled crack widths seen in ECC
that ensure all cracks thoroughly heal when exposed to the natural environment.

1.5 APPLICATIONS OF ECC

Bendable Composite has been successfully applied to dam repair, bridge deck
overlays, coupling beams in high rise buildings and other structural elements and
systems. The properties of ECC give it superior properties in seismic resistance
applications when compared to normal concrete.

1.6 INGREDIENTS OF BENDABLE COMPOSITE

Cement : Ordinary Portland Cement

53grade(OPC)
Fine Aggregate : Natural river sand

Water : Ordinary Portable Water

Mineral Admixtures : Fly Ash

Chemical Admixtures : Sulphonate Melamine Formaldehyde

Fiber : PolypropyleneFiber

4
1.7 OBJECTIVES

• To study the ductile and flexural behavior of Bendable Composite where as

normal concrete is brittle in nature.
• To investigate the effect of Polypropylene fiber on the behaviour of
Bendable Composite.

• To determine the Compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural

Strength of the Bendable Concrete.
• To compare the determined Strength of Bendable Concrete with
Conventional Concrete.

5
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This paper presents current scenario about various active research that are taking
place around the world on study of behaviour of Engineered Cementitious
Composites (ECC) by incorporating Polypropylene(PP) and other kinds fibers
and by using various mineral ad-mixtures. Engineered Cementitious Composites
is mainly designed based on paradigm of micro-mechanical interaction with
exceptional strain capacity of about 3 to 5% compared to 0.01 % of normal
concrete. The volume fraction of the fiber used is also less than 2 percent and
showing an extensive strain hardening behaviour of the composites.

2.2 STUDY ON PREVIOS LITERATURE

Kaimin et al. (2017) have studied on Matrix design for waterproof Engineered
Cementitious Composites (ECCs) The matrix materials included ordinary
Portland cement (OPC), calcium sulfo Aluminate cement (SAC), fly ash (FA),
lime stone powder (LSP), silica sand, waterproofing admixture (WPA),
shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA) and super plasticizer (SP). Totally 24
mixes adopted in this research (M1 to M24). The compressive test was carried
out with cube specimens measuring 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm, with the loading rate
of 0.3 MPa/s. The uniaxial tension test was performed with the dumbbell
specimen recommended by JSCE , with a cross section of 30 mm 13 mm at the
middle part. An external LVDT was attached to one side of the middle part of the
tensile specimen, measure the elongation over a gauge length of 80 mm.
6
Comparing M1 and M5 to M7, as well as M12 to M15, adding more SRA would
slightly decrease the compressive strength, A 25 kN servo hydraulic MTS testing
the results shows that adding too much SAC reduces the interfacial frictional
bond between fiber and matrix, which leads to a larger crack width and a wider
crack spacing, Adding small amounts of WPA, SRA and SAC have no obvious
impact on the 28 day compressive strength. summarizes the test results of water
permeability of uncracked and cracked ECCs (M23) at different preloaded
tensile strain levels,

Zhang et al. (2017) have investigated on Durability of engineered cementitious

Composites (ECC) under Sulfate and Chloride Environment was the ductile
engineered cementitious composites (ECC) as an alternative to conventional
concrete in hydraulic structures to improve their durability performance.
materials for this ECC mixture are Type I Portland cement, fine silica sand, class
F fly ash, water, high range water reducing agent (HRWRA), and poly-vinyl-
alcohol (PVA) fibers.The PVA fiber used here has an average diameter of 39 µm
and length of 12 mm. The tensile strength and maximum elongation of the fiber
are 1600 MPa and 6.0%,cast into cube specimens size of 50.8 X 50.8 X 50.8 mm
for compression tests, and dogbone shaped specimens for uniaxial tension tests
are prepared. Uniaxial tensile loading was imposed on the specimens under
displacement control at a rate of 0.5 mm/min. Two external LVDTs were
attached on each side of the specimen, with a gage length of approximately 80
mm, mortar specimens subjected to Na2SO4 solution and Na2SO4 + NaCl
solution the strength continues to increase up to 120 days and to 200 days
respectively the compressive strength decreased from 71 MPa and 73 MPa to
around 56 Mpa.

7
Zhigang (2017) has studied on Self-healing ability of Engineered Cementitious
Composites (ECC) under different exposure environments Specimens of ECC
cement-fly ash paste (ECC-CF, ECC mixtures excluding sand and fibers) were
prepared. The cube specimens were tested for compressive strength. The test
procedure was referenced by ASTM C 109. fly ash increased rapidly from 28
days to 60 days and then the increasing rate slowed down from 60 days to 120
days, The self-healing ability of ECC decays over time as demonstrated in the
compressive test, fly ash reaction degree test, non-evaporable water content test
and direct water flow test. However, the long term self-healing behavior can be
effective enhanced by 60o C hot water and Ca(OH)2 solution immersion. crack
width (typically below 60 µm), it is considered of high self-healing potential. To
further accelerate and enhance the self-healing process of ECC, 60o C hot water
and Ca(OH)2 solution can be used to condition the specimen. In this paper, the
influence of the above-mentioned environmental conditions on the self-healing
behavior of ECC was experimentally investigated. Specifically, compressive
strength, fly ash reaction degree and non evaporable water content of ECC
cement-fly ash paste exposed to different environmental conditions were
measured. the results shows impact on the 28 day compressive strength. The
torsion toughness of the tested beams were improved by the fibers significantly.
the torsion strength of the beams were greatly improved with the fibers.

Qiu (2017) has reported on fatigue deterioration of engineered cementitious

composite (ECC), this paper proposed high-performance fiber-reinforced
concrete featuring high ductility. Used materials are Type I Portland cement,
ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), sieved river sand (particle size
smaller than 0.6 mm), and tap water, super plasticizer and PVA(PVA) fibers
were used to manufacture ECC. ECC prisms of 280 × 70 × 50 mm were used for
8
the flexural fatigue test. Tests under Electro dynamic universal testing machine,
load Pmin fixed at 0.20 N and a maximum load Pmax ranged from 0.35 N to 0.70
N. Results shows flexural S-N curve of ECC as well as the crack pattern in the
middle span (80 mm) of ECC prism after the tests. As can be seen, ECC
possesses a much higher fatigue load resistance when compared to the normal
concrete.

Victor (2017) has investigated on CFRB-ECC For Strengthening of The

Concrete Structures, this paper proposed the strengthening of concrete structures
using FRP composite. In this paper, ECC was developed with a tensile strain
capacity of 3%, matrix ingredients of ECC include Type I ordinary Portland
cement, Class F fly ash, fine aggregate (F-75 silica sand), water and water
reducer (ADVA-190). The compression strength of the concrete was tested using
a concrete 8 cylinder of 75 mm in diameter. The 28-day compressive strength
was 40.5 MPa. concrete block was prepared the size of 12.5 mm X 12.5 mm X
25 mm, GFRB lengths were selected as 25 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm, 135
mm and 170 mm. The pull-out tests were conducted on a MTS 810, loading
speed of 0.5 mm/min. The total length of the beam was 1524 mm with a span
length of 1372 mm . The longitudinal steel rebar was 12.7 mm (0.5 in) in
diameter and the stirrup was 6.4 mm (0.25 in) in diameter. The four-point
bending tests were conducted, loading capacity of 500 kN, the average
compressive strength was 50.9 MPa., without PVA fiber compressive strength
was 52.6 MPa. The tensile strain capacity of ECC in the current paper was tested
as 2.8% (average), which was almost 252 times higher than that of the cement
mortar. This can be achieved by focusing the next stage research on the interface
treatment methods, such as grooving method (GM) governed through EBROG
and EBRIG techniques.
9
Huang et al. (2017) have studied about the Mechanical behaviour of a PVAfibre
reinforced engineered cementitious composite (PVA-ECC) using local
ingredients. Experiments are conducted to determine mechanical behaviour of
the composite. In addition, a finite element model is developed to simulate the
flexural behaviour of PVA-ECC beams, Five cylinder specimens of 200 mm in
height and 100 mm in diameter, specimens section of 80 mm X 36 mm X 20
mm in the middle and a gauge length of 80 mm, Uniaxial compression tests were
carried out to the compressive behaviour of the PVA-ECC, The compressive
stress-strain relationship is obtained by combining the pre-peak and post-peak, a
PVA-ECC using local dune sand is developed to have a reduced cost and a
relatively low tensile strain capacity matching that of steel reinforcement for
commonly used reinforced concrete structures.

Aswin et al. (2016) have investigated on Longitudinal Shear Resistance of ECC

composite slabs with PVA(PVA) fiber to develop a ductile Engineered
Cementitious Composite (ECC) is an effective way to overcome the brittle
behavior of conventional concrete and to increase the efficiency of composite
slab construction. The first group has been tested with long shear span of 900
mm the second group, the shear span was 450 mm, shear bond strength has been
computed using both methods of m–k, the profiled steel sheeting depth of 54
mm, thickness of 1 mm, and cross sectional area of 980 mm2 . The centroid axis
of the profiled steel sheeting is 109.5 mm and 550 MPa tensile yield strength.
Dimensions of the profiled steel sheeting are 2700 mm length and 590 mm
width. ECC composite slabs and one control specimen with normal concrete
topping. The first group was tested for long shear span of 900 mm and the
second group for short shear span of 450 mm. Each composite slab had
dimensions of 2700 mm length, 590 mm width and 125 mm overall depth. The
10
results shows load carrying capacity is greater than other types of concrete shear
bond strength can be evaluated using m–k method and partial shear connection
method. the load carrying capacity of these slabs can be improved further by
providing shear transfer devices.

Chao (2016) has Studied about Thermal-Mechanical behaviors of CFRP-ECC

hybrid under elevated temperatures (CFRP) composites have been accepted for
the strengthening of concrete structures. ingredients of ECC include Type I
ordinary Portland cement, Class F fly ash, fine aggregate (F-75 silica sand),
water and water reducer. silica sand has a maximum and an average grain size of
250 µm and 110 µm, respectively. The PVA fibers are 12 mm long with a
diameter of 39 µm. The volume content of PVA fiber in ECC was 2%. The cube
specimens had a dimension of 50×50×50 mm3 The dimensions of the dogbone-
shaped specimens can be found in Influence of matrix flowability which were
recommended by the Japan Society of Civil Engineers Two linear variable
displacement transducers (LVDT), with a gage length of approximately 100 mm,
were attached to the specimen. Stress-strain curves recorded to determine the
behavior of specimens under direct tension. PVA fibers were on the cube
surface. PVA fibers had melted at such high temperatures with a melting point of
230o C. internal cracks induced by the water vapor pressure under elevated
temperatures, the strength development with the temperature can be divided into
two stages with a turning point at 300o C. For ECC cubes, the compressive
strength decreased by 4.8% in the first stage and by 31.3% in the second stage.
For mortar cubes, the strength reduction in the first stage was 13.8%.

11
Razak et al.(2015) have studied about Flexural Behavior of Engineered
Cementitious Composite (ECC) slabs with PVAfibers. This paper investigates
the effects of PVA(PVA) fibers, compressive and flexural strength of engineered
cementitious composite (ECC) cubes and slabs. mold with the dimension of 590
mm X 220 mm X 25 mm to cast and prepare ECC slabs. slab having 100 mm X
100 mm X 100 mm as dimension, fibers based on two different aspect ratios
A.R. = 210 (length = 8 mm) and A.R. = 316 (length = 12 mm) respectively. With
five fiber contents Vf = 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3% for each aspect ratio. testing
machine under third-point flexural loading with a displacement up to 0.005
mm/s. first crack strength results that as the reinforcing index increases, the first
crack load gradually decreases until the reinforcing index value of 790. This
result indicates that the ECC PVA material tends to be more elastic with a small
decrease in modulus of elasticity as the reinforcing index increases. The losses in
compressive strength values are around 15%. Based on the results of the first
crack strength, the first crack load gradually decreases until a reinforcing index
value of 790. as the reinforcing index value increased.

Kyriakides et al.(2012) have studied about Simulation of Unreinforced Masonry

Beams Retrofitted with Engineered Cementitious Composites in Flexure. This
paper proposed A two- dimensional nonlinear finite-element analysis, The
compression strength of the concrete was tested using a concrete 8 cylinder of 75
mm in diameter, The 28-day compressive strength was 40.5 MPa. concrete block
was prepared the size of 12.5 mm X 12.5 mm X 25 mm, GFRB lengths were
selected as 25 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm, 135 mm and 170 mm. The pull-out
tests were conducted on a MTS 810, loading speed of 0.5 mm/min. The total
length of the beam was 1524 mm with a span length of

12
1372 mm .Brick-mortar interface opening, cracking of the ECC layer below the
mortar joints, and failure of the ECC were captured well. The simulated
response is found to be particularly sensitive to the adopted constitutive model
of the ECC. Research areas for enhancing the ability of the adopted modeling
approaches in predicting the response of this complex system, are identified.

Dhawale (2013) have studied on Engineered Cementitious Composite for

Structural Applications. In this litreture new class of FRC which has the strain
hardening property. The effect of sand, super plasticizer & PVA fiber on the
behaviour of ECC concrete recorded. Initial proportion was 1:0.8004:1.1996
and PVA fiber inceresed 1% 1.2%. This deals with Test and testing procedure
for fresh and hardened concrete specimen. The specimen on 38mm diameter
rolled with 600 mm span for 150 mm size specimen and 400 mm span for 100
mm size specimen. and 150 mm X 150
mm X 700 mm specimens were prepared. Investigation are carried out by
testing cubes, beams, slabs and cylinders for 7,14,21&28 days. Cubes and
cylinders were tested on compression testing concrete is not elastic material.
The stress strain behavior of concrete is straight line up to 10-15% if it’s
ultimate strength., with strain capacity of about 3 to 5% compared to 0.01% of
normal concrete. the reading shall be taken at each stage. If the overall strain
observed on the second and third readings differ by more than 5%. The loading
cycle shall be repeated until the differences in strain between consecutive
reading at (C+0.15) N/mm2.

13
Herbert and Victor (2013) have investigated on Self Healing of Microcracks in
Engineering Cementitious Composite Under a Natural Environment, this paper
proposed self healing Engineered cementitious composite. The PVA fiber
accounts for 2% of the total mix volume and were 12mm length fiber used.
Molds preapred in 300 mm x 76 mm x 12.5 mm. 60 specimens were prepared, 5
control specimens contained.stiffness and first cracking strength after each
loading cycle this suggest that self healing in ECC. All ECC specimens
recovered 95% to 105% of the original RF values when exposed to a natural
environment for various time periods. Resonant frequency, stiffeness recovery,
and first cracking stremgth recovery.

Atahan et al. (2013) have investigated on Behavior of PVA Fiber reinforced

Cememtitious Composite Under Static and Impact Flexural Effects, this paper
investigated PVA fiber reinforced cementitious composite. Test result have shown
the both the fiber content and matrix strength have significant effect. Mixtures were
selected as 0.5, 0.1, 1.5 and 2.0%. W/C ratios 0.25 and 0.35 were selected. Cube
molds are in 70 x 70 x 70 mm and slabs are in 350 x 600 x 15 mm sizes used.
Diamond saw into 350 x 50x 15 mm dimensions. Test were conducted in Universal
testing machine and Loading frames.. compresion strength results after 28 days was
approximately 60 to 90 Mpa. As water cement ratio decreases from 0.35 to 0.25.
PVA volume fraction increases, the compressive strength increases. PVA fiber act
agains shear forces. the effect of matrix strength is more significant on absorption of
impact energy than specific fracture energy.

14
Mustafa et al.(2011) have studied about Effect of Fly Ash and PVA Fiber on
Micro structural Damage and Residual Properties of Engineered Cementitious
Composites Exposed to High Temperatures. Adding micro PVA fiber to the ECC
matrix substantially improves the fire resistance and eliminates the explosive
spalling the dimension of 590 mm X 220 mm X 25 mm to cast and prepare ECC
slabs. slab having 100 mm X 100 mm X 100 mm as dimension, tests were
conducted in Universal testing machine and Loading frames.the fiber concrete has
strong bonding compared with conventional concrete. Combination of bond
strength, high tenancity modulus gives PVA reinforced. Clear that PVA fiber has
many advantages in properties as reinforcing material. New type of PVA fiber for
HPFRCC has been developed and started to use widely.

Rathod (2009) have investigated about effect of cement sand ratio and fiber
orientation on tensile characteristics of ECC to through simple concept, is difficult to
perform for the concrete and cement matrix and requires attention to many test
details in general specimen alignment and post crack stability in particular. three type
of tensile specimen were used in the present investigation to perform direct axial
tensile test. The cross section of extended briquette specimen with holder was kept
25X25 mm with an overall length 180 mm. The cross section of coupon specimen
with its gripping arrangement was kept 76 mm X 12.7 mm with an overall length 350
mm. the gauge length 200 mm. the dog bone specimen of 80X65 mm with an overall
length of 510 mm. special grips were prepared to hold this specimen along with
mounting of LVDT to measure elongation of specimen over gauge length. Tensile
strain at ultimate load achieved in ECC with cement: ratio of1.05 is 1.53% which is
43 times more than ordinary concrete. Result of split tensile test performed on
cylindrical specimen are presented along with ratio of direct tensile strength for
different type of specimen. The result crack patterns obtained are quite

15
realistic and reliable. As expected, stress and strain at first crack and maximum
load decrease with decrease in cement/ sand ratio.

Wang and Victor (2007) have studied about Engineered Cementitious Composite
(ECCs) with High Volume Fly Ash, this paper proposed performance of Fiber
reinforced compopsite with significant strain hardening behaviour under tension,in
ingrients of OPC cement, Aggregates, water, Fly ash , Fiber cement content 830 to
1300Kg/m3, Fly ash cement ratio 0.1% to 1.5%. watre cement ratio 0.24. ECC
block specimen 100mm X 100mm X 100mm. cylinder specimen at 75mm
diameter and 150mm height. The coupon specimen 304.8 X 76.2 X 12.7 mm. tests
were conducted under loading rate 0.005 mm/ sec. chemical bond showed a more
significant drop at high ash content. High volume coal combution by-products
including fly ash and botto ash were incorporated into ECC mixes. The micro
mechanics parameter study revealed the general. Chemical bond increase of Fly
ash content.

Victor (2006) have investigated on Bendable Composites Ductile Concrete for

structures this paper proposed increasing challenges safety under severe loading
and durability under combined mechanical and climatic loading, the ingredients
are Cement, Fine Aggregate, Fly Ash, Super Plasticizer, Micro Fibers. Normal
concrete mix design for comparison, using mix ratio at M45, Fly Ash 1.2% micro
fiber at 0.5 to 1%.casting cube, cylinder, Slabs for find out compression, tension
and ductile, strength of specimens. Slabs prepared in length of 600 mm depth 100
mm and tested in loading frames, the results shows the ECC have high strain
value compared to concrete.

16
INFERENCES FROM REVIEW

• Zang (2017), Razak (2015), Victor (2007) states that PVA fibers and Fly
Ash are used in Engineered cementitious composite in various proportions.

• The water to cementitious material (w/c ) ratio 0.22-0.27gives the best result
• High volume fly-ash ECC maintained its characteristics of multiple-
cracking, strain hardening and tight crack width control in extreme
temperature condition.
• Compressive strength is directly related to the Flexural strength and
inversely related to deflection but if the compressive strength is kept in
limited ranges, the desirable value of related parameters can be obtained.
• Compressive strength decreases with the increase in the cementitious
material i.e. fly ash, silica fume etc.
• The proposal of project is using PVA fiber in 2% and Fly Ash in 1.2 to
2.8%.

17
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 GENERAL

The study deals with the brief description of the methodology and sequences of
the works will carry out in this duration of thesis, this gives the sequences of
activities will be carry out throughout the project

3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

From the literature, it is summarized that the use Engineered Cementitious
Composites is mainly designed based on paradigm of micro-mechanical
interaction with exceptional strain capacity of about 3 to 5% compared to 0.01 %
of normal concrete. The volume fraction of the fiber used is also less than 2
percent and showing an extensive strain hardening behaviour of the composites.
Compared with the standard mixing sequence, by mixing sequence increase the
tensile strain capacity and ultimate tensile strength of ECC. study is mainly
focused on flexural ductility of cementitious composites, the researchers believe
that this approach is broadly applicable to other sustainable material design
practice.
3.3 COLLECTION OF MATERIAL
3.3.1 Cement
Cement used is Ordinary Portland Cement 53 grade. Numerous organic
compounds used for adhering, or fastening materials are called cements, but
these are classified as adhesive, and the term cement alone means a construction
material. Blast furnace slag may also be used in some cements and cement is
Portland slag cement (PSC). The colour of cement is due chiefly to iron oxide. In

18
the absence of impurities, the colour would be white, but neither the colour nor
the specify gravity is a test of quality. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)-53
grade was use.

3.3.2 Fine Aggregates

Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone
that, along with water and Portland cement, are an essential ingredient in
concrete For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong
particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials
that could cause the deterioration of concrete.

In this investigation to Natural sand is accumulation of grains of mineral matter

derived from the disintegration of rocks. Used the fine aggregate obtained from
river bed of Koel, the fine aggregate passing through 4.75 mm sieve and had
specific gravity of 2.65. the grading zone of fine aggregate was zone III as per
Indian Standard specification.

3.3.3 Fly Ash

Fly ash used was pozzocrete dirk 60. And specifications provided by suppliers
are given. In this study to use of fly ash has been successful reducing heat
generation without loss of strength, increasing ultimate strength, In proportioning
mixes for minimum paste volumes one principal function of a fly ash is to
occupy void space which would otherwise be occupied by cement or water.

19
3.3.4 Polypropylene fiber
Polypropylene fiber has suitable charactertics as reinforced for cementitious
composite. High modulus of elasticity, durability, tensile strength and bonding
strength with concrete matrix are some of its describe properties. Polypropylene
fiber has high strength and modulus os elasticity (25 to 40 GPa) compared to
other general organic fiber which widely used for cement reinforcing. Fiber
elongation is about 6-10%. The tensile strength of fiber is 880-1600MPa.

3.3.5 Water

Water fit for drinking is generally considered fit for making concrete. Water
should be free from acids, oils, alkalis, vegetable or other organic impurities.
Soft6 water also produce weaker concrete. Water has two function in concrete
mix. It react with the chemically with the cement to form a cement paste in
which the inert aggregates are held in suspension until the cement paste has
hardened. Secondly, it served as vehicle or lubricant in mixture of fine aggregate
and cement.

3.4 MIX DESIGN

In this study to the mix design for ECC concrete basically based on
Micromechanics design basis. Micromechanics are a branch of mechanics
applied at the material constituent level that captures the mechanical interaction
among the fiber, mortar matrix, and fiber matrix interference. Typically, fibers
are of the order of millimeters in length and tens of microns in diameter,
The ECC concrete was used as guideline to determine the proportion of various
constituents in the concrete.

20
3.5 CASTING SPECIMENS

The performance of the ECC concrete was influenced by the mixing. This means
that a paper & good practice of mixing can lead to better performance & quality
of the ECC concrete. The concrete also influenced by the homogeneity of the
mix material flexural Test on slab during the mixing & after the placement of

fresh concrete. A proper mix is encouraged to the strength of concrete & better
bonding of cement with the POLYPROPYLENE fibers. And procedure of hand
mixing may follow. Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid
material is usually poured into a mould, which contains a hollow cavity of the
desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. Curing is done to retard or reduce the
evaporation of moisture from concrete.

3.6 TESTING ON SPECIMENS

The ideals with tests and procedure for fresh concrete & hardened concrete
specimens, investigated are carried out by testing cubes, slabs and cylinders for
7,14,21,28 days. Cube and cylinders will testing on compression machine and
beams and slabs under testing on Universal Testing machine.
Concrete is combination of Portland cement water and aggregate that consist of
rock and sand. Normally, concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.
Hardened concrete testing are crushing and flexural test. All procedure as
followed from Indian standard codes.

21
Fig 3.1 is shown the sequences of the working methodology in
works will carry out this duration

LITERATURE COLLECTION

MATERIAL COLLECTION AND

TESTING

MIX DESIGN

CASTING OF SPECIMENS

MECHANICAL TESTS SLAB

TESTING

RESULTS ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

Fig 3.1 Flow chart

22
 CHAPTER-4

PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL

4.1 TEST ON MATERIALS

Concrete is comprised of air, water, and four other materials and it shown in Fig
4.1

• Cement
• Aggregates
• Supplementary cementing materials
• Chemical admixtures

Fig.4.1 Components of concrete

4.1.1 TESTS ON CEMENT

The following are the list of test to be conducted for the cement sample

• Fineness test.
• Consistency test.
• Initial & Final setting time.
• Specific gravity.
23
 The following table 4.1 shows the result of the above mentioned test

Table 4.1 Properties of Cement Grade

S.No Physical properties of Requirements As Per Is Manufacturers

grade of cement :12269 -1987 specification
(RA 2008)
1 Specific gravity 3.10 – 3.15 3.15
2 Standard Consistency 30 -35 32
3 Initial Setting time Shall not be less than 30 143 minutes
minutes
4 Final Setting time Shall not be more than 600 427 minutes
minutes
5 Compressive Strength Shall not be less than 53 53 Mpa
Mpa

4.1.2 TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATE

The following are the list of test to be conducted for the fine aggregates and
the results are discussed in the table 3.2 below:

• Sieve analysis test.

• Specific gravity test.
• Water absorption test.

24
Table 4.2 Properties of Fine aggregate

S.No Physical Properties Results Unit

1 Specific gravity 2.65 -
2 Water absorption 1.08 -
3 Fineness modulus 3.127 -
4 Grading Zone III -

Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete,

are divided into two distinct categories-fine and coarse. Fine aggregates
generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing
through a 3/8-inch sieve. Coarse aggregates are any particles greater than 0.19
inch, but generally range between 3/8 and 1.5 inches in diameter. Gravels
constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone
making up most of the remainder. Aggregates strongly influence concrete's
freshly mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportions, and economy.
Consequently, selection of aggregates is an important process. Although some
variation in aggregate properties is expected, characteristics that are considered
include:

• grading
• durability
• particle shape and surface texture
• abrasion and skid resistance
• unit weights and voids

25
4.2 PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBER

Table 4.3 shows that the properties of polypropylene fiber and Figure 3.3 is
shown in the polypropylene fiber

Table 4.3 Properties of polypropylene fiber

Tensile Strength (gf/den) 3.5 to 5.5

Elongation (%) 40 to 100
Abrasion Resistance Good
Moisture Absorbtion(%) 0 to 0.05

Softening Point(0C) 140

Melting Point (0C) 165
Chemical Resistance Generally Resistance
Relative Density 0.91
Thermal Conductivity 6.0 (with air as 1.0)

Fig 4.2 Polypropylene Fiber

26
4.3 PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH

Properties of Fly Ash shown in Table 4.4

Table 4.4 Properties of Fly Ash

Decription Value obtained Value Permissible as

per is 3812-1981

PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES Shall not be less than
Fineness 340 320
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Silica 52.94% Min 35.0%
Alumina 20.43% -
Calcium Oxide 13.84% Min 10.0%
Magnesium Oxide 2.82% Min 5.0%
Iron 2.62% -
Phosphorous 0.30% -
Sulphur 0.65% Max.2.75%
Magnesium 1.82 -
Loss of ignition 1.88% Max 12.0%

27
 4.4 TEST APARATUS

The specimen will be tested in the loading frame of 50T capacity deflection at
the mid span and quarter span will be measured by using dial gauges of 0.01
mm accuracy. The dial gauge will be below the bottom face at mid quarter span.
4.5 CASTING, TEST SPECIMENS AND CURING

The cube, cylinder and slab specimens were proposed for the mixes.

• The size of 150 x 150 x 150 mm standard cubes for

compressive strength test.
• The size of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height standard
cylinders for cylindrical compressive strength and split tensile
strength test.
• The size of 600mm x 250mm x 50mm has going to be prepare for
the beams for flexural strength test.

The number of specimens were going to be casting are shown in table

4.2 Table 4.5 Number of Specimens

MIX % of % of fly Number of Number of Number

ash
Fibre Cube Cylinder of Slab
added Specimens specimens specimens
7 28 7 28 28 days
days days Days days
2% 1.2% 3 3 3 3 1
2% 1.6% 3 3 3 3 1
2% 2.0% 3 3 3 3 1
M40
2% 2.4% 3 3 3 3 1
2% 2.8% 3 3 3 3 1

28
4.6 EQUIPMENTS

The equipments used for testing of beams and moulds are

4.6.1 Universal Testing Machine

A universal testing machine is used to test the tensile stress and

compressive strength of materials. It is named after the fact that it can
perform many standard tensile and compression tests on materials,
components, and structures.

4.6.2 Loading Frame

The test loading frame can be utilized to test the behaviour and load-
carrying capacity of both full-size structures as well as separate structural
members. This equipment is suited for producing static and repeated
loadings.

4.7 MIX DESIGN

4.7.1 MIX DESIGN FOR M40 GRADE OF CONCRETE (IS 10262-2009)

STEP 1: PROPORTIONING

Grade = M40

Cement = OPC 53

Size of Coarse Aggregate Nominal = 20mm

Water Cement Ratio = 0.40

Degree of Control = Good

Workability = 80mm

29
Type of aggregate = Crushing angular aggregate

STEP 2: PROPERTIES
Specific gravity of cement = 3.15

Specific gravity of Coarse Aggregate = 2.65

Specific gravity of Fine aggregate = 2.65

Bulk density of Fine aggregate = 1913 Kg/m3

Fineness modulus of Fine Aggregate = 3.127

Water absorption of Fine aggregate = 1.02

STEP 3: TARGET MEAN STRNGTH
fck’ = fck + ks
k = 1.65 [s = 5 Mpa(M30)] = 40 + (1.65 x 5)

K = 48.25 Mpa

STEP 4: SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO

Water content for 20mm aggregate = 186 litres

= 186 + [(6/100) × 186]

= 197 litres

30
STEP 5: CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water cement ratio = 0.33

Cement = 197/0.40

Weight of cement = 448 Kg/m3

STEP 6: PROPORTIONING VOLUME OF F.A. & C.A.:

Volume of Coarse aggregate for w/c ratio = 0.64

(0.40)
3
Volume of Fine aggregate = 1 – 0.64 = 0.36 m

STEP 7: MIX CALCULATION

Volume of Concrete = 1m3

Volume of Cement = (492/3.15) x (1/1000)

3
= 0.156 m
Volume of water = 197/1000
3
= 0.197 m
Volume of Chemical Admixture = [3.94 / 1.145 ] × 1/ 1000
3
= 0.004 m
Volume of all in aggregate = [1 – (0.156+0.197+0.004)]
3
= 0.607 m
Weight of Fine aggregate = 0.607 × 0.34 × 2.65 × 1000
= 546.907 kg
Weight of Fine aggregate = 0.607 x 0.34 x 2.7 x 1000
= 557.226 kg

31
 Cement : F.A. : CA : Water

477.93(Kg) : 611.83 (Kg) : 1246.36(Kg) : 157.75kg

1 : 1.28 : 2.6 : 0.33

4.7.2 Various Mix Proportions of Bendable Concrete

The mix design for bendable concrete is basically based on micromechanics design
basis. However the micromechanics based mix design requires pull test to be carried
on the PVA fibers, which is not possible in the laboratory. Hence the ideal mix
proportion given in the previous literatures was set as the guidelines to determine the
proportion of various constituents in the concrete.

The procedure of mixing Bendable Concrete was adding sand, cement, 50% of fly
ash and 50% water and super plasticizer. Then add slowly remaining quantity of fly
ash, water and super plasticizer. Once the homogenous mixture is formed, add the
PVA fibers slowly. Mix all the constituents till the fibers are homogenously
mixedin the matrix.

Table 4.8 Various Mix Proportions of Bendable Concrete

MIXES WATER/ CEMENT SAND FLY PVA SMF

ASH
CEMENT FIBER
BC 1 0.58 1.0 0.8 1.2 2% 1.2%
BC 2 0.58 1.0 0.8 1.6 2% 1.2%
BC 3 0.58 1.0 0.8 2.0 2% 1.2%
BC 4 0.58 1.0 0.8 2.4 2% 1.2%

BC 5 0.58 1.0 0.8 2.8 2% 1.2%

32
 CHAPTER 5

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

5.1 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS

For optimized mix, cubes size of 100mm x 100mm x 100mm and 150mm x
150mm x 150mm, cylinders of diameter 150mm and length 300mm, 75mm
diameter length 150mm, and Slab of size 600mm x 250mm x 50mm were prepared
for compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength, respectively.
All these specimens were tested as per the code IS 516- 1959 to find the
mechanical properties of optimised mortar mix. Fig. 5.1 shows preparation of test
specimens and Fig 5.2 shows the compression test and flexural test under progress.

Fig 5.1 Casting of Specimens

33
 Fig 5.2 Compression and Flexural Test on Mortar Specimens

5.2 CASTING OF SLABS

A casted on size of 600mm x 250mm and 50mm, as reinforcement for slabs. Each
were straightened and all layers are tied together with the help of binding wires.
Wooden moulds were prepared for a size of 600mm x 250mm x 50mm for these
slabs was adopted from the above mixes which are of high strength. Mix ratio was
chosen as an optimized mix and slabs were cast for this mix. Mortar was prepared
by calculating the exact amount of cement,superplasticizer and water by
considering the appropriate mix design and water-cement ratio. At first the cement,
silica coated sand and Polypropylene fiber were mixed in dry. Water was added as
required level and fiber added gradually the dry mix and was mixed by using mixer
machine and shovel.
After the preparation of mould, mould releasing agent was applied on inner surface
of the wooden moulds and mortar was filled for certain thickness and reinforcing
mesh was placed over it and again mortar was filled over the mesh upto the
required thickness, compacted well and top surface was leveled smoothly. All the
six slabs were cast in same manner with proper cover to reinforcement at top and

34
bottom surfaces. Fig 5.3 shows the moulds with reinforcement Then, after 24 hours
slabs were removed from the mould and placed in the curing tank for 28 days.

Fig 5.3 Mould with Reinforcement and Finished Slab

5.3 TESTING OF SLABS FOR FLEXURE

After the 28 days of curing, slabs were taken out from the curing tank and white
wash is applied to the slabs in order to get clear indication of cracks due to bending
and necessary markings were made for identification of load and support points.
Slabs were tested for flexural behaviour under four point loading using universal
testing machine (UTM). Supports are provided at the top of the slab for a span of
600mm and load points are provided under the slab. Three dial gauges are placed
above the slab, in which 2 of them were placed at the load points and one at centre
of the slab in order to find the deflection at each load interval. Strain values are
also taken with the help of DEMEC gauge. Cracks are then marked during each
35
load interval and corresponding deflection, strain are also noted under static
loading. Fig 5.4 shows the test setup for flexure test of slab.

Fig 5.4 Test Setup for Flexure Test

5.4 CASTING OF PRISM

Three Prism of size 500mm x 100mm x 100mm were cast as per design mix. First
moulds were prepared for a size 500mm x 100mm x 100mm, 15mm cover blocks
were placed and tied on bottom reinforcement to get uniform cover to the bottom
reinforcement. Concrete was poured at different layers and each layer was well
compacted using tamping rod and vibrator. After uniform compaction, surface was
finished smoothly with finishing trowel. After 24 hours, moulds are removed and
beams were placed in the water tank for curing upto 28 days. Fig 5.6 shows the
preparation of Prism for strengthening.

36
 Fig 5.5 Casting of Prism

5.5 CASTING OF CONCRETE PLATE FOR STRAIN

Mould is cleaned properly and greased with mould oil. Concrete is placed in the mould of
dimension 1000mmX100mmX25mm in layer of height approximately 25mm. after the
placement of first layer of concrete it is compacted by a tamping rod of 16mm diameter,
0.6m long and bullet pointes at the bar is uniformly distributed over the cross section of
the mould. Each layer is compacted with 25 strokes and next scoop of concrete is placed
followed by same manner of compaction and top layer is finished.

Fig 5.6 Test setup for Plate

37
 CHAPTER-6

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

6.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

The important properties of concrete in hardened state strength, impermeability,

durability, shrinkage, creep, elasticity, thermal properties and fire resistance.
Compressive strength is a qualitative measure of the properties of hardened
concrete. Compressive strength tests are conducted on various mixes. Cubes were
cast using steel moulds, demoulded after 24 hours and cured by completely
immersing in water. Three numbers of cubes were cast for each bendable concrete
mix with variation of fly ash to cement ratios. The compressive strength of
concrete is tested as per code IS 516: 1959.
Table 6.1 Compression Strength Test for 100mm x 100mm x100mm cube
th th
Mix Load at KN 7 day Load at KN 28 day
strength strength

N/mm2 N/mm2

66.7 93.8
1% PP 63.4 6.53 108.03 9.95
65.8 96.8
83.45 127.53
1.5% PP 87.67 8.54 117.9 12.34
85.1 124.78
107.35 138.33
2% PP 97.9 10.33 147.77 14.06
104.56 143.09

38
Results of Compressive Strength Test

The average compressive strength (150mm X 150mm X 150mm – Cube specimen)

of the various mixes for 7 days and 28 days are given in table 6.2.

Table 6.2 -7 Days and 28 Days Compressive Strength of Various Mixes

Mixes 7 Days 28 Days

Compressive Strength Compressive Strength
N/mm2 N/mm2

CC 29.7 48.9
BC 1 27 41.3
BC 2 29 46
BC 3 23 39.8
BC 4 25 40.8
BC 5 28.3 41.29
Mortor Cube 14 29

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
60
50
40
30 7days
LOAD

20
10 28days
0

Fig 6.1. Compressive strength

39
6.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

The tensile strength tests of concrete can be broadly classified as direct and indirect
methods. The direct methods suffer from a number of difficulties relating to holding
the specimen properly in the testing machine without introducing stress
Concentratio
n and to the application of uniaxial tensile load which is free from
eccentricity to the specimen. Because of the difficulties involved in conducting the
direct tension test, indirect method of finding tensile strength i.e cylinder splitting

tension test was performed on cylindrical concrete specimens placed horizontally

between the loading surfaces of compression testing machine and the load was
applied until failure of the cylinder along the vertical diameter.

Split tensile strength is given = 2P/πLD

where,
P is the compressive load on the cylinder
L is the length of cylinder and
D is the diameter of the cylinder.

Cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm length were cast, cured and 3 numbers
were tested sequentially at a time on the 28th day in the compression testing machine
of capacity 200 tonnes and the average values obtained were compared with that of
the control specimen. The split tensile strength of concrete is tested as per code IS
516: 1959.

40
Diameter = 100mm, Height= 200mm
Table 6.3 Split Tensile Strength Test

Mix Load at 7th day strength Load at 28th day

KN N/mm2 KN strength
(Avg) N/mm2
(Avg)
101.34 225.8
1% PP 92.25 0.97 223.78 2.22
99.19 216.78
123.24 267.3
1.5% PP 119.5 1.23 258.5 2.63
124.75 263.77
156 287.63
2% PP 159.73 1.57 291.34 2.91
154.23 295.12

Results of Split Tensile Strength Test

The average tensile strength of (150 mm diameter and 300mm height) – cylindrical
specimens ) of various mixes are given in table 6.4.
Table 6.4- 28 Days Split Tensile Strength of Various Mixes

Mixes 28 Days Split Tensile Strength N/mm2

CC 4
BC 1 5
BC 2 5.2
BC 3 4.9
BC 4 4.43
BC 5 4.5
Mortor Cube 3.12

41
 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
6 5 5.2 4.9 4.43 4.5
5 4
4 3.12
3
2
1
0 SPLIT TENSILE
STRENGTH

Fig 6.2. Split Tensile Strength

6.3 RESULT OF FLEXURAL TEST

The average flexural strength of (500mm x 250mm x 50mm – Beam specimen) of
the various mixe are given in table 6.5.

Table 6.5-28 Days Flexural Strength of Various Mixes

Mixes Flexural Strength N/mm2

CC 4.1
BC 1 4.47
BC 2 5.24
BC 3 4.8
BC 4 4.32
BC 5 4.27
Without RC 4.7

Flexural strength
6
Flexural
4
strength
2
0

Fig 6.3. Flexural Strength

42
Table 6.5 Flextural Strength Test for Prism:
Theorectical Flexural Strength of Conventional Concrete = 0.74√fck
= 4.42 N/mm²

7thdayDeflection 7th Day 28thdayDeflection 7thDay

Mix Specimen Deflection Specimen Deflection
(in mm) Avg Value (in mm) Avg Value

1% PP 3.5 4.92
4 3.76 6.23 5.63
3.8 5.75
1.5% PP 6.5 9.65
6.9 6.66 9.78 9.61
6.6 9.4
2% PP 9.4 14.04
9.8 9.5 14.2 14.22
9.3 14.4

6.4 STRAIN VALUE TEST IN PLATE SPECIMEN

In 1000mm x 100mm x 25mm plate casting for the test of strain value , under
the tensile testing of UTM machine.

ℎ ℎ
Strain for ECC = ℎ

36

= 1000

= 36x10-3
0.3

Strain for conventional = =3x10 -4

1000

43
Table 6.6 Load Vs Deflection for Conventional Concrete

LOAD (KN) DEFLECTION (mm)

0 0.0
5 0.12
10 0.21
15 0.27
20 2.25
25 3.12

30 5.32

LOAD VS DEFLECTION
35

30

25

20
LOAD

15
DEFLECTION
10

5
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8

DEFLECTION

Fig 6.4. Load Vs Deflection

44
Table 6.7 Load Vs Deflection for Bendable Concrete

LOAD (KN) DEFLECTION (mm)

0 0.0
5 0.02
10 0.02

15 0.53
20 1.88
25 5
30 5.92
35 7.8
44.5 9.72

LOAD VS DEFLECTION
35
30
25
20
LOAD

15
10 DEFLECTION
5
0
0 2 4 6 8

DEFLECTION

Fig 6.5. Load vs Deflection

45
 CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION

7.1 SUMMARY

In this investigation specimens of Conventional Concrete and five trial mixes of

Bendable Concrete were casted and experimental strength studies i.e. compressive,
tensile and flexural strength tests were carried out. The effect of presence of fly ash
and Polypropylene(PP) fiber in the bendable concrete mix was studied. The mixes
of Bendable Concrete (Fly Ash/cement = 1.2.to 2.8) showed better strength
characteristics and durability properties compared to Conventional Concrete. The
mixes of Bendable Concrete (Fly Ash / cement = 1.2.to 2.8) showed better ductile
behaviour compared to Conventional Concrete.

7.2 CONCLUSION

➢ The behaviour of Bendable Concrete under Compression, Split Tensile

Test and Flexure were observed.
➢ The effects of Fly Ash, PP fiber and Sulphonate Melamine Formaldehyde
on Bendable Concrete were studied.
➢ The Compressive strength of mix BC 2 (FA/Cement=1.6) is higher than

the other mixes due to pozzolanic properties of Fly Ash. The Split Tensile
strength of mix BC 2 (FA/Cement=1.6) and the flexural strength of mix
BC 2 (FA/Cement=1.6) are higher due to tensile strength and bonding
strength of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PP) fiber.
➢ The mix of Bendable Concrete (FA/Cement=1.6) are effective to use in

field for their high compressive strength, tensile strength and Flexural
strength characteristics.
➢ The unreinforced Bendable Concrete slab of mix BC 2 (FA/Cement=1.6)

46
 showed a maximum vertical displacement and the ductile behavior was
justified by achieving high curvature before failure.
➢ The slab have experienced a moderate degree of bending and failed but
the fibers did not rupture at the crack location.
➢ The reinforced Bendable Concrete slab of mix BC 2 (FA/Cement=1.6)
showed a maximum l displacement compared to conventional concrete of
reinforced slab due to the ductile characteristics of Bendable Concrete.

47
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